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Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: a Diachronic and Synchronic Study

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Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: a Diachronic and Synchronic Study Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: a diachronic and synchronic study Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane B.A. (University of Botswana) 1985 M.A. (Leeds University, England) 1988 M.A. (University of California at Berkeley) 1994 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Larry M. Hyman, co-Chair Professor John J. Ohala, co-Chair Professor Sharon Inkelas Professor Alan Timberlake 1996 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The dissertation of Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane is approved: 1 Y l* u/ .fe3 . / ? ? £ Date "7 L c£T % N. HU corOhair ' Date Date pm# m Date University of California, Berkeley 1996 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: a diachronic and synchronic study Copyright © 1996 b y Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To the memory of my mother, Baluki Mathangwane May your soul rest in peace. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Influence of Tswana .................................................................. 5 1.1.1 Vocabulary Borrowing ................................................... 5 1.1.1.1 Lexical Borrowings with Ejectives .................... 6 1.1.1.2 Borrowings with Velar Fricatives ..................... 7 1.1.1.3 Borrowings from other Cultures ....................... 7 1.1.2 Borrowing of the Diminutive Morpheme ...................8 1.1.3 Use of the Lateral /l/ from Proto-Bantu *d ..................10 1.2 Goals and Organization of the Dissertation ............................. 10 1.3 Theoretical Assumptions ............................................................12 1.4 Notations ..................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2: Segment Inventory, Phonotactics, and Selected Aspects of Morphology ...........................................................................21 2.1 Ikalanga Segment Inventory ...................................................... 21 2.1.1 Ikalanga Vowels ............................................................. 22 2.1.2 Ikalanga Consonant Inventory ...................................... 27 2.1.2.1 Plosives ................................................................28 2.1.2.1.1 What Place of Articulation are Ikalanga Apicals? .................................31 2.1.2.2 Affricates............................................................. 35 2.1.2.3 Fricatives ............................................................. 38 2.1.2.4 Sonorants .............................................................39 2.1.2.5 Prenasalized Consonants ....................................39 2.1.2.6 Labialized Consonants ........................................ 48 2.1.2.6.1 Labialized Alveolar Fricatives /sw,z w/ ..................................................49 2.1.2.7 Breathy Voice Consonants ..................................54 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.2 Distributional Analysis of Ikalanga Inventory ....................... 57 2.2.1. Vowels ............................................................................ 58 2.2.1.1 Vowel / i / ............................................................ 58 2.2.1.2 V ow el/e/ ............................................................59 2.2.1.3 Vowel / a / ............................................................60 2.2.1.4 Vowel / o/ ........................................................... 61 2.2.1.5 Vowel / u / ...........................................................62 2.2.2 Cooccurrence Patterns of Vowels in Stems .................65 2.2.2.1 Vowel Harmony in Verb Stems ........................ 70 2.2.3 Distribution of Ikalanga Consonants ............................75 2.2.3.1 Position in a Syllable ........................................... 75 2.2.3.2 The Aspirates.......................................................76 2.2.3.3 The Apicals..........................................................78 2.2.3.4The Bilabial Approximant / v / .........................79 2.2.3.5 The Doubly Articulated Velarized Stops / pi?, 6g/ .....................................................80 2.2.3.6 Prenasalized Consonants ....................................81 2.23.7 Labialized Consonants ......................................85 2.3 Overview of the Morphology .................................................... 85 2.3.1 Ikalanga Noun Class System .........................................86 2.3.1.1 Class 5 Nouns .................................................... 88 2.3.2 Diminutive Suffix ...........................................................89 2.3.3 Causative Suffix ..............................................................92 2.3.4 Passive Suffix ..................................................................93 2.3.5 Summary........................................................................ 95 Chapter 3: Effects of the Proto-Bantu Close Vowels ...................................96 3.1 Proto-Bantu Inventory ............................................................... 97 3.2 High Vowel Frication in Ikalanga ............................................. 99 3.3 How did the Close Vowels Cause Frication on PB Stops?.... 105 3.4 Affrication in Causative Verbs .................................................. 107 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3.5 Typological Evidence from other Bantu Languages ............... 112 3.6 Summary.....................................................................................115 Chapter 4: Palatalization...............................................................................116 4.1 Velar Palatalization .....................................................................117 4.2 Palatalization in Diminutives .................................................... 120 4.2.1 Palatalization of the Lateral .......................................... 121 4.2.2 Palatalization of the Nasals ..........................................126 4.2.3 Palatalization of Labials .................................................127 4.3 Typological Evidence of Palatalization ..................................... 133 4.4 Summary.....................................................................................134 Chapter 5: Velarization.................................................................................135 5.1 What is Velarization?................................................................. 136 5.2 Velarization in Ikalanga ............................................................. 140 5.3 Velarization in Other Bantu Languages ....................................145 5.4 Acoustic Analysis of the Doubly Articulated Stops ................ 148 5.5 Velarized Consonants as Single Segments ............................... 155 5.6 Diachronic Velarization ............................................................. 157 5.6.1 Velarization of Bilabials ................................................ 158 5.6.2 Velarization of Apicals ..................................................163 5.6.3 Velarization of the Nasals .............................................169 5.6.4 Secondary Labialization in / kw, qgw, / .....................170 5.7 Phonetic Evidence why /w / Causes Velarization ...................174 5.8 Typological Evidence from other Languages ...........................175 5.9 Synchronic Velarization ............................................................. 179 5.9.1 Velarization in Verb Passivization .............................. 179 5.9.2 Velarization in Diminutives .........................................185 5.9.3 Velarization in Agreement Markers ............................192 5.10 Summary.....................................................................................193 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter 6: Aspiration and its Effects ............................................................194 6.1 Aspiration in Ikalanga ................................................................195 6.2 Acoustic Analysis of the Breathy Aspirates..............................198 6.3 Breathy Aspirates as Depressor Consonants.............................201 6.4 Diachronic Analysis ....................................................................204 6.4.1 Influence of the Close Vowels *i andt *u <.....................204 6.4.1.1 Phonetic Evidence of how Close Vowels Effected Aspiration on PB *t ............................... 208 6.4.2 Aspiration from the Labio-Velar Glide / w / ................. 209 6.4.2.1 How the Labio-Velar Glide Effected Aspiration ............................................................212 6.4.3 Aspiration from a Nasal+Stop Sequence ..................... 214 6.4.3.1 Classes 9 and 10 Nouns .......................................215 6.4.3.2 Breathy Voice Consonants from *NC Sequences Root Medially ....................................219
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