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September 2001 Interesting Times CONTENTS He Airline Industry Is Living in Interesting Times, As the Old Tchinese Curse Has It
Aviation Strategy Issue No: 47 September 2001 Interesting times CONTENTS he airline industry is living in interesting times, as the old TChinese curse has it. Analysis There are more and more signs of weakening economies, but the official indicators are not pointing to a recession, ie an absolute down-turn in activity The OECD's mid-year Economic Outlook Industry outlook 1 highlights the slow-down in the US economy from real GDP growth of 5.0% in 2000 to 1.9% this year, though a recovery to 3.1% is Sabena, forced to face expected for 2002. The EU is just slightly down this year - GDP reality 2-3 growth of 2.6% against 3.1% in 2000 - and next year is put at 2.7%. Japan, however, continues to plod along its L-shaped recession - 1.3% in 2000, 1.2% in 2001, 0.7% in 2002. Oneworld and SkyTeam: The airlines that are suffering disproportionately are those that Justifying immunity 4-6 followed strategies of tight capacity curtailment yield enhancement and focus on business travel. The US Majors' second quarter Briefing results were unprecedently bad - an operating loss of $0.8bn against a $2.8bn profit a year ago. BA, according to a widely Embraer: new challenges for reported analysis from Merrill Lynch, will be turning to losses for Brazil’s success story 7-10 2001/02. The reason that the airline downturn is worse than that implied KLM: Still searching for by the economic number probably has a lot to do with the collapse a sustainable role 8-14 of the new technology sector. -
The First Americans the 1941 US Codebreaking Mission to Bletchley Park
United States Cryptologic History The First Americans The 1941 US Codebreaking Mission to Bletchley Park Special series | Volume 12 | 2016 Center for Cryptologic History David J. Sherman is Associate Director for Policy and Records at the National Security Agency. A graduate of Duke University, he holds a doctorate in Slavic Studies from Cornell University, where he taught for three years. He also is a graduate of the CAPSTONE General/Flag Officer Course at the National Defense University, the Intelligence Community Senior Leadership Program, and the Alexander S. Pushkin Institute of the Russian Language in Moscow. He has served as Associate Dean for Academic Programs at the National War College and while there taught courses on strategy, inter- national relations, and intelligence. Among his other government assignments include ones as NSA’s representative to the Office of the Secretary of Defense, as Director for Intelligence Programs at the National Security Council, and on the staff of the National Economic Council. This publication presents a historical perspective for informational and educational purposes, is the result of independent research, and does not necessarily reflect a position of NSA/CSS or any other US government entity. This publication is distributed free by the National Security Agency. If you would like additional copies, please email [email protected] or write to: Center for Cryptologic History National Security Agency 9800 Savage Road, Suite 6886 Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755 Cover: (Top) Navy Department building, with Washington Monument in center distance, 1918 or 1919; (bottom) Bletchley Park mansion, headquarters of UK codebreaking, 1939 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY The First Americans The 1941 US Codebreaking Mission to Bletchley Park David Sherman National Security Agency Center for Cryptologic History 2016 Second Printing Contents Foreword ................................................................................ -
Historia De La Aviación Comercial Desde 1909 Hasta Nuestros Días
FACULTAT DE FILOSOFIA I LETRES, DEPARTAMENT DE CIÈNCIES HISTÒRIQUES I TEORIA DE LES ARTS HISTORIA DE LA AVIACIÓN COMERCIAL DESDE 1909 HASTA NUESTROS DÍAS TESIS DOCTORAL PRESENTADA POR EL DR. MARTÍN BINTANED ARA DIRIGIDA POR EL DR. SEBASTIÁ SERRA BUSQUETS CATEDRÀTIC D'HISTÒRIA CONTEMPORÀNIA PARA OPTAR AL TÍTULO DE DOCTOR EN HISTORIA CURSO ACADÉMICO 2013/2014 Martín Bintaned Ara 2 Historia de la aviación comercial Resumen Esta tesis doctoral investiga acerca de la aportación de la aviación comercial a la historia contemporánea, en particular por su impacto en las relaciones exteriores de los países, su papel facilitador en la actividad económica internacional y por su contribución al desarrollo del turismo de masas. La base de trabajo ha sido el análisis de la prensa especializada, a partir de la cual se han identificado los casos innovadores. Gracias al análisis de su origen (tecnológico, geo- político, aero-político, corporativo, de producto y en la infraestructura) y a su contextualización, hemos podido trazar la historia de la aviación comercial desde su origen en 1919 hasta nuestros días. Palabras clave: Historia contemporánea, Aviación comercial, Política aérea, Relaciones internacionales, Turismo, Innovación, Aerolíneas, Aeropuertos Abstract This doctoral thesis analyses the contribution of commercial aviation to the contemporary history, particularly in the field of external relations, international economy and mass tourism. We have identified all innovations with a structural impact on the industry through specialised press, considering the changes on technology, geopolitics, aeropolitics, business models, product and services, and infrastructure. This methodology has allowed us to write the history of the commercial aviation since its origin in 1919. -
Analysis of Global Airline Alliances As a Strategy for International Network Development by Antonio Tugores-García
Analysis of Global Airline Alliances as a Strategy for International Network Development by Antonio Tugores-García M.S., Civil Engineering, Enginyer de Camins, Canals i Ports Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2008 Submitted to the MIT Engineering Systems Division and the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degrees of Master of Science in Technology and Policy and Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2012 © 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved Signature of Author__________________________________________________________________________________ Antonio Tugores-García Department of Engineering Systems Division Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics May 14, 2012 Certified by___________________________________________________________________________________________ Peter P. Belobaba Principal Research Scientist, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Thesis Supervisor Accepted by__________________________________________________________________________________________ Joel P. Clark Professor of Material Systems and Engineering Systems Acting Director, Technology and Policy Program Accepted by___________________________________________________________________________________________ Eytan H. Modiano Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Chair, Graduate Program Committee 1 2 Analysis of Global Airline Alliances as a Strategy for International Network Development by Antonio Tugores-García -
Bibliography
Bibliography AIR FRANCE Carlier, c., ed. 'La construction aeronautique, Ie transport aenen, a I'aube du XXIeme siecle'. Centre d'Histoire de l'Industrie Aeronautique et Spatiale, Uni versity of Paris I, 1989. Chadeau, E., ed. 'Histoire de I'aviation civile'. Vincennes, Comite Latecoere and Service Historique de l'Annee de l'Air, 1994. Chadeau, E., ed. 'Airbus, un succes industriel europeen'. Paris, Institut d'Histoire de l'Industrie, 1995. Chadeau, E. 'Le reve et la puissance, I'avion et son siecle'. Paris, Fayard, 1996. Dacharry, M. 'Geographie du transport aerien'. Paris, LITEC, 1981. Esperou, R. 'Histoire d'Air France'. La Guerche, Editions Ouest France, 1986. Funel, P., ed. 'Le transport aerien fran~ais'. Paris, Documentation fran~aise, 1982. Guarino, J-G. 'La politique economique des entreprises de transport aerien, Ie cas Air France, environnement et choix'. Doctoral thesis, Nice University, 1977. Hamelin, P., ed. 'Transports 1993, professions en devenir, enjeux et dereglementation'. Paris, Ecole nationale des Ponts et Chaussees, 1992. Le Due, M., ed. 'Services publics de reseau et Europe'. Paris, Documentation fran ~ise, 1995. Maoui, G., Neiertz, N., ed. 'Entre ciel et terre', History of Paris Airports. Paris, Le Cherche Midi, 1995. Marais, J-G. and Simi, R 'Caviation commerciale'. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1964. Merlin, P. 'Geographie, economie et planification des transports'. Paris, Presses uni- versitaires de France, 1991. Merlin, P. 'Les transports en France'. Paris, Documentation fran~aise, 1994. Naveau, J. 'CEurope et Ie transport aerien'. Brussels, Bruylant, 1983. Neiertz, N. 'La coordination des transports en France de 1918 a nos jours'. Unpub lished doctoral thesis, Paris IV- Sorbonne University, 1995. -
We Wanted Wings: a History of the Aviation Cadet Program
Cover illustration: “Aviation Cadets in Training – 1943” by Dottie Knight. (Courtesy, United States Air Force Art Collection) WE WANTED WINGS: A HISTORY OF THE AVIATION CADET PROGRAM Dr. Bruce A. Ashcroft Staff Historian HQ AETC/HO 2005 OFFICER CODE Duty well performed, Honor in all things, Country before self. AVIATION CADET HONOR CODE Article 1: An Aviation Cadet will not knowingly make any false statement, written or verbal, while acting in any capacity, official or otherwise, or in any situation reflecting on the Aviation Cadet Corps or the Air Force. Article 2: An Aviation Cadet will not take or receive the property of another person, or persons, under any conditions, without specific authority of that person or persons. Article 3: An Aviation Cadet will not impart or receive any unauthorized assistance, either outside or inside the classroom or places of instruction, which would tend to give any Aviation Cadet unfair advantage. Article 4: An Aviation Cadet will not quibble, use evasive statements, or technicalities in order to shield guilt or defeat the ends of justice. Article 5: An Aviation Cadet will report any violation of honor by another Aviation Cadet of which he is witness or has unquestionable knowledge. Article 6: An Aviation Cadet will not commit any act of intentional dishonesty which will reflect in any way on the honor and integrity of the Aviation Cadet Corps and the Air Force. Officer Code and Cadet Honor Code both from brochure, “Aviation Cadet Knowledge,” Preflight Training School, Lackland AFB TX, 1959. ii iii -
Throughout the 1930S, American Airmen Fought the Imperial Japanese Army in China
Throughout the 1930s, American airmen fought the Imperial Japanese Army in China. Before the Flying Tigers By Robert E. van Patten ully 10 years before the advent of Claire Chennault’s Flying Tigers, American pilots and airplanes were involved in an air war over China. What was to become the Sino–Japanese War in 1937 actually began with a Japanese incursion in Manchuria in 1931. This conflict festered for the next six years. In that period, pilots from the US, Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and probably Germany took part in battles in the skies over China. FWith the exception of the Italian and Russian contingents, which were officially sanctioned by their governments, the pilots who trained the Chi- nese and who fought for them were adventurers, soldiers of fortune, and out-of-work military professionals. Most of them were Americans. Many historians consider this hit-or-miss, bloody little air war to be a backwater of events. Yet the battles fought by these early warriors laid the groundwork for a massive air war over China, Southeast Asia, the Mariana Islands, and the Japanese homeland. The fighting history of US–built aircraft in combat inside China actually extends back to 1930, when American–produced light bombers were used in action against two northern warlords. In 1931, 20 light bombing –observation airplanes were ordered from Douglas. These are believed to have been the Type 02MC-4, large two-place, radial-engined biplanes, which were used as trainers at the Nanking flying school. The invasion of Manchuria by Imperial Japanese Army units in Septem- ber 1931 added impetus to the strengthening of the Chinese Air Force, not least because the Japanese attack put an end to a civil war between factions based in Nanking and Canton. -
Airline Alliances—Who Benefits?
Journal of Air Transport Management 8 (2002) 401–407 Airline alliances—who benefits? S.C. Morrish, R.T. Hamilton* Department of Management, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 1, New Zealand Abstract The advent of global airline alliances in the 1980s gave rise to concerns that increased monopoly power of major carriers would lead to large and sustained producer surpluses. These global alliances now enjoy dominant market shares in the industry. This review examines some 15 years of alliance experience and finds no conclusive evidence that alliance membership has yielded monopoly profits to the airlines. Improvements in terms of load factors and general productivity levels have, for the most part, been accompanied by fare reductions of similar magnitude, resulting in only modest gains to the carriers. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Airline alliances; Monopolies; Fare levels 1. Introduction than between the carriers. The failure to join a global alliance would leave individual carriers isolated and at a This paper reviews the effect of alliance membership competitive disadvantage (Button et al., 1998). on the performance of international airlines. An airline A majority of airline alliances is route based. Park ‘alliance’ is any collaborative arrangement between two (1997) distinguished two major types of alliances as or more carriers involving joint operations with the being either complementary or parallel. The main declared intention of improving competitiveness and distinguishing features are that complementary alliances thereby enhancing overall performance. Despite a have non-overlapping routes, whereas parallel alliance history of instability and failure, alliances are now routes overlapped. Apart from routes, the most com- prevalent among international airlines. -
1 the Development of Long-Haul Air Services
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LONG-HAUL AIR SERVICES FROM REGIONAL AND SECONDARY AIRPORTS IN EUROPE Paper submitted to the 45 th Congress of the European Regional Science Association, 23-27 August 2005, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Nigel P.S. Dennis, Senior Research Fellow, Transport Studies Group, University of Westminster, 35 Marylebone Road, London NW1 5LS, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 20 7911 5000 ext 3344 Fax: +44 20 7911 5057 email: [email protected] Abstract This paper examines the recent development of long-haul scheduled air services from Europe and identifies the increasing dominance of the major hub airports. Airline failures and changes of strategy have led to many of the regional European airports seeing their networks reduce in the last decade, while it also appears more difficult to replicate Ryanair’s use of secondary airports in the long-haul arena. The current pattern of regional service to intercontinental destinations is interpreted. Aircraft and product developments are discussed. More non-stop destinations and higher frequencies are expected from the major European hubs to other world regions, coupled with increased non-European carrier service to second-tier cities in Europe. The scope for a long- haul low-cost airline is analysed and traditional operations are shown to be in a relatively stronger position. It is concluded that the best scope for long-haul services from the regions is to major hub airports in other parts of the world, such as those developed by Emirates and Continental. Point-to-point leisure services will grow where there are ethnic links or holiday destinations involved. Otherwise, the regional airports are in the hands of the major airlines or alliance groups and their European feeder operations. -
Der Einfluss Von Kooperationen Auf Die Entwicklung Der Austrian Airlines AG
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften (rer. pol.) Der Einfluss von Kooperationen auf die Entwicklung der Austrian Airlines AG Historische Analyse der Transformation einer nationalen Luftlinie im Spannungsfeld von politischem Einfluss und privatwirtschaftlicher Ausrichtung Vorgelegt von: Mag. Peter Baumgartner Anschrift: 3420 Kritzendorf, Hauptstraße 75 Österreich Eingereicht bei: Rechts- und Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Seite | I Erstreferent: Prof. Dr. Michael Amberg Zweitreferent: Prof. Dr. Walther L. Bernecker Letzte Prüfung: 1. Februar 2013 Seite | II IN MEMORIAM PROF. DR. WILFRIED FELDENKIRCHEN Seite | III INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Inhaltsverzeichnis..................................................................................................... I Abbildungsverzeichnis..........................................................................................VII Abkürzungs- und Siglenverzeichnis ......................................................................X I. Einleitung .............................................................................................................. 1 1. Themenhinführung und Problemstellung ......................................... 2 2. Quellenlage und Forschungsstand ................................................... 5 3. Aufbau der Arbeit ............................................................................ -
Implications for the Qantas-Ba Alliance in the Asia Pacific Region Michael S
Journal of Air Law and Commerce Volume 62 | Issue 3 Article 12 1997 Aviation Alliances: Implications for the Qantas-Ba Alliance in the Asia Pacific Region Michael S. Simons Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc Recommended Citation Michael S. Simons, Aviation Alliances: Implications for the Qantas-Ba Alliance in the Asia Pacific Region, 62 J. Air L. & Com. 841 (1997) https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol62/iss3/12 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Air Law and Commerce by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. AVIATION ALLIANCES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE QANTAS-BA ALLIANCE IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION MICHAEL S. SIMONS TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .................................. 842 II. INTERNATIONAL AIRLINE ALLIANCES ......... 843 III. TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCES ........ 843 IV. INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY: BILATERAL AGREEMENTS AND CODESHARING ............................. 844 V. POOLING, INTERLINE COOPERATION, AND ALLIANCES ........................................ 847 VI. DEREGULATION AND CODESHARING IN THE UNITED STATES: AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ........................................ 848 A. DEREGULATION ................................. 848 B. CODESHARING .................................. 849 VII. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CODESHARING.. 851 A. THE QANTAS-BRITISH AIRWAYS ALLIANCE ........ 852 B. THE KLM-NORTHWEST -
Arts Education Outreach and Advocacy Initiative
Arizona Citizens for the Arts Selected for 3-Year Initiative to Advance State Arts Education Policy Teams in 10 States Join Pilot Program to Strengthen Arts Through State Policy Phoenix, Ariz. – August 22, 2014 – Arizona is among ten states selected to join Americans for the Arts, the nation’s leading nonprofit organization for advancing the arts and arts education, to administer a three-year pilot program to expand policy support for local arts education and access to arts program and instruction in Arizona schools. Lead members of the Arizona team include Catherine “Rusty” Foley, executive director of Arizona Citizens for the Arts; Lynn Tuttle, director of arts education for the Arizona Department of Education; Alexandra Nelson, director of arts learning, Arizona Commission on the Arts; and Tee Lambert, president of the Washington Elementary School District and a member of the Arizona School Board Association’s Legislative Committee. “The link between arts education and student performance is well documented in terms of improved test scores and critical thinking. We are committed to doing all we can to build awareness of that dynamic with a collective goal to expand arts education in our schools,” Foley said. “This is a vitally important collaboration that will benefit students across Arizona to further prepare them for the workforce by enhancing and building their skills. We will support the effort in every way possible.” Joining Arizona in the pilot program are Arkansas, California, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Wyoming. The announcement was made at the National Conference of State Legislatures’ legislative summit in Minneapolis.