Fremontia Journal of the California Native Plant Society

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VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1 • SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY

INSPIRATIONINSPIRATION ANDAND ADVICEADVICE FOR GARDENING VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA WITH NATIVE PLANTS CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY CNPS, 2707 K Street, Suite 1; Sacramento, CA 95816-5130 FREMONTIA Phone: (916) 447-CNPS (2677) Fax: (916) 447-2727 Web site: www.cnps.org Email: [email protected] VOL. 40, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013 MEMBERSHIP Membership form located on inside back cover; Copyright © 2013 dues include subscriptions to Fremontia and the CNPS Bulletin California Native Plant Society Mariposa Lily ...... $1,500 Family or Group ...... $75 Bob Hass, Editor Benefactor ...... $600 International or Library ...... $75 Rob Moore, Contributing Editor Patron ...... $300 Individual ...... $45 Plant Lover ...... $100 Student/Retired/Limited Income . $25 Beth Hansen-Winter, Designer Cynthia Powell, Cynthia Roye, and CORPORATE/ORGANIZATIONAL Mary Ann Showers, Proofreaders 10+ Employees ...... $2,500 4-6 Employees ...... $500 7-10 Employees ...... $1,000 1-3 Employees ...... $150 CALIFORNIA NATIVE STAFF – SACRAMENTO CHAPTER COUNCIL PLANT SOCIETY Executive Director: Dan Gluesenkamp David Magney (Chair); Larry Levine Finance and Administration (Vice Chair); Marty Foltyn (Secretary) Dedicated to the Preservation of Manager: Cari Porter Alta Peak (Tulare): Joan Stewart the California Native Flora Membership and Development Bristlecone (Inyo-Mono): Coordinator: Stacey Flowerdew The California Native Plant Society Steve McLaughlin Conservation Program Director: Channel Islands: David Magney (CNPS) is a statewide nonprofit organi- Greg Suba zation dedicated to increasing the Rare Plant Botanist: Aaron Sims Dorothy King Young (Mendocino/ understanding and appreciation of Vegetation Program Director: Sonoma Coast): Nancy Morin California’s native plants, and to pre- Julie Evens East Bay: Bill Hunt serving them and their natural habitats Vegetation Ecologists: El Dorado: Sue Britting for future generations. Jennifer Buck-Diaz, Kendra Sikes Kern County: Dorie Giragosian CNPS carries out its mission through Education Program Director: Los Angeles/Santa Monica Mtns: Betsey Landis science, conservation advocacy, educa- Josie Crawford Marin County: Carolyn Longstreth tion, and horticulture at the local, state, Administrative Asst: Marcy Millett Sales/Chapter Horticulture Milo Baker (Sonoma County): and federal levels. It monitors rare and Coordinator: Caroline Garland Lisa Giambastiani endangered plants and habitats; acts to Mojave Desert: Tim Thomas STAFF – AT LARGE save endangered areas through public- Monterey Bay: Brian LeNeve ity, persuasion, and on occasion, legal Fremontia and CNPS Bulletin Editor: Mount Lassen: Catie Bishop action; provides expert testimony to Bob Hass Napa Valley: Gerald Tomboc government bodies; supports the estab- Legislative Consultant: North Coast: Larry Levine lishment of native plant preserves; spon- Vern Goehring North San Joaquin: Alan Miller East Bay Conservation Analyst: Orange County: Nancy Heuler sors workdays to remove invasive plants; Mack Casterman Redbud (Grass Valley/Auburn): and offers a range of educational activi- Development Consultant: ties including speaker programs, field Sandy McCoy Joan Jernegan trips, native plant sales, horticultural Website Coordinator: Mark Naftzger Riverside/San Bernardino: Katie workshops, and demonstration gardens. Barrows PROGRAM ADVISORS Since its founding in 1965, the tradi- Sacramento Valley: Glen Holstein Rare Plant Program Senior Advisor: San Diego: David Varner tional strength of CNPS has been its Jim Andre San Gabriel Mountains: Orchid Black dedicated volunteers. CNPS activities Vegetation Program Senior Advisor: San Luis Obispo: Kristie Haydu are organized at the local chapter level Todd Keeler-Wolf Sanhedrin (Ukiah): Geri Hulse- where members’ varied interests influ- Horticulture Program Chair: Stephens ence what is done. Volunteers from the Laura Camp Santa Clara Valley: Judy Fenerty 33 CNPS chapters annually contribute CNPS Press Director: Nancy Morin Santa Cruz County: Deanna Giuliano in excess of 97,000 hours (equivalent Poster Program: Bertha McKinley, Sequoia (Fresno): Paul Mitchell to 46.5 full-time employees). Wilma Follett Shasta: Ken Kilborn CNPS membership is open to all. BOARD OF DIRECTORS Sierra Foothills (Tuolome/Calaveras/ Members receive the journal Fremontia Brett Hall (President); David Bigham Mariposa): Robert Brown three times a year, the quarterly state- (Vice President); Laura Camp (Secre- South Coast (Palos Verdes): wide CNPS Bulletin, and newsletters tary); Nancy Morin (Treasurer); At- David Berman from their local CNPS chapter. Large: Bill Hunt, Brian LeNeve, Vince Tahoe: Michael Hogan Scheidt, Alison Shilling, David Willis L. Jepson (Solano): Varner, Steve Windhager; Chapter Mary Frances Kelly-Poh Disclaimer: Council Representatives: Orchid Yerba Buena (San Francisco): The views expressed by authors published Black, Steve Hartman Ellen Edelson in this journal do not necessarily reflect established policy or procedure of CNPS, MATERIALS FOR PUBLICATION and their publication in this journal should CNPS members and others are welcome to contribute materials for publication not be interpreted as an organizational in Fremontia. See the inside back cover for submission instructions. endorsement—in part or in whole—of their Staff and board listings are as of February 2013. ideas, statements, or opinions. Printed by Premier Graphics: www.premiergraphics.biz

FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013

ISSUE DATE: SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013. PUBLICATION DATE: APRIL 2013 CONTENTS

WHY USE NATIVES? by Mike Evans ...... 2 A convincing treatise on the reasons why we should encourage the use of native plants in all our landscapes.

WHERE TO BEGIN: ADVICE FOR DESIGNING YOUR NATIVE PLANT GARDEN by Rob Moore ...... 6 A garden designer’s perspective on how to create a naturally beautiful California native landscape.

THE MOJAVE DESERT GARDEN AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DESERT NATIVES by Mack Nash ...... 12 Desert native plants are an underused resource for creating gardens and landscapes that are attractive, appropriate, and support the local environment in the low desert.

COASTAL SAGE SCRUB: A SUSTAINABLE HOME LANDSCAPE by Celia Kutcher ...... 20 Coastal sage scrub is not the typical suburban front-yard landscape in Southern California, but my own garden is proof that it can make a beautiful, sustainable garden.

WILD BY NATURE: GARDENING WITH NATIVE WILDFLOWERS by Genevieve Arnold ...... 24 Invite colorful annual native wildflowers into your garden—and sow and grow them successfully using a few simple tips.

MY HOME GROUND: INSPIRATION FOR A HABITAT GARDEN by Charlotte Torgovitsky...... 30 Habitat gardening is all about biological associations, stewardship of the land, and an effort to recreate the interconnected elements of an ecosystem.

LOS ANGELES CITY HALL PARK GOES NATIVE by Snowdy Dodson ...... 34 When Los Angeles City Hall Park’s landscaping was destroyed by Occupy LA, native plant advocates in the community successfully lobbied the City of Los Angeles to reduce turf and introduce native plants into the rebuilt park.

WABI IN THE WILDERNESS: JAPANESE AESTHETICS AND THE CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT GARDEN by Mark Bourne ...... 38 The poetry of Japanese gardens offers California native plant gardeners inspiring design possibilities.

HEALDSBURG’S NEW NATIVE PLANT GARDEN by Ann Carranza ...... 43 A public-private collaboration inspires the creation of a new native plant garden in Healdsburg.

SELECTED NATIVE PLANT RESOURCES ...... 48 NEW CNPS FELLOW: DAVID CHIPPING by Pam Muick and Joan Stewart ...... 52 BOOK REVIEWS ...... 54

THE COVER: A west-facing slope with excellent drainage and ideal climate in this Berkeley garden provides the perfect match for chaparral plants, including flannel bush (Fremontodendron californicum decumbens ‘Pine Hill’) and Hooker’s manzanita (Arctostaphylos hookeri), along with a few non-native Mediterranean shrubs. The plant forms and textures create a design that is both pleasing to the eye and restful, and reminds one of nature in the wild. Photograph by Stephen Ingram. Design by Lutsko Associates, San Francisco.

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 1 Native plant gardens should be easy, uncomplicated places to experience. Simple designs are best, as in this planting of the hybrid matilija poppy (Romneya ‘White Cloud’) and deer grass (Muhlenbergia rigens). Inset photo: With flowers over six inches across, the ‘White Cloud’ Matilija poppy is a real show stopper. All photographs by the author. WHY USE NATIVES? by Mike Evans

hree factors should lead us ences, and native plant sales. We tainability. In California we are for- merrily down a path toward have plentiful living examples of tunate to have ample know-how, more and better native plant residential and public gardens, actual living proof, and the collec- gardens in California. We botanic gardens, and demonstration tive desire to do the right thing. Yet Thave available to us books overflow- gardens. Lastly, there is a pervasive some still ask, “Why use natives?” ing with information, as well as awareness throughout the state of Consider: Every plant is native articles, websites, meetings, confer- the need for conservation and sus- somewhere. All the exotics in our

2 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 ornamental landscape hail from when considered one by one, are some land, near or far. For the most among the prettiest in the world. part they thrive here, but not with- So here’s a phrase to ponder: out lots of help. California is re- “Sense of Place.” It speaks to our nowned for it’s near perfect climate, engagement with the natural and and the gardening recipe is simple: cultural features of our surround- Plant just about anything, and add ings. One of our nation’s champion plenty of water. Our extravagant gar- thinkers, Wendell Berry, says if you dens and our world-class horticul- don’t know where you are, you don’t ture are notable because of our un- know who you are. Another famous beatable climate, but are made pos- writer, Wallace Stegner, echoed a sible primarily by ample irrigation. similar sentiment when he said we In short, plants from all over must “learn to acquire the sense not the world tend to grow quite well of ownership but of belonging.” here and are readily available in These ideas emphasize our place in Native plant gardens can elicit a sense of our nurseries. Unfortunately, some the natural environment. wonderment in kids of all ages when they manage to (accidentally) escape and But do our experiences in the engage with nature. become weed problems in natural man-made environment also influ- areas, which is a big problem, but a ence our perception of where and unlike a framed California plein air separate topic. The dilemma in us- who we are? Are we molded by the painting. In gardens and potted trees ing many exotics is that they are places where we spend our time? half a world away, the Japanese en- not adapted to our climate and re- Winston Churchill is famously joy international renown for their quire artificial life support. There quoted as saying, “First we shape wonderful miniaturized landscapes. are also what are commonly referred our buildings, then they shape us.” Many interpret and emulate their to as “Mediterranean” plants, which If our experience in the garden is at own brand of nature, using only are promoted for water conserva- all similar, we’ll want to create land- Japanese plants, designing what are tion because they are adapted to scape designs and usable outdoor essentially native plant gardens. hot, dry summers and mild to cool, spaces that reflect California’s natu- wet winters, much like the climate ral beauty. This is how we cultivate CONSERVING RESOURCES of our California floristic province. a healthy relationship between our- However, only natives provide the selves and our environment, and find Conserving resources is not just truly sustainable benefit of an inte- out who we are. Good native gar- about water. Sure, water is the big gral connectedness to the local ecol- dens offer personal definition. attention getter, but lots of outside ogy. Only natives are in perfect sync resources get poured into (and then with our weather, our soils, and REGIONAL INTEGRITY flow away from) many gardens. our wildlife species. Regionally Consider fertilizer, pesticides, run- authentic native plant landscapes Natives in the landscape repre- off into storm drains, green waste conserve water and other crucial sent a very honest approach to our and costly trips to the dump, and resources. outdoor aesthetic. Rather than past- noise, fuel use, and its resultant pol- ing together a crazy quilt of unre- lution from trucks, mowers, and SENSE OF PLACE lated plant types, we achieve success blowers. In addition, massive pumps by carefully joining companion are required to transport irrigation The name California came from plants to create a cohesive whole. water thousands of miles via canals a fictional island paradise called Cali- The plants combine well together and pipelines. fornia in the romance novel Las while fitting into the larger local con- Now try to estimate the actual Sergas de Esplandian (The Adventures text, that is, the region and its unique costs of such resources, both mon- of Esplandián) by Spanish author natural features, and the design ex- etary and environmental. Exotic Garcia Ordóñez de Montalvo. Those presses a unique regional integrity. landscapes can be expensive to main- early explorers thought the “island” As a general rule, an aestheti- tain in more ways than one, particu- they had discovered resembled the cally pleasing garden derives its larly when the exotics selected are beautiful location described in the beauty from simplicity. Nature is not drought tolerant. Next, imagine story. Our coastlines, foothills, val- complex, but not complicated. Natu- a native plant garden that will thrive leys, deserts, and mountains are un- ralistic garden design puts the best on little or no supplemental irriga- equaled. California exudes natural of nature on display, showcasing the tion and will not demand such vig- beauty and even our plant species, natural world in a small space, not orous maintenance. Sustainability is

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 3 Natives do this best. It’s a matter of building naturalistic gardens and thereafter enjoying the results, which only get better with time.

SPECIES APPRECIATION A surprising number of Califor- nia’s native plants are categorized as rare, threatened, or endangered. Our flora is so unique, and in many cases our modern impacts have been so severe, that various species are living on the brink. Many enjoy special protected status, and a strict “hands off” policy will allow them to survive in the wild over the long- term. But some rare plants commonly available in native plant nurseries are propagated only from horticultural sources. A few examples include bush anemone (Carpenteria californica), Nevin’s barberry (Ma- honia nevinii), and Morro Bay manzanita (Arctostaphylos morrensis). By including these threatened species in our native gardens, we increase awareness and concern for big- picture conservation, and also give others the opportunity to become familiar with and appreciate these individual species. However, if you choose to include rare plants in your garden, be certain that they have been propagated by nurseries and not merely collected, in order to avoid impact- ing wild populations. This is especially true for ferns, succulents, cacti, bulbs, or any plant type that could be easily uprooted and moved into a container for sale. This unethical and in many cases illegal activity is not TOP, BEFORE INSTALLATION: The character of a small front yard will be made “wild” and conducted by any reputable nurs- “natural” with boulders, rocks, and mounded soil. • BOTTOM, AFTER INSTALLATION: As the native plants mature, the garden becomes a miniature ecosystem as beneficial pollinators, ery, so responsible sellers will be lizards, frogs, and many bird species move in. happy to answer your questions re- garding propagation techniques, more than just a buzzword or a con- dener has found this to be true. A sources, or plant origins. You can cept in the world of native plants. proper assemblage of natives in the often detect the difference between a landscape will always work to at- rough old “collected” plant growing HABITAT VALUE tract wildlife including beneficial in soil, and a vigorous nursery-grown pollinators, hummingbirds, song- plant in potting medium. The ques- It has been said, “If you plant it, birds, and other “fellow mortals” (to tion is valid for all natives in con- they will come,” and many a gar- borrow a term from John Muir.) tainers, but especially rare species.

4 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 HORTICULTURAL SUCCESS Aside from the sound philosophi- cal and ecological considerations mentioned above, we find a genu- inely pragmatic answer to the “Why use natives?” question. Simply stated, natives work. Since native plants are perfectly adapted to our climate, soils, and seasonal effects, when properly selected and combined in the landscape, they tend to do quite well, in many instances “naturaliz- ing” on site. There’s no mystery here. Environmental factors affect plant growth, and natives are suited for use in the land of their origin.

ENGAGEMENT Imagine for a moment a sunny day in mid-May. For months the rains have been generous, and today’s puffy white clouds punctu- ate a brilliant sky. You’re walking A completely self-sustaining residential native plant landscape that demonstrates the from your car toward the entrance importance of proper spacing. The white globe mallow (Sphaeralcea fulva ‘La Luna’) and to your local public library on a Cleveland sage (Salvia clevelandii) are fast growing woody plants. Given room, they will winding path of decomposed gran- flower beautifully and attract many beneficial pollinators. ite. A few boulders here and there accent the edges. The breeze makes dominates the landscape with tall building. The huge white flowers, the moment seem perfect. However, flower stalks swaying rhythmically yellow centers, and delicate bright the landscaping here wasn’t always on the air. A lizard suns itself, cling- petals declare quintessential Califor- like this. Before the redesign, a con- ing to a big rock, and on closer in- nia. The jay squawks again and dis- crete sidewalk cut straight through spection you spot a second one do- rupts your reverie; you proceed a big lawn, and tidy hedges marked ing pushups behind a live-forever about your business. your way on both sides. A few flow- (Dudleya sp.). Foothill penstemon No other landscape could invite ers tried hard to survive in a planter (Penstemon heterophyllus) is in full you to engage at this heightened by the door. The old setting was all bloom and you immediately think level, with all your senses, includ- too familiar. of hummingbirds. Of course, there’s ing anticipation, imagination, and But today you stop to absorb the one right there! You smile and no- memory. Only a naturalistic design moment. Greeting you is a new gar- tice a few goldenrod plants (Solidago connected to the local environment den, planted on low undulating velutina ssp. californica) tucked away can provide healing and wellness to mounds, revealing interesting sur- in all the right places. Their bright the land, the wildlife, and especially prises at each turn. The composi- flowers will come later, to proclaim to us, the humans. Why use nation is simple and you are reminded the fall season. tives? The answer is simple. They of a hike you took last summer. All White sage (Salvia apiana) push help to restore our environment, and your senses awaken to the subtleties vigorous flowering stems high above by bringing a snapshot of nature up of the smells and sounds. A scrub their glaucous leaves, reminding you close to us, native gardens provide a jay announces its presence from atop again of last season’s good rains. A genuine connection to California’s the roof. A pair of butterflies weaves swallowtail butterfly seems happy wild places. a mating dance, fluttering over a to visit each and every one in search red-flowered buckwheat (Eriogonum of nectar. Then you see another. Sud- Mike Evans, Tree of Life Nursery, P.O. grande var. rubescens) at the top of denly your eye is drawn away to a Box 635, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92693, one of the mounds. solitary stand of matilija poppies [email protected], www. Deer grass (Mulenbergia rigens) (Romneya ‘White Cloud’) against the CaliforniaNativePlants.com

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 5 More and more water districts are hiring designers to create demonstration gardens illustrating what property owners can do with their own home landscapes to save water. All photographs by the author. WHERE TO BEGIN: ADVICE FOR DESIGNING YOUR NATIVE PLANT GARDEN by Rob Moore

s I look out across Southern “new” landscape just happens to be at places such as Tree of Life Nurs- California’s vast suburban its oldest—the flora that has graced ery in San Juan Capistrano, Theodore landscape on a brisk De- California’s deserts, mountains, val- Payne Foundation in Los Angeles, cember day, a tune from leys, foothills, and coastal plains for and Las Pilitas Nursery in San Luis Amy childhood echoes through my thousands of years. If we take our Obispo, but have been available all mind, “The Times They Are a- cues from this reality, answering this along for purchase. If native plants Changin’.” After decades of drought, question becomes relatively easy. could talk, they’d probably tell us California is settling into its “new Growing up in the eastern foothills they’ve just been waiting all this time normal” and almost 50 years later, of San Diego County, I developed a for homeowners to begin planting the iconic Bob Dylan track rings true deep and abiding appreciation for them in their gardens. as ever. California’s native landscapes. And The state’s water districts and like many folks today, I longed for a homeowners have realized that the solution to what I perceived as the CHALLENGES FOR days of allotting 60% of a monthly ongoing destruction of our natural BEGINNERS household’s water to irrigate land- open spaces. scaping are over. Increasingly, people As fate would have it, the plants As a landscaper who specializes are beginning to ask, “What do we I had loved so much in my child- in designing native plant gardens, I do now?” As it turns out, California’s hood are not only being propagated often hear the following story: “My

6 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 husband and I are trying to save on deciduous plants, and keep to a regu- on how to proceed with the devel- water, so we killed our lawn and lar biannual maintenance program. opment of your new landscape. have added a few native plants to As important as education is for our yard, but we have no idea where the homeowner, it is also important to go from here. We’re ready to do IMPORTANCE OF for the general public. An easy and our whole front yard and need help EDUCATIONAL fun way to address this issue is by figuring things out.” Re-landscap- OPPORTUNITIES registering a new or existing native ing your property with traditional plant garden with the National Wild- nursery plants itself can be compli- Another valuable resource for the life Federation’s Certified Wildlife cated, but with natives it’s a whole homeowner is educational opportu- Habitat Program (http://www.nwf. new ballgame. Like so many others, nities. Even if you are planning on org/CertifiedWildlifeHabitat/User these folks have taken a leap of faith hiring a professional, getting edu- Account/SignIn). You’ll learn the in beginning to use native plants, cated is critical for long term suc- basic elements of a wildlife habitat, and have suddenly hit their first big cess with a native landscape. and for a nominal fee will receive an obstacle. Most people start out by attend- official NWF Certified Wildlife Habi- At this juncture, a good first step ing classes offered through their lo- tat sign that you can post in your is to call the phone number on your cal water district, local arboretum garden. Soon you’ll have neighbors water bill and inquire about the avail- or botanic garden, or native plant and dog walkers stopping by to ask ability of turf rebate programs. Many nursery. Workshops and lectures on about it, at which time you can water districts offer incentives to native garden design and native plant briefly explain how your garden pro- homeowners who are interested in horticulture are great places to start. vides all the necessities of a wildlife conserving water. The availability Some nurseries such as Tree of Life habitat. of rebates and the rebate amount in Orange County even offer mini- Demonstration gardens are an- will vary, but it’s still always worth consultations with local landscape other, often overlooked resource. the effort to investigate. In fact, it’s designers at a minimal cost. This is a More and more water districts are not uncommon for such rebates to great way to connect with industry hiring designers to create demo gar- be substantial enough to cover the professionals who will be happy to dens that illustrate what residences costs of landscape design plans. guide you in the right direction. in their districts can do with their Converting one’s home land- You’re guaranteed to walk away with own home landscapes to save water. scape to a native garden requires a lots of useful tips and information These gardens also offer the oppor- different mind-set. Significant challenges that we, as advocates of Cali- fornia’s native flora, have to over- come include the common (and understandable) misconceptions that have been perpetuated by our society’s “import plants” mentality. People are used to seeing an artifi- cially green California—a landscape of sweeping lawns, year-round flowering plants, golf courses, and streets lined with palm trees. Neighbors can sometimes be put off by what they perceive as a yard full of “weeds.” Those who have lived outside of California realize that natural landscapes have a dormant season. Our state is the only one in the U.S. with a Mediterranean climate, which means our flora’s dormant season occurs during the summer, unlike most other areas where dormancy Demonstration gardens are an often overlooked educational resource for the homeowner occurs in winter. If aesthetics are a to see native plant design options up close and personal. This is the Juan Sanchez Adobe priority, it’s important to take into House located in Montebello, CA (diagram of the house and landscaping design appears account the placement of summer on page 6).

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 7 AESTHETICS VS. FUNCTIONALITY: A PRACTICAL APPROACH One prevailing myth among the public is that native plants are unattractive in landscapes. Many folks, when contemplating the native alternative, think of brown hillsides covered with dead weeds left over from winter rains. The fact of the matter is that most of the unattractive plant material people see in open areas is com- prised of invasive species introduced by early European settlers. These interlopers have gained a foothold because naturally occurring ecosystems have been disturbed by human development. Not only do these introduced species give native plants a bad reputation, but they also ac- celerate fire cycles. Fire agencies such as the Orange County Fire Au- thority have come to the realization that, with occasional irrigation during summer months and proper maintenance procedures, many na- Combining natives with existing non-native plants is a perfectly acceptable option when tive species and their cultivars can designing or upgrading your landscape. In this photo, the evergreen and medium-textured actually reduce the hazard of fire Pittosporum species (center left), although non-native, blends seamlessly with recently added native plant species including two sage cultivars (Salvia ‘Aromas’ and Salvia ‘Skylark’), damage. penstemon species, coastal sagebrush (Artemisia ‘Montara’), and manzanita (Arctostaphylos During the planning stages of ‘Dr. Hurd’). the garden, it is important to priori- tize what is important. Generally tunity to view mature specimens, care. These people are garden de- speaking, in urban and suburban something not usually seen at edu- signers, botanists, and horticultural areas especially, this breaks down to cational facilities and locations. experts and can advise you on a basic aspects such as aesthetics, wa- California Native Plant Society range of topics related to gardening ter savings, the degree of mainte- (CNPS) chapters across the state of- with native plants. nance required, habitat restoration, fer free public programs, which can Garden tours provide possibly and function (such as creating pri- be an excellent way to begin learn- the best learning opportunity of all vacy, places to entertain, and views ing more about native plants. Some since one can view actual native to be framed or screened). If aes- local native plant nurseries host plant gardens and ask questions thetics are a priority due to home- CNPS membership appreciation about landscape design, plant selec- owner association regulations, con- days, which give the public an option, and growing requirements. sider hiring a landscape designer. portunity to view and purchase Regardless of your level of experi- Non-traditional landscapes—those plants at a discount, simply by be- ence, there is always something to that don’t follow the standard lay- coming a new CNPS member or re- learn from the homeowner who is out of foundation plantings, flower newing an existing membership. tending the garden. These are ter- beds, and turf—can be very chal- There are always an abundance of rific ways of learning more about lenging when aesthetic constraints helpful staff at these events, as well microclimates, garden zones, plant exist. Additionally, maintaining this as at chapter plant sales, both of selection, and growing tips, and ac- type of native plant garden can re- which are excellent places to ac- quiring information that is not eas- quire more frequent irrigation (once quire valuable information about ily gleaned from books and other or twice a month as opposed to rain- individual plant species and their sources of information. only) in order to keep plants lightly

8 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 hydrated and looking their best in height and width that plants will we humans usually garden for. This the off-season. eventually achieve. Be sure to leave can be very challenging for the aver- This is often the case when using room between plant groupings (and age person starting out with their some of the regularly available, more individual plants) for maintenance first native plant garden. showy, and smaller cultivars such access. Plant catalogs often mis-state For example, birds and butter- as seaside daisy (Erigeron glaucus), mature plant size, and different soil flies tend to be attracted to “messy- Ceanothus ‘Hearts Desire’, Califor- types can also have a dramatic effect looking” areas. The habitat garden nia aster (Corethrogyne filaginifolia), on how large a given species can should contain liberal amounts of and others. It is important to note grow. Resist the urge to group plants leaf litter, branches, sticks, rocks, that many of these popular evergreen too closely together; this will save bird and lizard feces, decomposing cultivar species originate in areas you needless maintenance headaches plant material, rotting wood (dead- with higher winter rainfall totals, and allow air flow, which will miti- wood), and even weeds (non-inva- coupled with a longer rainy season. gate plant diseases. sive species). All the aforementioned They also frequently occur in coastal If your priority is habitat resto- naturally occur in abundance in wild areas, canyons, and at forest edges ration, this type of garden will re- areas and provide critical habitat in in soil conditions that are more quire the least care and maintenance, a healthy ecosystem. In nature, main- nutrient-rich, similar to what one would find in home gardens. Of course all these details are common knowledge to landscape professionals, who take them into consideration when siting plant material according to the specific require- ment of the individual site. These gardens, as well as gardens where aesthetics are not a priority, will also respond positively to a minimum biannual maintenance schedule that includes deadheading spent flowers in summer and selec- tive pruning in autumn prior to plants coming out of dormancy. The latter is especially important in a new garden to ensure tighter and more compact plant forms. If water savings are a priority over aesthetics, one has the option but will still require a strong knowl- of foregoing supplemental irrigation edge of native plant horticulture as and regular maintenance, although well as plant communities and all native plants do appreciate both groupings. The main challenge here to some degree, as noted above. If is aesthetic. The non-human inhab- this is the case, and once the garden itants this type of garden is designed is established (typically taking two for thrive on the complete annual to three years), the native garden cycle that the landscape goes can in specific cases survive on rain- through. In other words, the de- fall only. This option is becoming composition of the plants is just as less feasible, however, as climate important, or in some cases even change continues to rewrite the en- more so, than the flowering cycle vironmental rules governing the survival of plant species. TOP: If aesthetics are a priority, place evergreen and summer deciduous plants together in If you want a garden that re- attractive groupings. In this scenario, summer dormant sage (Salvia ‘Winifred Gilman’) is quires low maintenance, good de- surrounded with lower growing evergreen species including coyote brush (Baccharis ‘Pigeon Point’), clustered field sedge (Carex praegracilis), and seaside daisy (Erigeron glaucus). sign is key. It is critical to plan plant These types of evergreen plants serve to create a sense of unity with neighboring yards that placement with mature plant size in are predominately covered with turf grass. • BOTTOM: Native plants work in tandem with mind. Carefully consider both the boulders, and dry creek beds mitigate storm water runoff.

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 9 tenance is performed sporadically the landscape. For example, a man- recreating that particular commu- by fire, wind, rain, snow, and sea- zanita artfully placed on top of an nity within the parameters of your sonal flooding. This is a far cry from elevated peak surrounded with com- property. Approaching the task in a the “tidy mow and blow” paradigm panion plants from its plant commu- sequential fashion can make the ex- humans are used to! nity will create an instant focal point. perience more manageable. Contour in the garden will also Start by referencing plant lists pique the interest of the viewer, guid- specific to the site’s microclimate DESIGNING THE ing the eye and inviting one to ex- and location. Choose no more than HARDSCAPE plore where paths lead. The use of a dozen or so plant species that will contoured land also follows the make up the preliminary plant list. The hardscape is the physical theme of our naturally occurring If you want your native plant gar- foundation upon which your new native landscapes. Soil can be shaped den to reflect, at least in part, the California native landscape will be to emulate California’s rolling hills, region in which you live, you first built on. It is every bit as important mountains, canyons, and valleys, al- need to learn about the plants that as the plants you choose. With na- beit on a much smaller scale. If the thrive there naturally. Good ques- tive landscapes, the hardscape is as site’s soil makeup contains poorly tions to ask include, “What plant much aesthetic as functional, and is draining clay or compacted soil, cre- community do I live in?” and “How literally intertwined with the plant ating mounds also makes it possible do I go about identifying this com- material. Elements like paths, to include plants that require better munity?” Generally speaking, most mounds, swales, dry creek beds, drainage in the garden design. of the densely populated areas in rocks, boulders, and even snags and The use of snags (a partially or California (primarily located in the mulch all play an intrinsic role in a completely dead tree) and dead southern part of the state) live in the functional, healthy, and aesthetically wood is another aspect to contem- coastal sage scrub plant community. pleasing native garden. plate in the design of a functional Of course this is a generaliza- Unlike in traditional gardens and aesthetic hardscape. Deadwood tion. There are many other climates where plants are selected based solely in a natural environment exists in to be considered such as northern on their physical appearance, with many forms and serves an impor- oak woodland, northern juniper native plant gardens, plant selection tant purpose in a healthy ecosys- woodland, central oak woodland, can be approached from a broader tem, as well as providing visual in- yellow pine forest, Douglas fir for- perspective. Consider how these terest in the native plant garden. est, valley grassland, chaparral, and plants will work in tandem with their Deadwood offers critical habitat for great basin sage, to name a few. It is hardscape counterparts . One way to many species, providing food, shel- also at least as important to fully train one’s aesthetic sense is by pay- ter, and nesting places for birds and understand microclimates within ing attention to spots that look espe- other garden friendly wildlife. It also these general plant communities cially beautiful to you when you take serves as an insulation blanket, cool- prior to choosing a plant palette of a walk in nature. Usually when one ing the ground while simultaneously California natives. stumbles upon that “Kodak moment” offering ground foraging birds like Another way to identify plants it is due to a combination of ele- the threatened California Towhee that will work in your native garden ments working together—rocks, refuge from heat and domestic cats. is to look around the neighborhood snags, soil, spacing, plants, lighting, Beneficial insect eaters like alli- where the garden is to be designed, etc.—that create the image that is gator lizards, blue bellies (western and take note of areas that haven’t pleasing to the eye. fence lizard), and side-blotched liz- been developed. Do stands of intact The soil excavated from paths ards, as well as important pollina- native plant groups still occur natu- can be used to create interesting to- tors such as carpenter bees and the rally? Note what plants are growing pography if the property being de- yellow-faced bumble bee will appre- there, and how they grow together. veloped is flat. By reusing soil that is ciate these elements as well. Another clue is to look for native excavated during grading, digging plant seedlings popping up in other paths, and/or creating swales, exist- people’s gardens. These indicator ing materials are kept on-site, thus SELECTING PLANT plants offer clues as to what will minimizing the environmental im- MATERIAL easily grow in that particular neigh- pact of the project. borhood. With respect to aesthetics, the When choosing plants, think in If you live in an area where no use of mounded soil employs the terms of the plant community your undeveloped areas exist and where principle of focalization—forcing the home is located within or near. It native plant seedlings are not obvi- viewer’s attention to a focal point in can be an exciting yet daunting task ous, there are other resources avail-

10 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 This garden was part of a tour sponsored by the Orange County Chapter of CNPS in May 2012. Garden tours provide excellent opportunities to view different types of native plant gardens and to ask homeowners questions about the landscape design, plant selection, and growing requirements. able. For example, Las Pilitas Nurs- portant one to be mindful of is perfectly acceptable option when ery has a website where you can matching plant materials to the ex- designing or upgrading your land- enter your zip code, locate your plant isting soil conditions of the site. scape, as long as basic considerations community, and find links to plants There are copious sources of infor- such as irrigation, soil compatibil- that occur naturally in that specific mation pertaining to native plants ity, and microclimate are considered. region of the state. Tree of Life and their soil preferences available From an aesthetics perspective, Nursery’s website is a valuable re- in books, magazines, and on native and non-native plants can source as well. In particular, their websites. Whether the soil is clay, coexist and create unlimited combi- pdf download “The California Gar- silt, sand, or any combination nations of color, form, and texture. den” (located under Resources/Sage thereof, there is a California native Go primarily native if your goal is Advice) is an excellent source from that is suited to that soil’s makeup. habitat restoration and/or garden- which to choose plants based on Another consideration is existing to attract beneficial wildlife. At California native plant communities. ing plant material. Will the garden the end of the day, it all boils down include only native plants, or will to what brings you, the gardener, a they be combined with compatible greater sense of fulfillment and joy. DESIGNER TIPS AND drought-tolerant exotic species that TRICKS are already established on site? In Rob Moore, 417 S. Associated Road #246, either case the design principles re- Brea, CA 92821, Robmoore@dslextreme. There are many details that make main the same. Combining natives com, www.californianativelandscape up a good landscape design. An im- with existing non-native plants is a design.com

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 11 Looking northward across the Mojave Desert Garden at the mix of succulents and shrubs. Silver cholla and Mojave yuccas are in the foreground, and California junipers are in the background. Photograph by Bert Buxbaum. THE MOJAVE DESERT GARDEN AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DESERT PLANTS by Mack Nash

n a highly visible spot just off a The Mojave aster is a welcome As an employee there, I have visitor pathway in The Living addition to the Mojave Desert Gar- maintained the Mojave Desert Gar- Desert Zoo and Gardens in Palm den, one of the geographical im- den for many years. In creating the Desert, California, lives a two- mersion desert gardens at The Liv- garden, the intention was to make it Iyear-old Mojave aster (Xylorhiza ing Desert. Established as a 360- feel and look to visitors like they are tortifolia var. tortifolia). In its short acre wilderness preserve in 1970, actually walking into the Mojave lifetime thus far, this plant has at- The Living Desert was created to Desert when they enter it. tracted considerable attention both preserve a piece of the Colorado from visitors and docents with its Desert—a subdivision of the beautiful light purple daisies that Sonoran Desert—in its pristine PLANTS OF THE MOJAVE bloom over several weeks time dur- state. Gardens within the Living DESERT GARDEN ing the spring. Since I was respon- Desert highlight deserts of the sible for the plant’s existence—I had American southwest. Many plants The Mojave Desert Garden pro- collected the seed, had plants propa- from these deserts can be used to vides the visitor with a glimpse of gated, and established it in the gar- bring beauty and nature into desert the diversity found in the Mojave den—I was extremely pleased. landscaping. Desert. Although it is one of the

12 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 smaller deserts in North America, its elevation and climate ranges fos- PLANTS IN THE MOJAVE DESERT GARDEN ter areas of relatively high plant di- The Mojave Desert Garden contains numerous succulents and cacti, as well versity. As a result, the Mojave Desert as many types of shrubs. All are adapted to the harsh weather conditions of is home to almost double the num- the desert. ber of native plant species found in the Sonoran Desert. SUCCULENTS Most desert native plants are Joshua tree Yucca brevifolia amazingly adapted for survival in Mojave yucca Yucca schidigera harsh, unforgiving environments. banana yucca Yucca baccata Many desert species, such as the chaparral yucca Hesperoyucca whipplei var. caespitosa Mojave aster and the creosote bush CACTI (Larrea tridentata) are long-lived woody perennials that can subsist California barrel cactus Ferocactus cylindraceus on scant resources for extended pe- staghorn cholla Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa riods of time. Droughts can last for diamond cholla Cylindropuntia ramosissima years. Incredibly, when rain comes, silver cholla Cylindropuntia echinocarpa plants that appear dead begin grow- club cholla Grusonia parishii ing again. After rainfall events, the pancake prickly pear Opuntia chlorotica desert can spring to life. brown-spine prickly pear Opuntia phaeacantha Succulent plants like yuccas and grizzly bear prickly pear Opuntia polyacantha var. cacti species define the Mojave erinacea Desert Garden. The Joshua tree beavertail cactus Opuntia basilaris (Yucca brevifolia) is often consid- short-jointed beavertail cactus Opuntia basilaris var. ered to be the signature plant of the brachyclada Mojave Desert because it is an indi- hedgehog cactus Echinocerus engelmannii cator species. Clearly this garden SHRUBS cannot be complete without the odd Acton’s encelia Encelia actonii looking Joshua tree. The garden also alkali goldenbush Isocoma acradenia var. contains 3 other yuccas and 11 cacti eremophila (see sidebar at right). We are also Apache plume Fallugia paradoxa growing Mojave mound cacti (Echi- black-banded rabbitbrush Ericameria paniculata nocereus mohavensis syn. Echinoce- bladderpod Peritoma arborea reus triglochidiatus var. mohavensis) California juniper Juniperus californica that we will plant when they are big cheesebush Ambrosia salsola syn. enough. Hymenoclea salsola There is also a wide variety of creosote bush Larrea tridentata shrubs in the garden (see sidebar). desert almond Prunus fasciculata A few flowering, short-lived sub- desert olive Forestiera pubescens shrubs also make this garden their desert senna Senna armata Dore’s sage Salvia dorrii var. dorrii home. Plants such as butterweed flat-top buckwheat Eriogonum fasciculatum var. (Senecio flaccidus var. monoensis), poliofolium desert marigold (Baileya multiradi- four-wing saltbush Atriplex canescens ata), and Thurber’s dogweed (Thy- giant four o’clock Mirabilis multiflora mophylla pentachaeta) are natural- matchweed Gutierrezia sarothrae ized in the garden. Mojave aster Xylorhiza tortifolia bladder sage Scutellaria mexicana paper daisy Psilostrophe cooperi A PLANT PALETTE FOR THE rayless encelia Encelia frutescens SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA rubber rabbitbrush Ericameria nauseosa DESERT turpentine bush Ericameria laricifolia winterfat Krascheninnikovia lanata The Coachella Valley of south- wooly bursage Ambrosia eriocentra eastern California, known as the wooly brickellia Brickellia incana “low desert,” is home to many na-

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 13 tive plant species that are valuable willow (Chilopsis linearis ssp. arcu- native plants should also be consid- landscape and garden subjects. ata), and blue palo verde (Parkin- ered when planning a desert garden. There is an extensive palette of sonia florida). In addition, I think Brittlebush (Encelia farinosa) is a southwestern native plants that are there are local natives that can make short-lived perennial in comparison often used in landscaping in the low great additions to this palette and with Mojave aster, which may live desert. There are many I like to call deserve more popularity. A few ex- well over 50 years. In turn, the “local natives” that are already popu- amples are indigo bush (Psoro- Mojave aster seems short-lived when lar in the southwestern native plant thamnus schottii), sweetbush (Bebbia compared to the creosote bush (Lar- landscape industry. These include juncea var. aspera), and trixis (Trixis rea tridentata), which may be thou- brittlebush (Encelia farinosa), chu- californica). sands of years old. Realizing how parosa (Justicia californica), creosote Form, shape, size, texture, color, well native plants are adapted to bush (Larrea tridentata), deer grass bloom season, and function are char- desert life, it makes sense to use (Muhlenbergia rigens), desert mal- acteristics to consider when work- them for gardening and landscaping low (Sphaeralcea ambigua), desert ing with plants. The lifespan of desert in the desert. Local native plants provide an opportunity to utilize all When purchasing ocotillos, look for well-shaped plants growing in nursery pots or wooden of these characteristics in creating boxes; bare-root ocotillos can take up to two years to show signs of life after planting. and designing desert landscapes and Ocotillo stems, or canes, can flush out with new leaves within 72 hours of receiving rain. gardens. A list of local native plants Supplemental irrigation can keep an ocotillo green year-round. Many people mist ocotillos with a hose to mimic rainfall. All photographs by the author unless otherwise noted. suitable for desert gardens follows, along with a few notes on selected species. Trees Only a handful of native tree species occur in the low desert. Some include blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida), desert ironwood (Olneya tesota), cat claw acacia (Senegalia greggii, formerly Acacia greggii), desert willow (Chilopsis linearis var. arcuata), and smoke tree (Psoro- thamnus spinosus). Palo verde, ironwood, and desert willow become large and are great for creating shade. Cat claw acacia grows as a shrub, but can be trained into a small tree. It has relatively dark green leaves and curved thorns, and for safety should be placed away from pathways and public areas. The smoke tree has a narrow growth habit with gray colored stems and lends itself more to being used as a small accent tree than as a shade tree. Shrubs An array of local native shrubs offer ornamental qualities that include gray and green leaf color; low, rounded, or vase-shaped upright forms; large and small leaf textures (and also plants containing no leaves at all); a range of flower colors; and a variety of flower shapes, including daisy-like flowers, tubular two-

14 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 A flowering Mojave aster in habitat with bladderpod in the background. Purple and yellow flower colors complement each other well in landscapes and gardens. The light purple color of Mojave aster blossoms is uncommon among desert shrubs. Photograph by Mark Reeder.

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 15 In this stylized Palm Springs garden, prickly pear cactus and agaves remind the viewer of a place in nature where these plants are dominant features in the landscape. Dry creek beds are popular in desert landscapes. In this design, golden barrel cactus plants mimic a dry creek bed. This landscape offers visual interest through the use of bold-textured plants rather than flowering shrubs. lipped flowers, and the distinctive desert. The shapes and forms of suc- Cacti are an im- milkweed blossoms. culents allow them to serve as land- portant component of One of my favorites is jojoba. scape accents. The ocotillo (Fou- desert gardens and Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a quieria splendens) is widespread in provide a showy dis- slow growing shrub with thick oval nature and commonly used in south- play with their beau- gray leaves that just say, “I’m a true western landscaping. It is a dramatic tiful flowers. Local desert native.” It can take on an plant with an upwardly sweeping V- cactus species well- interesting branching structure and shape of gray, thorn-textured cane- suited to the home has attractive smooth gray stems. like stems, the ability to leaf out desert garden include Other species that are resilient and rapidly and turn green in only a few the globular to short, do well in the home desert garden days after rain, and eye-catching red columnar-shaped and inland Southern California gar- blossoms that form at the tips of the California barrel cac- dens include: bladderpod (Peritoma canes. tus (Ferocactus cylin- arborea), burrobush (Ambrosia du- My advice when purchasing an draceus); the cylindrical, multi- mosa), creosote bush (Larrea triden- ocotillo is to look for a nursery- headed, mounding Hedgehog cac- tata), desert lavender (Hyptis emor- grown plant rather than a bare root tus (Echinocereus engelmannii) with yi), desert milkweed (Asclepias one, if possible. Bare root plants red-violet flowers; the flat-padded, subulata), goldeneye (Bahiopsis can take up to two years to show soft-looking beavertail cactus (Opun- parishii, formerly Viguiera parishii), signs of life after being planted. tia basilaris) with rose to magenta indigo bush (Psorothamnus schottii), Many bare root ocotillos planted in flowers; and the arborescent teddy- joint-fir or Mormon tea (Ephedra landscapes never recover from the bear cholla (Cylindropuntia bige- spp.), and trixis (Trixis californica). shock of having the soil removed lovii). Desert agave (Agave deserti) from their roots and being trans- provides a contrasting texture with Accents planted. Nursery grown ocotillos in rosettes of sword-shaped, light Succulent plants are indispen- containers are much more reliable blue-gray leaves and teeth along its sible in developing the image of than bare root plants. margins.

16 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 Succulents like cacti, agaves, and yuccas dominate this Palm Springs desert garden as accents. Upright columnar cactus forms, strap- shaped leaves of yuccas and dasylirions, rosettes of thicker agave leaves, grasses, and even boulders and cobble of the creek bed all provide contrasting shapes, colors, and textures that bring interest. The plentiful open space, bare soil, and dry creek bed, along with the desert plants, create a sense of both aridity and artistry. The lack of many flowering shrubs also helps define desert in this landscape.

MAINTENANCE BY THE moval, and weeding are best done in good for saturating the entire root SEASONS fall, late winter, or early spring to zone of plants. Drip irrigation is great avoid hot weather and any subse- for getting water to individual plants Maintenance and care of the quent impact on other plants. and helpful in establishing new Mojave Desert Garden are dictated There are two types of irrigation plants. I rely on both in irrigating by the seasons. Space is a necessary in this garden. Originally only over- this garden. In the summer I usually component in achieving the desired head impact sprinklers were used to run sprinklers once a month to deeply look. Intensive gardening activities irrigate. Later, drip irrigation systems irrigate the garden, and I run the such as heavy trimming, plant re- were installed. Overhead watering is drip irrigation for a few hours once

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 17 or twice a week depending on the tering, along with a bit of trimming of surviving the searing weather of weather and how the plants are look- to keep pathways open, and some summer. Before I add new plants, I ing. Getting new plantings to survive minor weeding. The focus is on take time in choosing locations. If I their first summer is crucial in get- maintaining plants. Monitoring have enough plants, I pick spots to ting them established in the garden. newly added plants is crucial. Sum- try out different exposures in the The use of drip irrigation during the mer is a good time for planning ac- garden. South and west facing expo- summer months allows me to give tivities for cooler weather. It’s also a sures get blasted with sun in the extra water to new plantings to help good time to acquire plant material summer. Long afternoons and bak- them get through the really hot for fall planting and propagation. ing temperatures accentuate this weather we experience. Fall is the best time for estab- harsh situation. A break from the In the cooler months of spring lishing new plantings of desert spe- afternoon sun is provided by a north and fall, water is applied less fre- cies. Mojave desert plants also ger- or east facing exposure, and is in- quently. Impact sprinklers run for minate very well from seed during credibly more favorable. only a few hours in the morning the warm days and cool nights of Establishing new desert plants about once a month, and drip irriga- fall. Although new plants can also is not easy, and I am used to high tion is used once a week or less. In be added in the spring, it’s more of a attrition rates. If available, fall is also the winter months water use can be challenge to get them established the time to transplant Joshua trees cut back to around a quarter of sum- than it is in the fall. This is because into the garden. I water new plants mer use. This is especially true if we plants added in the fall have more regularly until they are established. have received rain. time to become acclimated to their Depending on the species, this could Summer care mostly entails wa- new homes and have a better chance take years! One key issue is making

Brittlebushes often grow in a perfect hemispherical mound of silver-gray leaves and are accented with yellow flowers in the spring and sometimes in the fall. They commonly have yellow disk flowers (although the dark-eyed brittlebush has brownish-purple disk flowers).

18 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 ABOVE: View of the Mojave Desert Garden with small Joshua tree, hedgehog cactus, and Apache plume. The garden design makes visitors feel as if they are walking into the actual Mojave Desert. • RIGHT: Cactus plants help to define the feeling and image of the desert. The relatively large flowers of the hedgehog cactus are prized by cactus collectors, and attract pollinators like native bees. The resulting fruits also attract wildlife with sweet pulp and nutritious seeds. sure plants are not eaten by rabbits drip irrigation so they receive regu- and rodents, so I protect them with lar water before summer starts. chicken wire cages. Weeding and raking at this time will In the winter, plant growth slows keep the garden looking good as with cold temperatures and water- plants begin to grow and flower. the desert. The large array of Cali- ing seems unnecessary, but Mojave fornia desert natives available in the Desert plants are adapted to winter landscape trade for southwestern rainfall. Providing supplemental wa- MANY OPTIONS FOR deserts provides the creative gar- ter gives plants like yuccas a chance DESERT LANDSCAPING dener with a range of options for to “pump up” and have a better designing landscapes of any size and chance of flowering in the spring. Desert climates, especially those without sacrificing aesthetics. From Winter is also a great time to work of the low desert, are unique in that annual wildflowers to sub-shrubs, on the appearance of the garden. En- they are harsh and unforgiving to shrubs, trees, and accents, the Cali- hancing sight lines that draw the eye plants, and for this reason are a tre- fornia desert flora is an outstanding through the garden is a benefit of mendous challenge to gardeners. resource for developing and defin- creating and maintaining open space. Temperature extremes, intense so- ing the image of “desert” in native Weeding and raking around plants lar radiation, scarcity of water, soil plant gardens. The opportunity to helps maintain open space and bare alkalinity, and insect and animal create appealing and beautiful gar- soil so characteristic of the desert. pests are just a few of the problems den designs is truly only limited by Spring is the time to check irri- one encounters. Of the many vir- one’s own imagination. gation systems and complete any tues of using native plants versus planting that remains to be done. I exotic plants, desert natives are ex- Mack Nash, 66350 Avenida Barona, Desert begin to closely monitor newly perts at surviving drought and ex- Hot Springs, CA 92240, mackanash@ added plants and connect them to tremely hot conditions common to gmail.com

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 19 COASTAL SAGE SCRUB: A SUSTAINABLE HOME LANDSCAPE by Celia Kutcher

he wave-cut terrace on which deciduous and appears dead during MY CSS LANDSCAPE I live, like the rest of lower- the dry months. Most of the many elevation cismontane South- other shrubs and woody perennials In the fall of 1989 I decided that ern California, was once veg- such as black sage (Salvia mellifera) the time had come to combine my Tetated primarily with coastal sage and California buckwheat (Eriogo- above-stated beliefs with my more scrub (CSS). CSS is a vegetation type num fasciculatum) that are part of than ten years of experience in de- that is eminently well-adapted to coastal sage scrub vegetation, are signing, planting, and observing the our Mediterranean-type climate of also dormant and/or deciduous dur- Fullerton Arboretum’s native collec- cool rainy winters and hot rainless ing the dry season and look dead to tions, along with a strong desire for summers. the unaccustomed eye. a low-maintenance home landscape. Like the rest of urbanized South- Summer dormancy allows the So I decided to replace the tired ern California, my vicinity’s aborigi- members of this plant community to mish-mash in my front yard with a nal CSS has been almost entirely sleep through the dry months, and CSS-based landscape. replaced with landscape plants from then awaken to grow and flower dur- Specifically, I wanted to show other continents and other climates. ing the rainy season. They do this on that the coastal sage scrub species Massive aqueduct systems, bringing an average annual rainfall that is just found in and around Orange County water from elsewhere, have allowed a little more than the amount that could make a landscape that looks the plants to appear perennially defines a desert—less than ten inches good year-round, despite being dor- bright green and shiny. The abun- a year. And that amount of water is mant/drought-deciduous in the sum- dance of water and the imported much less than that required to main- mer and flower-full only in spring. plants have created an unrealistic tain the imported landscape’s bright My landscape has developed into expectation among the general pub- green, shiny appearance. three parts. lic that California’s designed land- Coastal sage scrub is a sustain- The first-planted and largest scapes should look this way year- able landscape in Southern Califor- part, 30' x 25', is directly in front of round. nia—bright green and shiny is not. the house. White sage (Salvia api- To the untrained eye, coastal sage It is not sensible to spread expen- ana), California buckwheat, and St. scrub does not look like an appro- sive, increasingly scarce water on Catherine’s lace (Eriogonum gigan- priate residential landscape. Its our semi-desert to maintain an un- teum) were placed along the street dominant species, coastal sagebrush natural, ecologically unsustainable side because they are not drought- (Artemisia californica) is drought- non-native landscape. deciduous and look reasonably presentable year-round, and the Eriogo- nums’ inflorescences provide interest from spring to fall. These three plants were among the first installed and are still going strong. Behind them, so as to be less conspicuous when dormant, are coastal sagebrush and black sage. The rest of the space has an evolving cast of CSS shrubs, perennials, forbs, and bulbs. California poppies (Eschscholzia californica) and purple needlegrass (Stipa pulchra, formerly Nasella pulchra), both of which reseed, form a small meadow with iconic seasonal The main part of the garden in typical April garb, including lots of California poppies color. (Eschscholzia californica), which like the gravel between the pavers. In front gardens, it is The other side of the driveway, advisable to use species that look reasonably presentable year-round. first planted in 1992, has CSS-

20 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 ABOVE: Removal of an overgrown chaparral mallow freed up space for more wildflowers: tidy-tips (Layia platyglossa), arroyo lupine (Lupinus succulentus), blue dicks (Dichelostemma capitatum), wine-cup clarkia (Clarkia purpurea ssp. quadrinervia), and sticky monkeyflower (Mimulus aurantiacus). A scattering of poppies was allowed to remain, to fill in among the less vigorous species. Saw- toothed goldenbush (Hazardia squarrosa) is in the far right. A single flower of yellow mariposa lily (Calochortus luteus) can be seen in the lower left; a number of Calochortus species have been planted, but with little success.

RIGHT: Spring 2010 was a good rain year that brought an unusually good wildflower show. The space shown is about 12 feet long. Front to back: Douglas iris (Iris douglasiana), goldfields (Lasthenia sp.), five-spot (Nemophila maculata), Margarita penstemon (Penstemon ‘Margarita’), desert bluebells (Phacelia campanularia), golden yarrow (Eriophyllum confertiflorum), dune primrose (Camissoniopsis chieranthifolia), California poppy (Eschscholzia california). Britton’s dudleya (Dudleya brittonii) in upper left; San Diego ambrosia (Ambrosia pumila) between pavers, lower left. All photographs are by the author. related species that don’t mind the have been Conejo buckwheat (Erio- Mackey, 2006) is the definitive high water table from the lawn next gonum crocatum), some Texas sage primer for landscapes using coastal door. Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifo- (Salvia greggii) cultivars, damianita sage scrub plants—and I have lia), planted from a one-gallon pot (Chrysactinia mexicana), and Mexi- learned even more by doing. Here is and trained as a multi-trunked small can tulip poppy (Hunnemannia fu- my landscape’s general maintenance tree, is now upwards of 15' tall. San mariifolia). regime: Diego sunflower (Bahiopsis laciniata, If interested, contact me for an • Plants in the ground, once estab- formerly Viguiera laciniata), which annotated list of the 75+ species that lished, only get rain, even during is good-looking and blooms cheer- are or have been part of my home drought years. Observation has fully yellow year-round, is in a close- landscape. Most came from Tree of proven their ability to survive the up spot near the street. A collection Life Nursery in San Juan Capistrano; rainfall vagaries that they are of live-forever Dudleya species in- others from the Fullerton Arbore- adapted to. habits a dry-laid river-rock wall. tum or Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Ten large clay pots by the east- Garden, and a few from Santa Bar- • Each pot (all are about 15 to 16 facing main entrance hold a variety bara Botanic Garden. inches in diameter and 2 feet deep) of plants that are inherently small or gets a very slow hose drip using a don’t mind being kept in bounds, ON MAINTENANCE fan nozzle that I move from one have a neat appearance year-round, pot to the next morning and even- flower in summer, and can with- Maintenance is everything, and ing, so that each gets dripped for stand both the morning heat and low maintenance does not mean no 12 hours about every 5 days. As glare and afternoon shade. I’ve tried maintenance. Care and Maintenance the roots are confined within the a number of plants here (not all CSS of Southern California Native Plant pots in a coarse sandy, gravelly natives). So far the best performers Gardens (O’Brien, Landis, and mix and can’t reach deep to find

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 21 soil moisture, rainfall alone won’t carry them through the dry season. • The landscape gets an all-over hair- cut around late November, and pe- riodic minor trimming and deadheading year-round. These treat- ments emulate the browsing that the plants would get in nature. The trimmings of late fall are run through my small chipper and spread under the plants. This and the plants’ natural leaf drop combine to form a debris-into-soil layer, similar to what would form in nature, that is now several inches deep. Presumably the layer has become home to populations of mi- croorganisms, similar to that of a natural soil, which help the plants grow optimally.

TOP: Looking toward the street from near the house. Poppies and needlegrass are a spring constant. There are about ten other CSS natives in the picture, including coastal sage and black sage.

MIDDLE: St. Catherine’s Lace (Eriogonum giganteum) is a showstopper with its 12" flower clusters that open pinkish white in late spring, then slowly change through cream to rust by mid-fall. This fast-growing shrub can reach up to six feet in height and spread, and is an excellent specimen plant. It’s also great as a backdrop for smaller shrubs or perennials in a border or parkway, and provides excellent habitat for pollinators and birds.

BOTTOM: Ten large clay pots next to the east- facing main entrance display a variety of plants chosen for neat appearance year- round, seasonal bloom, ability to withstand the high reflected light and heat of the morning and the full shade of the afternoon, and scale and vigor amenable to the confines of a large pot and to more primp- ing than nature would give. Not all are strictly California natives. Front row: Co- nejo buckwheat (Eriogonum crocatum), electric blue sage (Salvia chamaedryoides). Middle row: damianita daisy (Chrysactinia mexicana), punchbowl clarkia (Clarkia bottae, reseeded in three pots from previous year), autumn sage (Salvia greggii ‘Wild Thing’), California fuchsia (Epilobium ‘Route 66’), autumn sage (S. greggii x jamen- sis ‘Sierra San Antonio’). Back row: Mexican tulip poppy (Hunnemannia fumariifolia, reseeded in two pots from previous year), sage (S. greggii ‘Hot Lips’), and coastal buckwheat (Eriogonum parvifolium).

22 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 San Diego ambrosia (Ambrosia pumila) (left) looked like a small-scale groundcover that would be nice among the rocks buttressing the short slope next to the driveway. I assumed it would stay small and grow slowly. Not so! It quickly spread more than 25 feet from its original site (right), then died out and regrew there from roots coming from its newer extensions. It gets weeded out from around other plants that it would smother if left untended; otherwise, I’m letting it go to see what it does.

IN THE “EYES OF THE plants with natives. You can do enforcement office. If you receive BEHOLDERS” some stealth replacement of non- a letter from such an office, con- natives with similar-looking na- tact me and I’ll share with you a Since most people are not accus- tives. Tree of Life Nursery has a letter I wrote to deal with a similar tomed to seeing home landscapes nifty application on its website to situation. that are based on coastal sage scrub, find native plant substitutes for here are a few pointers that may common non-native plants; see My garden has been on the Or- make the transition a bit easier. http://californianativeplants.com/ ange County Chapter’s annual gar- index.php/plants/planning_tools/ den tour several times, most recently • If yours is the first native garden plant-respecifier. You might also in 2012, and visitors’ response has on the block, expect some com- consider getting yourself on the always been positive. When I am ments about “those weeds.” Tell landscape committee of your working in the garden, passersby re- them how low your water bill is homeowners’ association, if it has mark that it is interesting and beau- and how little maintenance the gar- one, and work to show them how tiful. In its two decades, my coastal den requires. Once the garden has much their water and maintenance sage scrub-based landscape has ma- grown for a few years and wowed costs could be reduced by re-land- tured into an example of sustainable everyone with its spring displays, scaping with local natives. landscaping with local native plants, most will say how interesting and • If a house goes up for sale in your proof that one can draw from one’s beautiful it is. neighborhood, it is possible that local natural world to design and • If a homeowners’ association gov- the seller or his/her agent may see grow a native plant garden. erns the “look” and landscaping of your distinctive native garden as your community, it may not ap- just messy weeds whose presence Celia Kutcher, 34681 Calle los Robles, prove of your replacing your will lower their asking price, and Capistrano Beach, CA 92624, celia552@ property’s turf and (non-native) may complain to your city’s code cox.net

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 23 WILD BY NATURE: GARDENING WITH NATIVE WILDFLOWERS by Genevieve Arnold

mong my happiest childhood green and dotted with annual wild- Now, as an adult, I relive those memories is one of my sis- flowers. Once to the top, we would enchanted moments each spring ter and me in springtime, roll down a hill on our sides, drunk when I step out my front door, walk two California kids, climb- on spring joy and shouting, “Wiiiild- down porch steps adorned with pots ingA up hills that were swathed in flowers!” of cascading native blooms, and stroll past colorful beds lining the front walk to my home. I smile and harken back to that chorus of “Wiiiiiildflowers!” California’s native annual wildflowers are appreciated not only by those of us who live here, but re- vered worldwide for their unique and captivating beauty. They are natural masterpieces and one of our state’s greatest treasures. Whether it is a single specimen hiding around a shady bend or a profuse meadow glowing in the sunshine, an encoun- ter with these enchanting blooms in the wild can literally stop you in your tracks. This sense of simple pleasure in a hectic world, of wild discovery and the rhythms of seasonal cycles can be experienced in your own garden. Growing native wildflowers from seed is fun and simple, and the rewards are bountiful!

TRY THE CALIFORNIA POPPY

Wildflowers serve both functional and ornamental purposes in new or established native gardens. In newly installed and very young gardens, annual wildflowers—which complete their life cycles within one year—can fill gaps until longer-lived plants mature. Fast-growing wildflower roots also provide erosion control. The California poppy (Esch- scholzia californica) is the perfect candidate for this purpose: its long The California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), our state flower, germinates very easily. Choose from a variety of species and cultivars to add a brilliant splash and majestic tone taproot can stabilize hillsides in to your garden. Pictured here are foothill poppy (Eschscholzia caespitosa) with baby blue quick order, and its grandeur suit- eyes (Nemophila menziesii) in the background. Photograph by Anni Jensen. ably accompanies larger perennials.

24 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 Though fall is the best time to weave a path through the taller foli- sow poppies, they will germinate any age, adding a lively splash of color. time of year as long as the soil is kept moist (they are considered a short-lived perennial). Additionally, WILDFLOWER they reseed vigorously—often a COMBINATIONS single year’s sow is sufficient to ensure long-term poppies in the gar- Blazing star (Mentzelia lindleyi) den. I scattered just a few seeds in a is another spring dazzler that works small south-facing bed at my house well in a perennial garden, in mead- last year, and the seedlings are com- ows, or scattered throughout wild- ing back like gangbusters now after flower beds. This showy garden fa- a single rainstorm and no additional vorite prefers full sun and fairly well- water. For a twist on the classic or- drained soil. It grows one to two feet ange California poppy, try the culti- tall and in mid-spring to summer vars ‘Mahogany Red’ or ‘Moonglow’ boasts gold star-shaped flowers with (respectively red or white/pale yel- glowing orange centers and dramatic low). After a few years, these poppy stamens. Farewell-to-spring (Clar- cultivars may revert to orange. kia amoena) also grows one to two Although California poppies feet in height and adds a brilliant are usually the first harbingers of display of paint-streaked pink to the spring and flower as early as Febru- mix. This beauty can handle sun to ary, they can be encouraged for a dappled shade and makes a nice longer blooming season. Just clip long-lasting cutting plant for flower off spent flower heads and give the arrangements. It earned its common plants some extra water; they will name because it blooms mid to late likely bloom a couple more times spring, continuing into summer and through the spring. For a change, sometimes early fall if supplemental consider planting the delicate, but- water is provided. ter yellow foothill poppy (Esch- A classic California wildflower scholzia caespitosa), either in a pot combination that reflects the splen- TOP TO BOTTOM: Maritime poppy (Esch- or at the very front of a small bed. dor of our natural hillsides is the scholzia californica var. maritima). Photo- For coastal gardens, maritime poppy orange poppy mixed with arroyo lu- graph by Andrew Murawa. • California (Eschscholzia maritima) is a stun- pine (Lupinus succulentus). This lu- poppy (Eschscholzia californica). Photo- ner with its yellow petals and fiery pine produces iconic, foot-tall purple graph by Andrew Murawa. • Mahogany red poppy (Eschscholzia californica). Photo- dark-orange center. and white flower spikes, adding a graph by Sima Bernstein. • BELOW LEFT: Poppies generally reach one to regal touch to the garden. A tip: the Moonglow poppy (Eschscholzia californica). two feet in height and can be com- large hard-coated seeds of arroyo lu- Photograph by Genevieve Arnold. bined with other annual wildflower pine germinate with more vigor if species that also show well when they are pretreated with a hot water often see Phacelia species growing mixed among larger perennials such soak (180 to 200 F) for 12 to 24 in full sun in extremely dry areas as sage (Salvia spp.), flannel bush hours before sowing; plant seeds im- along trails and roadsides. Tansy- (Fremontodendron mediately upon re- leafed phacelia (Phacelia tanaceti- spp.), live forever moval from water. folia) germinates readily, does well (Dudleya spp.), and in neglected or depleted soils, and such grasses as deer adds interesting texture and subtle grass (Muhlenber- DISTURBED lavender color to the landscape in gia rigens) and blue SOILS? NO mid-spring. It also attracts native grama (Bouteloua PROBLEM! bees and other beneficial insects and gracilis). Parkways has proven useful in fruit groves or planted with na- Annual wild- other agricultural settings where pol- tive grasses attract flowers are an ex- linators are desirable. (Note: the the admiration of cellent solution for hairs on this species can cause slight passers-by when areas with disturbed dermatitis, so plant in an area where bright flower heads soils. In the wild, I young children or barefoot folk don’t

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 25 California wildflowers combine well with native bunch grasses, creating a beautiful and low-maintenance sidewalk garden. Shown here are California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) and moonglow poppy (Eschscholzia californica) planted amongst perennial grasses including giant wild rye (Leymus sp.), deergrass (Muhlenbergia rigens), and needlegrass (Stipa spp.). Photograph by Barbara Eisenstein. tread.) For a bold combination, mix able as a sage by its uplifting aroma, tansy-leafed phacelia with Califor- prefers well-drained soils and grows nia bluebell (Phacelia minor), a more from just a few inches to two feet in bell-shaped royal blue flower with height, depending on conditions and white stamens. available water. If the area does not For very sunny, hot, dry spaces contain well-drained soil, try sow- my favorite annual to plant is chia ing chia seeds in a tub or large pot (Salvia columbariae), a native with with cactus mix or potting soil a long-standing role in California amended with perlite or pumice. history: Chumash people of the From mid-spring to summer, deep Channel Islands and Southern Cali- Many wildflowers do well together because purple, ball-shaped whorls stack fornia coast depended on nutritious their growing conditions are similar and atop each other on the stems. Chia’s bloom times overlap. For example, farewell- chia seeds for sustenance. The pro- to-spring (Clarkia amoena, photograph inflorescence retains its shape as it cess of growing a native wildflower by Ken Gilliland), ABOVE, and blazing shifts from flower to seed, so spent at home and then harvesting the star (Mentzelia stems are a nice complement to long- seed for food is an irreplaceable ex- lindleyi, photo- lasting dried flower arrangements. perience that ties one to the land- graph by Michael For a beautiful earthy bouquet, pair Wall), RIGHT, both scape and its history as well as to bloom in late dried chia with the terra cotta-toned one’s own garden. spring to early seed heads of California buckwheat This tough wildflower, recogniz- summer. (Eriogonum fasciculatum).

26 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 HOW TO SUCCESSFULLY GROW WILDFLOWERS

With the help of a few tried-and-true methods, adding wildflowers to the native garden is simple!

When to Sow How to Sow Fall is the best time to sow annual wildflowers. Method I: Combine one part seed to three parts Mid-October through late November is ideal. To ex- horticultural sand (“sharp sand” made of lime-free tend the blooming period, try a “continuous sow.” washed quartzite). Scatter the mixture evenly. I like After the initial fall sowing, apply seeds again in this method because I have found that the sand serves December and then again as late as mid-February to to protect the seed from hungry birds. Alternately, bird accomplish staggered bloom times throughout the netting can be attached to stakes and stretched across spring. the top and around the sides of the area being seeded. Many species will naturalize in the garden and Method II: Scatter seed evenly and cover with a reseed on their own, but sometimes it takes two or bit of soil. The seed should not be sown any deeper three consecutive years of sowing to get them estab- than 1/8” beneath the soil surface. Just apply enough lished to that point. For example, poppies or tansy- soil to cover; do not “bury” the seed. leafed phacelia will likely reseed readily after one Method III: Scatter seed and then rake in with a season of sowing; lupines or chia may require a sec- standard garden leaf rake. Rake gently so that seed ond year of sowing. doesn’t get pushed down too deeply under the soil Where to Sow surface. Sow seeds in a weed-free area. Methods to prepare Note: Native annuals can also be sown in small pots (4" is a the ground for sowing include: good size) and transplanted into the ground any time during the spring months. Solarization: This kills weed seeds via “steam heat” (this method is appropriate for flat spaces ex- How to Water posed to full sun). Trenches are dug around the Water in seed immediately after sowing. Use a perimeter of the area; 2-4 mm clear plastic is stretched shower nozzle hose attachment or a sprinkler and tightly across and is left in place for several months water thoroughly but gently, passing back and forth at the hottest time of year. over the area so that the seed stays firmly in place. The “Grow-and-Kill” Method: In a cyclical man- Avoid creating pooling and flooding effects. Keep the ner, weeds are encouraged to sprout through water- soil moist (not waterlogged) until a few inches of ing and then removed. The area intended for sowing growth are visible, then water as needed and enjoy. is watered well starting in spring. When a batch of Be sure to water in winter dry spells between weeds comes up, they are removed and the cycle of rains. In predominately dry years, more supplemental watering followed by removal continues through late watering will be necessary than in wet years. When in summer, when the soil is left to cure in the sun with doubt, place your finger into the soil up to the knuckle. no water until it’s time to sow. If it comes out dry, give your seedlings some water; if Sheet Layering: Smother weeds by first wetting it comes out damp, you don’t need to water yet. The down the area, then applying a double layer of soil can dry out as long as it is watered soon thereaf- unwaxed corrugated cardboard, topped with a 12- ter. Supplemental watering during the height of bloom 24" layer of mulch. Leave in place for several months. can extend the show. Short of these preparations, there is nothing wrong with simply weeding an area and then sowing imme- Resources diately afterward. In this case, a useful technique is to For additional information on growing wildflow- sow some of the seed in pots so that you can learn to ers from seed in the garden, consult: Gardener’s Guide identify which seedlings are the desired wildflowers to California Wildflowers by Kevin Connelly (Theodore and which are weeds to be removed. Payne Foundation, Sun Valley, CA, 1991). When weeding, don’t dig or till any deeper than For more information on native wildflower spe- three to four inches; doing so will most likely unearth cies, consult: Wildflowers of California: A Month-by- deeply embedded dormant weed seeds and encour- Month Guide, by Laird R. Blackwell, University of age them to germinate, thus increasing your problem. California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2012.

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 27 Members of the genus Gilia are easy to grow and also thrive in dry disturbed soils. Globe gilia (Gilia capitata), found naturally in full sun in a wide variety of habitats, is a wonderful choice for scattering throughout the garden. Its narrow stems are topped with whimsical powder blue to purple spheres com- prised of hundreds of tiny flowers. Plant height can vary between a few inches to three feet. The habit of this adaptable annual adds a pleasing visual flow, uniting a wildflower bed or a larger landscape. Its mid- spring bloom can be encouraged into early summer with additional watering. Bird’s eye gilia (Gilia tricolor), also a mid-spring bloomer, is a many-stemmed beauty with unique- Chia (Salvia columbariae) seed heads and seed, and a chia meadow in full bloom. Chia ly hued violet flowers whose sta- should be sown in the fall and will tolerate fairly well-drained soils. Clustering many together in a tub-style pot or small bed makes for an eye-catching, aromatic display and mens glow with blue iridescence in efficient seed harvest. They are also a beautiful complement scattered throughout a dry the sunlight. Sow it in a pot as a garden. Photograph of meadow by Michael Wall. specimen piece or in a larger full-

ABOVE: Wildflowers delight the senses, especially when they flower at the same time. Pictured here are globe gilia (Gilia capitata), farewell-to-spring (Clarkia amoena), Cali- fornia poppy (Eschscholzia californica), and blazing star (Mentzelia lindleyi). Photo- graph by Genevieve Arnold.

RIGHT: A colorful wildflower meadow and a rustic birdhouse provide habitat for the native Bewick’s wren. Pictured: elegant clarkia (Clarkia unguiculata), ranging in color from salmon pink to maroon; Cali- fornia poppy (Eschscholzia californica); tansy-leafed phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia)—some have gone to seed and been left for the wrens to enjoy! Perennials pictured: mexican elderberry (Sambucus mexicana), desert mallow (Sphaeralcea ambigua), and desert globemallow (Sphaeralcea ambigua ‘Louis Hamilton’). Photograph by Ken Gilliland.

28 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 Nature provides breathtaking examples of compatible wildflower palettes, as witnessed in these two photos of California poppies (Eschscholzia californica) and annual lupine species (Lupinus spp.), which are a classic California combination. Right: Photograph by Dede Gilman. Both photographs courtesy of Theodore Payne Foundation. sun area as part of a wildflower that draws the eye in to appreciate adapt to many soil types and grow meadow. Both of these gilias work the habitat under a tree canopy. in a neat clumping habit well-suited well in dainty bouquets. I like to This species is also lovely in to container culture. display them in a small jar on the lightly shaded rock gardens, where kitchen windowsill! it adds an atmosphere of serendip- ity here and there along the edge of EXPERIMENT: ADD a path. Five-spot is also very easy to WILDFLOWERS TO YOUR DAPPLED SHADE, FILTERED grow and has a bright white blos- GARDEN SUN som that really pops in the shade. Each petal tip is edged with dark With the right methods, adding Some native wildflowers can also purple. These Nemophila species wildflowers to the native plant gar- be sown in dappled shade or filtered den is not a complicated task and is sun under trees. A great way to add Tansy-leafed phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifo- well worth the effort. These colorful color under an oak without damag- lia) thrives in spots where little else will— representatives of our landscape’s ing the tree by overwatering during in dry, depleted soils and full sun. It is a beauty, adaptability, and endurance favorite haunt of native bees and other the hot months of the year is to sow beneficial insects. Photograph by Sima will enhance a variety of garden set- two of my favorites from the genus Bernstein. tings and bring pure joy to the na- Nemophila: baby blue eyes (Nemo- tive gardener. From germination to phila menziesii) and five-spot (Ne- bud to bloom and back again to mophila maculata). Baby blue eyes, seed, each one is a delight and an native to California but massively adventure through the seasons. popular in Japan and all over the US, are true baby blue with a small white Genevieve Arnold, Theodore Payne Foun- center. Seeds germinate readily in dation for Wildflowers and Native Plants, shade to part or filtered sun to create 10459 Tuxford Street, Sun Valley, CA an enchanting low-growing blanket 91352, [email protected]

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 29 Even in late September, my garden offers abundant resources in the form of nectar, pollen, and seeds from late blooming species such as elegant madia (Madia elegans), foreground, and goldenrod (Solidago californica), background. The meadow can be seen behind the short wooden fence. Photograph by Charlotte Torgovitsky. MY HOME GROUND: INSPIRATION FOR A HABITAT GARDEN by Charlotte Torgovitsky

ll my garden pathways lead home are an interesting, hybridiz- Toyons (Heteromeles arbutifolia) to and from the wild parts ing mix of coast live oak, blue oak, grow in amongst the oaks; some the of our property; and it’s Oregon oak, and black oak (Quercus size of a substantial tree! the untamed open space agrifolia, Q. douglasii, Q. garryana, surroundingA our home that makes Q. kelloggii) that forms a patchy this place so special. My husband canopy on the south facing hillside LEARNING “THE WILDS” and I live in the more rural northern of our two-acre property. Monkey- FIRST part of Marin County on a spur of flower (Mimulus aurantiacus) and Mount Burdell, the “other” moun- California sagebrush (Artemisia cali- Our hillside overlooks the wet- tain in Marin (in addition to the fornica) are established at the edges lands surrounding Novato Creek, better known Mount Tamalpais). of the tree canopies. These are plants giving us a beautiful vantage point The woodlands surrounding our I’ve also integrated into my garden. for the seasonal activity of birdlife.

30 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 Our house is situated next to a meadow, another center of wildlife activity. The meadow is dominated by purple needlegrass (Stipa pulchra), and comes alive as soon as the rains start, with the fresh new growth of ground iris (Iris macro- siphon), blue-eyed grass (Sisyrin- chium bellum), buttercups (Ranun- culus californicus), milkmaids (Car- damine californica), and soap lilies (Chlorogalum pomeridianum). Later still come lots of native bulbs: Calo- chortus, Brodiaeas, and Dichelo- stemmas start to show themselves amongst the grasses again. My appreciation for natives in the garden originates with my love for the wilds of California. I’ve spent years hiking the beautiful trails of Marin with friends and family, and going on naturalist-led outings. I still recall a family camping trip we took Creating a habitat garden is all about being a good steward of the land and recreating the interconnected elements of an ecosystem. CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: Butterflies find abundant in Mendocino National Forest years resources in the meadow; an anise swallowtail feeds on nectar from blue dicks (Dichelo- ago, when I was awestruck by the stemma capitatum). • Some common weeds, such as cudweed (Gnaphalium luteo-album) beauty of a mountain mahogany provide valuable resources in a habitat garden. This is the beautiful late-instar caterpillar (Cercocarpus betuloides) in late sum- of the American lady butterfly. Photograph by Charlotte Torgovitsky. • An American lady mer, its halo of silvery-tailed achenes feeds on coyote mint (Monardella villosa ‘Russian River’). • A pair of Ash-Throated Flycatchers have used this nesting box for the last three breeding seasons. Birds often glistening in the sun. That was the return to successful nesting sites year after year! • A male Western Bluebird brings a moment I decided to take on a new caterpillar to feed hungry nestlings. All other photographs above by Bob and Mieko avocation and learn all I could about Watkins. California’s magnificent flora and all the attendant fauna. ing in the garden,” I wanted to cre- ornament. This style of gardening, ate an environment around our when approached in a thoughtful WHY A HABITAT GARDEN? house that was both beautiful and manner, is all about biological asso- full of life. A habitat garden is just ciations, stewardship of the land, and The garden has been my sanctu- that, but so much more than mere an effort to recreate the intercon- ary since immigrating to America as nected elements of an ecosystem. a child. My family is Danish, but we Only organic methods are employed, came to California from Bombay, and pesticides are never used. I strive India, where I was born, leaving me to create a garden with a sense of the totally bewildered in yet another surrounding plant community, but place where I did not belong. The with increased biodiversity and en- little plot of land my dad bestowed hanced foraging opportunities. My upon me when I was ten years old, intended goal is to bring nature as to do with as I pleased, became my close to my home as possible. safe haven; a place where life made sense in some universal sort of way. I have been growing food, flowers, PREPARING THE GARDEN and herbs ever since, creating little SPACE patches of beauty and harmony wherever I live. For a few weeks in late spring, I would see I was happy that the previous this Barn Owl nestling looking out on the Being a lifelong student of na- world outside the nest box. I named him owners of our property had not done ture, and one who still derives great “Albert Owlstein.” Photographs by Bob and much gardening. The only area that pleasure from being outside “play- Mieko Watkins. had been landscaped was a hot sunny

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 31 slope between the house and drive- is an invasive plant, and though lots buds (Cercis occidentalis), silk tassel way and our small private street. of insects and hummingbirds like bush (Garrya elliptica), mountain The row of dreadful oleanders its flower nectar, seeds germinate mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides), (Nerium oleander) along the curb readily and can spread into open and holly-leaf cherry (Prunus ilici- came out first, and then a sad-look- space areas. folia) to visually tie the border in ing pepper tree (Schinus molle); the My son and I worked together with the oak woodlands on either rosemary draped over a retaining on this front border design. Once side. I used bunchgrasses such as wall stayed. A dozen large Echiums we had the planting areas and path- deergrass (Muhlenbergia rigens), fes- were removed, a few at a time, as my ways laid out, tons of boulders were cues (Festuca spp.), and reed grass new plantings were establishing. brought in and carefully placed to (Calamagrostis spp.) to blend the Pride of Madeira (Echium candicans) provide accents in the garden bor- garden in with the view of the der. Low retaining walls along the meadow close by. Grasses provide pathways were built using dry-stack lots of habitat resources including methods from basalt flats and chips, seeds, cover, and nesting materials, and pea gravel was used to cover the and they add movement to a peren- pathways. The stones and gravel cre- nial border. ate a heat sink that lots of insects, especially butterflies, appreciate. The small spaces between the stones in REASONS FOR MY PLANT the dry-stacked walls provide sanc- SELECTIONS tuary for insects and a host of other creatures such as western fence liz- Because many herbs provide lots ards, skinks, and tree frogs. of nectar for insects, I added artemi- Additional soil was brought in sias, lavenders, rosemary, and other to create mounds and swales on the herbs liberally, and repeated them slope, and we installed an in-line in the border plantings. I’m particu- drip irrigation system. I planted red- larly fond of salvias, so I planted lots of different species. All the native species are included, as well as a number from South and Central America. There’s a salvia blooming at any given time of the year, which keeps Anna’s Hummingbirds happy without an artificial feeder! My front border is open to the deer, so these mint family plants are ideal. Deer do not like the aromatic foliage, and they never browse the grasses either. The hardest plants to establish in this border are native plants that deer favor, such as ceanothus. However, if young ceanothus are caged for several years until they reach a mature size, they are then able to survive some browsing by the deer. I always plant for the insects first. Drifts of colorful flowering perennials, blooming at all times of the year, are sure to bring in all sorts of six- legged creatures. I plant wildflowers in all parts of the property, and I TOP: Clarkias blooming in May provide nectar and pollen, as well as petal segments used by leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.) to build cells for their larvae. Photograph by Charlotte make sure to include ample plantings Torgovitsky. • BOTTOM: Coyote mint (Monardella villosa ‘Russian River’), in full bloom in of butterfly larval host plants. In July, grows next to a path that leads to the meadow. Photograph by Bob and Mieko Watkins. some cases the best host plants are

32 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 A view from top of the meadow east of my garden. The wetlands can be seen below. Photograph by Bob and Mieko Watkins. weeds. I keep “controlled patches” with them while camping, so I was practice of “gardening for Califor- on parts of our property: cudweeds thrilled to also see them here at nia” have become a source of many (Gnaphalium luteo-album) for the home. That fall I put up a nesting of the things that matter the most to American lady, and Italian thistles box in the old oak, and the next year me: nature and being close to all (Carduus spp.) for the painted lady in early May they were back. They’re living things, beauty, friendships, and and mylitta crescent. now here each year at about the service to the community. My gar- Once insect populations estab- same time. They build their nest den is also a source of mother plants lished I noticed an increase in the and raise a brood that fledges by the from which I take cuttings, collect number of birds visiting the garden first day of summer. seed, and get divisions. By growing and adjacent woodlands. I’ve always California natives in my new nurs- seen Western Bluebirds on the hill GIVING BACK TO NATURE ery I’m able to share plants and en- above us and in the wetland areas courage gardeners all over the Bay below; and within a few years of Within a fenced area of the gar- Area to create habitat gardens. planting my front border I saw adults den I also grow fruits and vegetables, Habitat gardening is a wonder- and fledglings foraging here in sum- and naturally the produce is shared, ful way that each of us can help, in a mer. Tree Swallows were also forag- sometimes grudgingly, with the small way, to restore our environ- ing here in large groups. The first animals. I’m just starting to plant ment, and start to recreate corridors year a pair attempted to build a nest areas in the woodlands on our prop- between remaining open spaces. I in the dryer vent. The following year erty, and am hoping to reestablish share my observations and experi- I put up suitable nesting boxes, and an understory of native shrubs and ences as a habitat gardener, as well now these birds breed here every bunch grasses. Small areas are as tips on plant propagation, in my spring. planted each rainy season but with- blog, which is part of our new nurs- Four years ago I heard Ash- out irrigation systems, so it’s up ery website: www.homeground throated Flycatchers in the woods; to me to nurture the plants along habitatnursery.org. then I saw them inspecting a Screech through the dry seasons by provid- Owl box, and all the cavities in an ing supplemental water until they Charlotte Torgovitsky, Two Upland Lane, old oak. These are one of my favor- become well-established. Novato, CA 94945, torgovitsky@comcast. ite birds, and I first became familiar My native habitat garden and my net

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 33 City Hall landscaping in need of restoration following Occupy LA encampment in 2011. Photograph by Tom Gibson. LOS ANGELES CITY HALL PARK GOES NATIVE by Snowdy Dodson

wish I could say that it was my Her suggestion was included the board requested that native plants idea. No, the inspiration came in on our chapter’s board agenda for be incorporated into the redesign of the form of an email from a November 2011. Meanwhile, Emily landscaping surrounding the iconic, grassroots CNPS member. Lorelei Green, a well-known native garden- historic city hall building. ILaird read an article in the Oct. 19, ing advocate, blogger, and frequent We pointed out that California 2011 Los Angeles Times reporting contributor to the local press, wrote native plants are an aesthetically on the destruction of the lawn at the an op-ed piece in the Los Angeles pleasing, water-saving, and low- Los Angeles City Hall Park by Oc- Times of November 11, 2011, sug- maintenance alternative to a lawn, cupy Los Angeles campers. In her gesting that it was high time that the and that they would create much email to the Los Angeles/Santa City of Los Angeles stepped up to needed habitat for birds and polli- Monica Mountains Chapter of the plate and created a City Hall nators in our overdeveloped urban CNPS, she suggested: “CNPS might Park that would be a drought-toler- environment. We urged the City in be interested in using the opportu- ant model for all City residents. this time of changing climate and nity to advocate for drought-toler- Riding on this wave of native uncertain rainfall to take the lead by ant natives. Perhaps not every na- plant advocacy, on Dec. 16, 2011 showing home and business owners tive plant enthusiast agrees with the our chapter’s board sent a letter to how it could be done, and pointed goals of Occupy Los Angeles, but Jon Mukri, the general manager of out that visitors to Los Angeles’ City we can all agree that grass is wrong the Los Angeles Department of Rec- Hall needed to see what California for our climate.” reation and Parks (LADRAP). In it, landscaping could be like.

34 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 Our letter praised past LADRAP ventilation ducts, and diesel storage clude enough natives. When asked, success with incorporating Califor- tanks for emergency generators our CNPS chapter contributed a list nia native plants into various parks made it difficult to install any fur- of “bullet-proof” California native throughout the city and suggested ther on-site water retention systems. landscape plants for possible inclu- that the city’s landscapers were ca- The existing irrigation system was a sion in the plant palette. Our invited pable of doing a fine job if given good water saving design; however, group of landscape experts exam- the opportunity. We also sent Mr. it had been seriously damaged by ined the drought tolerant/turf re- Mukri a copy of Reimagining the the occupation. Park officials set up duction options and asked for plan California Lawn by Bornstein, Fross, three criteria for the park’s redesign: modifications. and O’Brien (2011, Cachuma Press) 1) its use as a meeting place for large After our meeting, LADRAP and offered to help plan the land- groups as well as for traditional pas- planners sought input from the Los scaping. sive recreation; 2) water-saving and Angeles Downtown Neighborhood We did not get a response to our sustainable landscaping; and 3) the Council. These and other meetings letter and offer of help. However, use of plant labels and signage to resulted in the following plan: we wrote a short article for our chap- better acquaint the public with the ter newsletter, the Toyon, to push ecological advantages of drought tol- • Reduce turf by 51%. for the idea of getting native plants erant landscaping. • Add low-water-use plants to the into City Hall Park. As a result, I Park officials presented us with upper lawn and central plaza ar- was contacted by a community mem- possible scenarios for the landscap- eas, including at least 50% that are ber who told me that a City Hall ing. They and the Mayor’s Office California natives. Park landscape planning meeting were pushing strongly for a return • Expand the existing planting ar- was about to take place. I contacted to the status quo and recommended eas in the lower (south) lawn bor- a person who was fairly high up in repairing the watering system and dering First Street. the Parks Department pecking or- laying down turf as the most cost • Remove all turf from the north der, asked to be invited to this meet- effective means of replanting the area of the park (bordering Spring ing, and received an invitation. park. However, they did present and Temple Streets). On January 9, 2012, I attended other plans that would reduce turf • Improve water retention with curb- a meeting held by LADRAP for area and incorporate drought toler- ing and permeable surfaces. landscape professionals and envi- ant and native plants. Most of us • Replace turf with low-water-use ronmentalists/native plant advo- pushed for this alternative. We also plants, including at least 50% that cates (Theodore Payne Foundation, critiqued the proposed plant palette are California natives. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, and pointed out that it did not in- • Install a smart irrigation system. and the Sierra Club, as well as CNPS). At this session, LADRAP staff conducted a tour of the site, which looked like a war zone. Hardly a blade of grass was left standing. The ficus and jacaranda trees as well as the walls and other hardscapes in the park were covered with graffiti. The entire site was enclosed with chain link fencing designed to keep out further squatters, and the irrigation system was compromised. The native plant advocates and landscape professionals viewed the site as a blank slate with numerous possibilities to change the landscaping of an urban area. The tour illus- trated the limitations on the site such as the cultural heritage landmark status of the building and its surrounding landscaping. Also, aspects of the infrastructure, including an Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa plants the first toyon at City Hall Park, following underground parking garage and its designation by the city as its official native plant. Photograph by Snowdy Dodson.

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 35 A more detailed outline of the for the community, as well as a popu- plan is available at the LADRAP lar filming site for movies, TV shows, website: http://www.laparks.org/res- and commercials, and generates rev- toration/. enue for the City’s coffers. There were many compromises, LADRAP personnel quickly and not all good ideas were adopted. moved in and began work on the Many of us wanted to remove the park. Over the next couple of months existing ficus and jacaranda trees in the irrigation systems were repaired, the park and replace them with na- the graffiti removed, and the soil tives. The City was adamant that no prepared for planting. In April 2012, healthy trees be removed from Mayor Villaraigosa invited volun- downtown. The trees were trimmed teers to a planting at City Hall Park to allow more light into the planting in honor of Earth Day. On April 22, areas. When the downtown com- several hundred invited guests (my- munity expressed a need to have self included) helped install native lawn area for picnics and relaxation, plants in the newly created beds un- we proposed that the turf be native. der the ficus trees. We also witnessed LADRAP explored the feasibility of the Mayor planting the very first using native turf in these lawn areas toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia) at and concluded that it would not City Hall. The City of Los Angeles withstand the heavy abuse expected had recently designated the toyon in the park when large events were as its official native plant as a result scheduled there. of the planning meetings. Other concerns that were only Several months later on July 19, partially addressed were the state 2012, City Hall Park officially re- mandate for low-water-use landscap- opened to the public. LADRAP re- ing and the concept of reducing ur- ported that it was rebuilt at a cost of ban runoff through such programs $1.1 million. The City obtained a as Ocean Friendly Gardens. How- number of sponsors, including the ever, the City did install a state-of- Los Angeles Department of Water the-art irrigation system that tailors and Power, the Metropolitan Water water schedules to local weather and District of Southern California, the site conditions. High-efficiency, low- Los Angeles Conservation Corps, and water-use sprinkler heads were ex- some large corporations, to help de- clusively installed, and new low-im- fray this expense. Recently the chain pact development regulations were link fences have come down. Though followed to minimize runoff. the park looks lovely, some plants Once the plan was finally agreed have died due to the excessive heat upon, it then required approval from this past summer and to the fact that the Arts, Parks, and Neighborhoods the planting was done in the spring Committee, the Cultural Heritage rather than the fall. Proper mainte- Committee, the Recreation and nance will be critical for the native Parks Board of Commissioners, the landscaping to survive over time. City Council, and the Mayor. I was Overall, this was a lesson in how able to attend and give input at the to introduce native plant horticul- meetings of the Cultural Heritage ture into a politicized public setting. Committee and the City Council. In As the planning evolved, I felt it was for the shade and green space they early February 2012, the plan met important that I, as a CNPS repre- provide in what is otherwise a sea of with approval at all levels, so the sentative, push hard on science- concrete. I also knew that even the project could begin. This project was based issues but be prepared to com- addition of a few native plants would fast tracked from the beginning, and promise. For example, although I improve the ecology of the area by Mayor Villaraigosa told LADRAP to would have preferred that all the bringing in pollinators and other give it the highest priority. This is ficus be removed from the park, I wildlife to that part of the city. because Los Angeles City Hall is a recognized that the City and the sur- So I was actually rather pleased much loved landmark and symbol rounding community valued them that the diverse parties to the park

36 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 Survivors of a triple digit first summer following a late spring planting at City Hall Park. Photograph by Snowdy Dodson. plan agreed on using a minimum of keep them healthy and attractive, significant California native plant 50% native plants such as Cleveland and that is a task that is currently in presence into the downtown area of sage (Salvia clevelandii), toyon, deer the hands of LADRAP maintenance Los Angeles for the first time since grass (Muhlenbergia rigens), and iris personnel. the site was developed. (Iris douglasiana ‘Canyon Snow’), Through this cooperative plan- among others, as part of the park’s ning effort, City Hall Park now in- Snowdy Dodson, 15811 Leadwell Street., plant palette. Of course the plants cludes hundreds of California na- Van Nuys, CA 91406, Snowdy.dodson@ will need proper maintenance to tive plants. Together we brought a csun.edu

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 37 WABI IN THE WILDERNESS: JAPANESE AESTHETICS AND THE CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT GARDEN by Mark Bourne

alifornia native plants are and gardens. I knew that California’s While sabi is an aesthetic of objects, a poor substitute for the native plants could capture the same and concerned with the physical ap- garden plants of the Japa- harmony expressed in the gardens pearance of age and irregularity, wabi nese tradition. This is not of Kyoto. is an aesthetic of emotions, expressed Cdue to any flaw in our native flora, In 2005 I had the opportunity to in the atmosphere of unadorned ful- but rather is a basic flaw in the con- design a California native garden on fillment that can be found in Japa- cept of “substitution.” After all, what the main show floor of the San Fran- nese poetry. Wabi conveys a feeling is a substitute but an inferior re- cisco Flower and Garden Show. I of rusticity, simplicity, soberness, placement for the authentic article? created the title “Wabi in the Wil- and the enjoyment of the retired life. At least, I have always viewed the derness” for that garden, in order to The contemporary use can be traced concept of substitution in this way, address the two sources of my in- to Sen no Rikyu, the 16th century as a practice that relegates the unique spiration. An examination of this master of the Way of Tea. Rikyu natural beauty of California to the title provides a good framework described wabi as a “chill, withered status of a stand-in. for explaining the aesthetics of the beauty,” and referred to the follow- In striking contrast to this idea, Japanese garden, and how this aes- ing 11th century poem by Fujiwara the gardens I experienced as an ap- thetic can be applied to design and Munetaka as an explanation: prentice in Kyoto displayed an inti- plant selection for a California na- mate, thoughtfully established relative garden. Show those who wait tionship between domesticated na- Only for flowers ture and the wilderness. This con- UNDERSTANDING WABI That in the mountain villages nection made a profound impres- Grass peeks through the snow sion upon me. So when I returned The term wabi is likely to be most And with it, spring. to California, I went to the forests familiar as one part of the compound and hillsides I had known growing term wabi-sabi; however, it is impor- As with many Japanese poems, up in order to study those wild places tant to recognize that wabi is actu- the emotion in this verse is estab- through the lens of Japanese poetry ally a distinct, independent term. lished through seasonal reference, and an evocative reference to place. The opening lines create an image of lively crowds in the city, celebrating with friends in the warm spring air. Then, a contrasting image is introduced: in the mountain village, spring emerges as a quiet, unaffected mood. Wabi is a sensitivity that is less ebullient, but more deeply appreciated. It is a sense of contentment that is expressed in subdued tones, and recognized in the beauty of simple and honest expressions. These grasses have not been lav- ished with attention, but may be growing up alongside a footpath through farm fields; or perhaps there is a clearing beside the gate of a small cottage, where the snow has In late May, the seed heads of purple needlegrass (Stipa pulchra) sway in the breeze, while melted just enough to reveal the first yarrow flowers (Achillea millefolium) capture the early evening light in this meadow garden. growth of spring. In addition to this All photographs by the author. main image, there are two additional

38 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 A sudden cold snap brings out bright red color in the leaves of leather oak (Quercus durata), with new leaves of purple needlegrass (Stipa pulchra) and the seeds of coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis) as a backdrop. The author designed this garden for his own property to capture the feeling of a native meadow in a small front yard. themes that are especially useful to tion, is contrasted with the image of comes to a state of rest in late win- consider in the context of Califor- “those who wait,” a faceless group ter, saving energy for active seasons nia’s wild places. with no attachment to place. Al- to come. Appropriately, the season The first theme that emerges though seasons are a global process, in Munetaka’s poem is late winter, quite clearly in this poem is the shift wabi emphasizes the awareness of which is Kyoto’s “silent season.” of focus away from flowers, and to- season as particular, local changes By contrast, late winter is a sea- ward a more diverse, and I would that are part of the soil. In fact, learn- son of vigorous growth for most of even suggest, more refined appre- ing to recognize and understand the California. Although many decidu- ciation for the natural events that cyclical passage of seasons plays an ous plants will be in late dormancy, reveal the passage of seasons. This important role that is not immedi- native grasses will be growing vig- shift toward the aesthetic of wabi ately apparent within this single orously, and wildflowers will be well does not preclude flowers, and in- poem. In the calendar of Japanese on their way toward spring flowers. deed flowers are deeply appreciated poetry, the imagery of the season In the dry climate of California, the by Japanese poets. However, even in changes roughly every ten days. For arrival of winter rain brings exuber- the selection of flowers, the prefer- the most part the seasons in Califor- ance, even though this may be tem- ence is for wildflowers: the Japanese nia do not change as dramatically as pered by cold. If the character of the term, kusabana, evokes the image of in Japan, but it is still possible to seasons is considered, in California flowers that are completely unculti- recognize that the natural world is it is late summer that stands out as vated, even if they are in the garden. indeed changing slightly every day. the time when nature draws back Certainly the horticultural emphasis As an expression of the local charac- into itself, reserving energy and wait- on gorgeous, elaborate, or unusual ter of real seasons, native plants have ing. This silent pause might be selections of plants is to be avoided no equal, and no possible substitute. thought of as our silent season, those within the true spirit of wabi. In addition to differences in the weeks that pass beneath the high, The second theme is apparent change of seasons, the climate of clear skies when the soil has dried, when the image of the “mountain Japan is entirely unlike that in Cali- and the plants await the coming rains village,” which describes a real loca- fornia. In Japan, the natural world and the return to growth.

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 39 WABI IN THE GARDEN selection of plants is very simple, ing how to apply the principles of but the composition is engaging be- design to the practical act of creat- The grasses, flowers, and trees cause of the diversity of forms, and ing a real garden. And, as is equally that are the basis for wabi, as an the irregular spacing of the trees. true for all gardens, there is no for- emotion, are the same natural mate- When this image is compared with mulaic answer, but instead a pro- rials that form the foundation for the image of the garden Gioji (fac- cess of study, exploration, experi- garden design, so the potential for ing page), the similarities are re- mentation, and study anew. wabi to serve as a guide for design is markable. In the case of Gioji, the The first place to begin with the immediately present in the origins garden is composed of Japanese study of wabi is the observation of of the aesthetic. Some California maples, moss, and large mondo seasons in your own locality; even if native plants are better suited to this grass, with a clipped oak hedge fram- you never turn a spade, this study is than others, but it is possible to cre- ing the view of the building. richly rewarding in its own right. ate the space for your visitors to In both cases, simplicity of plant Begin with the particular: one spe- experience nature with plants from selection places emphasis upon the cific hillside, or one species of plant all California ecosystems. In Japa- individual beauty and natural forms in perhaps four or five specific loca- nese gardens, the focus of design is of each plant: a simple plant list, tions. The purpose of this study is to always creating a “space” for the and an irregular plant layout that become familiar not only with that guest to engage the poetry of nature. reveals the complexity of organic location, or that plant, but also, over This space is created through un- forms. When choosing the plant list, time, to begin to link that place to derstanding the combination of sim- the focus on simplicity is important, other places, and other events. plicity and complexity that is com- selecting only those plants that will Drawing an example from my mon to places of natural beauty. Sug- help establish an emotional reso- own experience, what comes to mind gesting this combination may ap- nance. The goal is to create a garden is an image of the San Francisco pear to be a paradox, but it is pos- that gives the plants time to speak, peninsula. It is at the peak of au- sible to clarify this by considering and provides the visitor with enough tumn, the first frosts have just ar- the example of forests. space to hear. rived, the cedar waxwings have re- In the image of a mixed forest turned, and the seeds of coyote brush (below), the “composition” consists IDEAS INTO ACTION (Baccharis pilularis) are ripening. of forest trees, with the leaves of a This whole association of events oc- wood rose (Rosa gymnocarpa) turn- The challenge in this, as for all curs in late November, right at the ing color beneath the canopy. The types of gardens, lies in understand- time of Thanksgiving. Watching as these changes unfold year after year, Autumn in a Northern California coastal forest. The leaves of a wood rose (Rosa gymnocarpa) the ripening seeds of coyote brush color beneath a canopy of canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) and California bay laurel become a symbol for the season and (Umbellularia californica). Comparing this scene to the garden at Gioji (see opposite page), all it brings, rather than just one the similarity between the space created in the garden and the space of the forest is remarkable, demonstrating how natural patterns can be transformed into a garden. isolated event. Returning to the garden with this web of associations in mind, it is possible to make coyote brush one of the driving elements of a garden (if you are able to dispatch the common horticultural prejudice against this plant). In practical terms, if you are interested in designing with coyote brush, visit the site you have chosen to study, and allow time to watch the site. Take a pencil and paper, and perhaps a tape measure. If you enjoy

FACING PAGE: At Gioji, in western Kyoto, two principles of Japanese design are apparent—simplicity and complexity. Even though the plants are limited to four species—Japanese maples, moss, an evergreen oak hedge, and large mondo grass—the composition is still captivating.

40 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 41 Finally, the confidence to make mistakes will be your greatest ally. Another secret from the Japanese garden tradition is that the garden is a living creation, and the composition of any garden is always evolving. Begin with a small section of garden, and take the pressure away from achieving an ultimate expression with the first idea that you have. Allow yourself the time to watch as your idea grows.

CONCLUSION The early Japanese poets paid close heed to the natural world, and based upon that foundation of careful study they created a tradition of poetry and garden design that has The Seiryotei garden, in eastern Kyoto. Although this garden presents a wider variety of plants and foliage, ample open space keeps the composition from feeling cluttered. continued to evolve over countless Meanwhile, the relaxed curves of tree trunks and the irregular spacing of plants once again generations. When I contemplate the brings the complexity of nature into the garden. great depth of that tradition, I find myself humbled but also invigorated drawing, sketch the plants; if you ferns, and using coffeeberry (Rham- by the challenge of discovering a prefer writing (as I do), describe the nus californica) as a screen. If there similar beauty in my own place on scene and make simple sketches. is not enough space for coffeeberries earth. Sketch, write, pace, measure; stand (they will grow to six feet wide or The aesthetic of wabi describes next to, under, in, around the scene. more), then make a beautiful fence a reflective appreciation for the pas- Pay close attention to the details of that can be included in the garden. sage of time, and discovers the evi- distance, the relative spaces between As you begin to think about de- dence of this passage in the con- plants, the number of plants in each veloping a planting plan for your stant seasonal changes of the natu- group, and the background and slope. garden, one of the first points to ral world. Seasons are a global pro- All of these are details that you will consider should be the type of plants cess, but they are witnessed in lo- draw upon in your own design. that will grow well in your garden. cal, particular events: the first leaves In the garden of my previous Although Japanese design is distinct of California buckeye (Aesculus house, I used a group of three coy- from gardens designed to mimic the californica) heralding the end of ote brush plants to frame a small local landscape, there are books winter, monkeyflower (Mimulus meadow, sowed with the native about these design styles that are a aurantiacus) and chamise (Adeno- bunchgrass purple needlegrass useful point of departure as you be- stoma fasciculatum) flowering to- (Stipa pulchra) and interspersed with gin to develop a design. gether at the end of spring, or the the perennial forbs common yarrow If you choose, you can also base seed pods of pitcher sage (Lepechinia (Achillea millefolium) and western your design upon a real location that spp.) in the dry summer before the blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium bell- will not only ensure that all plants rains return. um). I added to this a small number in your garden are compatible, but To understand wabi in Califor- of annual flowers each year, such as will also increase the evocative, emo- nia, and to successfully bring that tidytips (Layia platyglossa), bird’s- tional power of your design. In es- emotional awareness of place into eye gilia (Gilia tricolor), and tansy- sence, your own garden can become the garden, it is necessary to turn to leafed phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia). the “mountain village.” Above all, it local, native plants. Wabi is not an To provide a second example, it is important to resist the urge to aesthetic of substitution. It is an aes- is possible to create the feeling of a transform your garden into a horti- thetic of the authentic. “pocket forest” under the canopy of cultural smorgasbord as you design shade trees in a corner of the gar- and lay out your garden, if the final Mark Bourne, 12569 SE 52nd Street, den, by combining California hazel- goal is to create a design that evokes Bellevue, WA 98006, mark@windsmith nut (Corylus cornuta) with some the emotion of wabi. design.com

42 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 A decomposed granite path meanders the entire length of the Harry and Maggie Wetzel Native Plant Garden. Prominent in this chaparral plant community is coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis, front left), a “pioneer species” that tolerates harsh environments and then paves the way for other native species to become established. HEALDSBURG’S NEW NATIVE PLANT GARDEN by Ann Carranza

nspiration comes from many the good of the Healdsburg commu- ing the east side. The 10,000-square- places. Sometimes it strikes like a nity in mind. foot plot includes five different kinds bolt of lightning; other times it This public native plant garden, of plant communities commonly takes the nurturing of an idea to which opened in May 2012, offers found in the Healdsburg area. Each Ireach the fullness of time. In the gardeners from beginners to sea- community is covered with a differ- case of the Harry and Maggie Wetzel soned veterans an inspiring look at ent type of bark to help deline- Native Plant Garden in Healdsburg, the use of native plants, their beauty, ate the differences between the eco- CA, the inspiration came in the form and their diversity. A decomposed systems. of a public-private collaboration and granite path wends its way south On the creek side of the path the alignment of two projects with to north, with Foss Creek border- riparian habitat reigns, followed by

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 43 Wildflowers abound in late spring in the Harry and Maggie Wetzel Native Plant Garden. Photograph by Don McEnhill, Russian Riverkeeper. native grasslands. In addition, visi- Valley Vineyards, they had been proached the Wetzels’ daughter, tors see examples of the drier ser- farming for 45 years. Both Maggie Katie Wetzel Murphy, and the pentine/chaparral, the oak wood- and Harry Wetzel loved growing Wetzel family and asked them to lands, and mixed evergreens that things, and Maggie Wetzel, in par- “pick a project in Healdsburg that cover local hillsides. Signs with both ticular, loved the beauty of nature. honors your parents and benefits common and Latin plant names From the beginning, both had a the community.” The wine distribu- identify each native plant. strong sense of place and of native tor, together with Alexander Valley plants. As they worked to build their Winery and the Wetzel family, GENESIS OF THE PROJECT vineyards, they preserved the many agreed to jointly fund a project that large oak trees on their property. would honor the memory of Maggie In 2008 Margaret (Maggie) and In the months following their and Harry Wetzel. Harry Wetzel passed away within a deaths, the Glazer Family of Com- Katie Murphy, known for her few months of one another. Owners panies, wine distributor for penchant for community projects, of the family-operated Alexander Alexander Valley Vineyards, ap- spoke with Mike McGuire, who at

44 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 the time was the mayor of Healds- gether. The city had already planned burg. Mike McGuire, now a Sonoma to create a pathway that would fol- PLANT COMMUNITIES AND County supervisor, was already low the banks of Foss Creek for much SELECTED PLANTS IN THE working with Don McEnhill of the of the way from the Russian River at HARRY AND MAGGIE WETZEL NATIVE PLANT GARDEN local conservation group Russian the southernmost boundary of Riverkeeper, on a project to restore Healdsburg to the northernmost, be- California Oak Woodland Foss Creek, which runs through hind the historic Simi Winery. The valley oak (Quercus Healdsburg. “There’s something short garden path has been incorpo- lobata) truly priceless about creeks that run rated into that long-term plan. Vine Hill (Arctostaphylos through urban areas,” said McGuire. manzanita densiflora) “We brought the community to- SITE PREPARATION baby blue eyes (Nemophilia gether for clean-up days. The next menziesii) step was to bring people to the creek The first job of the creek resto- Mixed Evergreen Forest to see what it has to offer. That’s ration had volunteers pulling out where Katie’s project came in.” “enough furniture to outfit dozens coast redwood (Sequoia “It was natural to select a native of living rooms in Healdsburg,” sempervirens) plant garden for the project,” said according to McGuire. Thousands western (Physocarpus ninebark capitatus) Murphy. “I just picked from a list of of volunteer hours went into the dutchman’s (Aristolochia what my mother would have liked.” creek cleanup and restoration. Don pipevine californica) The plan became to create a native McEnhill of Russian Riverkeeper plant garden that would inform and was instrumental in drawing in the Grassland entice the community to use native volunteers and providing the pro- purple (Stipa pulchra) plants in their own gardens. fessional expertise for creek resto- needlegrass Murphy and McGuire started ration. When it came to adding a California (Danthonia building the alliances needed to fur- native plant garden, McEnhill and oatgrass californica) ther the nature-inspired project. the Riverkeeper organization were creeping wild (Leymus They created a partnership with the natural choices to head the rye triticoides) funders, the City of Healdsburg, the project. Riparian Woodland large volunteer group formed dur- “The first challenge of the physi- arroyo willow (Salix ing Foss Creek clean-up days, and cal part of the project was to deal lasiolepis) Russian Riverkeeper to pull it all to- with the underground utility lines California (Rubus ursinus) blackberry An Anna’s hummingbird feeds at a sticky monkeyflower (Mimulus aurantiacus) in chaparral wild rush (Juncus patens) habitat. Chaparral coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis) California (Fremontodendron flannel bush californicum) sticky (Mimulus monkeyflower aurantiacus)

This plant list was provided by Russian Riverkeeper, Don McEnhill.

and break up the deep sod layer,” said McEnhill. “We had to bring in small equipment to do that work.” Next, the area was sheet mulched with newspapers and corrugated cardboard to enrich the soil and sup- press weeds. Then Riverkeeper staff and volunteers planted the area with natives and covered it with the various barks to retain moisture.

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 45 46 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 PLANT SELECTION AND INSTALLATION

Plant selection followed two criteria, that each species be a local native plant and that it fit into one of the garden’s five plant communities (see sidebar, page 45). The work to propagate native plants went forward with the help of the Milo Baker Chap- ter of the California Native Plant So- ciety, as well as local nurseries. Plant- Educational signs throughout the garden explain the value of planting native species in ing occurred, for the most part, in your yard. the fall of 2010 and the fall of 2011. “Once the garden is established trees to the privet in the parking lot challenge is the presence of a num- it will use less water,” said McEnhill. that are slated for removal, the project ber of feral cat colonies, cared for by “Some plants will require no water was planned with foresight, ecologi- community members. “It’s very dif- after the first year, others may take cal restoration, and community edu- ficult to restore wildlife when there more time to establish deep root cation in mind. Many animals, in- are predators nearby that destroy systems to withstand drought. Some cluding river otters, opossums, them as they come,” said McEnhill. native plants do better with infre- skunks, and raccoons, enjoy the na- “Even though the cats are being fed, quent watering over the summer, tive plant garden habitat. Muskrats they continue to kill lizards, am- and others look significantly better have even returned just down creek phibians and birds.” McEnhill an- with summer water. Other upkeep from the garden. Crawdads and min- ticipates having to address this chal- is a simple matter of weeding and nows are the largest food sources for lenge in the future. periodically cleaning.” McEnhill es- the river otters and the muskrats. timates that upkeep will take just a More connections in the food AN INSPIRING LEGACY few workdays each year. Keeping web include the roach minnows that the area clear of invasive privet and provide excellent nutrition for the The value of the garden contin- blackberries, trimming dry material juvenile fish. Western pond turtles ues to grow and establish just as the seasonally, and perhaps replanting have reappeared, as well. Butterflies, native plants do. A weatherproof as needed, will be included in the native mason bees, and a wide vari- placard offers reasons for planting ongoing work. ety of birds live in and around the native species. The attractive use of “Everything took a lot longer garden. natives in an easily replicable land- than we expected,” said Murphy. “It’s a little oasis,” said Murphy. scape project beckons visitors to give “Digging out blackberries with vol- “Not just for people but also for the native plants a chance in their home unteer labor was a challenge. But animals—they can thrive because gardens. now something is in bloom or fruit- the food plants they like are here.” People stroll through the Harry ing all the time.” and Maggie Wetzel Native Plant “The “workhorse” species of the Garden daily. Many stop to admire garden is the valley oak, which pro- ONE STEP BACK, TWO the mason bees and butterflies and vides food for 1,400 insect species, STEPS FORWARD read the plant identification signs. said McEnhill. “On the other hand, Hummingbirds sip nectar from the the privet feeds relatively few spe- The path to create this gem hasn’t sticky monkeyflowers. Mason bees cies, and thousands of seedlings have always been smooth. In July, a truck buzz in the California fuchsia and to be removed from the creekside backed into a water main and several species of salvia. Raucous because of their invasiveness.” flooded the gardens with hundreds scrub jays skim from oak to oak, From the tall, established oak of gallons of water, sweeping away and early morning muddy water bark and killing plants. The mulch hints of the presence of raccoons FACING PAGE: The garden contains five plant was raked back into place and some feeding in the meandering flows of communities found in the Healdsburg replanting was done. Foss Creek. The garden is alive. area. Pictured here is mixed evergreen In addition, there has been some forest, with two prominent species from that habitat—coastal redwood (Sequoia vandalism; however, for the most Ann Carranza, 1330 Tulip Court, Healds- sempervirens) and alum root (Heuchera part these problems have been iso- burg CA 95448, positivelyann@sbcglobal. micrantha). lated events. Another continuing net

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 47 SELECTED NATIVE PLANT RESOURCES

The following guide is only intended to serve as a starting place for those new to native plant gardening, and should not be considered an all-inclusive list of resources.

BOOKS dia of Northwest Native Plants for Gardens and Land- Art, H.W. 1990. The Wildflower Gardener’s Guide: Califor- scapes. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. nia, Desert Southwest and Northern Mexico Edition. Rubin, G., and L. Warren. 2013. The California Native Burlington, VT: Garden Way Publishing Company. Landscape: The Design Guide to Restoring Its Beauty and **Bauer, N. 2012. The California Wildlife Habitat Garden: Balance. Portland, OR: Timber Press. How to Attract Bees, Butterflies, Birds, and Other Ani- **Schmidt, M.G., and K.L. Greenberg. 2012. Growing mals. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: UC Press. California Native Plants, 2nd ed. Berkeley and Los An- Bornstein, C., D. Fross, and B. O’Brien. 2011. Reimagining geles, CA: UC Press. the California Lawn: Water-Conserving Plants, Practices, Smith, M.N. 2006. Native Treasures: Gardening with the and Designs. Los Olivos, CA: Cachuma Press. Plants of California. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: UC Bornstein, C., D. Fross, and B. O’Brien. 2005. California Press. Native Plants for the Garden. Los Olivos, CA: Cachuma The New Sunset Western Garden Book. 2012. Menlo Press. Park, CA: Sunset Publishing Corporation. Clebsch, B. 2003. The New Book of Salvias: Sages for Ev- Tallamy, D.W. 2007. Bringing Nature Home. Portland, OR: ery Garden. Portland, OR: Timber Press. Timber Press. Connelly, K. 1991. Gardener’s Guide to California Wild- Van Atta, S. 2009. The Southern California Native Flower flowers. Theodore Payne Foundation: Sun Valley, CA. Garden. Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith. Fross, D., and D. Wilken. 2006. Ceanothus. Portland, OR: Wasowski, S., and A. Wasowski. 2000. Native Land- Timber Press. scaping from El Paso to L.A. New York, NY: McGraw- Harlow, N. 2004. Plants and Landscapes for Summer-Dry Hill. Climates of the San Francisco Bay Region. Oakland, CA: **Available for purchase at the CNPS online bookstore (http://cnps.org/ East Bay Municipal Utility District. store.php). Harlow, N., and K. Jakob. 2004. Wild Lilies, Irises, and Grasses: Gardening With California Monocots. Berkeley, BLOGS CA: UC Press. Keator, G., and A. Middlebrook. 2007. Designing Califor- Bay-Friendly Blog: http://www.bayfriendlyblog.org/p/ nia Native Gardens: The Plant Community Approach to about-us.html Artful, Ecological Gardens. Berkeley, CA: UC Press. California Native Garden Design, by Rob Moore: http:// Lowry, J.L. 2007. Gardening with a Wild Heart: Restoring californianativegardendesign.blogspot.com/ California’s Native Landscapes at Home. Berkeley, CA: Ethnobotany Blog by Deborah Small: http://deborahsmall. UC Press. wordpress.com/deergrass/ Lowry, J.L. 2007. The Landscaping Ideas of Jays. Berkeley, Earth-Friendly Landscapes, by Rama Nayeri: http://www. CA: UC Press. earthfriendlylandscapes.blogspot.com/ O’Brien, B., B. Landis, and E. Mackey. 2006. Care and Garden of Native Plants, by Lorraine Du Bridge-Jones: Maintenance of Southern California Native Plant Gar- http://www.gardenofnativeplants.com/about/ dens. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, California Na- Grow Natives Blog, CNPS: http://grownatives.cnps.org/ tive Plant Society, and Theodore Payne Foundation for Blogspot by Jeffrey Caldwell: http://www.jeffreycaldwell. Wild Flowers and Native Plants. blogspot.com/ Pettinger, A., and B. Costanzo. 2003. Native Plants in the Native Heart Landscapes, by Debbie Ballentine: http:// Coastal Garden: A Guide for Gardeners in the Pacific nativeheartlandscapes.com/blog/ Northwest. Portland: Timber Press. Native Sanctuary, by Orchid Black: http://nativesanctuary. **Popper, H. 2012. California Native Gardening: A Month- wordpress.com/ by-Month Guide. Berkeley, CA: UC Press. Weeding Wild Suburbia, by Barbara Eisenstein: http:// Robson, K, A. Richter, and M. Filbert. 2008. Encyclope- www.weedingwildsuburbia.com/

FACING PAGE: Who would have guessed this natural setting was a lawn just a few years ago? The existing ceanothus (Ceanothus ‘Ray Hartman’) and Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) are now complemented by irises, monkeyflowers, and other compatible native plants. Photograph and garden design by Pete Veilleux.

48 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 49 NURSERY SOURCES 3, Fulton, CA 95439; 707/528-8813; www.calflora nursery.com This is only a partial listing primarily of retail and mail- ++Elderberry Farms Native Plant Nursery: 2140 Chase order nurseries in California that sell native plants. ++ de- Dr, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670; lewisc916@yahoo. notes a CNPS chapter nursery. A more complete listing, in- com cluding wholesale nurseries, can be found at: http://www. Hedgerow Farms: 21740 County Road 88, Winters, CA cnps.org/cnps/grownative/where_to_buy.php. 95694; 530/662-6847; www.hedgerowfarms.com Larner Seeds: 235 Grove Road, Bolinas, CA 94924; 415/ SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 868-9407; www.larnerseeds.com Grow Native Nursery: 100 Davis Avenue, Los Angeles, ++Home Ground Habitat Nursery: 275 Olive Ave. (with- CA 90049; 424/234-0481; and 1500 N. College in Green Point Nursery), Novato, CA; 415/892-9148; Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711; 909/625-8767; www. [email protected]; www.homegroundhabitat rsabg.org/grow-native-nursery nursery.org Matilija Nursery: 8225 Waters Road, Moorpark, CA ++Native Here Nursery: 101 Golf Course Road, Berke- 93021; 805/523-8604; www.matilijanursery.com/ ley, CA 94708; 510/549-0211; http://ebcnps.org/index. Moosa Creek Nursery: 11760 Betsworth Road, Valley php/nativehere_nursery/ Center, CA 92082; 760/749-3216; www.moosacreek North Coast Native Nursery: 2710 Chileno Valley Road, nursery. com Petaluma, CA 94952; 707/769-1213; www.northcoast RECON Native Plants: 1755 Saturn Blvd., San Diego, nativenursery.com/ CA 92154; 619/423-2284; www.reconnativeplants. Mostly Natives Nursery: 27235 Highway One, Tomales, com CA 94971; 707/878-2009; www.mostlynatives.com Theodore Payne Foundation: 10459 Tuxford Street, Sun Yerba Buena California Native Plant Nursery: 12511 Valley, CA 91352; 818/768-1802; www.theodorepayne. San Mateo Road (Hwy 92), Half Moon Bay, CA 94019; org 650/851-1668; www.yerbabuenanursery.com Tree of Life Nursery: 33201 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92693; 949/728-0685; www.California NATIVE PLANT GARDENS NativePlants.com This is only a partial list of gardens featuring native plants CENTRAL CALIFORNIA (or natives and non-natives), and also includes a few ex- Central Coast Wilds: 336 Golf Club Drive, Santa Cruz, amples of gardens connected to nonprofit centers, govern- CA 95060; 831/459-0655; www.centralcoastwilds.com/ ment buildings, or businesses. All are great places to see horticultural_services.html how to combine native plants into one’s landscape. Elkhorn Native Plant Nursery: 1957B Highway One, Moss Landing, CA 95039; 831/763-1207; www.elkhorn SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA nursery.com Acorn Naturalists (Tustin) Gold Rush Nursery: 3625 North Main Street, Soquel, www.acornnaturalists.com/ CA 95073; 831/465-0314; www.goldrushnursery.com Conejo Valley Botanic Garden (Thousand Oaks) Las Pilitas Nursery: 3232 Las Pilitas Road, Santa www.conejogarden.com Margarita, CA 93453; 805/438-5992; www.laspilitas. California Native Garden, Golden West College com (2nd nursery is in Escondido) (Huntingdon Beach) Manzanita Nursery: 880 Chalk Hill Road, P.O. Box 1003, www.goldenwestcollege.edu/garden Solvang, CA 93464; 805/688-9692; http://manzanita El Dorado Nature Center (Long Beach) nursery.com/ www.longbeach.gov/naturecenter/default.asp Native Revival Nursery: 2600 Mar Vista Drive, Aptos, Environmental Nature Center (Newport Beach) CA 95003; 831/684-1811; www.nativerevival.com/ www.encenter.org Santa Barbara Botanic Garden: 1212 Mission Canyon Fullerton Arboretum (CSU Fullerton) Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105; 805/682-4726; www. http://fullertonarboretum.org sbbg.org Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden (Claremont) www.rsabg.org NORTHERN CALIFORNIA Nature Gardens, Natural History Museum Bay Natives: San Francisco, CA; www.baynatives.com www.nhm.org of Los Angeles County (online only) San Diego Botanic Garden (Encinitas) Buckeye Nursery: 2425 Adobe Road, Petaluma, CA www.sdbgarden.org/index.html 94952; 707/559-7081; http://buckeye-nursery.com Shipley Nature Center (Huntington Beach) California Flora Nursery: Somers & D Street, P.O. Box www.shipleynature.org/index.html

50 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 Water Conservation Garden (El Cajon) www.thegarden.org/

CENTRAL CALIFORNIA Learning Pine Arboretum (San Luis Obispo) www.leaningpinearboretum.calpoly.edu/ San Luis Obispo Botanical Garden http://slobg.org/ Santa Barbara Botanic Garden (Santa Barbara) www.sbbg.org UCSC Arboretum (Santa Cruz) http://arboretum.ucsc.edu

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA East Bay Regional Parks Botanical Garden at Tilden (Berkeley) www.ebparks.org/page156.aspx Forest Deaner Botanic Garden (Benecia) http://cnpsjepson.dreamhosters.com/ ?page_id=2 Humboldt Botanical Garden (south of Eureka) http://hbgf.org/ Lindsay Wildlife Museum (Walnut Creek) http://wildlife-museum.org/ Martha Walker Native Habitat Garden (Napa Valley) www.napavalleycnps.org/index.php/ martha-walker-garden/6-martha- walker-garden San Francisco Botanical Garden www.sfbotanicalgarden.org Trinidad Museum Native Garden (North Coast) www.trinidadmuseum.org/native- plant-garden.html UC Botanical Garden (Berkeley) http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/ UC Davis Arboretum www.arboretum.ucdavis.edu

ABOVE: This home garden contains OTHER a wildflower meadow that com- bines annuals with perennials, CNPS Horticultural Events Calendar: http://www.cnps. which compete for space as they org/cnps/horticulture/calendar/index.php often do in nature. Photograph by Stephen Rosenthal. • RIGHT: California Native Garden Foundation: 76 Race Street, San Container gardening is a practical Jose, CA 95126; [email protected]; http://cngf.org/ (grants, alternative for people who lack classes, lectures, workshops) garden space, or for those who Evans, M. Creating and Caring for Your Native Plant Gar- enjoy having decorative pots den. San Juan Capistrano, CA: Tree of Life Nursery, brimming with native plants close to their living space. A large pot 2008, http://www.californianativeplants.com/index. can accommodate many small php/resources/pdf-downloads/cat_view/35-pdfs/41- species and become a tiny garden in itself. Photograph by Pete miscellaneous Veilleux.

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 51 NEW CNPS FELLOW: DAVID CHIPPING by Pam Muick and Joan Stewart

r. David Chipping, CNPS’s grated to California and encouraged stalwart and dedicated con- him to consider graduate studies in servation chair, was elected California. David applied to Stan- as a CNPS Fellow in 2012 ford’s groundwater hydrology pro- Din recognition of decades of advo- gram and earned a master’s degree cacy on behalf of California’s native in 1967. Feeling more at home with habitats. geologists than hydrologists, David David Hugh Chipping was born completed doctoral field work on in Forfar, County Angus, Scotland Central Coast geology, earning his to military parents in 1943. After PhD. returning to London, David was fond Serendipitously, UC Davis’s ge- of rambling in the south of England, ology department asked David’s collecting fossils that he proudly dis- major professor to recommend a played at home. replacement for a professor who was The transition from collecting out on leave; newly minted Dr. Chip- fossils to studying geology was a ping was hired by UC Davis in 1971. natural and happy step and David It was this teaching experience which David Chipping at a CNPS San Luis Obispo received his undergraduate degree qualified him for the geology profes- Chapter banquet in 2010. Photograph by from University of Cambridge in sorship at Cal Poly, San Luis Obsipo, Marlin Harms. 1965. Meanwhile, his parents immi- where he has taught for over 40 years. FROM FOSSILS TO On the two-day President’s Trip, chapter members traveled along the Miranda Pines ridge WILDFLOWERS of the Sierra Madre range in Santa Barbara, completing the trip on Mt. Pinos. David, along with Mardi Niles, are delighted to find wildflowers in bloom. Photograph by Bob Hotaling. During his courtship of Linda Schuh, now Linda Chipping, David invited her to join him on consulting trips to remote parts of the county to see unusual geologic for- mations. As he tells it, he kicked plants out of the way to show her the unusual rocks beneath. Linda pushed the rocks out of the way to point out the unusual plants. Married in 1988, David joined Linda in CNPS chapter activities. That same year she introduced David to a Chapter Council meeting at Marin Headlands. David recalls that he was still “in the act of engaging with CNPS.” During breaks in the meeting, he would step outside to inspect the geology. Though long interested in conservation, David hadn’t recognized that CNPS was “one of the big ones” in California’s conservation community. David said that it was “his mouth” that first got him noticed by CNPS. At a meeting at Bass Lake, he spoke up and had something to say.

52 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 By 1990, he was elected a State Di- PLANT CONSERVATION everyone here is so damn good.” Ac- rector-at-Large and now “fully en- HIGHLIGHTS knowledging that his strengths in- gaged with CNPS.” A year later he clude civility and being a “good ideas was invited by George Clark, then Over the past 25 years, David has person,” David identified a couple of president of the Sacramento Chap- served on the board of directors of highlights: protecting coastal dune ter, to join the state Conservation the San Luis Obispo Chapter in many habitats in Los Osos with a suite of Committee. David served as State positions, most recently as president. state and federal agencies; and, in Conservation Director from 1999– When asked to select his greatest 2004 “with a cast of thousands,” he 2005 and continues to serve on the accomplishments, David bluntly contributed to the successful 82,000- Conservation Committee. stated, “It is teamwork down here; acre Hearst Ranch acquisition.

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 53 IN GRATITUDE This too brief tribute has but skimmed the surface of David Chip- ping. He is a conservation leader, teacher, writer, field trip leader, and photographer. His deep knowledge, high energy, and irreverent remarks make David a delight in the field and an extremely valued participant in brainstorming sessions. He has written numerous policy papers and reports for CNPS. He contributed a section on Morro Bay rare plants to California’s Wild Gardens, and a section on weeds (with Carla Bossard) to Invasive Plants of California’s Wild- For a number of years, Dr. David Chipping has volunteered as a field trip leader for the native plant identification walk (co-leading with CNPS Fellow Dr. Dirk Walters) and also lands. For the 2012 CNPS Conser- presents a local geology talk at the annual Hi Mountain Lookout Project Open House event vation Conference he was the Clos- held in October in Los Padres National Forest. Photograph by Steve Schubert. ing Plenary Session speaker. It is this suite of talents and qualities For the Hearst Ranch negotia- areas were relocated and the species exhibited over the decades that led tions, David, along with Dirk Walters were spared. to his election as CNPS Fellow. Long and John Chesnut, assumed the At the state level, David worked may he flourish! Lorax role (“I speak for the trees”) with former Southern California Re- for the native plants in the Arroyo gional Botanist Ileene Anderson to Pam Muick, 1332 Empire Street, del la Cruz watershed. In the origi- initiate a series of regional conserva- Fairfield, CA 94533-4720, pmuick@ nal plan, building sites were located tion meetings to provide appropriate sbcglobal.net; Joan Stewart, 37759 High- on top of rare and endemic species. tools to local chapters to protect their way 190, Springville, CA 93265, Through their efforts, development local plant populations and habitats. [email protected]

BOOK REVIEWS

Reimagining The California Lawn your water-loving lawn with a water- Reimagining The California Lawn: Wa- is about transformation. That is, trans- conserving, drought-adapted native ter-conserving Plants, Practices, and De- forming water consuming lawns and grass lawn, if you want to, and play signs, by Carol Bornstein, David Fross, gardens into water conserving mead- soccer on it! and Bart O’Brien. 2011. Cachuma ows and prairies, herb and kitchen The three highly acclaimed authors Press, Los Olivos, CA. 154 pages. gardens, rockeries, carpet and tapestry bring tremendous depth of knowledge $27.95, paper. ISBN#978-0-9789971- gardens, green roofs, succulent gar- and experience to the page. Anyone of 3-7. dens, and more! You can even replace the three would have produced a magnificent book, so the occasion to have all three working together to produce these creative solutions is an opportunity not to be missed! The book is brilliantly organized. In Chapter One the authors unravel the process of garden designs for lawn replacements by featuring seven major types of designs with many varia- tions. Each design type is well illus- trated with detailed descriptions, an abundance of images, and plant lists containing species and varieties that

54 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 etable and fruit grower, or even if you have not yet determined that you like gardening, this book is for you! The authors’ approach prevents readers from getting bogged down in the details, and they make the process achiev- able even for beginning gardeners. As you read this book, water-consuming gardens and lawns will become unimaginable to you. The simple grassroots notion introduced several decades ago of using native plants for a thirsty California has burgeoned into an ecologically focused native plant gardening movement, one fueled by our desire to take better care of the earth and create energy efficient, and beautiful wild gardens around our homes. Reimagining The California will help you maximize the amount of are easy to find in nurseries. The au- Lawn is a major contribution to this wildlife using your property, which thors explain how to develop a lawn- movement. But don’t let it stop here. will then provide you with enjoyment replacement garden and point out im- Buy the book. Plant the garden! for years to come. portant aesthetic, practical, and eco- —Brett Hall It is a must-have for novice gar- logical factors. Topics discussed in- deners, and an invaluable resource for clude the use of space, views, seasonal more experienced gardeners looking change, encouraging wildlife to the The California Wildlife Habitat Garden: to expand or improve their wildlife garden, fragrance, irrigation, mulch- How to Attract Bees, Butterflies, Birds, garden. It is well written, applicable ing, and hardscape (paths, patios, and Other Animals by Nancy Bauer. throughout California, easy to under- raised beds, and trellises). 2012. University of California Press, stand, and has stunning photographs. Chapter Two covers how to man- Berkeley CA. 232 pages. $29.95, soft- The author is an experienced and suc- age, reduce, or remove lawns. Instruc- cover. ISBN#: 978-0-520267-81-7. cessful wildlife gardener, writer, and tions for several methods of lawn re- educator. Clearly she put a lot of work moval are described from stripping and This book offers step-by-step in- into writing this book since the “Books tilling, to solarization, sheet mulch- structions on how to build your gar- and Resources” appendix is almost ten ing, and even careful strategic use of den into a sustainable ecosystem by pages long, along with a four-page herbicides. selecting plants that will attract desir- bibliography. It is packed with so Chapter Three is devoted to plant able insects and birds. Ultimately it much useful information that it might profiles. The species descriptions are thorough and alphabetically organized for easy reference. Each includes the plant type (shrub, subshrub, perennial, grass, or succulent), climate zones where each species or cultivar will flourish, and their light, soil, and water requirements. There is also information on native origin or distribution, habitats, and recommended garden uses. The plant palette is com- prised of both California natives and non-natives, with the natives conve- niently displayed in green type to help separate them from “the pack.” CNPS encourages you to select from the natives and where you find yourself still wanting, go to the authors’ other mar- velous book, California Native Plants for the Garden. Whether you are a landscape ar- chitect, a garden designer, botanist, home gardener, property manager, veg-

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 55 landfill (and possibly furthering the spread of invasive plants). One disagreement I have with the author is on the use of herbicides. The author never uses any chemicals, but there are times where the responsible use of an herbicide is actually better for the health of the garden than other weed control methods. One example is a hillside of iceplant (Carpobrotus edulis). It should be sprayed and left to decompose on site rather than being ripped out, to avoid opening up the replace several of your gardening or ten appendices are practical sources of soil to erosion and weeds. wildlife books, as well as save you more specific information on such top- Nancy Bauer’s book will help you time researching questions on the ics as “Oaks in the Landscape,” “Plants in two ways: it will increase the habi- Internet. for Hedgerows,” and “Seasonal Plants tat value of your yard, and it will mini- Using examples of gardens from for Hummingbirds.” My favorite part mize your impact on Mother Earth. around the state (Walnut Creek, of the book is the appendix on “Com- The reader should be cautioned that Tujunga, Novato, Sebastopol, San Jose, mon California Butterflies and Host gardening for wildlife is not a panacea Fountain Valley, and Mill Valley), the Plants” because it’s a comprehensive for species extinction. The author book covers the basics for starting a yet concise list of butterflies and their makes a strong case and is 100% cor- wildlife habitat, and also offers infor- host plants that you will actually en- rect about the importance of welcom- mation on how to sustain it into the counter in your garden regardless of ing wildlife—especially insects—into future. Each includes a plant list and which part of the state you live in. your garden to make up for the loss of covers in detail one specific topic, such Although I’m an experienced na- open space and biodiversity, and the as habitat gardening basics, birds, pol- tive plant gardener, I learned many overly manicured home landscapes linators, how to build a wildlife pond, new things from this book. For in- that proliferate. While we should all and how to remove a lawn. While the stance, did you know that mosquito try to maximize the habitat value of author does include the use of some dunks are a more environmentally our gardens, we still need to continue non-native (and non-invasive) plants friendly option and have less impact to advocate for what’s left of our open to attract more wildlife, the focus is on on wildlife than do non-native fish for space, because most species need more California’s native plants. mosquito control? I was also glad to than what our home gardens can ever The author includes a helpful ap- see the author discuss the importance provide in order to survive. pendix on “Invasive Pest Plants” and and value of composting your green —Carolyn Martus refers the reader to the great work of waste on site, whenever possible, rather the California Invasive Plant Council than sending it away in a gas-spewing for more information. The remaining truck to take up more room at the Growing California Native Plants, Sec- ond Edition: Expanded and Updated, by Marjorie Schmidt (1905–1989) and Katherine L. Greenberg. 2012. Uni- versity of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 286 pages. $26.95, paper. ISBN#: 978-0520266698.

When the first edition appeared in 1980, Marjorie Schmidt’s book was one of the few resources for gardening with California native plants and remained so for many years. Now 30 years later, the field is almost crowded. And so much the better! In this new edition, the entire book has been revised and updated in con- tent and appearance. Where color photographs were confined to four pages of glossy paper in the center of the book, the new edition is printed on glossy paper. This permits color pic- tures to be interspersed throughout

56 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 the text, which is thus more readable. The overall tone of the book is less technical and is directed more toward the beginning native plant gardener. The new edition has also shrunk in size—from 366 pages to 286. This new look is introduced in the Table of Contents where the book is clearly divided into three main sec- tions: Gardening with Native Plants, Plant Descriptions, and Plant Selec- tion Guide. These are followed by a glossary, which has also been revised to reflect the less technical orientation of this edition, an exhaustive list of resources, and an index. The first section, Gardening with Native Plants, offers fewer detailed instructions for propagating and culti-

Descriptions in Edition 2 are more species. In the new book, there are oriented to the beginning gardener and two shorter tables, one for ground- are less scientific in tone. The head- cover and low shrubs, the other for ings Culture and Estimate of Garden medium to tall varieties. Value have been dropped and some of The Plant Selection Guide, which that detail incorporated into the new consists of checklists of plants suitable text. Specifics such as distribution, size, for many different garden situations, exposure, and so on are presented in replaces the List of Native Plants by condensed form at the beginning of Garden Requirements and Uses. Entries each article. The extensive tables found in the old format include scientific under some genera such as Arctosta- name, common name, and uses. A sym- phylos and Ceanothus in the old book bol denotes where more information are quite reduced in the new edition. is available in the text. The Plant Se- A five-page chart in the first edition lection Guide in the second edition is lists the Ceanothus alphabetically by simply a checklist arranged by usage.

vating native plants than did the previous edition. As an example, seven pages are devoted to Propagation by Seed in the first edition. This topic is condensed to a page and a half in the second edition, reflecting both the increased availability of such information and some changes in approach. The Plant Descriptions section is further divided into Trees, Shrubs, Pe- rennials, Annuals, Bulbs, Vines, and Grasses. Note that vines and grasses have been added! These divisions were titled Growing Native Trees, Shrubs, Bulbs, Perennials, and Annuals in the first edition and each entry included specific cultivation information.

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 57 Much overlapping information has pretty much the same level of infor- been eliminated. mation on native plant gardening. The The advantage of the revised edi- arrangement of plant description by tion of Growing California Native Plants category in the second edition of Grow- is ease of use and portability. Califor- ing… offers faster access to specific nia Native Plants for the Garden plants. This, combined with its conve- (Bornstein, Fross, and O’Brien) covers nient size, make it an excellent native pretty much the same territory. With plant guide to take along to the nurs- the elimination of much of the techni- ery to help the aspiring California na- cal information in the new edition of tive plant gardener with selection. Schmidt’s work, the two books offer —Sarah Jayne

This San Jose garden was designed for the birds, literally! It includes over 30 species of natives, 17 of which were specifically selected to attract birds. In addition, all of the concrete from the demolition was reused, including some to create this raised pond-less waterfall. The sound of the water, which runs only twice a day, attracts even more birds. Photograph by Stephen Rosenthal.

ERRATA: On page 37 of the last issue of Fremontia (Vol. 40, No. 1, Vol. 40, No. 2), the plant in the top photo was identified as Parish’s yampah (Peri- deridia parishii). The correct species name is ball parsley or ranger’s but- tons (Sphenosciadium capitellatum). Thanks to Jake Sigg for catching this.

58 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 BENEFITS OF NATIVE PLANTS Native vegetation evolved to live with the local climate, soil types, and animals. This long process brings us several gardening advantages. SAVE WATER Once established, many native plants need minimal irrigation beyond normal rainfall. LOW MAINTENANCE Low maintenance landscaping methods are a natural fit with native plants that are already adapted to the local environment. Look forward to using less water, little to no fertilizer, little to no pesticides, less pruning, and less of your time. PESTICIDE FREEDOM Native plants have developed their own defenses against many pests and diseases. Since most pesticides kill indiscriminately, beneficial insects become secondary targets in the fight against pests. Reducing or eliminating pesticide use lets natural pest control take over and keeps garden toxins out of our creeks and watersheds. WILDLIFE VIEWING Native plants, birds, butterflies, beneficial insects, and interesting critters are “made for each other.” Research shows that native wildlife prefers native plants. SUPPORT LOCAL ECOLOGY Telos Rare Bulbs As development replaces natu- The most complete offering of bulbs native to the ral habitats, planting gardens, parks, and roadsides with Califor- western USA available anywhere, our stock is nia natives can provide a “bridge” propagated at the nursery, with seed and plants to nearby remaining wildlands. from legitimate sources only. Beautiful natural landscapes in California, including the sce- Telos Rare Bulbs nic National Parks here, display P.O. Box 1067, Ferndale, CA 95536 authentic California flora. Your garden can too. www.telosrarebulbs.com

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA 59 This is what a garden can look like in its first year when planted with small native perennials and a few annuals. Care must be taken not to allow the annuals to smother the perennials. Photograph by Pete Veilleux.

60 FREMONTIA VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 Join Today! CNPS member gifts allow us to promote and protect California’s native plants and their habitats. Gifts are tax-deductible minus the $12 of the total gift which goes toward publication of Fremontia.

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CONTRIBUTORS (continued from back cover) SUBMISSION Carolyn Martus is an independent consulting biologist in Southern California, INSTRUCTIONS and a member of the San Diego Chapter of CNPS. CNPS members and others are invited to submit articles for publication in Fremontia. If inter- Pam Muick teaches biology and environmental science at Solano College and ested, please first send a short Contra Costa College, and is the former executive director of Solano Land Trust summary or outline of what you’d like to cover in your ar- and CNPS. ticle to Fremontia editor, Bob Hass, at [email protected]. Instruc- Rob Moore designs California native gardens and is based in Orange County. He tions for contributors can be found on the CNPS website, currently serves as a board member for the Orange County Chapter, CNPS. www.cnps.org, under Publica- tions/Fremontia. Mack Nash is a horticulturist and the garden manager at The Living Desert Zoo Fremontia Editorial Advisory and Gardens in Palm Desert, CA. Board Susan D’Alcamo, Jim Andre, Joan Stewart has been active in Chapter and State governance of CNPS for many Ellen Dean, Phyllis M. Faber, years, including working with David Chipping on conservation and other issues. Holly Forbes, Dan Gluesenkamp, Brett Hall, Todd Keeler-Wolf, David Keil, Pam Muick, Bart Charlotte Torgovitsky is a naturalist and plant propagator who manages Home O’Brien, Roger Raiche, Teresa Sholars, Greg Suba, Dick Turner, Ground Habitat Nursery, which grows thousands of native plants each year with Mike Vasey, Carol Witham volunteer help.

VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA California Native Plant Society Nonprofit Org. 2707 K Street, Suite 1 Sacramento, CA 95816-5130 U.S. Postage PAID A.M.S.

CONTRIBUTORS GUEST EDITORIAL

he mission of the California Native Plant Society is to Genevieve Arnold, seed program manager at the Theodore conserve California native plants and their natural habi- Payne Foundation for Wild Flowers and Native Plants, has Ttats, and increase understanding, appreciation, and hor- been working with California native seeds for nearly ten ticultural use of native plants. At CNPS, we advocate the use years. of native plants wherever possible in our landscapes and home gardens. Mark Bourne apprenticed in Kyoto for four years, and has This is not to say that plants from other areas outside our geographical borders are “bad” plants. But as author, designed California native plant gardens since 1999. He is professor, and ecologist Douglas Tallamy writes in his book now researching Japanese garden theory at the University Bringing Nature Home, “All plants are not created equal, of Washington. particularly in their ability to support wildlife.” Native plant gardening connects us to our region, restores vestiges of our Ann Carranza is a freelance writer and photographer. She damaged ecosystem, encourages biodiversity, and helps us cherish and understand the incredibly rich botanical heri- gardens with natives and more in Healdsburg, CA. tage that we enjoy as Californians. When we garden with native plants we are choosing to share our love of the Snowdy Dodson is president of the Los Angeles/Santa California flora with others. Monica Mountains Chapter and also serves on the board In addition to the enjoyment native plant gardening of the Theodore Payne Foundation for Wild Flowers and affords us, it always provides us with this opportunity to make a difference. As Tallamy says, “For the first time in Native Plants. history, gardening has taken on a role that transcends the needs of the gardener.” Mike Evans is founder and president of Tree of Life Nursery I hope this special horticultural issue of Fremontia has in Southern California, which produces over 400 species given you new ideas about gardening with native plants and and varieties of native plants. promoting their use, and that you share it with friends and neighbors. We are all very grateful to our authors, review- Brett Hall is the current state board president of CNPS and ers, and editors for translating their expertise into the po- director of the UC Santa Cruz Arboretum. etry of their words, and to our photographers who tell whole stories without words. Their inspiration contributes Celia Kutcher served as curator of the Fullerton Arboretum more tools to help us band together and continue to grow a vibrant native plant community. from 1978–2000, and is conservation chair for the Orange —Laura Camp, Chair County Chapter, CNPS. CNPS Horticulture Program

FREMONTIA VOL.(continued 40, NO. on inside 3 AND back cover VOL.) 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013