sign in sign up
<<
Home , Battle of Nagashino, Battle of Okehazama, Five Elders, Hino Tomiko, Hosokawa clan, Imagawa clan

MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

Welcome Delegates,

Our names are Angie Lo and Mary Lee, and we are the Secretaries-General for the UCI Model United Nations 2020-2021 school year! This year, we are excited to host our first ever collegiate-level online conference, ZOTMUN, and thrilled to have you all join our new journey. We have worked hard to make this conference happen, and we hope that everyone will have a fun and engaging time in debate. Angie is a fourth year Sociology and Political Science double major. She has been involved in MUN since freshman year of high school and loved her experiences there so much she has continued being a part of MUN throughout all of her college years. Throughout her time at MUN at UCI, she has been Assistant Director and Director for General Assembly, Under Secretary-General of Mains, and now has been Secretary General for the past 2 years. When not busy with her school, research, MUN and work, she likes drawing and playing video games. Mary is a third year Criminology, Law and Society major. She has been involved in UCIMUN since freshman year of college and loved her experiences here by far. Her favorite part of actively being involved in MUN is cooperating with other students to contribute to raising awareness of global issues and international affairs. In UCIMUN, she has been an Assistant Director of the Legal Committee and Director of the SPECPOL Committee. Outside of UCIMUN, she is actively involved in research and a networking organization on campus. In her leisure time, on the other hand, she likes listening to music and watching YouTube videos. By now, we have spent more than 7 months in this unprecedented time due to Covid-19. Between the pandemic and the social unrest, however, there has become a need to be able to adapt to these new circumstances. Therefore, our theme for this conference will be “adapting to a changing world,” reflecting our new normal that we have restlessly been trying to get familiarized with. Through ZOTMUN, we hope to give everyone a unique opportunity to learn how to adapt and, most importantly, rise to the challenge through dedication and resilience. Although this will be our first college-level conference in an online format, we are determined to give everyone the best experience at the conference as always. We will provide delegates with an opportunity to get engaged in high quality debates and immerse themselves in an intellectual discussion of issues that are relevant to the community and others around them. Please don’t hesitate to reach out to us or our directors anytime between now and the day of our conference—we will be happy to assist you with anything in any way we can.

Thank you for your time in advance. We look forward to seeing you in November!

Sincerely, Angie Lo and Mary Lee Secretaries-General MUN at UCI Secretariat 2020-21 [email protected]

1 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

Esteemed Delegates,

Greetings everyone and welcome to ZOTMUN! My name is Vinootna Kakarla and I will be your head chair for the Crisis Committee about the Japanese Shogunate from the late 1500’s to the 1600s. I am honored to be a part of this committee and I look forward to being your chair for ZOTMUN 2020 and excited to see what this year’s conference will offer for each of us. This will be my seventh year of doing Model United Nations, and my second year chairing for MUN at UCI. Since I have been a delegate for quite some time, I know what it is like to be in your shoes. I know these aren’t the ideal circumstances to participate in a conference, and I applaud you for taking the challenge to participate in an online conference. With that being said, I will ensure a fun, informative, and memorable experience for our committee this year. This is my fourth and final year of university at UC Irvine, and my majors are International Studies and Public Health Policy. In these trying times, I find my interests to be extremely prevalent and important for future generations and to fix our current inequalities in the world Additionally, I have been a part of a mentorship program on campus and research opportunities working on combatting and understanding Global Trafficking. With this being my last year of college, I am bittersweet about this conference, but more thrilled to be chairing in it. Our committee has quite in store for us. The Sengoku Jidai is a key event in World History, specifically Japanese history, as it was a time where was able to fight for power, but also helped instigate a centralized and unified government at the end of the period. With our world constantly changing powers, Japan itself was facing its own qualms during this time period. While many shoguns and daimyos were distrustful of each other because of the constant betrayal of the time period, other key figures utilized loyalty and strategic planning to take over Japan. As delegates, you will act as Shinto gods overlooking the , and will play a key role in changing the environment and the stance of many of the and shoguns. Although shinto beliefs weren’t as practiced as and Buddhism in general during this time period, we would like for you all to consider the amalgamation of the two together that started growing after the introduction of Buddhism into the country. You will be manipulating and overlooking the situation, understanding important war tactics, gathering different worshippers to increase your power, and helping your wanted shogun to victory. The background guide is just your starting point for your journey of research into the Sengoku Jidai. Use this as your informational guide to help you find the right direction in creating your story arc and understanding your characters. The background guide alone is not enough information; use this opportunity to research outside the box and expand your knowledge of different war tactics and skills that shoguns and samurai utilized during this time period. Research is imperative for developing a deeper understanding of the time period, as it can be overwhelming and confusing at times, especially in this crisis committee. With that said, I look forward to virtually interacting with each of you during the conference. I am looking forward to seeing what each and every one of you will be bringing to the table during our committee, as it will be more exciting than ever. Please feel free to contact us for any questions at [email protected]. I wish you the best of luck in creating your own story arcs and being a part of our committee for ZOTMUN 2020.

Sincerely, Vinootna Kakarla, Director Struggles in the Land of the Rising Sun: 's Legacy, 1590

2 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

Dear Delegates,

On behalf of the entire UCI Model United Nations program, I would like to welcome you to the 2020 ZOTMUN Conference. My name is Ravi Sandhu, and I will be serving as your Assistant Director for the Crisis Committee. I graduated from UCI with a Bachelors of Science in Public Health in June of 2020. As an undergraduate, I had the privilege of being involved in several interdisciplinary organizations within and beyond the Anteater campus community. Some of my most formative experiences included conducting public health research, participating in public speaking organizations, and serving as a clinical volunteer. In the future, I hope to draw upon my undergraduate experiences in healthcare, research and legal theory to attend law school. Ultimately, I hope to pursue a career in public policy and to advocate for legislation that improves the health status of all Americans. As delegates chartering struggles in Medieval Japan, I ask you to consider the timeless importance of collaboration and compromise as you navigate dynamic obstacles during committee session. In designing solutions, remember to begin by exploring diverse primary and secondary sources to comprehend the intricacies of contemporary conflicts. However, remember to extend and complete this research with genuine diplomacy. Enter committee with adaptive research frameworks that welcome the unique insights of your fellow delegates. Be eager to create friendships and strong working relationships during committee session. Create a platform for people of all backgrounds to share their voice and shape the present. Most importantly, match your enthusiasm to speak with an eagerness to listen, learn and grow. As your Assistant Director, I urge you to enjoy this experience as much as possible. Reflecting on my time as a board member and delegate in the UCI Travel Team, I find myself at no shortage of irreplaceable memories and lifelong friendships. I hope this conference offers you a similar experience. I am looking forward to getting to know each of you. Until we meet, I wish you and your loved ones health and safety.

Best regards, Ravi Sandhu, Assistant Director Struggles in the Land of the Rising Sun: Oda Nobunaga's Legacy, 1590

3 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

Introduction The Sengoku Jidai, or the Warring States Period of Japan, was a period of bravery, conquest, mistrust, betrayal, violence, and glory. Key figures such as Oda Nobunaga, Tokugawa

Ieyasu, , and Hattori Hanzo all played a role in influencing Japan for its future.

The period began at the end of the violent Onin War in 1477, towards the end of the Ashikaga

Shogunate.1

The main time period of the Sengoku Jidai lasted from 1467 to 1567, with a whole century for conflict of power. Some historians consider the end of the to be in 1567, when

Oda Nobunaga took over .2 However, it was not technically until 1603 with the rise of the

Tokugawa Shogunate and did the warring actually end within Japan.2 At the end of the Onin War in 1467, the important figures became daimyos, or the powerful landholders of

Japan, who acted as a “vassal” to the shogun.3 Daimyos also used the time period after the Onin

War to assert power as regional warlords.4 However, daimyos frequently had altering jobs and tasks during Japan; at the beginning of the 8th-10th centuries, most acted as landlords, while during the before the Onin War, many acted as military governors.3 During the

Sengoku period, daimyos were consistently at conflict with each other, which led to fewer holding land and in charge of the military; eventually most ended up as subjects of the Tokugawa family under Tokugawa Ieyasu.3

In addition to daimyos during this time period, shoguns played the most important role of power over Japan and the different territories. Shoguns were considered to be the “Commander in

Chief” of the military and had most of the control over the nation.5 While there were emperors at the time, many were puppet leaders to Japan, while shoguns had the real authority; therefore, whoever had control of shogun, had power over Japan.4

4 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

Topic Description The Onin War

The Onin War began when Ashikaga Yoshimasa lacked a proper heir to the throne, as he coaxed his younger brother, Ashikaga Yoshimi to become the new ruler.6 With the unpredicted birth of Yoshihisa between Ashikaga Yoshimasa and his wife , it was unclear who would take control, Yoshimasa’s son or younger brother.6 This conflict led to the Onin War, as the

Hosokawa Clan supported the rule of Yoshimi in power and Yoshimasa supporting his newborn son Yoshihisa for power, with some support from other clans and leaders at the time, notably

Yamana Sozen, a monk who was in conflict with the .7 The total amount of soldiers fighting was 270,000, declaring the Onin War one of the most sizeable wars fought in Japanese history.9 Yet there was still some pushback from each side on whether or not to actually engage in war.7 After a Hosokawa mansion was mysteriously set on fire, the war had officially started, with the Hosokawa clan seeking vengeance and retaliation.7

The war was historically known as a battle for survival, as many were fighting for their lives rather than strategically.8 This led to violence, bloodshed, and damage across Japan, as many buildings were destroyed and many clans faced immense casualties.3 At first, the main battles were fought in Kyoto; however, it spread throughout most of Japan towards the latter part of the war.8

Because of the widespread violence and brutality of the war, many died or fled Japan, with the shogun losing its main power at the time, and daimyos sending their troops out to fight for their survival.8 Eventually, the war ended after eleven years with no declared winner and only a wartorn and disembodied Japan.8 However, while warlords were out financing and directing the war, lower ranked officials took over government positions, leading to new powerful figures and a new set of regional power struggles to manage in the new period of the Sengoku Jidai.8

5 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

The , 1560

After the Onin War, Japan was left in a confused state, with many divided city-states across the country ruled by different daimyos.2 The shogunate was in shambles, with not one power ruling over Japan.9 Although Hosokawa Katsumoto, the ruler of the Hosokawa, had died in the war, the clan won; the Takeda and Saito clans rose up during this time period as well.8 Daimyos tried to take over Japan, with no central power, and severely fractured Japan into many different pieces.8

Three important clans to come out of the Onin War were the , the , and the .4 In 1548, the Oda clan marched into Matsudaira territory to gain power and land over their area.4 The Matsudaira clan reached out the Imagawa clan for help, to which the

Imagawa clan agreed if the Matsudaira clan sent their eldest son as a hostage.4 The Matsudaira eventually agreed; however, the Oda clan intercepted the alliance and took the Matsudaira eldest son as their hostage.4 The Matsudaira clan told the Oda clan with an incendiary response to “kill the son” just to show how loyal they were to the Imagawa alliance4; meaning that in a sense, whether the Oda clan killed the son or not, the Matsudaira clan would still have figuratively won the conflict.4 Shortly after, the head of the Oda clan passes away, and the Imagawa clan makes a deal with the Oda clan, declaring that they will let the Oda clan live, if the Oda clan allows the

Imagawa clan to take siege of the mansion that they have been trying to siege and they are allowed take the Matsudaira son back, to which the Oda agree.4 Eventually, the Matsudaira clan and

Imagawa clan alliance had strengthened, until 1560, the beginning of the Battle of Okehazama.10

Imagawa Yoshimoto attempted to lay siege on Kyoto with the help of the Matsudaira; however, the Imagawa clan had to pass Oda territory in Owari.10 With his 25,000 solider army, Imagawa

Yoshimoto was confident on winning the region before marching into Kyoto, and decided to take rest near modern-day , a gorge-like area around the village of Okehazama.10 Oda

6 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

Nobunaga, head of the Oda clan, was familiar with the area; in the nighttime, he attacked and slaughtered the 25,000 soldier army of the Imagawa with only 2,500 soldiers of his own, and eventually Yoshimoto was beheaded on the spot.10 The Imagawa was left in shambles after this battle, as many retreated back to their region and returned to the farming life, while Oda Nobunaga gained power across Japan.10 Eventually, the Matsudaira clan’s new head, known as Tokugawa

Ieyasu, found an alliance with Oda Nobunaga and the newly powerful Oda clan, after the Imagawa clan disintegrated from Japan.4

Oda Nobunaga’s Rise to Power, 1568

After Oda Nobunaga’s newfound authority, and alliance with Tokugawa Ieyasu, he planned to march into Kyoto; but first, he needed to reduce his obstacles along the way. Two clans were in the way of Oda Nobunaga: the Azai clan and the Saito clan.11 To strengthen the alliance between the Azai clan, Nobunaga decided to betrothe his sister off to the lord of the Azai, and also tries to better ties with his father-in-law, or the ruler of the Saito clan.11 However, while Nobunaga’s father-in-law, Saito Dosan, was writing the acceptance of the allyship between the Saito clan and the Oda clan, Dosan’s son beheads and kills him, and rejects the alliance between the two clans.11

Eventually, with the help from Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a new figure for the Oda clan, Nobunaga is able to take over the Saito region, and eventually Kyoto, in 1568.11 Hideyoshi was also eventually granted to be a lord by Nobunaga, and eventually acted as Nobunaga’s adviser until his death.12

However, while Oda Nobunaga obtained power over Kyoto, he faced stark opposition from his competitors, including the Azai clan. However, his most fierce competition came from the

Ikko-Ikki warrior monks allied with the Miyoshi clan, who tried to take back Kyoto from

Nobunaga.13 Although the Ikko-Ikki warrior monks were a substantial threat to the Oda/Tokugawa alliance, they were known to be more of a loose coalition that united.13 However, after recruiting

7 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

more peasantry and lower income individuals, their numbers and support were increasing, which became a threat to Nobunaga.14 The Ikko-Ikki warriors had one designated temple named the

Ishiyama Honganji, which were created the most conflict for Nobunaga at the time.13 In addition to the fact that the Ikko-Ikki warriors were monks who did not follow samurai code, many refused to pay taxes and rent, which Nobunaga was against, especially in his conquest of Japan.13 After small battles and military combat with the Ikko-Ikki forces, Nobunaga eventually made his way to the temple of the Ishiyama Honganji to end the buddhist monks once and for all. 14 After a failed attempt at attacking the temple from the front, the Oda clan retreated to a siege for 10 years, one of the longest sieges in Japanese history, outside of the Ishiyama Honganji temple.15

While Nobunaga laid siege to the Ishiyama Honganji temple, the Azai clan and the Asakura clan came after Nobunaga with the warrior monks of the -Ji.13 In response, Nobunaga made a truce with the two clans, eventually killing them off in later years, and attacked the

Enryaku-ji, setting ablaze their temple, leaving no warrior monk, children, or women mercy.13

Shortly after the arson of the Enryaku-ji temple, , determined to take over Kyoto through Mikawa lands, the land of Tokugawa Ieyasu.16 However, Takeda Shingen is shot by a sniper, and his son, , the new successor of the throne who wasn’t as decisive or skilled as his father, takes over.16 In order to march into Kyoto, Katsuyori takes over the castle of

Nagashino, which leads to the .16 In order to stop the siege of the castle,

Nobunaga and Ieyasu send forces, and defeat Takeda’s cavalry, with skillful arquebusiers.17

Death of Oda Nobunaga and Rise of Hideyoshi, 1582

After the Battle of Nagashino, the main war between the Takeda, Oda, and the Ishiyama Honganji monks ends, with Oda Nobunaga prevailing as main authority over Japan.16 However, Nobunaga is betrayed by his fellow soldier, , and commits after Mitsuhide’s forces

8 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

attack a temple that Nobunaga has resided in, known as the Honno-ji incident.18 With the death of

Oda Nobunaga, Tokugawa Ieyasu retreated back the Mikawa with the help of his trusted

Hattori Hanzo.19 Mitsuhide, to ensure his power, killed every Nobunaga heir within the Kyoto area.19 Hideyoshi, in response to Nobunaga’s death, makes his way back to Kyoto and attempts to kill Mitsuhide, to which it succeeds, after a group of peasants ends Mitsuhide’s life.19 Mitsuhide, while being shogun for a very short period of time, managed to kill the next heir in line for the throne, Nobunaga’s eldest son.19 After Mitsuhide was killed, local daimyos met and decided to have Oda Nobunaga’s grandchild Oda Hidenobu take the throne, a two year old, so that Hideyoshi could control Japan until Hidenobu grows up.19

Under Hideyoshi, Japan had a central government for which domestic policy was possible.

Hideyoshi built the castle after Nobunaga’s destruction of the Ishiyama Honganji temple.20

Although Hideyoshi wanted the title of shogun, he was unable to achieve it because he was lower class; instead he decided to become a regent or kampaku, and was officially given the name

Toyotomi Hideyoshi.20 Hideyoshi, being a stout Buddhist, was against the rise of Christianity that

Nobunaga accepted at the time; in response, to combat any individuals from lower class from achieving the nobility that he had achieved, he made all peasants give their weapons, which he melted to create a large statue of the Buddha.20 In addition to preventing individuals from attaining the same power he had, he also changed the tax system across Japan: he taxed based on how much rice each region could produce.19 He also helped make a long lasting caste system, with emperor, shogun, and daimyo at the top, while the samurai, peasants, and merchants followed, and banned travel for peasants, which led to settlement and productivity across Japan.19 He also led two unsuccessful campaigns against through Korea, which left many casualties on both sides,

9 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

and led to a “military stalemate” between Korea and Japan.21 After quelling resistance from rebelling armies around Japan, Hideyoshi gained enormous power.19

Rise of Tokugawa Ieyasu and the end of the Sengoku Period, 1598

Hideyoshi was nearing the end of his life, and eventually passed away without an heir of age to rule.19 In response, a council of five elders was assigned to take care of Hideyoshi’s heir and take over Japan in absence of Hideyoshi.20 Samurai who were disheartened by the failed Korea invasions, backed a Tokugawa regime under Tokugawa Ieyasu instead of Hideyoshi’s son,

Hideyori.22 On the other hand, many found Tokugawa Ieyasu to be too powerful.22 However, assassination plans against Tokugawa Ieyasu backfired and failed, but the battle for power against

Ieyasu was not over yet.22 In 1600, the began between Tokugawa Ieyasu, and

Ishida Mitsunari.23 Ishida asked for help from the Kobayakawa against Tokugawa and agreed to help in the main Battle of Sekigahara; however, the Kobayakawa ended up attacking Ishida forces after the leader of the Kobayakawa’s past conflicts with and loyalty to Tokugawa

Ieyasu.23 After the defection of the Kobayakawa, many other allies of Ishida also defected and retreated, leaving Tokugawa Ieyasu victorious.23

In response to the Battle of Sekigahara, Tokugawa Ieyasu was declared the new shogun of

Japan, after he redistributed land and gave wealth to those who were loyal to him after many years.22 After a few more years of ruling, Tokugawa Ieyasu had a peaceful transition of power to his son .22 After clearing out any opposition to the Tokugawa heir, the Sengoku

Jidai officially came to an end in 1615, leading to the new Period.24

Religion and Shintoism During the Sengoku Jidai

During the Sengoku Jidai, with the constant warfare amongst Japan, religion was not widely spread or followed in a central format.25 Under Oda Nobunaga, the spread of Confucianism and Buddhism

10 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

was lackluster due to his dislike for religious practice across Japan.25 Because Confucianism defied authority, Nobunaga was not in support of its practice, and preferred to rule with a heavy stick and fierce power across Japan during his regime.25 Nobunaga, because of the Ikko-Ikki warriors and the uncontrolled spread of Buddhist monasteries and temples in samurai area, also angered

Nobunaga and added to his resentment towards Buddhism.25 However, Nobunaga found an alliance with Jesuits and Christianity, and allowed for the spread of Christianity in Oda lands, although he didn’t follow it himself. 26

While Oda Nobunaga was starkly against religion and only favored the spread of

Christianity, his successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi, had followed Buddhism in the latter part of the

Sengoku Period. He was not fond of the spread of Christianity and doubted the true motives missionaries had in spreading the religion across Japan.26 He placed a law in Japan in 1587 to stop all missionaries across Japan, which was loosely followed by his subjects.27 However, in 1597, after the knowledge that the Japanese were being taken away as slaves by Christians and

Buddhist/Shinto believers were persecuted across Japan, he passed another law, which resulted in

26 Christians being put to death in .27 However, to maintain trade routes and peace with

Europe, his goal to exterminate Christianity across the region was put to a halt.27 While Hideyoshi didn’t have a set religion he followed, he was fond of the arts and asked to build many religious sites around Japan.27 He is known to have taken away the swords of the peasants, and melted them down to make a giant statue of the Buddha for Heianyko and bells for temples, to stop any rebellion from peasants.27

During the Sengoku Jidai and the , Buddhism and Shinto beliefs were heavily combined in terms of gods and practice.28 In the latter parts of the Edo period, Shinto beliefs and

Buddhism with beliefs were combined to create Shingon Buddhism, with a more profound

11 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

interest for spirits and living gods.28 However, during the Sengoku Jidai, Buddhism, Shinto beliefs, and Christianity were the main prevailing beliefs.28

Committee Goals As a combination of Shinto gods and Buddhist gods, it is up to the delegates to ensure that the ideal shogun takes power during the Sengoku Jidai. Although Gods do not have direct connection to wartime tactic and skill for the Sengoku Jidai, they will have access to an array of powers that could change the course of time, weather, agriculture, fortune, and other depending on

Worshippers will be rampant, or lackluster, depending on the different directives passed within committee. There will be obstacles thrown in the way of the goals of the committee, but it is up to you delegates to quell any conflicts, find solutions to various drawbacks, and ensure the number of worshippers is high for whichever religion you predominantly represent. Delegates must be able to think decisively and focus their solutions on ensuring that Japan will have an eventual transition into the Edo period by the end of the conference. Delegates should hone down on the important wars and battles of the Sengoku Jidai, along with the power struggles, and be able to respond with both commendable personal directives and committee directives to quell any opposition. It is up to the Gods to control the atmosphere of the Sengoku Jidai and maintain a plethora of worshippers and followers throughout the time period.

List of Gods and Powers:

Amaterasu- The Sun Goddess, and the prevailer of the heavens. She is the daughter of creator deities Izanagi and Izanami.

Susanoo- The God of sea and storms, and brother of Amaterasu. He is also known as a powerful guardian kami.

12 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

Ebisu- One of the seven gods of fortune. He is also the god of fishermen, luck, and wealth across Japan. He is also the child of Izanagi and Izanami.

Raijin- The God of lightning and thunder. Paired with Fujin, the god of wind, they make powerful storms. They are also the child of Izanagi and Izanami

Inari- The God of rice, cultivation, and agriculture. He is mainly worshipped by merchants, blacksmiths, and swordsmiths.

Okuninushi- The God of medicine and disease.

Tenjin- The God of scholars, academics, and intelligence.

Hachiman- The God of war and archery. He is considered the divine protector of Japan. He is widely worshipped amongst samurai. He has sporting and physical power that he grants to his worshippers.

Ame-no-Uzume- The Goddess of dawn, mirth, meditation, revelry, and the arts. She is known for being in the story of the missing Amaterasu.

Benzaiten- The goddess of flowing objects such as water, music, words, and knowledge. She is enticing and known as carrying love, temptation, and femininity, and for having a buddhist background.

Kannon- The goddess of mercy, sickness, accident, and death. She is primarily a buddhist figure and is the goddess of compassion and kindness.

Shitenno- They are Buddhist protectors of the four directions. Their names are Jikokuten, Zochoten, Komokuten, and Tamonten. They primarily represent the number 4, including seasons, directions, elements, virtue, and colors. They have the power of buddhist followers.

Research Questions 1. What traits did Oda Nobunaga, Tokugawa Ieyasu, and other important figures have that

others didn’t, that allowed them to carry a legacy and almost conquer all of Japan during

the Sengoku Jidai?

13 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

2. What role did religion play during the Sengoku Jidai, and what influenced religion during

the time period?

3. How did different power dynamics (shogun vs. daimyo, peasantry and , samurai, etc.)

influence the course of time within Sengoku Japan?

4. What role did finance, commerce, agriculture, harvest production, and overall domestic

policy have on the Sengoku Jidai, and why was it important to have a unified Japan during

the time period?

5. What were the effects of the actions during Sengoku Jida and how did they influence Japan

in the Edo period and afterwards? (Alliances, new conflicts and upheaval, etc.)

14 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

References

1. Ancient History Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Sengoku Period Timeline. Retrieved October 19,

2020, from https://www.ancient.eu/timeline/Sengoku_Period/

2. Walk Japan. (2014, May 13). The Warring States Period. Retrieved October 19, 2020, from

https://www.nakasendoway.com/the-warring-states-period/

3. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2016, February 16). Daimyo. Retrieved October 19, 2020, from

https://www.britannica.com/topic/daimyo

4. Extra Credits (Director). (2014, November 8). Warring States Japan: Sengoku Jidai - Battle of

Okehazama - Extra History - #1 [Video file]. Retrieved October 19, 2020, from

https://youtu.be/hDsdkoln59A

5. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2018, October 26). Shogun. Retrieved October 19, 2020, from

https://www.britannica.com/topic/shogun

6. Wikipedia. (2020, September 30). Ōnin War. Retrieved October 19, 2020, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War

7. Gilbert, J. (2009, July 4). Retrieved October 19, 2020, from

https://www.samurai-archives.com/tow.html

8. Knighton, A. (2017, August 12). Japan's Onin War - A Vital Moment In The History Of

Japan.

Retrieved October 19, 2020, from https://www.warhistoryonline.com/medieval/the-onin-

war-m.html

9. Kansai Odyssey. (n.d.). The Onin War: Ancient Japan's Biggest War - Kansai Odyssey.

15 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

Retrieved October 19, 2020, from http://kansai-odyssey.com/onin-war-japans-biggest-

war/

10. Kanae. (2017, September 1). The Battle Of Okehazama June 12, 1560 Oda Nobunaga

(2,500) Vs. (25,000+) [Web log post]. Retrieved October 19, 2020,

from https://samurai-world.com/the-battle-of-okehazama-june-12-1560-oda-nobunaga-

2500-vs-imagawa-yoshimoto-25000/

11. Extra Credits (Director). (2014, November 22). Warring States Japan: Sengoku Jidai - The

Siege of Inabayama Castle - Extra History - #2 [Video file]. Retrieved October 19, 2020,

from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2yT2nitGDk

12. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020, September 14). Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Retrieved October 19,

2020, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Toyotomi-Hideyoshi

13. Extra Credits (Director). (2014, December 6). Warring States Japan: Sengoku Jidai -

Warrior

Monks of Hongan-ji and Hiei - Extra History- #3 [Video file]. Retrieved October 19,

2020, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3frtoMaxZE

14. Baker, M. (n.d.). Militant Buddhists: A look at the Ikko-Ikki. Retrieved October 26, 2020,

from https://www.samurai-archives.com/ikk.html

15. Japanese-English Bilingual Corpus of Wikipedia's Kyoto Articles. (n.d.). Ishiyama War.

Retrieved October 26, 2020, from

https://japanese-wiki-corpus.github.io/history/Ishiyama%20War.html

16. Extra Credits (Director). (2014, December 20). Warring States Japan: Sengoku Jidai - The

16 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

Death of Oda Nobunaga - Extra History - #4 [Video file]. Retrieved October 26, 2020,

from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ht6h4-MsMOY

17. Wikipedia. (2020, September 29). Battle of Nagashino. Retrieved October 26, 2020, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nagashino

18. Wikipedia. (2020, October 23). Honnō-ji Incident. Retrieved October 26, 2020, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honn%C5%8D-ji_Incident

19. Extra Credits (Director). (2015, January 17). Warring States Japan: Sengoku Jidai - How

Toyotomi Unified Japan - Extra History- #5 [Video file]. Retrieved October 26, 2020,

from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBD8OAegEw0

20. New World Encyclopedia. (2020, March 14). Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Retrieved October 27,

2020, from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi

21. Wikipedia. (2020, October 26). Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598). Retrieved October

27, 2020, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_%281592%E2%80%931598

%29

22. Extra Credits (Director). (2015, January 31). Warring States Japan: Sengoku Jidai - The

Campaign of Sekigahara - Extra History- #6 [Video file]. Retrieved October 26, 2020,

from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vscOHPFUf0

23. Walk Japan. (2014, May 13). The Story of the Battle of Sekigahara. Retrieved October 27,

2020, from https://www.nakasendoway.com/the-story-of-the-battle-of-sekigahara/

24. Wikipedia. (2020, October 25). . Retrieved October 27, 2020, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka

25. Jensen, M. B., Hurst, G. C., Notehelfer, F. G., Hijino, S., Latz, G., Masai, Y., . . . ,

17 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE ZOTMUN | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

A. (1998, July 20). Religious attitudes. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from

https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/Religious-attitudes

26. Ledford, A. (2015, January 8). CHRISTIANS IN KYUSHU: A HISTORY HOW JESUS WAS

INTRODUCED, ACCEPTED, AND OUSTED FROM JAPAN (Rep.). Retrieved October

26, 2020, from Tofugu website: https://www.tofugu.com/japan/history-of-christianity/

27. Cartwright, M. (2019, June 5). Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Rep.). Retrieved October 26, 2020, from

Ancient History Encyclopedia website: https://www.ancient.eu/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi/

28. Woods, S. (2020). Religion in Tokugawa Japan (Publication). Retrieved October 26, 2020,

from About Japan: A Teacher's Resource website:

https://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/religion-in-tokugawa-

japan#:~:text=Many%20Buddhist%20monasteries%20had%20grown,protected%20by%

20armies%20of%20monks.

18