DOCSLIB.ORG

Notes and References

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Notes and References 1 The Foundation of Kenya Colony I. P[ublic] R[ecord] O[ffice] Kew CO 533/234 ff 432-44. Kenya was how Johann Krapf, the German missionary who was in 1849 the first white man to see the mountain, transliterated the Kamba pronunciation of the Kikuyu name for it, Kirinyaga. The Kamba substituted glottal stops for intermediate consonants, hence 'Ki-i-ny-a'. T. C. Colchester, 'Origins of Kenya as the Name of the Country', Rhodes House. Mss Afr s.1849. 2. PRO CO 822/3117 Malcolm MacDonald to Duncan Sandys. Secret and Personal. 18 September 1963. 3. The new rail routes in question were the Uasin Gishu line and the Thika extension. M. F. Hill, Permanent Way. The StOlY of the Kenya and Uganda Railway (Nairobi: East African Railways and Harbours, 2nd edn 1961), p. 392. 4. Daily Sketch, 5 July 1920, p. 5. 5. Sekallyolya ('the crane [or stork] looking out on the world') was first printed in Nairobi in the Luganda language in 1921. From time to time it brought out editions in Swahili and for special occasions in English. Harry Thuku's Tangazo was the first Kenya African single­ sheet newsletter. 6. Interview with James Beauttah, Fort Hall, 1964. Beauttah was one of the first English-speaking African telephone operators. He claimed to be the first African to have electricity in his house. 7. PRO FO 2/377 A. Gray to FO, 16 February 1900, 'Memo on Report of Law Officers of the Crown reo East Africa and Uganda Protector­ ates'. The effect of the opinion of the law officers is that Her Majesty has, by virtue of her Protectorate, entire control over all lands unappropriated ... and may, if so pleased, proclaim such land as "Crown lands" ... The opinion leaves an extremely thin line of demarcation between British dominions and Protectorates.' 8. PRO CO 544/12 pp. 400 et seq. Report of Native Affairs Department, 1920-21. 9. CO 533/214 John Sinclair, Acting British Resident, Zanzibar, to Northey. Milner to Curzon, 3 January 1920. 10. The Times, 9 July 1920. 'Kenya Colony: The New Rules in East Africa'. II. Norman Leys, Kenya (Hogarth Press, 1926). 12. PRO CAB 134/1560 CPC(61)30, 14 November 1961. Memo to Cabi­ net from the Colonial Secretary. 13. The 1921 census of Africans was broken down as follows: Nyanza 881,135; Ukamba 274,136; Kikuyu 677,137; Coast 177,692; Naivasha 138,012; Masai 42,000; Jubaland 60,000; Northern Frontier District 80,000; totalling 2,330,112. The figures for the last three provinces were guesses. Jubaland was seceded to Italy in 1924. PRO CO 544/12 205 206 Notes and References pp. 400-63. Report of the Native Affairs Dept, I Apr. 1920-31 Mar. 1921. 14. See the address presented by the British community in Zanzibar to the Acting Consul-General, Frederic Holmwood, on the occasion of Queen Victoria's Jubilee in 1887: 'Zanzibar which, looking at the important Indian element in its population and trade might almost be called a British colony, ... now ... boasts of most of the appliances of civilization which a progressive trading community requires.' See also N. S. Thakur, A Brief History of the Development of Indian Settle­ ment in East Africa (Nairobi, 1961). 15. Most of the indentured labourers who survived the rigours of East African employment returned to India. They were not a principal source of the East African Asian population. 16. U. K. Oza, 'Indian Settlement in East Africa', Colonial Times, I July 1933. 'On account of our Indian Empire we are compelled to reserve to British control a large portion of East Africa. Indian trade, enter­ prise and emigration require a suitable outlet. East Africa is, and should be, from every point of view, the America of the Hindu' - Sir Harry Johnston, Commissioner for the Uganda Protectorate, 'Report on Uganda', FO 2/719, II July 1901. [7. Colonists' Association, 'Address to Alfred Lyttelton, Colonial Secre­ tary', 1905. Author's archive. 18. For a bizarre example, see Richard Waddington to Frederic Holmwood, Acting Consul-General in Zanzibar, on 6 September 1886, proposing, in defiance of geography, to lay a light railway between Zanzibar and Bombassa [sic] to open up the Kimberley goldfields. Holmwood him­ self wanted to build a line to the uplands around Mount Kilimanjaro, which being 4,000 ft above sea level were suitable for European set­ tlement. Holmwood Papers. Zanzibar Archives. 19. Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians. The Official Mind of Imperialism (Macmillan, 1961), chapter XI 'Uganda, The Route of Liberalism'. 20. Until 1902 the Uganda Protectorate included the Provinces of Kisumu and Naivasha, thereafter in Kenya. For that reason, when for a short while the British lent countenance to a Zionist project to found a Jewish National Home in the East African Highlands, the idea was in some quarters given the soubriquet of 'Juganda'. 21. PRO FO 2/447 Eliot to Lord Cranborne, 15 May 1901. 22. PRO FO 2/569 Dr Radford to Dr Macdonald (Principal Medical Officer, EAP). FO 2/571 John Ainsworth to Eliot. 23. Herbert Samuel MP, Parliamentmy Debates (Hansard) House of Com­ mons Vol. 116, 11 December 1902, col. 938 ff. 24. Quoted by Herbert Samuel MP, 'A Tourist in Uganda' in East Africa and Uganda Mail, 10 January 1903. 25. In East African Protectorate (Edward Arnold, 1905), Sir Charles Eliot wrote, 'It is a curious confession but I do not know why the Uganda Railway was built and I think many people in East Africa share my ignorance.' (p. 208) 26. Eliot, ibid, p. 220. Notes alld Referellces 207 27. The Nineteenth Century, September 1904. 28. PRO FO 2/843 Marsden (Cape Town) to Eliot, 7 November 1903. 29. A. T. Matson, 'Early Newspapers of East Africa'. A onetime major in the Salvation Army, Olive Gray 'tilted at various personalities and abuses in a flowery style which often degenerated into forthright abuse'. The East African and Uganda Mail was founded in August 1899 and expired in August 1904. The 'rat' was Arthur Marsden. 30. PRO FO 2/720 Frederick Jackson to Sir Clement Hill, 25 May 1903. 31. W. S. Churchill, My African Journey (The Holland Press, 1962), p. 14. 32. Norman Leys, Kenya, p. 171. 33. Margery Perham (later Dame Margery) was at this point at the be­ ginning of her most distinguished career as an africanist. 34. Margery Perham, East African Journey. Kenya and Tanganyika 1929- 30 (Faber & Faber, 1976), p. 140. 35. For example, Sir Evelyn Baring, 'I had always regarded British people on the whole as being calm and reasonable. Of course, the Kenya settlers looked like British people but, probably due to the altitude, calm and reasonable was just what the political leaders were not. They were highly excitable.' Rhodes House, Howick Papers, Mss Afr s.1574. 36. Eliot, The East African Protectorate, p. 3. 37. PRO CO 533/41 J. Gosling, Postmaster-General Nairobi to Frederick Jackson, 10 January 1908, forwarded by Jackson to the Earl of Elgin, 27 January 1908. 38. M. P. K. Sorrenson, Origins of European Settlement in Kenya (OUP, 1968), chapter XII 'The Masai Treaties'. At the 1961 East African Governors' conference, when the British were beginning to think of leaving, it was argued that the Maasai Agreements would be unlikely to enjoy Treaty status in international law because, by the Agreements themselves, 'the Maasai had conceded so much of whatever sover­ eignty they originally held as to destroy the legal personality assumed'. PRO CO 879/190, 4 January 1961. 39. John Lonsdale, 'The Moral Economy of Mau Mau. Wealth, Poverty and Civic Virtue in Kikuyu Political Thought', in B. Berman and J. Lonsdale, Unhappy Valley. Conflict in Kenya and Africa. Books 1 and 11 (James Currey, 1992), pp. 332-4. 40. Jomo Kenyatta, Facing Mount Kenya (Seeker & Warburg, 1938). 41. In Colonel R. Meinertzhagen's Kenya DialY (Oliver & Boyd, 1957) one of the first of the white settlers, Sand bach Baker, tells the author that he had been given 5,000 acres in 1901 provided he supplied Nai­ robi with meat. Asked if the Kikuyu were compensated he said the land was unoccupied owing to a decrease in the population because of famine and disease (p. 77). 42. Y. P. Ghai and J. P. W. B. McAuslan, Public Law and Political Change ill Kenya (Nairobi: OUP, 1970), pp. 27-8. 43. This passage owes much to John Spencer, The Kenya African Union (KPI/Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), pp. 10-12, which brilliantly summarizes the economic background. 44. But see John Lonsdale, 'The Conquest State of Kenya, 1895-1905', in Berman and Lonsdale, Unhappy Valley I, pp. 13-44, in which the various 208 Notes and References minor operations are added up and shown to amount to a consider­ able degree of conflict. See especially the chart on pp. 28-9 of 'British military operations in the Kenya highlands, 1893-1911'. 45. 'Memorandum from the Kikuyu Land Board Association to the Joint Select Committee on Closer Union', submitted by J. Kenyatta and P. G. Mockerie. Printed as appendix in Parmenas Mockerie, An Afri­ can Speaks for His People (Hogarth Press, 1934), p. 78. 46. Dagoretti Political Record Book. Entry for 23 May 1908. K[ enya J N[ ational] A[rchives]. 47. Colonel Robert Meinertzhagen, Kenya Dim)' 1902-1906 (Oliver & Boyd, 1957) passim, but see especially pp. 51-2 and 73-4. 48. John Lonsdale, 'The Politics of Conquest in Western Kenya, 1894- 1908', in Bruce Berman and John Lonsdale, Unhappy Valley. Conflict in Kenya and Africa, Book I, State and Class, p.
Recommended publications
  • Scripture Translations in Kenya

    Scripture Translations in Kenya

    / / SCRIPTURE TRANSLATIONS IN KENYA by DOUGLAS WANJOHI (WARUTA A thesis submitted in part fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Arts in the University of Nairobi 1975 UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI LIBRARY Tills thesis is my original work and has not been presented ior a degree in any other University* This thesis has been submitted lor examination with my approval as University supervisor* - 3- SCRIPTURE TRANSLATIONS IN KENYA CONTENTS p. 3 PREFACE p. 4 Chapter I p. 8 GENERAL REASONS FOR THE TRANSLATION OF SCRIPTURES INTO VARIOUS LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS Chapter II p. 13 THE PIONEER TRANSLATORS AND THEIR PROBLEMS Chapter III p . ) L > THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSLATORS AND THE BIBLE SOCIETIES Chapter IV p. 22 A GENERAL SURVEY OF SCRIPTURE TRANSLATIONS IN KENYA Chapter V p. 61 THE DISTRIBUTION OF SCRIPTURES IN KENYA Chapter VI */ p. 64 A STUDY OF FOUR LANGUAGES IN TRANSLATION Chapter VII p. 84 GENERAL RESULTS OF THE TRANSLATIONS CONCLUSIONS p. 87 NOTES p. 9 2 TABLES FOR SCRIPTURE TRANSLATIONS IN AFRICA 1800-1900 p. 98 ABBREVIATIONS p. 104 BIBLIOGRAPHY p . 106 ✓ - 4- Preface + ... This is an attempt to write the story of Scripture translations in Kenya. The story started in 1845 when J.L. Krapf, a German C.M.S. missionary, started his translations of Scriptures into Swahili, Galla and Kamba. The work of translation has since continued to go from strength to strength. There were many problems during the pioneer days. Translators did not know well enough the language into which they were to translate, nor could they get dependable help from their illiterate and semi­ literate converts.
  • GP Text Paste Up.3

    GP Text Paste Up.3

    FACING ASIA A History of the Colombo Plan FACING ASIA A History of the Colombo Plan Daniel Oakman Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/facing_asia _citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Entry Author: Oakman, Daniel. Title: Facing Asia : a history of the Colombo Plan / Daniel Oakman. ISBN: 9781921666926 (pbk.) 9781921666933 (eBook) Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: Economic assistance--Southeast Asia--History. Economic assistance--Political aspects--Southeast Asia. Economic assistance--Social aspects--Southeast Asia. Dewey Number: 338.910959 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design by Emily Brissenden Cover: Lionel Lindsay (1874–1961) was commissioned to produce this bookplate for pasting in the front of books donated under the Colombo Plan. Sir Lionel Lindsay, Bookplate from the Australian people under the Colombo Plan, nla.pic-an11035313, National Library of Australia Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2010 ANU E Press First edition © 2004 Pandanus Books For Robyn and Colin Acknowledgements Thank you: family, friends and colleagues. I undertook much of the work towards this book as a Visiting Fellow with the Division of Pacific and Asian History in the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. There I benefited from the support of the Division and, in particular, Hank Nelson and Donald Denoon.
  • LCSH Section K

    LCSH Section K

    K., Rupert (Fictitious character) Motion of K stars in line of sight Ka-đai language USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) Radial velocity of K stars USE Kadai languages K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) — Orbits Ka’do Herdé language USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) UF Galactic orbits of K stars USE Herdé language K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) K stars—Galactic orbits Ka’do Pévé language UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) BT Orbits USE Pévé language K9 (Fictitious character) — Radial velocity Ka Dwo (Asian people) K 37 (Military aircraft) USE K stars—Motion in line of sight USE Kadu (Asian people) USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) — Spectra Ka-Ga-Nga script (May Subd Geog) K 98 k (Rifle) K Street (Sacramento, Calif.) UF Script, Ka-Ga-Nga USE Mauser K98k rifle This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Inscriptions, Malayan K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 subdivision. Ka-houk (Wash.) USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 BT Streets—California USE Ozette Lake (Wash.) K.A. Lind Honorary Award K-T boundary Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary UF Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) K.A. Linds hederspris K-T Extinction Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction BT National parks and reserves—Hawaii K-ABC (Intelligence test) K-T Mass Extinction Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-B Bridge (Palau) K-TEA (Achievement test) Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-BIT (Intelligence test) K-theory Ka-ju-ken-bo USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test [QA612.33] USE Kajukenbo K.
  • A Semantic Analysis of Kikamba Spatial Expressions Using the Cognitive Semantics Theory

    A Semantic Analysis of Kikamba Spatial Expressions Using the Cognitive Semantics Theory

    A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF KIKAMBA SPATIAL EXPRESSIONS USING THE COGNITIVE SEMANTICS THEORY NGINA, FLORENCE KILONZO C50/84013/2012 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS 2015 DECLARATION This project is my original work and has not been submitted for a degree or any other award in any other university. Signature …………………………………. Date……………………… Name: Ngina, Florence Kilonzo C50/84013/2012 SUPERVISORS This project has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors Signature……………………………… Date………………….. Dr. Helga Shroeder Signature………………………… Date…………………….. Dr Iribe Mwangi ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................
  • Africans: the HISTORY of a CONTINENT, Second Edition

    Africans: the HISTORY of a CONTINENT, Second Edition

    P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 africans, second edition Inavast and all-embracing study of Africa, from the origins of mankind to the AIDS epidemic, John Iliffe refocuses its history on the peopling of an environmentally hostilecontinent.Africanshavebeenpioneersstrugglingagainstdiseaseandnature, and their social, economic, and political institutions have been designed to ensure their survival. In the context of medical progress and other twentieth-century innovations, however, the same institutions have bred the most rapid population growth the world has ever seen. The history of the continent is thus a single story binding living Africans to their earliest human ancestors. John Iliffe was Professor of African History at the University of Cambridge and is a Fellow of St. John’s College. He is the author of several books on Africa, including Amodern history of Tanganyika and The African poor: A history,which was awarded the Herskovits Prize of the African Studies Association of the United States. Both books were published by Cambridge University Press. i P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 african studies The African Studies Series,founded in 1968 in collaboration with the African Studies Centre of the University of Cambridge, is a prestigious series of monographs and general studies on Africa covering history, anthropology, economics, sociology, and political science.
  • Abortion, Homosexuality and the Slippery Slope: Legislating ‘Moral’ Behaviour in South Australia

    Abortion, Homosexuality and the Slippery Slope: Legislating ‘Moral’ Behaviour in South Australia

    Abortion, Homosexuality and the Slippery Slope: Legislating ‘Moral’ Behaviour in South Australia Clare Parker BMusSt, BA(Hons) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Discipline of History, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Adelaide. August 2013 ii Contents Contents ii Abstract iv Declaration vi Acknowledgements vii List of Abbreviations ix List of Figures x A Note on Terms xi Introduction 1 Chapter 1: ‘The Practice of Sound Morality’ 21 Policing Abortion and Homosexuality 24 Public Conversation 36 The Wowser State 44 Chapter 2: A Path to Abortion Law Reform 56 The 1930s: Doctors, Court Cases and Activism 57 World War II 65 The Effects of Thalidomide 70 Reform in Britain: A Seven Month Catalyst for South Australia 79 Chapter 3: The Abortion Debates 87 The Medical Profession 90 The Churches 94 Activism 102 Public Opinion and the Media 112 The Parliamentary Debates 118 Voting Patterns 129 iii Chapter 4: A Path to Homosexual Law Reform 139 Professional Publications and Prohibited Literature 140 Homosexual Visibility in Australia 150 The Death of Dr Duncan 160 Chapter 5: The Homosexuality Debates 166 Activism 167 The Churches and the Medical Profession 179 The Media and Public Opinion 185 The Parliamentary Debates 190 1973 to 1975 206 Conclusion 211 Moral Law Reform and the Public Interest 211 Progressive Reform in South Australia 220 The Slippery Slope 230 Bibliography 232 iv Abstract This thesis examines the circumstances that permitted South Australia’s pioneering legalisation of abortion and male homosexual acts in 1969 and 1972. It asks how and why, at that time in South Australian history, the state’s parliament was willing and able to relax controls over behaviours that were traditionally considered immoral.
  • Post-Colonialism and the Politics of Kenya (Review)

    Post-Colonialism and the Politics of Kenya (Review)

    3RVWFRORQLDOLVPDQGWKHSROLWLFVRI.HQ\D UHYLHZ Peter Wafula Wekesa Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, Volume 18, Number 1, January 2002, pp. 109-114 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU6RFLDO6FLHQFH5HVHDUFKLQ(DVWHUQ DQG6RXWKHUQ$IULFD DOI: 10.1353/eas.2002.0004 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/eas/summary/v018/18.1wekesa.html Access provided by Kenyatta University. Library (4 Nov 2014 08:22 GMT) Book Reviews Ahluwalia D. Pal, Post-colonialism and the politics of Kenya (New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) 1996, 217 pp. Post-colonialism as a framework of analysis remains subject to debate and controversy. Although post-colonialism has been around for close to two decades, it has in recent times been a fiercely contested and debated paradigm. Given its newness and elegance in the world of academic discourse, it is not surprising that its reception has been characterized by a great deal of excitement, confusion and in many cases scepticism. Debates surrounding the study have laid claims to questions of the legitimacy of post-colonialism as a separate analytical entity in the academic discourse, its validity as a theoretical formulation as well as its disciplinary boundaries and political implications. Also, the prefix ‘post’ has complicated matters as it implies an ‘aftermath’ in two senses - temporal, as in coming after, and ideological, as in supplanting. It is the second implication that the critics of the study have found contestable. The contestation has been on the dividing line between what is colonial and its link to what counts as post-colonial. The argument has been that if the inequities of colonial rule have not been erased, it is perhaps premature to proclaim the demise of colonialism.
  • Sacred Spaces, Political Authority, and the Dynamics of Tradition in Mijikenda History

    Sacred Spaces, Political Authority, and the Dynamics of Tradition in Mijikenda History

    Sacred Spaces, Political Authority, and the Dynamics of Tradition in Mijikenda History A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts David P. Bresnahan June 2010 © 2010 David P. Bresnahan. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Sacred Spaces, Political Authority, and the Dynamics of Tradition in Mijikenda History by DAVID P. BRESNAHAN has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Nicholas M. Creary Assistant Professor of History Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT BRESNAHAN, DAVID P., M.A., June 2010, History Sacred Spaces, Political Authority, and the Dynamics of Tradition in Mijikenda History (156 pp.) Director of Thesis: Nicholas M. Creary This thesis explores the social, political, and symbolic roles of the Mijikenda kayas in the Coast Province of Kenya. The kayas, which exist today as sacred grove forests, are the original homesteads of the Mijikenda and the organizational units from which the symbolic authority and esoteric knowledge of the Mijikenda elders are derived. As a result, I conceptualize kayas as the physical space of the forests, but also complex networks of political, metaphysical, and symbolic power. While the kaya forests and their associated institutions have often been framed as cultural relics, I use this lens to illustrate how the position of the kayas in Mijikenda life has influenced broader social and political developments. Three main themes are developed: the first theme addresses how the kayas were used in different capacities to create space from the encroachment of colonial rule.
  • The Kenyan British Colonial Experience

    The Kenyan British Colonial Experience

    Peace and Conflict Studies Volume 25 Number 1 Decolonizing Through a Peace and Article 2 Conflict Studies Lens 5-2018 Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience Peter Karari [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs Part of the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Recommended Citation Karari, Peter (2018) "Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience," Peace and Conflict Studies: Vol. 25 : No. 1 , Article 2. DOI: 10.46743/1082-7307/2018.1436 Available at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol25/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Peace & Conflict Studies at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Peace and Conflict Studies by an authorized editor of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience Abstract Colonialism can be traced back to the dawn of the “age of discovery” that was pioneered by the Portuguese and the Spanish empires in the 15th century. It was not until the 1870s that “New Imperialism” characterized by the ideology of European expansionism envisioned acquiring new territories overseas. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 prepared the ground for the direct rule and occupation of Africa by European powers. In 1895, Kenya became part of the British East Africa Protectorate. From 1920, the British colonized Kenya until her independence in 1963. As in many other former British colonies around the world, most conspicuous and appalling was the modus operandi that was employed to colonize the targeted territories.
  • Muslim Relations in the Politics of Nationalism and Secession in Kenya

    Muslim Relations in the Politics of Nationalism and Secession in Kenya

    1 MUSLIM RELATIONS IN THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM AND SECESSION IN KENYA Hassan J. Ndzovu Moi University, Kenya PAS Working Papers Number 18 ISSN Print 1949-0283 ISSN Online 1949-0291 Edited by Charles Stewart, Emeritus Professor University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Program of African Studies Northwestern University 620 Library Place Evanston, Illinois 60208-4110 U.S.A 2 Abstract Within Kenya’s political scene, racial and ethnic identities play a crucial role in creating division in Muslims’ political engagement. Since independence, the racial and ethnic antagonism among them has weakened a united Muslim’ voice whenever political issues concerning the community arose. As Kenya was preparing for independence, a section of Muslims (Arab Muslims) living at the coast agitated to secede from the rest of Kenya. This demand for secession led to a hostile relationship between the Arab Muslims and other non-Arab Muslim leaders in the country. One effect of this political development is the lasting impact it had on post-independence Muslim politics. The events set a pattern for mistrust between the Arab Muslims and non-Arab Muslims in Kenya. This absence of unity has influenced the way the political elites in Kenya perceive the Muslim community in general. Politicians in Kenya are known to have capitalized on the disunity among Muslims to prevent any united political front from the community. As a result the Muslim community has felt politically marginalized. It is this perceived marginalization which Kenyan Muslims are presently striving to overcome. 3 Introduction In this article, I would like to bring forward the argument that within Kenya’s political scene, racial and ethnic identities play a crucial role in creating division in Muslims’ political engagement.
  • Our Turn to Eat: the Political Economy of Roads in Kenya∗

    Our Turn to Eat: the Political Economy of Roads in Kenya∗

    Our Turn To Eat: The Political Economy of Roads in Kenya∗ Robin Burgess R´emiJedwab Edward Miguel Ameet Morjaria Draft Version: August 2010. Abstract By reducing trade costs and promoting economic specialization across regions, transportation infrastructure is a determining factor of growth. Yet, developing countries are characterized by infrastructure underdevelopment, the general lack of funding being often mentioned as the main reason for it. Then, even when such investments are realized, the welfare gains associated to them might be captured by political elites that are strong enough to influence their allocation across space. We study this issue by investigating the political economy of road placement in Kenya, an African country where politicians are said to favour individuals from their region of origin or who share their ethnicity. Combining district-level panel data on road building with historical data on the ethnicity and district of birth of political leaders, we show that presidents disproportionately invest in their district of birth and those regions where their ethnicity is dominant. It also seems that the second most powerful ethnic group in the cabinet and the district of birth of the public works minister receive more paved roads. In the end, a large share of road investments over the period can be explained by political appointments, which denotes massive and well-entrenched ethno-favoritism in Kenyan politics. JEL classification codes: H41, H54, O12, O55, P16 ∗Robin Burgess, Department of Economics and STICERD, London School of Economics (e-mail: [email protected]). Remi Jedwab, Paris School of Economics and STICERD, London School of Economics (e-mail: [email protected]).
  • Rethinking Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya This Page Intentionally Left Blank Pal-Alam-00Fm.Qxd 6/14/07 6:00 PM Page Iii

    Rethinking Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya This Page Intentionally Left Blank Pal-Alam-00Fm.Qxd 6/14/07 6:00 PM Page Iii

    pal-alam-00fm.qxd 6/14/07 6:00 PM Page i Rethinking Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya This page intentionally left blank pal-alam-00fm.qxd 6/14/07 6:00 PM Page iii Rethinking Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya S. M. Shamsul Alam, PhD pal-alam-00fm.qxd 6/14/07 6:00 PM Page iv Rethinking Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya Copyright © S. M. Shamsul Alam, PhD, 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quo- tations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978-1-4039-8374-9 ISBN-10: 1-4039-8374-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alam, S. M. Shamsul, 1956– Rethinking Mau Mau in colonial Kenya / S. M. Shamsul Alam. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4039-8374-7 (alk. paper) 1. Kenya—History—Mau Mau Emergency, 1952–1960. 2. Mau Mau History. I. Title. DT433.577A43 2007 967.62’03—dc22 2006103210 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.