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A Comparative Grammar of the South African Bantu Language, Comprising Those of Zanzibar, Mozambique, the Zambesi, Kafirland

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A Comparative Grammar of the South African Bantu Language, Comprising Those of Zanzibar, Mozambique, the Zambesi, Kafirland A COMPARATIYE GRAMMAR OF THE SOUIH-AfRICAN BANIU LANGUAGES f^SlOBi-o.-Klway BOUGHT WITH THE INCO FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT THE GIFT OF m^nv^ M. Sage r89i f 1924 077 077 612 -3j 3^. no paDE^d ajtsJ iHQ\f nosjad ana hbih ajoin :o /907 ;Cq papaan sapog pa^tiEM jfx'aanasqB s,j3 -iiojjoq Snunp njn;aj nam joj apem s^nam -a3uBJiB JO 'X!jBaq;i aqi 0} paujtuaj aq Pinoqs . - spouad ssaaaj Saunp/U t\ I' jT^HjiHr*''* ^on sifoog papaan ^ •sjaqio jCq papaan ^on, sj 3iooq B H3IIM. 'saSaj .-TAud iBMauaj q^M*. 's>[aaM. oM% zo} samn -^6a 3Ag paMojiB aJB BJaMojjoq pajirajl •a^Bin aq ' • pin6qs ^sanbaj lEiaads , B s3[aaM OAv; pno/Caq papaan naqM '. a^qtssod _ SB igoos SB panan^aj aq pjnoqs japBJBqo x^-ia -naS B JO siBOipouad; ' -sja^oj -joq lie o| S5[aa4i jnoj 01 paiimii ajB qajBas .31 JO nofionjisni joj asn nt ^on sqooq nv 'U3>|e^sGAiaiun|0A sm:^ u9i(Afi sm.oi|s ovep am. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924077077612 A COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE SOUTH-AFRICAN BANTU LANGUAGES. ST-AUSTIN'S PRESS, DESCLfiE, DE BROUWER AND CO., BRUGKS. SOUTH-AFRICA REFERENCE MAP TO ACCOMPANY THE Comparative Grammar OF THE South -African Bantu Languages BT J.TORREND, S.J. N. B. The names -printed in red are those of the languages more particularly dealt with in this work .Non-Bantu Lan§ua§es; Wi Bantu intermixed with non- Bantu Lan^ua^es., aoi,ie[» S* -^u^ti.'ti A comparative" GRAMMAR OF THE SOUTH-AFRICAN BANTU LANGUAGES COMPRISING THOSE OF ZANZIBAR, MOZAMBIQUE, THE ZAMBEZI, KAFIRLAND, BENGUELA, ANGOLA, THE CONGO, THE OGOWE, THE CAMEROONS, THE LAKE REGION, ETC. BY J. TORREND, S. J., OF THE ZAMBEZI MISSION, AUTHOR OF " AN OUTLINE OK A XOSA-KAFIR GRAMMAR ". LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBJSTER & CO;, Lt-i. PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING .CROSS ROAD. 1891. CORNEil UNIVETtelTY ^"^ LIBRARY^ A. H-'Soqi reproduction are reserved. The rights of translation and of TO THE MOST HONOURABLE THE MARQUIS OF BUTE, K. T., THIS WORK IS BY PERMISSION DEDICATED. PREFACE. However favourably my friends may have thought of this work when still in manuscript, I cannot flatter myself that it comes near to the 'perfection to which I should have wished to have been able to bring it. Any criticisms, corrections, additions, or suggestions, will be received with hearty thanks. There is no need to call the attention of any one to the impo-rtance of the study of Bantu. Independently of its scientific interest, it is a key for opdning one half of an immense continent to Christian civilization. I will only add a word of thanks to all those tO whom I am indebted for help, whether from their published works in the same line as this, or from private advice and inform- ation. I feel particularly indebted | to the following friends : The Rev. J. T. Walford, S. J., for having very kindly looked over, and corrected, the greater part of the En- glish of my MSS. and proofsheets. Dr. R. N. Cust, for having no less kindly given me a number of modern publications on the Bantu languages, among others most of those of the S. P. C. K. His " Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa " has also been to me an invaluable guide throughout. The Revv. Fathers Causse, Temming, Ronchi, Andrd, S. J., for information or MSS. regarding the Kafir, Chwana, Senna, and Kilimane languages, respectively. The Rev. Father Ldvesque, of the Socidtd de Notre- Dame des Missions d' Afriqiie, for having kindly sent me all the publications of his Society on the Bantu language^ ! VIII Preface. , The Rev. Father L. Cheikho, S. J,, for copious in- formation on South-Africa derived from the ancient Arab writers. The Custodian of the Grey Library in Capetown, and the officials of the British Museum. all, Above the Rev. Father Depelchin, S. J., the founder of the Zambezi Mission, at whose bidding I undertook these studies. When he came back to the Cape Colony in 1883 from his laborious missionary explorations in the far interior with broken health, but an undaunted spirit, I had the advantage of enjoying his company for nearly two months at St. Aidan's College, Grahamstown. All " this time he was constantly saying to me : For the love of God learn the native languages. I have come across millions of men who need but to hear Our Lord's words and deeds to become so many good and happy Christians ". These words have been ringing in my ears ever since that time, giving me courage and strength to persevere in my attempt to do so. But for them, this work probably never would have been undertaken ; certainly it would not have been brought to an end. i I pass by some other friends, who will not allow their names to appear in these pages, but whose kind help will not be forgotten. God grant that this little work be not useless to the evangelization and civilization of Africa St. Aloysius' College, Jersey. Whit-Sunday, May ly, i8gi. CONTENTS. INTROPUCTIQN. Page I. Division of the South-African Languages xv II. Bantu Literature. — Sources xxil III. The Origin of the Bantu xxxill Chapter I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PHONETICS i I. Alphabet 2 II. Characteristic Features of the Bantu Family of Languages 6 First principle 6 Second principle 8 Third principle 9 Fourth principle 11 III. Comparative Phonetics of the Principal Bantu Languages 14 Tonga 14 Yao 15 Nyamwezi 17 Sagara, and Gogo 18 Shambala, and Boondei 18 Taita 19 Kamba 19 Swahili ... 20 Nyika, or Nika, and Pokomo. ... 21 Senna (including Tette and Nyassa) 23 Karanga (aZ/af Kalaka) 24 Ganda 26 Kafir (Xosa, Zulu, and Tebele) 27 Herfero 28 Bihe. ... i 20 Mbunda, Lojazi, Nano, and Ndonga 30 Rotse ; 31 Runda, or Limda, and Luba 33 Rua .- 33 Angola, Mbamba, and Fiote, or Lower Congo 34 Middle Congo Languages 36 Nywema 37 Kua, or Mozambique, and Chwana 38 Tshagga, and Hinzua 44 Mpongwe 44 Dualia. ... i 46 Fan 47 X Contents. I Page Ferna^dian (Fernando Po) 49 Languages of the Congo Forest 50 Semi-Bantu 51 Conclusion 51 IV. More General Phonetic Changes 53 § I. Changes caused by the Collision of two Vowels S3 § 2. Various Phonetic Changes 56 V. On Accentuation in Bantu 61 Chapter 11. ON SUBSTANTIVES 63 I. On Articles 64 II. The MU-BA Class and the Sub-classes connected with it 67 § I. Transformations of the Classifier MU- 68 § 2. Transformations of the Classifier BA- 70 § 3. The Sub-Class — 'BA 71 § 4. The Sub-Class MU-MA 72 § 5. Substantives which belong to the MU-BA Class and the Sub-Classes connected with it. 72 , § 6. Etymologies. — Varia... : - 73 III, The MU-MI Class 76 § I. Transformations of the Classifier MU- 76 § 2. Transformations of the Classifier MI- 77 § 3. Substantives which belong to, the MU-MI Class 79 § 4. Etymologies. — Varia 80 IV. The IN-ZIN Class 82 § I. Transformations of the Singular Classifier IN-., 82 § 2. Transformations of the Plural Classifier (Z)IN- 84 § 3. Substantives which belong to the IN-(Z)IN Class 85 ,§ 4. Etymologies. — Varia.. 86 V. The LI-MA Class. 88 § I. Transformations of the Classifier LI- 88 I. Polysyllabic stems which begin with a consonant 88 11. Monosyllabic stems. ... 90 III. Stems which begin with a vowel 91 § 2. Transformations of tjie Classifier MA-. 91 § 3. Substantives which belong to the LI-MA Class 91 § 4. Etymologies. — Varia ^. 93 VI. The BU-MA Class and the Sub-classes connected with It 96 § I. Forms in the Class BU-MA and the Sub-class MA 97 § 2. The Sub-classes BU without plural, and BU-{Z)IN 94 §3. Substantives which belong to the BU-MA Class and the Sub-Classes connected with it 99 § 4. Etymologies. — Varia 100 VII. The KU-jyiA Class... 102 § I. Forms \ 102 § 2. Substantives which belong to the KU-MA Class 103 § 3. Etymologies. — Varia 103 Contents. xi Page VIII, The LU-(ZIN) Glask and the Sub-classes connected with it 104 § I. Transformations of the Classifier LU- 104 § 2. Plural Classifiers. corresponding to LU- 105 § 3. Substantives belonging to cl. LU- 106 § 4i Etymologies. — Varia... ... ... ... , i 107 IX. The GI-ZI Class 109 § I. Transformations of the Classifier CI- 109 § 2. Transformations of the Classifier ZI- ill § 3. Substantives which belong to the CI-ZI Class. 112 § 4., Etymologies. — Varia 113 X. The diminutive Class KA-TU and the Sub-classes connected with it. 115 § I. Forms 115 § 2. Substantives which belong to the KA-TU Class and the Sub-Classes / connected with it 119 § 3. Etymologies. — Varia 120 XI. tocative Classifiers, and Prepositions.. 122 § I. Transformatidns of the Locative Classifier PA- 123 § 2. Transformations of the Locative Classifier KU- ... 127 § 3. Transformations of the Locative Classifier MU- 1:8 § 4. Plural Locative Classifiers ... ... 129 § 5. Effects of the Locative Classifiers on the other Prefixes of the Substantives. 129 §6. On the Use of the Locative Classifiers... ;.. ... 130 § 7. Prepositions which are not Classifiers 131 § 8. The Particles -L/, -A'/J, etc., in Locative Expressions 133 § 9. Etymologies. — Varia 134 Xir. Copulative Prefixes' before substantives 136 _ XIII. The Particles which introduce Substantives after Passive Verbs.... 138 XIV. Suffixes of Substantives 138 XV. bnomatopoetic Substantives. ... 139 XVI. Retrospect. — Varia '140 Chapter III. ON ADJKCTIVES.
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