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Periodical of the Military National Security Service

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Periodical of the Military National Security Service PERIODICAL OF THE MILITARY NATIONAL SECURITY SERVICE CURRENT ISSUES The First Anniversary of the “Arab Spring” The European Union and the ”Arab Spring” The Achilles’ Heel of the Chinese Oil Consumption Past, Present and Future of the NCO Corps Intendment of the North Atlantic Treaty Psychological Questions in Rehabilitation - Aspects of Military Health Care Alternatives for Crisis Management Role and Importance of Reconnaissance in the Fight against Irregular Warfare 2012/2 SPECIAL ISSUE Scientific Periodical of the Military National Security Service Responsible Publisher: Lt-Gen József Kovács, Director General, Chairman of the Scientific Board Editorial Board Chairman:: Col. Eng. István Resperger, PhD Members: Col. István Kobolka, PhD Secretary of the Scientific Board Brig-Gen. István Magyar, PhD Brig-Gen. Zsigmond Tömösváry, PhD Col. József Bagi, PhD Col. Eng. János Fürjes, PhD Lt.-Col. Eng. Sándor Magyar, PhD Lt.-Col. Eng. Tóth Sándor, PhD Lt.-Col. Eng. Vida Csaba, PhD Responsible-editor: Col. Jenő Ledács Kiss Reading editors Capt. Viktoria Magyar Lt. Dr. Éva Dudás Make-up editor: Marianna Juth Language editor: Col. Mihály Szabó A kiadásban közreműködött az MH Geoinformációs Szolgálat Szabályzatszerkesztő és Kiadó Osztálya Nyomdai munkák: HM Térképészeti Közhasznú Nonprofit Kft. Felelős vezető: Németh László ügyvezető igazgató HU ISSN 2063-2908 CONTENTS Page EVALUATIONS, ANALYSES, STUDIES Maj. JÁNOS BESENYŐ, PhD – VIKTOR MARSAI The First Anniversary of the ”Arab Spring” – what kind of changes have taken place since then? ...................................................................... 5 ISTVAN LASZLO GAL, PhD and JAMES PARK TAYLOR Financing Terrorism: Afghanistan and the Haqqani ....................... 16 ÉVA REMEK, PhD The European Union and the „Arab Spring” – What has changed one year after? ................................................................................... 27 CURRENT ISSUES ZOLTÁN VÖRÖS political scientist The Achilles’ Heel of the Chinese Oil Consumption ....................... 38 SFC. RÓBERT ZSÁKAI Tsunami in Japan .............................................................................. 48 CONSULTATION Col. ZOLTÁN SZALAY Past, Present and Future of the NCO Corps ..................................... 56 GYÖRGY VASS Intendment of the North Atlantic Treaty /The Evolution of NATO through its Official Texts/ .......................................................................... 63 Dr. JUDIT WEINHOFFER Psychological Questions in Rehabilitation – Aspects of Military Health Care ................................................................................................. 70 3 Page FORUM of PhD CANDIDATES Maj. Eng. PÁL BÁRKÁNYI, PhD aspirant The Mean Time to First Failure (MTTFF) Calculates in Afghanistan or Calculates of Military Power Supply Systems ........ 83 ATTILA BUGYAKI, PhD aspirant Money Laundering in the Shade of the Underground Banking System ............................................................................................. 89 Lt. ZSUZSA DÓRA KŐSZEGVÁRI, PhD aspirant Role and Importance of Reconnaissance in the Fight against Iirregular Warfare, Effect of the Experiences Learnt on the Planning and the Conduct of Reconnaissance ................................. 97 CHARLES NGWABWANYI KUNDA - ILDIKÓ HERMINA SZILASI, PhD aspirant Pili-pili in the Milk - some Thoughts on the Election Propaganda in DRC ..................................................................................................................... 104 PETRA SZALAI, PhD aspirant Alternatives for Crisis Management ............................................................. 110 Sc. Lt. BALÁZS LÓDERER PhD aspirant Extremist Groups and Questions that arise in connection with them ................................................................................................................ 118 NOÉMI ZALAI, PhD aspirant The Adaptability of Competence Based Selecting Methods especially at the National Security Services ............................................ 129 NEWS, EVENTS, INFORMATION ANDRÁS HETTYEY, PhD Recension: Besenyő János: Nyugat-Szahara .................................... 134 4 EVALUATIONS, ANALYSES, STUDIES Maj. János BESENYŐ, PhD – Viktor MARSAI THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF THE ”ARAB SPRING” – WHAT KIND OF CHANGES HAVE TAKEN PLACE SINCE THEN? Abstract The wave of „Arab Spring” has generated an atmosphere of hope and enthusiasm within and beyond the borders of the Arab World. The journalists termed the process as the ,,Arab revolution”1, and it was expected that the downfall of old dictators would bring about basic changes in North Africa and the Middle East. Nevertheless, the results have remained limited yet. Although some authoritarian leaders have left the scene, this does not automatically mean a regime change. The structures and the reliable persons of the former dictators are still in power, as it is obvious in the case of the key country of the region, Egypt. If the protesters of the „Arab Spring” would like to reach a real breakthrough, which the scientists can call ,,revolution”, they must continue the efforts to transform the political and economic system of their countries into a modern one, which is able to give adequate answers to the internal and external challenges of the 21st century. Although there is no silver path for the success in this transformation, and each country should find her own way, it is likely that the halfway measures will not bring the hoped better life for the Arabs, and these insufficient solutions will only increase the gap between the different parts of the society – and between the Muslim world and the West. Introduction According to the famous writer Hannah Arendt, we can speak about revolution only if the use of violence leads to the creation of a totally new political structure, which breaks with the structures of the past, and it determines itself as a new beginning.2 The overthrowing of a dictator does not mean per se a ,,revolution”, because the structure of an authoritarian regime is more stable, and there is no leader who can maintain his power alone. In most cases, an authoritarian regime forms its client-system, which, through the security services and the army, serves as the basis of its power. But if the society can no longer bear the rule of the dictator, and it becomes evident that he must go, some 1 http://www.budde.com.au/Presentations/Content/Social-Networks-and-Revolutions.pdf. Downloaded: 13-12-2011 2 Hannah Arendt: A forradalom (The Revolution), Európa, 1991. 45. 5 key persons of the regime can join the demonstrations. It happened so in Egypt: after the first days of the rebellion, the army decided to support the changes and no longer supported Mubarak. But the leaders of the armed forces and the police, who served as the main basis of the Mubarak regime, did not lose their power, and they are playing a crucial role in the current politics of the ,,new” Egypt, too. The classic examples of revolution were in 1789 or in 1917, when the figures of the ,,ancient regime” were expelled or executed, and not only the persons of the leadership changed, but also the whole structure of the political and economic life. 1789 or 1917 really meant a ,,new beginning”, and the revolutionists radically tried to break away from the elements of the former regime. ,,Revolution” is a fashionable term. But not every demonstration is a revolution. In the Arab World we can mostly see demonstrations, not revolutions. Now it seems that perhaps some demonstrations can be called “revolution” – e.g. in the case of Tunisia –, but the definition is unsure, because we can recognize a revolution by its effects and results – not by the words of the participants. And this will need much more time. The dynamics of the unrests The reasons behind unrest can be numerous: they can have roots in social, religious or ethnic tensions, political suppression or economic crisis. Sometimes they feed upon only the political sphere of the society, and the protesters demand more freedom and human rights, but in other cases we find that the insufficient living conditions are the main motives under the surface. The beginning of riotings is often spontaneous, and a peaceful demonstration transforms into a more violent protest. It happened in Western Sahara, where the funeral of Saharavi activist Hamdi Lembarki – killed by the Moroccan police – became a huge mass demonstration.3 These riots often serve for channelling tensions, and if the authorities are careful, and do not try to immediately suppress the rioting, after some days the protestations can lose their power. We can see this scenario realized in most of the Arab countries: the authoritarian leadership agreed and made some limited reforms, which were enough to calm the protesters. But in some states, the regime was not so wise: the Power does not show any willingness for changes and even uses brutal violence against the demonstrators. This gave impetus to the fragmented and disorganized opposition to come together into one platform and become stronger than ever. If the strength and the support of the opposition is big enough, it can very easily lead to a civil war, like in Greece after WWII or in Spain in the ‘30s. In addition, a 3 Stephen Zunes and Jacob Mundy: Western Sahara. War, Nationalism and Conflict Irresolution. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2010 p. 154-161 6 civil war usually does not remain only an inner policy issue; in both of the aforementioned conflicts, it could be observed that the external actors
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