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Future of Vertical Flight www.vtol.org Kenneth Swartz, Regional Director – Americas The Vertical Flight Society www.vtol.org | [email protected] Kitty Hawk Cora © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 Released March 2018 1 www.vtol.org . Founded as “The American Helicopter Society, Inc.” 75 years ago in Connecticut on Feb. 25, 1943 – “For the purpose of collecting, compiling and disseminating information concerning the helicopter” – Sikorsky Aircraft received its order for the first American helicopters on January 5, 1943 (28 XR-4 helicopters) . The first and longest-serving helicopter non-profit Sikorsky XR-4 helicopter – Founding members Igor Sikorsky, Arthur Young, Frank Piasecki, Courtesy of Sikorsky Aircraft Corp. Stanley Hiller, Reggie Brie, A.A. Griffiths, etc. – Included engineers, pilots, operators and presidents from industry, academia and government in Allied countries . Now 6,000 individual and 95 corporate members . Advancing vertical flight worldwide First Annual AHS Awards Banquet Born with the American Helicopter Industry Oct. 7, 1944 © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 2 www.vtol.org © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 3 www.vtol.org . The international professional society for those working to advance vertical flight – Founded in 1943 as the American Helicopter Society – Everything from VTOL MAVs/UAS to helicopters and eVTOL to STOVL (everything vertical except rockets) CFD of Joby S4, Aug 2015 . Expands knowledge about vertical flight technology and promotes its application around the world . Advances safety and acceptability . Advocates for vertical flight R&D funding . Helps educate and support today’s and tomorrow’s vertical flight engineers and leaders VFF Scholarship Winners at AHS Forum 71, May 2015 © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 4 www.vtol.org . World’s only scientific journal dedicated to vertical flight technology – Peer reviewed, published quarterly, print & online – Covers all disciplines of rotorcraft design, research, development, operations, standards . Jan. 1956, Vol. 1, No. 1 – Papers by up-starts Sikorsky, Piasecki, Bell, Kaman, McDonnell, Kellett, Hiller, … – Govt: NACA, US Marines, Coast Guard, … – Air services (LA air taxi, NY air taxi, Petroleum, “Non-scheduled”, mountain operations …) – Civil airworthiness standards © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 5 www.vtol.org . Annual Forum attracts 1,300 engineers, scientists and leaders from industry, academia and governments . VTOL aircraft CEOs/VPs/engineers, military leaders, researchers, etc . ~250 technical papers . ~50 panelists . ~65 exhibitors . Grand Awards Banquet . eVTOL short course & industry tour . Micro Air Vehicle Student Challenge Forum 74 is May 14-17, 2018 @ Phoenix, AZ © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 6 www.vtol.org . Acoustics . Manufacturing Technology . Advanced Vertical Flight . Modeling & Simulation . Aerodynamics . Operations . Aircraft Design . Product Systems Technology . Avionics & Systems . Propulsion . Crash Safety . Safety . Crew Stations & Human Factors . Structures & Materials . Dynamics . System Engineering Tools & Processes . Handling Qualities . Test & Evaluation . Health & Usage Monitoring Systems . Unmanned VTOL Aircraft (HUMS) Plus: Integrating Technical Teams for . History Electric VTOL, Wind Energy, and other Technical Experts Working to Help Shape the Future © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 7 www.vtol.org . AHS has a proud history of advocacy and support – Helped in establishment of NASA-Army joint office, VLRCOEs, NRTC, RITA/VLC – Worked with NASA and DOD to save the NFAC wind tunnel NFAC 40 ft x 80 ft wind tunnel . Provided major support to transformative initiatives Courtesy of NASA – Joint Strike Fighter/F-35B STOVL – V-22 Osprey tiltrotor . Providing major foundational support to new transformative initiatives – Future Vertical Lift (FVL)/Joint Multi-Role (JMR) – Electric and hybrid-electric VTOL (eVTOL) Future Vertical Lift (FVL) AHS Works to Advance Vertical Flight! Sikorsky-Boeing Defiant and Bell Valor © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 8 Forecast as of 23 Feb 18 www.vtol.org 2008-2017 $215.4B Mi-38 2018-2027 • Bell Boeing V-22 $202.2B Decreases by $10B © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 9 Forecast as of 23 Feb 18 www.vtol.org 2008-2017 $79.8B 2018-2027 • Airbus Up $5.5B • Leonardo Up $3.5B $84.5B • Bell Doubles Sales Value • Russian Helicopters Down 30% • Sikorsky Down 50% © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 10 www.vtol.org . Military Research & Development – Engines – Systems – Airframes . Research Organizations (NASA, etc.) – Aerodynamics and Modeling – Structures - Composite Airframes – Propulsion - Alternate Fuel Engines . Company-Funded Innovation and R&D – Airliners, helicopters, tilt rotors, compound helicopters – Light aircraft Innovation - Burt Rutan, Cirrus, Diamond – New Aircraft classes – Regional Jets, single-engine turboprops, singleengine jets © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 11 V/STOL Considerations www.vtol.org . Balance – Thrust and cg . Control – Yaw, pitch, roll – Hover, transition, cruise . Propulsion System – Volume, development cost/time, thrust matching . Human Factors – Pilot workload, orientation, noise . Environmental – Hot gas re-ingestion, footprint © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 12 www.vtol.org VTOL Propulsion Systems Time to Reinvent the Wheel The 20th Century proved that vertical flight was possible with combustion engines and drive systems ASTOVL/JAST/JSF proved that the engine location could be decoupled from the center of gravity Mechanical complexity led to high failure rate and fatal accidents for a “Wheel of Misfortune” www.vtol.org/wheel © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 13 V/STOL History: 1950 - 2000 www.vtol.org 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 V 6 JUL 54 Transcendental 1G 20 JUL 55 TH 18 DEC 58 DEC 54 TH 25 OCT 56 Bell XV-3 V 3 MAY 77 AUG 55 MAR 60 V V V 20 NOV 63 Bell XV-15 Curtiss-Wright X-100 25 AUG 65 Curtiss-Wright X-19 TH 24 JUL 77 Same Propulsion APR 60 TH 25 JUN 64 H V 19 MAR 89 System for Bell Boeing V-22 Bell BA609 VTH 25 FEB 58 V MAR 66 Hover and Forward Doak 16 VZ-4 Bell X-22A TH 14 SEP 89 8 AUG 66 TH JUN 67 Flight Nord 500 Cadet 13 APR 57 15 JUL 58 V T V 23 JUL 68 Vertol 76 VZ-2 All flights tethered H 7 JAN 58 H 24 NOV 59 V 29 DEC 64 1966 19 NOV 54 Hiller X-18 LTV-Hiller-Ryan XC-142 V 29 SEP 64 11 JAN 65 Bell 65 ATV 8 JAN 1957 HT Bell Boeing V-22 H 1955 V Tethered Flight Canadair CL-84 Robertson VTOL MAY 65V TH DEC 65 H21 JAN 59 FEB 60 Ryan VZ-3 V1959 Tethered Flights Fairchild 224 VZ-5 17 FEB 57 V T24 MAY 58 Bell X-14 29 MAY 81 H 1957 19 NOV 60V T21 SEP 61 VTH AUG 66 Hawker P.1127 Kestrel H 7 JUL 61 TH 16 SEP 63 BAe / Boeing Harrier VT AUG 54 Yakovlev Yak-36 Lockheed XFV-1 V 9 JAN 63 MAR 54 H TH 2 NOV 54 5 MAY 59V Convair XFY-1 SNECMA C450 Coléoptère 1 AUG 54 V V 28 MAY 56 Ryan X-13 H10 DEC 55T11 APR 57 Boeing X-32 Separate Power V25 OCT 58 Short SC.1 2 OCT 63 Plant for Hover H 2 APR 57 T6 APR 60 12 FEB 65VH 24 JUL 65 18 OCT 62V T18 MAR 63 28 NOV 66 Dassault Mirage III-V Dassault Mirage Balzac V 27 JAN 64 TMAR 66 H 1 MAR 63 8 SEP 65 10 APR 63VT20 SEP 63 Combined Power EWR VJ 101 C 14 SEP 64 Plant for Hover H 31 AUG 63 10 FEB 67H T16 DEC 67 Dornier Do 31 22 NOV 67 V 26 OCT 72 11 FEB 54 Lockheed XV-4B 14 MAR 69 TH VTH VFW VAK 191 B 10 SEP 71 15 JAN 71 V McDonnell XV-1 VH 6 NOV 57 H Yakovlev Yak-38 Fairey Rotodyne 26 SEP 71 20 MAR 72 T10 APR 58 V T 5 OCT 91 Yakovlev Yak-141 H 9 MAR 87 29 DEC 89 V T 13 JUN 90 Augmented Power V 24 MAY 63 10 JUN 64 1978 Plant for Hover 5 DEC 59 Lockheed XV-4A 7 JUL 62 T8 NOV 63 V Tethered Trials Tethered Flight V H Rockwell XFV-12A Vanguard 2C Omniplane 17 MAY 61H 25 MAY 64HTNOV 64 APR 65 OCT 66 GE-Ryan XV-5A VTH 1960 JUN 64V Kamov Ka-22 Vintokryl 1964 21 SEP 67 Helicopter VTH Lockheed X-35 Piasecki 16H-1 FEB 62 Mode 12 MAR 69 Lockheed AH-56 VTH Helicopter Mode © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 14 www.vtol.org . Rotating blades function like rotors in vertical flight, like propellers in forward flight . Blades have cyclic pitch control for hover 1. Transcendental Model 1G . Power plants remain stationary . Power shaft pivots from vertical to horizontal 2. Bell XV-3 Same Propulsion System for Hover and Forward Flight © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 15 www.vtol.org . Uses propellers instead of rotors – Has collective but no cyclic pitch control – Has short, rigid blades 3. Curtiss-Wright X-100 – Has a high degree of twist 4. Curtiss-Wright X-19 Same Propulsion System for Hover and Forward Flight © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 16 www.vtol.org . Ducts can increase propeller thrust by as much as 50% due to Bernoulli Effect 5. Doak 16 VZ-4 . Ducts provide additional lift during forward 6. Bell X-22A flight . Propeller pitch and deflector vanes in downwash control aircraft in hover and 7. Nord 500 Cadet transition Same Propulsion System for Hover and Forward Flight © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 17 www.vtol.org .
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