O Período Sengoku E a Chegada Dos Jesuítas No Japão

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O Período Sengoku E a Chegada Dos Jesuítas No Japão O PERÍODO SENGOKU E A CHEGADA DOS JESUÍTAS NO JAPÃO Renata Cabral Bernabé1 Resumo: O período que precedeu à chegada dos portugueses ao Japão, denominado período Sengoku, é caracterizado basicamente por instabilidade política,guerras contínuas e fragmentação do poder. Ao descrever os acontecimentos políticos do período, assim como a missão cristã (conduzida principalmente pelos jesuítas), este artigo busca entender a relação entre essa instabilidade do período sengoku e a inicial aceitação, por parte dos japoneses,de uma religião estrangeira. Palavras-chave: Japão; jesuítas; período Sengoku; Cristianismo; missão. Abstract: The period before the Portuguese arrival in Japan, called Sengoku period,is mainly de­ scribed by its political instability,uninterrupted wars and power fragmentation. Meanwhile describing the political events of the period and the Christian mission (leaded mainly by the Jesuits), this article aims to understand the relationship between this sengoku period instability and the initial acceptance, by the Japanese, of a foreigner religion. Keywords: Japan; Jesuits; Sengoku period; Christianity; mission. 1 .Introdução Os historiadores japoneses geralmente denominam o período que vai de 1467, ano do início da guerra de Ônin,até a entrada de Oda Nobunaga em Quioto em 1568, como período Sengoku - a era das provincias em guerra. Ele correspon­ de, aproximadamente, aos últimos cem anos do Muromachi Bakufu2 (1333-1573)- 1 . Mestranda do departamento de Historia Social da FFLCH-USP. 2. Espécie de govemo militar do Japão. Estudos Japoneses, n. 30, p .133-144, 2010 133 Seu “subtítulo” não se deve ao acaso, a guerra de Onin foi uma guerra civil longa e o período que se seguiu a ela foi extremamente conturbado e cheio de conflitos e batalhas. Além disso, suas conseqüências foram de extrema importância para a história do Japão. Contudo, esse período não pode ser descrito apenas como um momento de colapso. Apesar da grande instabilidade política, foi um momento de formação de novas instituições e estruturas que iriam dar suporte a uma nova ordem, mais centralizada e poderosa que qualquer outra anterior na história do Japão, conhecida como Era Edo. 2. A guerra civil de Ônin A Guerra de Onin e Bunmei (mais conhecida apenas como Onin) foi uma longa guerra civil que ocorreu entre os anos 1467 e 1477. Foi uma guerra que envolveu quase todas as casas de shugo-daimyõjaponesas (espécie de "govema- dores” das províncias, nomeados pelo xogum3) e foi bastante destrutiva uma vez que foi lutada nas ruas da capital Quioto. O motivo inicial dessa guerra foi uma disputa entre as famílias Hosokawa e Yamana pela escolha do herdeiro do xogum Ashikaga Yoshimasa. Este, segundo filho do assassinado Yoshinori,foi nomeado xogum em 1443, quando tinha apenas oito anos de idade. Como ainda era menor foi colocado sob a guarda do espécie de regente do xogum - Hosokawa Katsumoto. Yoshimasa foi declarado maior em 1449, com apenas quatorze anos. No entanto, o bakufu,nesse momento, ainda não tinha se recuperado do choque causado pelo assassinato do antigo xogum (seu pai) em 1441. Além disso, o país não estava em uma boa situação econômica e Yoshimasa pouco (ou nada) fez para reverter o quadro e continuou ostentando muito luxo. Em 1464 ele ainda não possuía herdeiros e acabou por convencer seu irmão mais novo, Ashikaga Yoshimi,a abandonar sua vida de monge para ser nomeado seu herdeiro. Contudo, em 1465 nasce o primeiro filho de Yoshimasa, Yoshihisa, o que causou desavenças entre os irmãos. Yamana Sôzen aproveitou-se da opor­ tunidade para se opor à família Hosokawa e passou a defender Yoshihisa como herdeiro do xogum. A guerra é deflagrada em 1467 e estoura justamente na capital Heian-kyô (atual Quioto). A disputa acerca da sucessão tomou-se um pretexto para uma busca pela supremacia militar e diversas casas de entraram no conflito. No fím, contudo, não houve vitoriosos. Os exércitos simplesmente cessaram suas 3. Comandante militar do Japão. No presente artigo utilizarei a grafia aportuguesada do termo e não sua transliteração para o alfabeto romano {shogun). t 134 BERNABE, Renata Cabral.O Período Sengoku e a Chegada dos Jesuítas no Japão campanhas pela exaustão. Ao fím da guerra a maioria dos shugo-daimyyô já havia deixado a capital e retomado para as suas províncias para consolidar ali suas for­ ças. A capital já não era mais uma fonte de poder para eles. Iniciam-se, então, as diversas conseqüências imediatas dessa guerra. O poder se fragmentou e o bakufu perdeu bastante seu poder de govemo. 3. Pós Ônin Quando os shugo-daimyõ retomaram às suas províncias viram que seus vassalos que lá residiam mostravam sinais de insubordinação. Sob tais circuns­ tâncias nem todos sobreviveriam. Esse foi o maior impulso para o surgimento dos chamados sengokn-daimyõ que se contrapunha ao shugo-daimyõ, pois sua autori­ dade e legitimidade não provinham do bakufu (não eram nomeados pelo xogum), mas da sua habilidade em exercer o poder e manter o controle sobre os outros kokujin (senhores de terras menores, sem o status de daimyõ) e comunidades de camponeses. No entanto, em alguns casos, para se legitimar,eles se declaravam sucessores dos antigos shugo-daimyõ ou outros oficiais provinciais. A ordem central,a partir de então, passou a ser desafiada por grupos e co­ munidades que queriam autonomia para lidar com questões locais. A prova disso foi a formação das ligas Ikki. Nelas, os kokujin provenientes de famílias locais de samurais (Jbuke)uniam-se e tomavam-se proprietários únicos das suas terras, conseguindo proteger-se das autoridades centrais. Essa maior inclinação à autoridade local foi evidente também nos níveis mais baixos da sociedade. Um dos aspectos que evidenciam isso foi a crescente liberdade outorgada pelas vilas agricultoras para se organizar de acordo com a vontade da comunidade. As autoridades tiveram de fazer diversas concessões a essas vilas que se utilizavam de organizações com vizinhas em demonstrações de massa para conseguir o que queriam. Foi nesse contexto que os incipientes reconheceram a ne­ cessidade de se adaptar às demandas dos camponeses e se declararam protetores de todas as classes dentro de seus domínios Contudo, embora essas mudanças estivessem ocorrendo nas províncias, seu verdadeiro impacto não alcançou a capital antes da metade do século XVI. A capital e as terras agriculturáveis que a cercavam,formavam uma região central que manteve sua própria configuração nesse período. Além disso, o bakufumesmo estando em declínio e tendo perdido muito de sua governabilidade,ainda tinha um papel a desempenhar e permaneceu com sua legitimidade reconhecida para governar. Apesar de alguns xoguns não terem poder pessoal algum, a família Hosokawa,que havia monopolizado o posto de kanrei, manteve certa estabilidade na região da capital. Estudos Japoneses, n. 30, p. 133-144, 2010 135 4. A chegada dos jesuítas e a missão cristã Foi nesse contexto que os primeiros jesuítas chegaram ao Japão. Eles chegaram cerca de oito anos depois de três portugueses terem ido parar acidental­ mente na ilha de Tanegashima,graças a um tufão que conduziu para lá a pequena embarcação na qual se encontravam. Era a primeira vez que europeus pisavam em solo japonês e pouco tempo depois (dois ou três anos) Portugal estabeleceu um lucrativo comércio com alguns dos daimjaponeses, proprietários dos portos freqüentados por eles. Os primeiros jesuítas (pode-se dizer também os primeiros missionários cristãos) no Japão foram os padres Cosme de Torres e Francisco Xavier, acompa­ nhados do irmão João Fernandez e de um pequeno grupo de japoneses conversos. Estes haviam se refugiado num navio português alguns anos antes e,levados a Goa conheceram Xavier que os evangelizou. Quando estes missionários pisaram em solo japonês pouco sabiam da situ­ ação política vivida naquele momento no país. Assim que chegaram procuraram logo de início falar com o imperador para que este os autorizasse e auxiliasse na pregação. Não faziam idéia de que há séculos o imperador carregava apenas um poder simbólico e religioso, mas não político. Além disso, a chance de estrangeiros como eles ficarem face a face com uma figura tão sagrada,como era considerado o imperador,era praticamente nula. Xavier descobriu isso após viajar para a capital Quioto em busca de uma audiência com o imperador e não conseguir sucesso. Ele já começara a entender um pouco da situação política assim que chegou. Isso porque o de Sat- suma (região na qual ele aportara em 1549) os expulsou pouco tempo depois de ter-lhes dado autorização para a pregação, descontente com a ausência de barcos de mercadores portugueses nos seus domínios. Os missionários partiram então para Hirado onde são bem recebidos, graças a um navio português que ali aportara recentemente (JANEIRA, 1970). Dessa maneira os missionários foram percebendo na prática como as ques­ tões funcionavam no arquipélago. A negociação com os daimyõ das terras em que eles pregavam era constante e logo ficou clara a desestruturação do poder central. Mesmo assim eles perceberam que este ainda tinha uma função a cumprir. Os je­ suítas acabaram, portanto, por entrar numa complicada trama de poderes a fim de receber aval e proteção das principais autoridades para que pudessem prosseguir a evangelização no país. O desafio dos jesuítas, contudo, não se restringia a sua inicial ignorância da situação política japonesa de então. O fato de não conhecerem a língua, os costumes e as religiões praticadas, constituiu a maior barreira a ser transposta. Logo de início, o tradutor do pequeno grupo de jesuítas foi Yajirô (também se encontra a grafia Anjirô),um dos japoneses que se convertera em Goa. Contudo, 136 BERNABÉ,Renata Cabral.O Período Sengoku e a Chegada dos Jesuítas no Japão ele teve grandes dificuldades na tradução (talvez até mesmo de compreensão) de diversos termos cristãos. Além disso, ele informou mal os missionários acerca do Budismo praticado no Japão e chegou a equalizar o Deus cristão com Dainichi, uma força maior do Budismo Shingon (HALL, 1990).
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