DOCSLIB.ORG

The Durability of the Bakuhan Taisei Is Stunning

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Durability of the Bakuhan Taisei Is Stunning Tokugawa Yoshimune versus Tokugawa Muneharu: Rival Visions of Benevolent Rule by Tim Ervin Cooper III A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Mary Elizabeth Berry, Chair Professor Irwin Scheiner Professor Susan Matisoff Fall 2010 Abstract Tokugawa Yoshimune versus Tokugawa Muneharu: Rival Visions of Benevolent Rule by Tim Ervin Cooper III Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Mary Elizabeth Berry, Chair This dissertation examines the political rivalry between the eighth Tokugawa shogun, Yoshimune (1684‐1751, r. 1716‐45), and his cousin, the daimyo lord of Owari domain, Tokugawa Muneharu (1696‐1764, r. 1730‐39). For nearly a decade, Muneharu ruled Owari domain in a manner that directly contravened the policies and edicts of his cousin, the shogun. Muneharu ignored admonishments of his behavior, and he openly criticized the shogun’s Kyōhō era (1716‐36) reforms for the hardship that they brought people throughout Japan. Muneharu’s flamboyance and visibility transgressed traditional status boundaries between rulers and their subjects, and his lenient economic and social policies allowed commoners to enjoy the pleasures and profits of Nagoya entertainment districts that were expanding in response to the Owari lord’s personal fondness for the floating world. Ultimately, Muneharu’s fiscal extravagance and moral lenience—benevolent rule (jinsei), as he defined it—bankrupted domain coffers and led to his removal from office by Yoshimune. Although Muneharu’s challenge to Yoshimune’s political authority ended in failure, it nevertheless reveals the important role that competing notions of benevolence (jin) were coming to play in the rhetoric of Tokugawa rulership. Yoshimune’s response to Muneharu demonstrates the capacity of the Tokugawa political system (bakuhan taisei) to change in subtle yet significant ways. This flexibility provided the bakuhan taisei with the durability needed to survive for nearly three centuries. Through an original analysis of primary texts such as Ōmu rōchū ki, Yume no ato, Kyōgen emaki, and Muneharu’s Onchi seiyō, this dissertation demonstrates that competing concepts of benevolence were becoming increasingly important to the rhetoric of rulership in Tokugawa Japan. Muneharu demonstrated his benevolence through lenient economic and social policies that fostered the wealth and well‐being of his subjects. He criticized the shogun for lacking such benevolence and thus lacking legitimacy as a ruler. This dissertation contends that Muneharu’s formula of political legitimacy represented a genuine threat to the shogun and the premises of the bakuhan taisei. While Yoshimune safeguarded the stability of the shogunate by rejecting Muneharu’s specific formula of benevolent rule, the concept was nevertheless becoming a central part of eighteenth‐century Tokugawa political rhetoric. By defining rulers in terms of 1 their posture toward their subjects, the concept of benevolence stretched, and ultimately transformed, the Tokugawa political system. The durability of the Tokugawa political system is impressive. Historians often attribute its terrific lifespan (1603‐1868) to the inertia they see in eighteenth‐century politics. Yet this dissertation’s closer examination of the rivalries between Yoshimune and Muneharu, between premodern and early modern notions of rulership, and between birthright and benevolence reveals that Tokugawa politics were, in fact, undergoing important changes in the first half of the eighteenth century. The ability of the bakuhan taisei to adapt to the demands of changing social, economic, and political realities was born of its non‐constitutional structure, which maintained the viability of the shogunate and the broader bakuhan taisei for nearly three centuries. This dissertation argues that Yoshimune’s resolution of those rivalries helped the shogunate survive the challenges of early modernity into the nineteenth century. Yet resolution did not bring rigidity or stasis—the political system retained its plasticity. Indeed, without the flexibility to meet the challenges and changes of early modern society, the bakuhan taisei would have been “dead” in the middle of the Tokugawa period. 2 For my Mother, who asked that I finish school And my Father, who made it possible i Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................iii Chapter 1 Ambiguous by Design: The Viability and Vulnerability of the Bakuhan Taisei....... 1 Chapter 2 Crisis and Continuity in the Shogunal Succession of Tokugawa Yoshimune.......... 7 The Masking of a Crisis ....................................................................................................... 9 The Making of a Shogun ................................................................................................... 12 The View from Below........................................................................................................ 17 Yūtokuin‐dono: A Virtuous (and Meritorious) Lord.......................................................... 21 Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 3 The Origins of Muneharu’s Discontent................................................................. 33 The Non‐constitutional Tokugawa Polity.......................................................................... 37 The Gosanke...................................................................................................................... 38 The Origins of Economic Growth and Decline.................................................................. 39 Yoshimune’s Painful Kyōhō Era Reforms.......................................................................... 41 Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 55 Chapter 4 Onchi seiyō: Essential Wisdom for Benevolent Governance................................. 58 Speaking of Benevolence.................................................................................................. 58 The Mean Ruler................................................................................................................. 64 The Benevolent Ruler........................................................................................................ 75 The Ruler and His Subjects................................................................................................ 77 The Text............................................................................................................................. 79 Censorship......................................................................................................................... 81 Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 5 Traces of a Dream: The Inconsistencies of Muneharu’s Benevolent Rule ........... 88 Inducement....................................................................................................................... 89 The Accusations ................................................................................................................ 91 The Rebuttal...................................................................................................................... 94 The Cultural Flourishing of Nagoya................................................................................. 100 Legal Reasoning and Retrenchment ............................................................................... 106 The Coup ......................................................................................................................... 111 Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 115 Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 118 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 130 Appendix A Onchi seiyō: Essential Wisdom for Benevolent Governance .................................. 143 Appendix B 温知政要 ................................................................................................................. 152 Appendix C Genealogies of the Tokugawa Sōke and Gosanke................................................... 159 Appendix D Genealogies of the Tokugawa Sōke and Gosankyō................................................. 160 ii Acknowledgements The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without the financial assistance of several institutions and the unwavering support of my many teachers, friends, and family members. I would like to take this opportunity to thank them for their many years of generosity and encouragement. Without a doubt, my greatest academic debt is to my advisor and mentor, Professor Mary Elizabeth Berry. Her patience and rigor are marks of a true teacher, and are
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Iki,” the Edo Aesthetic, Seen in Bijin-Ga Prints from the Tenmei To
    English Edition19 Oct.23 Fri. 2020 No.19 From the Permanent Exhibition Area From the Aesthetics of Edo Corner “Iki,” the Edo Aesthetic, Seen in Bijin-ga Prints from the Tenmei to Kansei (1781-1800) looking at her colleague who is still applying rouge to her lips. When their preparations are complete, the geisha will stroll to the dinner party at which they are to perform. eir kimono are the then-popular style with designs conned to their skirts. ey walk with bare feet in wooden clogs to aunt these iki patterns. Torii Kiyonaga depicts their Edo-ideal slender, supple bodies in a manner now labeled “Edo Venus.” is ukiyo-e captures the pride and resilience of the geisha getting ready to perform. Knowing the Sweets and bitters of Love Resting her chin on her hand, she stares into the distance, her eyes half closed. Reflective Love, from the series Anthology of Poems: e Love Section, is an okubi-e portrait. e expression on the face and gesture with the hand capture this beauty’s emotions in a manner that makes this portrait of a beauty one of Kitagawa Utamaro’s masterpieces. e clean, unadorned lines elegantly and eortlessly depict the feelings expressed in her face. Her shaved eyebrows tell us that she is a married woman, and her hair done up in a torobin shinoji mage chignon indicates that she is the wife of a commoner. She is wearing a kosode kimono with a small, komon, decorative pattern. e background color is a faintly reddish grey. Her under kimono has a yellow and black check pattern that, combined with the purple tie-dyed undergarment, enlivens the color of the hand Permanent Exhibition and face.
    [Show full text]
  • After Kiyozawa: a Study of Shin Buddhist Modernization, 1890-1956
    After Kiyozawa: A Study of Shin Buddhist Modernization, 1890-1956 by Jeff Schroeder Department of Religious Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Richard Jaffe, Supervisor ___________________________ James Dobbins ___________________________ Hwansoo Kim ___________________________ Simon Partner ___________________________ Leela Prasad Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Religious Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 ABSTRACT After Kiyozawa: A Study of Shin Buddhist Modernization, 1890-1956 by Jeff Schroeder Department of Religious Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Richard Jaffe, Supervisor ___________________________ James Dobbins ___________________________ Hwansoo Kim ___________________________ Simon Partner ___________________________ Leela Prasad An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Religious Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 Copyright by Jeff Schroeder 2015 Abstract This dissertation examines the modern transformation of orthodoxy within the Ōtani denomination of Japanese Shin Buddhism. This history was set in motion by scholar-priest Kiyozawa Manshi (1863-1903), whose calls for free inquiry, introspection, and attainment of awakening in the present life represented major challenges to the
    [Show full text]
  • Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’S Daughters – Part 2
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations School of Arts and Sciences October 2012 Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 2 Cecilia S. Seigle Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Seigle, Cecilia S. Ph.D., "Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 2" (2012). Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations. 8. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/8 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/8 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 2 Abstract This section discusses the complex psychological and philosophical reason for Shogun Yoshimune’s contrasting handlings of his two adopted daughters’ and his favorite son’s weddings. In my thinking, Yoshimune lived up to his philosophical principles by the illogical, puzzling treatment of the three weddings. We can witness the manifestation of his modest and frugal personality inherited from his ancestor Ieyasu, cohabiting with his strong but unconventional sense of obligation and respect for his benefactor Tsunayoshi. Disciplines Family, Life Course, and Society | Inequality and Stratification | Social and Cultural Anthropology This is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/8 Weddings of Shogun’s Daughters #2- Seigle 1 11Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 2 e.
    [Show full text]
  • Pull-Out Map of Kanazawa Kanazawa’S Museums / Art Venues Contd
    Pull-Out Map Of Kanazawa Kanazawa’s Museums / Art Venues contd... D5 HONDA MUSEUM -(Honda Zouhinkan). (all bus routes referenced from JR Kanazawa Station unless noted) Displays the Honda family collection. The first Lord Honda was secretary to the ruling Maeda clan and his family heirlooms include some truly fascinating stuff ranging from instruments of war to candy boxes and sake cups. Fee: 500-yen Open: 9:00-16:30 TEL: (076) 261-0500 / 3-1 Dewa- machi. Bus: (Get off at Kencho-mae) Bus #: 10-11-12-15-25-33-50-53-70-71-73-75-80-84-85-90. Places Of Interest In Kanazawa D5 NAKAMURA MEMORIAL MUSEUM -(Nakamura Kinen Bijutsukan) Smaller museum whose highlight is an intricate display of tea ceremony tools and utensils. Ticket includes tea and sweets in the tearoom. Fee: 300-yen Open: 9:00-16:30 (closed Thurs.) TEL: (076) 221-0751 / 3-2-29 Honda-machi. Map Ref. Bus: (Get off at Honda-machi). Bus #: 18-19-91 D6 KENROKU-EN GARDEN One of Japan’s Three Sublime Gardens dating back to the 17th Century. The best times to visit: before 11 AM and after 3 PM – avoid the throng. Enjoy the serene ponds and old-world teahouses. Don’t miss the sprawling Seison Kaku Villa within the castle grounds, (a separate th -- KANAZAWA CITIZEN’S ART CENTRE – (Geijutsu Mura) Not on map but an excellent facility for modern and classical art work exhibitions, regular fee must be paid). This is an opulent, original home beautifully built in1863 by the 13 Lord Maeda for his mother.The soothing tsukushi garden here live drama and music performances.
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-Japanese Interactions Through Rare Books
    Timelines and Maps Sino-Japanese Interactions Through Rare Books English Version © Keio University Timelines and Maps East Asian History at a Glance Books are part of the flow of history. But it is not only about Japanese history. Many books travel over the sea time to time for several reasons and a lot of knowledge and information comes and go with books. In this course, you’ll see books published in Japan as well as ones come from China and Korea. Let’s take a look at the history in East Asia. You do not have to remember the names of the historical period but please refer to this page for reference. Japanese History Overview This is a list of the main periods in Japanese history. This may be a useful reference as we proceed in the course. Period Name of Era Name of Era - mid-3rd c. CE Yayoi 弥生 mid-3rd c. CE - 7th c. CE Kofun (Tomb period) 古墳 592 - 710 Asuka 飛鳥 710-794 Nara 奈良 794 - 1185 Heian 平安 1185 - 1333 Kamakura 鎌倉 Nanboku-chō 1333 - 1392 (Southern and Northern Courts period) 南北朝 1392 - 1573 Muromachi 室町 1573 - 1603 Azuchi-Momoyama 安土桃山 1603 - 1868 Edo 江戸 1868 - 1912 Meiji 明治 Era names (Nengō) in Edo Period There were several era names (nengo, or gengo) in Edo period (1603 ~ 1868) and they are sometimes used in the description of the old books and materials, especially Week 2 and Week 4. Here is the list of the era names in Edo period for your convenience; 1 SINO-JAPANESE INTERACTIONS THROUGH RARE BOOKS KEIO UNIVERSITY © Keio University Timelines and Maps Start Era name English Start Era name English 1596 慶長 Keichō 1744 延享 Enkyō
    [Show full text]
  • Treasures of Jodo Shinshu and the Hongwanji II —The Preservation of Beauty and Teachings—
    Special Exhibition Treasures of Jodo Shinshu and the Hongwanji II —The Preservation of Beauty and Teachings— March 4th to June 11th, 2017 at Ryukoku Museum List of Works Notes • The list numbers corespond to the exhibition labels. • Not all the works of this list will be exhibited at the same time because of the exhibition rotations. Chapter 1 Past Chief Priests of Hongwanji No. Title Artist or Author Materials Date Location and Owner [National Treasure] Inscription and Endorsed Muromachi period, 1 Colors on silk Hongwanji, Kyoto Portrait of Shinran (Anjō no Go'ei ) by Rennyo (1415-99) Bunmei 11 (1479) Momoyama period, 2 Portraits of Shinran (Hana no Go'ei ) Colors on silk Hongyō-ji, Shiga 16th-17th century Endorsed by Muromachi period, 3 Portraits of Shinran Colors on silk Konjōbō, Toyama Jitsunyo (1458-1525) Meiō 6 (1497) Endorsed by Muromachi period, 4 Portraits of Shinran Colors on silk Hōon-ji, Toyama Shōnyo (1516-54) 16th century Wood with Kamakura-Nambokuchō 5 Seated Image of Shinran pigments, Hongaku-ji, Fukui period, 14th century crystal Eyes Wood with toned Nambokuchō-Muromachi 6 Seated Image of Shinran repairs, Konkaikōmyō-ji, Kyoto period, 14th-15th century crystal Eyes Illustrated Biography of Shinran Nambokuchō period, 7 Colors on paper Kōraku-ji, Nagano (Hongwanji shōnin Shinran denne ) 14th century [Important Cultural Property] Inscription by Nambokuchō period, Jōsembō in Temma, 8 Illustrated Biography of Shinran Colors on paper Zonkaku (1290-1373) 14th century Osaka (Hongwanji shōnin Shinran denne ) by Tokuriki Zensetsu,
    [Show full text]
  • Guts and Tears Kinpira Jōruri and Its Textual Transformations
    Guts and Tears Kinpira Jōruri and Its Textual Transformations Janice Shizue Kanemitsu In seventeenth-century Japan, dramatic narratives were being performed under drastically new circumstances. Instead of itinerant performers giving performances at religious venues in accordance with a ritual calendar, professionals staged plays at commercial, secular, and physically fixed venues. Theaters contracted artists to perform monthly programs (that might run shorter or longer than a month, depending on a given program’s popularity and other factors) and operated on revenues earned by charging theatergoers admission fees. A theater’s survival thus hinged on staging hit plays that would draw audiences. And if a particular cast of characters was found to please crowds, producing plays that placed the same characters in a variety of situations was one means of ensuring a full house. Kinpira jōruri 金平浄瑠璃 enjoyed tremendous though short-lived popularity as a form of puppet theater during the mid-1600s. Though its storylines lack the nuanced sophistication of later theatrical narra- tives, Kinpira jōruri offers a vivid illustration of how theater interacted with publishing in Japan during the early Tokugawa 徳川 period. This essay begins with an overview of Kinpira jōruri’s historical background, and then discusses the textualization of puppet theater plays. Although Kinpira jōruri plays were first composed as highly masculinized period pieces revolving around political scandals, they gradually transformed to incorporate more sentimentalism and female protagonists. The final part of this chapter will therefore consider the fundamental characteristics of Kinpira jōruri as a whole, and explore the ways in which the circulation of Kinpira jōruri plays—as printed texts— encouraged a transregional hybridization of this theatrical genre.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogunâ•Žs
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations School of Arts and Sciences October 2012 Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1 Cecilia S. Seigle Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Economics Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Seigle, Cecilia S. Ph.D., "Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1" (2012). Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations. 7. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/7 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/7 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1 Abstract In this study I shall discuss the marriage politics of Japan's early ruling families (mainly from the 6th to the 12th centuries) and the adaptation of these practices to new circumstances by the leaders of the following centuries. Marriage politics culminated with the founder of the Edo bakufu, the first shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616). To show how practices continued to change, I shall discuss the weddings given by the fifth shogun sunaT yoshi (1646-1709) and the eighth shogun Yoshimune (1684-1751). The marriages of Tsunayoshi's natural and adopted daughters reveal his motivations for the adoptions and for his choice of the daughters’ husbands. The marriages of Yoshimune's adopted daughters show how his atypical philosophy of rulership resulted in a break with the earlier Tokugawa marriage politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Pleasure and Worship in Sankei Mandara Talia J
    Mapping Sacred Spaces: Representations of Pleasure and Worship in Sankei mandara Talia J. Andrei Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2016 © 2016 Talia J.Andrei All rights reserved Abstract Mapping Sacred Spaces: Representations of Pleasure and Worship in Sankei Mandara Talia J. Andrei This dissertation examines the historical and artistic circumstances behind the emergence in late medieval Japan of a short-lived genre of painting referred to as sankei mandara (pilgrimage mandalas). The paintings are large-scale topographical depictions of sacred sites and served as promotional material for temples and shrines in need of financial support to encourage pilgrimage, offering travelers worldly and spiritual benefits while inspiring them to donate liberally. Itinerant monks and nuns used the mandara in recitation performances (etoki) to lead audiences on virtual pilgrimages, decoding the pictorial clues and touting the benefits of the site shown. Addressing themselves to the newly risen commoner class following the collapse of the aristocratic order, sankei mandara depict commoners in the role of patron and pilgrim, the first instance of them being portrayed this way, alongside warriors and aristocrats as they make their way to the sites, enjoying the local delights, and worship on the sacred grounds. Together with the novel subject material, a new artistic language was created— schematic, colorful and bold. We begin by locating sankei mandara’s artistic roots and influences and then proceed to investigate the individual mandara devoted to three sacred sites: Mt. Fuji, Kiyomizudera and Ise Shrine (a sacred mountain, temple and shrine, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Shaping Tokyo: Land Development and Planning Practice in the Early Modern Japanese Metropolis Carola Hein Bryn Mawr College, [email protected]
    Bryn Mawr College Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College Growth and Structure of Cities Faculty Research Growth and Structure of Cities and Scholarship 2010 Shaping Tokyo: Land Development and Planning Practice in the Early Modern Japanese Metropolis Carola Hein Bryn Mawr College, [email protected] Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/cities_pubs Part of the Architecture Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Custom Citation Hein, Carola. "Shaping Tokyo: Land Development and Planning Practice in the Early Modern Japanese Metropolis." Journal of Urban History 36, no. 4 (2010): 447-484. This paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/cities_pubs/20 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Shaping Tokyo: Land Development and Planning Practice in the Early Modern Japanese Metropolis Carola Hein Manuscript submitted to the Journal of Urban History in August 2007, revised and resubmitted March 2008. When German architect Bruno Taut drove in 1936 along the major road linking Tokyo and Yokohama, he criticized the inadequacy and superficiality of the modernizing Japanese built landscape. He later wrote about his revulsion: "I in particular had heard so much about Tokyo that I had no desire to see the city on the spot. […] In passing through the Inland Sea we had absorbed scenery of such rare beauty, had found so little of vulgar trash 1 in such buildings as could be glimpsed, that we could hardly take in the crabbed pretentiousness, the ludicrous would-be modernity of the tin façades that confronted us, could not fathom the loud hideousness of this confusion of architectural styles.
    [Show full text]
  • Iai – Naginata
    Editor: Well House, 13 Keere Street, Lewes, East Sussex, England No. 301 Summer 2012 Takami Taizō - A Remarkable Teacher (Part Three) by Roald Knutsen In the last Journal I described something of Takami-sensei’s ‘holiday’ with the old Shintō- ryū Kendō Dōjō down at Charmouth in West Dorset. The first week to ten days of that early June, in perfect weather, we all trained hard in the garden of our house and on both the beach and grassy slopes a few minutes away. The main photo above shows myself, in jōdan-no-kamae against Mick Greenslade, one of our early members, on the cliffs just east of the River Char. The time was 07.30. It is always interesting to train in the open on grass, especially if the ground slopes away! Lower down, we have a pic taken when the tide was out on Lyme Bay. Hakama had to be worn high or they became splashed and sodden very quickly. It is a pity that we haven’t more photos taken of these early practices. The following year, about the same date, four of us were again at Charmouth for a few days and I recall that we had just finished keiko on the sands at 06.30 when an older man, walking his dog, came along – and we were half Copyright © 2012 Eikoku Kendo Renmei Journal of the Eikoku Kendō Renmei No. 301 Summer 2012 a mile west towards the Black Ven (for those who know Charmouth and Lyme) – He paused to look at us then politely asked if we had been there the previous year? We answered in the affirmative, to which he raised his hat, saying: ‘One Sunday morning? I remember you well.
    [Show full text]
  • Kanazawa, a Historic Japanese City
    Kanazawa, a Historic Japanese City - City of Traditional Culture and Modern Art - Illuminated night view of Kenrokuen Garden in winter Ishikawa Gate in Kanazawa Castle Park Kanazawa Station East Square ޣFor Informationޤ Tourism Promotion Section, Industries Bureau, Kanazawa City 1-1-1 Hirosaka, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8577, Japan Tel: +81-76-220-2194 Fax: +81-76-260-7191 http://www.kanazawa-tourism.com E-mail: [email protected] ޣAccess to Kanazawaޤ From Tokyo (By air, JR train or bus) Narita ANA: 1h 15min. Airport (2 flights/day) (Narita) Airport Bus (Express): 40 min, 1,100 yen Komatsu Airport Bus (Stop at Katamachi, JAL: 65min. Airport Haneda Korinbo, Musashigatsuji): (6 flights/day) Kanazawa Airport 60 min, 1,100 yen ANA: 65min. Station (Tokyo) (5 flights/day) JR Joetsu Shinkansen, Echigo Tokyo JR Express, Hakutaka: Toki or Tanigawa: 1h Yuzawa Station 2 h 40 min. (12 trains/day) 15min. (23 trains/day) Station From Osaka (By JR train) Kansai JR Express, Haruka: Shin-Osaka JR Express, Thunderbird: Airport 50 min. (30 trains/day) Station 2h 30 min. (24 trains/day) Kanazawa Station Osaka JR Express, Thunderbird: 2h 40 min. (24 trains/day) Station From Nagoya (By Meitetsu and JR trains) Chubu Meitetsu train: Nagoya JR Express, Shirasagi: Kanazawa Airport 30 min. (30 trains/day) Station 3hrs (8 trains/day) Station From Takayama/Shirakawa-go Village (By bus) Express bus: 50 min. (3 Express bus: 1h 15 min. Kanazawa buses/day), 2,400 yen (3 buses/day), 1,800 yen Station Reservation required. (3,300 yen from Takayama) Takayama Shirakawa- Station go Village Express bus: 50 min.
    [Show full text]