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Codeswitching in Computer-Mediated Communication Among Congolose People

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Codeswitching in Computer-Mediated Communication Among Congolose People UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL Codeswitching in computer-mediated communication among Congolose people Alternancia de lenguas en la comunicación mediada por ordenador entre las personas del Congo MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Jean Mathieu Tsoumou DIRECTORAS Carmen Maíz Arévalo Nuria Calvo Cortés Madrid Ed. electrónica 2019 © Jean Mathieu Tsoumou, 2018 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Filología Programa de Doctorado en Lingüística Inglesa IMP CODESWITCHING IN COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION AMONG CONGOLESE PEOPLE ALTERNANCIA DE LENGUAS EN LA COMUNICACION MEDIADA POR ORDENADOR ENTRE LAS PERSONAS DEL CONGO Tesis presentada para optar al Grado de Doctor presentada por Jean Mathieu TSOUMOU Directores Dr. Carmen MAÍZ ARÉVALO & Dr. Nuria CALVO CORTÉS AÑO 2018 i DEDICATIONS This dissertation is lovingly dedicated to the memories of my mother Evelyne Mampiémé and my father Nestor Tsoumou. Your loss was brutally inconceivable, naturally devastating, fatally heartbreaking, and gravely tragic. You both made the greatest caring parents that ever lived. I will always remember you and do whatever right to honour your names. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to both of my advisors, Professors C. MAÍZ ARÉVALO and N. CALVO CORTÉS. You have both been substantial mentors to me. You have been supportive, patient, encouraging and, more importantly, your interest in this project as well as your valuable comments and corrections while advising and directing me have been everything I could have asked for to complete this thesis. It was such an honour working under your supervision. Thank you from the bottom of my heart. My deeper thanks to Dr. A. Gracía Gómez and Dr. Carlos de Pablos Ortega for accepting to proofread this thesis. Your comments and suggestions were outstanding, insightful and gave a good shape to the final version of this dissertation. I am enormously grateful. To Raymond Size Echitchi for your attentive and insightful critique of this thesis while yourself a PhD student with your own ongoing project in hand. Your advice on both research and my career, as well as your scarce and valuable time dedicated to my project, were invaluable. I am appreciative. I am grateful to Brazzanews, BrazzaParisinfos, Brazzavilleinfos242, Diaspoinvestigation, Sadio-Kante Morel, ZianaTv management whose Facebook pages I used to collect data for my Ph.D. thesis. This research was partially funded by OGES - Congolese government, and I thank OGES management for support and assistance. I would also like deeply to thank Nestor Mouho who has almost replaced my biological father. You have always been in my corner both during joyful and desperate moments. Also, thanks to my nephew Sadj F. Ngoubili for providing financial support every time I needed it. Finally, special thanks to my brothers N. Kimono Tsoumou, L. Tsoumou Madzou, A. Tsoumou, and my only sister Lucie for your unconditional love. Thank you for enduring my absence with understanding, and for the sacrifices you have made on my behalf. ii DISCLAIMER All the translations in this dissertation is true and complete to the best of our knowledge. I assume full responsibility and warrant the accuracy of the content of the information hereby presented. Both the supervisors assume no responsibility nor liability for any errors or omission in the content. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL ..................................................................................................viii RESUMEN EN INGLES ....................................................................................................... xii PSEUDONYMS..................................................................................................................... xvi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................ xvii TABLES ................................................................................................................................. xix FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ xx CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.0. Chapter overview .................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Overview of the research topic ................................................................................. 1 1.2. Significance of the study ........................................................................................... 3 1.3. Delimitation of the scope of research ........................................................................ 6 1.4. Research aims, questions, and hypotheses ................................................................. 8 1.5. Structure of the study ............................................................................................ 10 1.6. Chapter summary .................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ON CODESWITCHING ................................. 13 2.0. Chapter overview .................................................................................................. 13 2.1. Overview of code-switching definitions ................................................................... 13 2.1.1. Types of codeswitching ....................................................................................... 16 2.1.2. Taxonomies for functions of codeswitching .......................................................... 24 2.2. Codeswitching and other phenomena of language contact ....................................... 24 2.3. Overview of current approaches to the study of codeswitching ................................ 29 2.4. Chapter summary .................................................................................................. 32 CHAPTER 3. CODESWITCHING IN COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION ............................................................................................................. 33 3.0. Chapter overview .................................................................................................. 33 3.1. Computer-mediated communication ....................................................................... 33 3.1.1. Prior research on linguistic characteristics of CMC ............................................. 37 3.2. Basic characteristics of CMC ................................................................................. 39 3.2.1. Synchronous mode ............................................................................................. 40 3.2.2. Asynchronous mode ........................................................................................... 41 3.3. CS in CMC ............................................................................................................ 41 3.4. Facebook as a combination of synchronous and asynchronous components .............. 43 3.4.1. CS on FACEBOOK ............................................................................................ 44 iv 3.4.2. The notion of community in Facebook: community of practice, speech community, and social network ................................................................................................................... 46 3.4.3. Interactional functions of Facebook ......................................................................... 51 3.5. Chapter summary .................................................................................................. 55 CHAPTER 4. SHAPING LINGUISTIC PRACTICES IN CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE .. 56 4.0. Chapter overview .................................................................................................. 56 4.1. Languages in Congo-Brazzaville ............................................................................. 56 4.1.1. Systematic features of Bantu languages ............................................................... 58 4.1.2. The rise of Kituba .............................................................................................. 62 4.1.3. The rise of Lingala ............................................................................................. 64 4.2. The process of choosing an official language ........................................................... 66 4.3. Patterns of multilingualism in Congo-Brazzaville .................................................... 70 4.3.1. Patterns of Language use and the use of lingua francas in Congo-Brazzaville ....... 71 4.4. Chapter summary .................................................................................................. 74 CHAPTER 5. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS ............................................................ 75 5.0. Chapter overview .................................................................................................. 75 5.1. Communication Accommodation Theory ................................................................ 75 5.1.1. Convergence ...................................................................................................... 77 5.1.2. Divergence ......................................................................................................... 77 5.1.3. Overaccommodation .......................................................................................... 78
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