DOCSLIB.ORG

Historia De La Aviación Comercial Desde 1909 Hasta Nuestros Días

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Historia De La Aviación Comercial Desde 1909 Hasta Nuestros Días FACULTAT DE FILOSOFIA I LETRES, DEPARTAMENT DE CIÈNCIES HISTÒRIQUES I TEORIA DE LES ARTS HISTORIA DE LA AVIACIÓN COMERCIAL DESDE 1909 HASTA NUESTROS DÍAS TESIS DOCTORAL PRESENTADA POR EL DR. MARTÍN BINTANED ARA DIRIGIDA POR EL DR. SEBASTIÁ SERRA BUSQUETS CATEDRÀTIC D'HISTÒRIA CONTEMPORÀNIA PARA OPTAR AL TÍTULO DE DOCTOR EN HISTORIA CURSO ACADÉMICO 2013/2014 Martín Bintaned Ara 2 Historia de la aviación comercial Resumen Esta tesis doctoral investiga acerca de la aportación de la aviación comercial a la historia contemporánea, en particular por su impacto en las relaciones exteriores de los países, su papel facilitador en la actividad económica internacional y por su contribución al desarrollo del turismo de masas. La base de trabajo ha sido el análisis de la prensa especializada, a partir de la cual se han identificado los casos innovadores. Gracias al análisis de su origen (tecnológico, geo- político, aero-político, corporativo, de producto y en la infraestructura) y a su contextualización, hemos podido trazar la historia de la aviación comercial desde su origen en 1919 hasta nuestros días. Palabras clave: Historia contemporánea, Aviación comercial, Política aérea, Relaciones internacionales, Turismo, Innovación, Aerolíneas, Aeropuertos Abstract This doctoral thesis analyses the contribution of commercial aviation to the contemporary history, particularly in the field of external relations, international economy and mass tourism. We have identified all innovations with a structural impact on the industry through specialised press, considering the changes on technology, geopolitics, aeropolitics, business models, product and services, and infrastructure. This methodology has allowed us to write the history of the commercial aviation since its origin in 1919. Keywords: Contemporary History, Commercial aviation, Aeropolitics, International relations, Tourism, Innovation, Airlines, Airports. 3 Martín Bintaned Ara 4 Historia de la aviación comercial A Sara y Raquel 5 Martín Bintaned Ara 6 Historia de la aviación comercial ÍNDICE Página Introducción – La innovación, base de la evolución económica 17 A. Hipótesis de partida 19 B. Diseño de la investigación 21 C. Objetivos de la investigación 25 D. Metodología y fuentes 27 Prólogo – The Aerial Steam Transit Co. 31 Primera parte (1919-1944): Un nuevo modo de transporte 37 Capítulo 1 – Nacimiento de la aviación comercial 39 1. El transporte aéreo en las relaciones europeas 39 1.1. Los primeros pasos de la aviación en Europa 39 1.2. Las bases del derecho aeronáutico y la Conferencia de París de 1910 45 1.3. La aviación en la I Guerra Mundial 50 1.4. La Conferencia de París de 1919 56 1.5. Consecuencias de París y nuevos acuerdos internacionales 59 2. Las compañías aéreas pioneras en Europa 63 2.1. El nacimiento de las primeras compañías aéreas en Europa 63 2.2. Nacimiento de la primera gran compañía: KLM 76 2.3. Nacimiento de la primera IATA 79 7 Martín Bintaned Ara 3. Estados Unidos: correo postal y primeros pasajeros 81 3.1. Los primeros pasos de la aviación en Estados Unidos 81 3.2. El correo postal y los primeros pasajeros 84 3.3. La primera gran compañía americana: Aeromarine Airways 90 Capítulo 2 – Creación de las aerolíneas estatales europeas 97 1. Entreguerras 97 1.1. Los gobiernos toman el control de las aerolíneas 97 1.2. Los aeropuertos: símbolos del progreso nacional 100 2. Reino Unido: Instrumento del Imperio 103 2.1. Creación de Imperial Airways 103 2.2. Objetivo: “all-red line” 105 3. Alemania: grandes corporaciones 110 3.1. Formación de Deutsche Lufthansa 110 3.2. Expansión tecnológica 113 4. Francia: apoyo estatal 118 4.1. Air France, rezagada 118 4.2. Destino Latinoamérica 120 5. El Zeppelin: buque insignia europeo 126 5.1. Delag y Eckener 126 5.2. La “Colón” 129 5.3. El “Graf” 132 8 Historia de la aviación comercial 5.4. El “Hindenburg” 135 Capítulo 3 – Estados Unidos: compañías y aeronaves modernas 139 1. Aceptación del transporte aéreo 139 1.1. Entrada del sector privado en la aviación terrestre 139 1.2. Lindbergh y Guggenheim 144 1.3. La ruta transcontinental y los conglomerados aéreos 148 1.3.1. United Air Transport 150 1.3.2. Trans Western Airlines 153 1.3.3. American Airways 156 1.3.4. Eastern Air Transport 158 2. La aerolínea moderna 159 2.1. La reorganización 159 2.1.1. El impulso de Brown 159 2.1.2. Las independientes 164 2.2. La tempestad 168 2.3. La calma: fundación del CAB 172 3. La aeronave moderna 176 3.1. Cómo y por qué surge la aeronave moderna 176 3.1.1. El Boeing 247 176 3.1.2. El Douglas “Commercial” DC-3 180 3.2. Evolución de las infraestructuras y ayudas a la navegación 185 3.3. Impacto en la gestión de las aerolíneas y en la experiencia del pasajero 189 9 Martín Bintaned Ara 4. Pan Am: el otro “instrumento elegido” 194 4.1. América 194 4.2. El Pacífico 199 4.3. El Atlántico 201 Segunda parte (1944-1978): Un sistema de transporte mundial 205 Capítulo 4 – Las bases del sistema 207 1. Escenario posbélico 207 1.1. El nuevo marco institucional 207 1.1.1. La II Guerra Mundial y el nuevo orden internacional 207 1.1.2. El nacimiento de OACI en Chicago 213 1.1.3. La fundación de la nueva IATA 222 1.1.4. Bermudas, modelo de los convenios bilaterales 225 1.2. Las “compañías de bandera” 228 1.3. Las aeronaves de la postguerra 233 2. Democratización del modo 237 2.1. Un producto asequible 237 2.1.1. Tarifas con descuento, turista y económica 239 2.1.2. Nuevo modelo: el chárter 245 2.2. Nuevos nichos 251 2.2.1. Un nuevo negocio: la carga 251 2.2.2. Atención a pequeños flujos de tráfico 253 10 Historia de la aviación comercial 2.3. Manejo del tráfico 256 2.3.1. Gestión en tierra 256 2.3.2. Gestión del espacio aéreo 261 2.3.3. Gestión de las reservas 263 Capítulo 5 – El reactor 265 1. Una nueva generación 265 1.1. Mayor velocidad 265 1.2. Mayor productividad 270 1.2.1. Reactores americanos 270 1.2.2. Aeronaves de fuselaje ancho 273 1.3. Primeros síntomas de congestión 276 2. Nuevos modelos 280 2.1. Evolución del chárter 280 2.2. Era supersónica 285 2.3. Evolución de la carga y carga urgente 287 2.4. Bajo coste 289 Tercera parte (1978 - Nuestros días): Una industria normalizada y global 295 Capítulo 6 – Normalización de la industria 297 1. El fin de las restricciones 297 1.1.1. Motivación 297 1.1.2. Consecuencias 302 11 Martín Bintaned Ara 1.2. Competir en nuevos planos 305 1.2.1. La conexión 305 1.2.2. Distribución y gestión activa de ingresos 309 1.2.3. La diferenciación 313 1.2.4. Políticas de ahorro y control de costes 317 2. Reorganización europea 321 2.1. Liberalización del mercado 321 2.2. La privatización de las compañías de bandera 326 2.3. El cambio en la cultura de gestión 329 2.4. Un nuevo negocio: los aeropuertos 334 2.4.1. Propiedad e inversión 334 2.4.2. Ingresos y gestión 338 3. Estandarización del equipamiento 343 Capítulo 7 – Un escenario global 347 1. La aviación comercial en el nuevo siglo 347 1.1. Un único escenario 347 1.1.1. La globalización 347 1.1.2. Efecto en la aviación comercial 350 1.2. El reto de la seguridad 352 1.3. El peso del mundo se traslada a Oriente 354 2. Reinvención de los modelos 356 12 Historia de la aviación comercial 2.1. Concentración trasnacional 356 2.1.1. Apertura internacional 356 2.1.2. Acuerdos corporativos 360 2.1.3. Proceso de concentración 364 2.2. La evolución del modelo de bajo coste 368 2.3. Impacto de las tecnologías de la información 375 2.3.1. Distribución en línea 375 2.3.2. El proceso aeroportuario 378 2.3.3. Las redes sociales 380 2.3.4. La captación de ingresos adicionales 382 3. Una industria sostenible 383 3.1. Regulación internacional 384 3.2. Tecnología verde 386 3.3. Biocombustibles: ¿abrirán una nueva etapa? 390 Conclusiones – Las innovaciones en la historia de la aviación comercial 393 Fuentes y bibliografía 411 Archivos físicos visitados 412 Archivos virtuales consultados 414 Monografías, compendios normativos 416 Estudios, resoluciones, manuales de la industria aeronáutica 426 Artículos, conferencias, simposios 429 Acerca de España y del turismo en Mallorca 434 13 Martín Bintaned Ara Apéndices 439 Cronología de las innovaciones 441 Estadísticas 457 Márgenes operativos de las compañías aéreas (1970-2004) 457 Pedidos/entregas de aeronaves, introducción de nuevos modelos (1970- 457 2010) Margen de operación de las compañías y eventos aeropolíticos (1970-2010) 458 Rentabilidad de las aerolíneas de IATA (1972-2011) 458 Evolución del crecimiento del PIB, oferta de asientos y tráfico mundial (1970- 459 2010) Precio real del transporte aéreo (1970-2010) 459 Acrónimos 460 14 Historia de la aviación comercial Gráficos, imágenes y tablas Página Diez décadas de cambio en la aviación comercial 23 Industria del transporte aéreo 26 Estampa publicitaria del Ariel 36 Selección de avances por los principales pioneros de la aviación 43-44 Rutas hacia el Este 1929-1939 111 Rutas hacia operadas por American Airways 157 Primeros avances tecnológicos 171 Órganos públicos dedicados al transporte aéreo en Estados Unidos 173 Hitos en los años treinta en Estados Unidos 177 Nuevos servicios en los años treinta 182 Selección de aeronaves de explotación comercial que han marcado su 183-184 evolución Hitos de Pan Am en la lucha por el control del Atlántico, años treinta 202 Regulación multilateral previa al Convenio de Chicago 217 Fecha de publicación y temática principal de los anexos al Convenio de 220 Chicago Libertades del aire 221 Aspectos pactados en las reuniones anuales de IATA 224 España a la vanguardia aérea para convertirse en una potencia turística 247 La aviación comercial en Mallorca 249 Construcción
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Análise Das Implicações Do Monopólio Do Transporte Aéreo No Brasil
    ANÁLISE DAS IMPLICAÇÕES DO MONOPÓLIO DO TRANSPORTE AÉREO NO BRASIL. Analysis of the implications of the air transport monopoly in Brazil. Wilson Alves dos Santos Junior1 RESUMO O transporte aéreo, como qualquer outra atividade humana, também representa uma forma de produção e acumulação de riqueza por parte de uma pequena parcela da sociedade capitalista. Desde a sua invenção no início do século XX, o avião é o único meio de transporte capaz de percorrer longas distâncias em pouco tempo, com maior segurança e confiabilidade, podendo atingir qualquer ponto do planeta em questões de horas. Contudo, mesmo com todas essas características, a aviação não está à disposição de qualquer pessoa. A indústria do transporte aéreo, nos países capitalistas possuem interesses contraditórios, onde as companhias privadas exploram esse importante setor para a sociedade com base apenas na necessidade de obtenção do lucro. Analisar as implicações das contradições do transporte aéreo como criador de valor apropriado pelos capitalistas ou como bem comum para os membros da sociedade é um desafio que deve buscar soluções na superação do modo de produção capitalista. Este artigo propõe debater algumas características necessárias para um novo tipo de transporte aéreo baseado nos interesses sociais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Transporte Aéreo, Rede Aérea, Monopólio. ABSTRACT Air transport, like any other human activity, also represents a form of production and accumulation of wealth by a small portion of capitalist society. Since its invention in the early twentieth century, the plane is the only means of transport capable of traveling long distances in a short time, with greater safety and reliability, and can reach any point on the planet in hours.
    [Show full text]
  • Airline Schedules
    Airline Schedules This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on January 08, 2019. English (eng) Describing Archives: A Content Standard Special Collections and Archives Division, History of Aviation Archives. 3020 Waterview Pkwy SP2 Suite 11.206 Richardson, Texas 75080 [email protected]. URL: https://www.utdallas.edu/library/special-collections-and-archives/ Airline Schedules Table of Contents Summary Information .................................................................................................................................... 3 Scope and Content ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Series Description .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Administrative Information ............................................................................................................................ 4 Related Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Controlled Access Headings .......................................................................................................................... 5 Collection Inventory ....................................................................................................................................... 6 - Page 2 - Airline Schedules Summary Information Repository:
    [Show full text]
  • Hindenburg: Last of The1 2 Gtaihi
    www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org Table of Contents Slide/s Part Description 1N/ATitle 2 N/A Table of Contents 3~96 1 Exceeding the Grasp 97~184 2 Biggest Birds That Ever Flew 185~281 3 Triumph and Tragedy 282~354 4 Made in America 355~444 5 The Future is Now 445~541 6 LZ-129 542~594 7 Flight Operations 595~646 8 Magic Carpet Ride 647~759 9 Oh, The Humanity! 760~800 10 Back to the Future Hindenburg: Last of the1 2 GtAihi Part 1 “Ah, but a man’s reach should exceed his grasp, or what’s a heaven for?”for? Robert Browning, Poet Exceeding the Grasp 3 4 “...as by certain mechanical art and power to fly; The Dreams of Inventors so nicely was it balanced by weights and put in motion by hidden and enclosed air” Archytas of Tarentura, 400 B.C. 5 6 © J.M. Syken 1 www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org “…Then we are told of a monk who attempted a flight with wings from the top of a tower in Spain. He broke his legs, and wasafterwardburnedasasorcerer. Another similar trial was made from St. Mark’s steeple in Venice; another in Nuremberg;andsoonԝ - legs or arms were usually broken, occasionally a neck. In the sixteenth century we read of a certain Italian who went to the court of James IV of Scotland, and attempted to fly from the walls of Sterling Castle to France. His thig h was bkbroken; btbut,asareasonfor the failure, he asserted that some of the feathers used in constructing his wings “…Many other trials have there been of the same character.
    [Show full text]
  • Diplomski Sveučilišni Studij Poslovne Ekonomije – Trgovina
    Sveučilište u Zagrebu Ekonomski fakultet Diplomski sveučilišni studij poslovne ekonomije – Trgovina ZADOVOLJSTVO KORISNIKA USLUGAMA NISKOTARIFNIH AVIOKOMPANIJA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ Diplomski rad Andrea Kapović Zagreb, rujan 2017. Sveučilište u Zagrebu Ekonomski fakultet Diplomski sveučilišni studij poslovne ekonomije – Trgovina ZADOVOLJSTVO KORISNIKA USLUGAMA NISKOTARIFNIH AVIOKOMPANIJA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ CUSTOMER CONTENTMENT WITH LOW COST AIRLINE SERVICES IN REPUBLIC OF CROATIA Diplomski rad Andrea Kapović, 0067433195 Mentor: Doc. dr. sc. Dora Naletina Zagreb, rujan 2017. ZADOVOLJSTVO KORISNIKA USLUGAMA NISKOTARIFNIH AVIOKOMPANIJA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ SAŽETAK Sadašnje stanje na zrakoplovnom trţištu karakterizira prisutnost izrazito jake konkurencije i brze promjene trţišnih uvjeta. U takvom okruţenju uspijevaju samo kompanije koje se brzo i učinkovito prilagoĎavaju i mijenjaju. Djelotvorne promjene omogućuju razvoj i uspjeh, a ulaganje u razvoj i razlikovanje od drugih jedini su put opstanka. Liberalizacija hrvatskog zrakoplovnog trţišta posljednjih godina znatno je utjecala na povećanje potraţnje u meĎunarodnom redovnom putničkom prometu, čime zrakoplovno okruţenje u Hrvatskoj postaje sve zahtjevnije i dinamičnije. Dolaskom niskotarifnih avioprijevoznika u Hrvatsku, putnici imaju veći izbor nego ikad prije. Cilj ovog rada je ukazati na dinamiku i slojevitost zrakoplovnog trţišta u cjelini. Očito je da primjena poslovnih niskotarifnih strategija ima sve značajniji utjecaj na gospodarstvo. Rezultati provedenog primarnog istraţivanja
    [Show full text]
  • Liberalization, Hysteresis, and Labor Relations in Western European Commercial Aviation
    MPIfG Discussion Paper 17/16 Liberalization, Hysteresis, and Labor Relations in Western European Commercial Aviation Filippo Reale MPIfG Discussion Paper MPIfG Discussion Paper Filippo Reale Liberalization, Hysteresis, and Labor Relations in Western European Commercial Aviation MPIfG Discussion Paper 17/16 Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Köln Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne September 2017 MPIfG Discussion Paper ISSN 0944-2073 (Print) ISSN 1864-4325 (Internet) © 2017 by the author(s) About the author Filippo Reale is a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute of Sociology at Goethe University Frankfurt. He was a doctoral researcher at the International Max Planck Research School on the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy (IMPRS-SPCE), Cologne, from 2012 to 2016. Email: [email protected] MPIfG Discussion Papers are refereed scholarly papers of the kind that are publishable in a peer-reviewed disciplinary journal. Their objective is to contribute to the cumulative improvement of theoretical knowl- edge. The papers can be ordered from the institute for a small fee (hard copies) or downloaded free of charge (PDF). Downloads www.mpifg.de Go to Publications / Discussion Papers Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies Paulstr. 3 | 50676 Cologne | Germany Tel. +49 221 2767-0 Fax +49 221 2767-555 www.mpifg.de [email protected] Reale: Liberalization, Hysteresis, and Labor Relations iii Abstract Airlines have reacted in many ways to the liberalization and privatization of commercial aviation in Western Europe, one of them being outsourcing. The labor unions, for their part, have reacted in unexpected ways to these developments, not cooperating as anticipated by various political theories and, conversely, collaborating surprisingly under other conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • September 2001 Interesting Times CONTENTS He Airline Industry Is Living in Interesting Times, As the Old Tchinese Curse Has It
    Aviation Strategy Issue No: 47 September 2001 Interesting times CONTENTS he airline industry is living in interesting times, as the old TChinese curse has it. Analysis There are more and more signs of weakening economies, but the official indicators are not pointing to a recession, ie an absolute down-turn in activity The OECD's mid-year Economic Outlook Industry outlook 1 highlights the slow-down in the US economy from real GDP growth of 5.0% in 2000 to 1.9% this year, though a recovery to 3.1% is Sabena, forced to face expected for 2002. The EU is just slightly down this year - GDP reality 2-3 growth of 2.6% against 3.1% in 2000 - and next year is put at 2.7%. Japan, however, continues to plod along its L-shaped recession - 1.3% in 2000, 1.2% in 2001, 0.7% in 2002. Oneworld and SkyTeam: The airlines that are suffering disproportionately are those that Justifying immunity 4-6 followed strategies of tight capacity curtailment yield enhancement and focus on business travel. The US Majors' second quarter Briefing results were unprecedently bad - an operating loss of $0.8bn against a $2.8bn profit a year ago. BA, according to a widely Embraer: new challenges for reported analysis from Merrill Lynch, will be turning to losses for Brazil’s success story 7-10 2001/02. The reason that the airline downturn is worse than that implied KLM: Still searching for by the economic number probably has a lot to do with the collapse a sustainable role 8-14 of the new technology sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Sprue Examiner Will Strength and Let This Assembly Dry for a Couple of Days
    SPRUESPRUE Newsletter of the Austin Scale Modelers Society EXAMINEREXAMINER Vol 19 No. 11 November 2011 2011 IPMS/USA Website of the Year 2010 IPMS/USA Region 6 Chapter of the Year 2009 IPMS/USA Newsletter of the Year 2009 IPMS/USA Region 6 Website of the Year Inside this issue: Dreadnought On 1 tackle was any one of Trumpeter's 1/35th Land Dreadnought on Land Hobby Boss 1/48th KV-2 KV’s. I reckoned my quarter scale kit was close enough and indeed it was, as I later “Big Turret” Modeling Day 3 found out that it was a scaled down version of By Eric Choy Approaches a “Trumpy” KV! L essons learned from the Winter War with The overall fit of the parts was good. There From the Tips 5 Finland made the Red Army aware of the are a few flashes here and there but nothing File, o.2 lack of armored assault weaponry to deal with serious enough to cause any concern. The only heavy fortifications. A rush project was thus part I did not initialized by mounting a 152mm howitzer on like was the Product Review: 6 a KV series tank to create a “bunker buster” headlight. A Space Monkey’s vehicle. The result was the KV-2 and it was good old MV V-2/A-4 installed on the ten pre-production models. lens came to the The production turret manufactured later, G.38: Scourge of rescue for that. I 7 differed slightly and had coaxial and rear- the Skies also replaced facing DT machine guns installed for point the kit’s barrel defense.
    [Show full text]
  • Make Business Trips Easier with These 4 Travel Hacks
    MAY 2016 NEWSLETTER American and United Will Soon Offer PAGE 3 No-Frills Fares Southwest Raises EarlyBird Check-In PAGE 4 Make Business Trips Easier With These 4 Travel Hacks 1 INFocusPAGEPAGE Newsletter 22 Make Business Trips Easier With These 4 Travel Hacks By Brit Tulloch Travelling frequently for work can be 2. Stress less with a travel stick the bag to the back of the seat in draining, on you and your wallet. But it checklist front of you. You can watch what you want doesn’t have to be that way. without straining your neck. It may seem obsessive, but creating There are a few travel tips you can use a travel checklist before you jet off will 4. Save time with the rolling to save money on business trips, making do wonders for your stress levels. You technique your travel experience a little more no longer have to worry about packing pleasant. enough socks or a spare laptop charger. Ever wondered how soldiers fit all their provisions into one backpack? They have 1. Feel more at home with a Use this free app to organise your a special technique for rolling and folding serviced apartment packing, scheduling and other details. their clothes, to allow for maximum space. Staying in hotels every time you travel 3. Create your own inflight With this technique, you can save time can be a downer. The sterile surrounds entertainment at the baggage carousel by travelling with lack the warmth and character of home. only one suitcase. Instead, find the next best thing by staying Smartphones and iPads offer better in a serviced apartment.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Seat Reservation
    Advanced Seat Reservation Iberia, Iberia Express and Iberia Regional Air Nostrum extend to all fares the possibility of advanced seat reservation from the moment of ticket purchase • The advanced seat reservation is only applicable on flights operated by Iberia, Iberia Express and Iberia Regional Air Nostrum , is only applicable to individual passengers with previously issued flight tickets and, is subject to the availability of seats at the moment of request. • This service is free of charge for passengers travelling in Business class . • For passengers in Economy class this service is voluntary and subject to charges , except for those passengers on Economy Full Fare (Y), fares B, H, K, M, Z, L, A , Club Fiesta passengers, Iberia Plus Platinum and Gold card holders and their equivalents in oneworld Emerald and Sapphire, for whom it's free of charge . • Passengers can choose their seat in the Economy cabin before checking-in online or in person at the airport, provided they have previously issued tickets. • For security reasons, the use of emergency seats, including Economy XL , continue to be subject to certain requirements. • For check-in at the airport, or through on-line check-in unreserved seats are free for all passengers. Flights which can sell paid seats Only Iberia flights operated by Iberia, Iberia Expess and Air Nostrum Flights which do not sell paid seats • Code-share marketing other airlines - flights operated by Iberia - • Code-share IB4000-4999 // IB7000-7999 - flights operated by other airlines - If free assignation is allowed, the conditions applied will be determined by the operating airline. Code-share IB5000-5999 -flights operated by Vueling - There is no seat assignation • Air Shuttle flights • Charter flights TERMS AND CONDITIONS: Terms and Conditions of paid seats The prior reservation of paid seats is optional, is subject to the availability of seats at the moment of request and is only applicable on flights operated by Iberia and Iberia Regional Air Nostrum to individual passengers with previously issued flight tickets.
    [Show full text]
  • Tendencje Rozwojowe Aliansów Strategicznych W Transporcie Lotniczym
    Transport lotniczy Tendencje rozwojowe aliansów strategicznych w transporcie lotniczym Iwona Anna Czarnecka Alianse lotnicze są formą współpracy linii lotniczych (często konkurujących ze sobą). Uczestnictwo w aliansie to określone korzyści, ale także liczne zagrożenia. A jednak wynikający z procesów liberalizacji proces łączenia się przewoźników w alianse wykazuje tendencję rozwojową. Na przestrzeni lat zmieniają się cele i zakres aliansów. Integracja staje się głębsza i przyjmuje formę fuzji i przejęć. Obserwujemy budowę struktury kapitałowej. Widoczne jest ograniczenie konkurencji na rynku lotniczym wynikające z konsolidacji przewoźników wokół największych i najmocniejszych linii lotniczych. Wprowadzenie połączeń. Taką strategię przyjęły m.in. linie: mi innych aliansów. Teoria gier zastosowana BA, Lufthansa, KLM. Strategia przystępowa- do analizy współpracy linii lotniczych przez Kryzys finansowy, który ogarnął świat nia do aliansów, skupionych wokół najwięk- T. Busacker’a i J. P. Clark’a pokazała okolicz- w 2008 roku wpłynął także na branżę lot- szych linii lotniczych, była wybierana przez ności sprzyjające dobrej współpracy w ra- niczą. Przewoźnicy ponieśli ogromne straty. coraz większą liczbę przewoźników, zwłasz- mach aliansu: Nowe warunki funkcjonowania wymuszo- cza tych średnich i małych, dla których sta- • umowa zawarta pomiędzy członkami ne przez kryzys pokazują, że należy dokonać nowiła szansę utrzymania się na rynku. powinna mieć długotrwały charakter, co rewizji naszego podejścia do aliansów lotni- Do podejmowania współpracy
    [Show full text]
  • Aircraft Collection
    A, AIR & SPA ID SE CE MU REP SEU INT M AIRCRAFT COLLECTION From the Avenger torpedo bomber, a stalwart from Intrepid’s World War II service, to the A-12, the spy plane from the Cold War, this collection reflects some of the GREATEST ACHIEVEMENTS IN MILITARY AVIATION. Photo: Liam Marshall TABLE OF CONTENTS Bombers / Attack Fighters Multirole Helicopters Reconnaissance / Surveillance Trainers OV-101 Enterprise Concorde Aircraft Restoration Hangar Photo: Liam Marshall BOMBERS/ATTACK The basic mission of the aircraft carrier is to project the U.S. Navy’s military strength far beyond our shores. These warships are primarily deployed to deter aggression and protect American strategic interests. Should deterrence fail, the carrier’s bombers and attack aircraft engage in vital operations to support other forces. The collection includes the 1940-designed Grumman TBM Avenger of World War II. Also on display is the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, a true workhorse of the 1950s and ‘60s, as well as the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk and Grumman A-6 Intruder, stalwarts of the Vietnam War. Photo: Collection of the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum GRUMMAN / EASTERNGRUMMAN AIRCRAFT AVENGER TBM-3E GRUMMAN/EASTERN AIRCRAFT TBM-3E AVENGER TORPEDO BOMBER First flown in 1941 and introduced operationally in June 1942, the Avenger became the U.S. Navy’s standard torpedo bomber throughout World War II, with more than 9,836 constructed. Originally built as the TBF by Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, they were affectionately nicknamed “Turkeys” for their somewhat ungainly appearance. Bomber Torpedo In 1943 Grumman was tasked to build the F6F Hellcat fighter for the Navy.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Airline Alliances: Advantages for Major Airlines Being Aligned
    STRATEGIC AIRLINE ALLIANCES: ADVANTAGES FOR MAJOR AIRLINES BEING ALIGNED Jorge J. Villar Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Javier Tafur Department of Industrial Engineering, Business Administration and Statistics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Guozhu Jia School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Beihang University), China Fernando Zobel 3, 3º C 16002 Cuenca Spain Telephone: (0086)13691243311, (0034)659928918 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Some factors including the deregulation in the U.S and the liberalization in Europe of the airline industry are essential to understanding why the number of partnership agreements between airlines has increased during the last 25 years. These events, coupled with the continuous economic downturn and the 9/11 catastrophe seem to be the perfect framework for the tendency to develop airline strategic alliances. However, it has been observed that this trend was not followed during the period 2005- 2008. The purpose of this paper is to analyze if a benefit was experienced by the major airlines who became a member of the current 3 big alliances compared to the major airlines that decided not to become a member or were not admitted into the alliances during 2005-2008. The methodology of this report includes an analysis of several airlines’ performance figures. These performance figures include the revenue passenger kilometers (RPKs), the passenger load factor (PLF) and also the market share (MS). The figures will be compared between the aligned airlines and others which have similar business models. The value of this paper is to reveal whether being aligned provides advantages to major airlines under a bearish airline market in a globalized environment.
    [Show full text]