Glossary of Arabic Terms

Al-Adou Al-Baeed far enemy (the United States and the West) Al-Adou Al-Qareeb near enemy (apostate Muslim rulers) Al-da’wa religious call Al-amn Al-markazi Security Force Al-Da’wa Al-Salafeyya The Salafst Call Al-Salafyya ‘ilmiyya scientifc Salafsm Al-Salafyya Al-Saalah or liquid Salafsm is an expression to non- affliated Salafsts Al-dawla Al-madaniya civil state Al-Faridah Al-Ghaibah Absent (or Forgotten) Duty Al-Gama`a Al-Islamiyya The Islamic Group Al-hakimiya God’s sovereignty Al-Haya Al-Shariyya lil-Haquq wa-l Islah Islamic Legitimate Body of Rights and Reformation al-iktifa’a al-thati seeking self-suffciency Al-jahiliya state of divine ignorance Ajjanad Miser Egypt Soldiers Group al-jihaz al-sirri secret paramilitary unit, the Special Apparatus or Secret Unit Al-sama’ wata’a hear and obey, total obedience Al-Tabri’a The Exoneration Al-Takfr Wal-Hijra Excommunication and Exodus ach 'amal working brother

Afghan Arabs veterans of the Afghan war Ikhwanisiation Arabic for Brotherhoodization, is a process by which the Muslim Brotherhood members enter and perhaps even dominate offcial institutions Ansar Al-Jihad Supporters of Holy War Asma’ wa al-sifat unity of Allah’s names and attributes Bid’ah religious innovation that has occurred since the time of prophet Mohamed Baraka blessing Caliph pan-Islamic ruler Caliphate centralized Islamic authority that dominated most Islamic state until it was abolished by Turkey in 1924 Dawa Proselytizing Emir prince, leader Fatwa religious edict or ruling Fiqh Islamic jurisprudence Fitna sedition ḥarām forbidden in Islam Hadiths Prophetic traditions Halal permissible to use or engage in according to Shari’a Halaqat study circles Hizb Al-Tayar Al-Masri The Egyptian Current Party Hizb Al-Tahrir Al-Masry Liberation Party Hizb Al-Nahda Al-Misri The Egyptian Renaissance Party hizb Al-kanba the "couch party", mainstream Egyptians Hisbah the right of the government to force citizens to abide by Islamic law Hizbiyya partisanship Hudud Shari’a corporal punishment Imamat Caliphate Jama‘a Islamic group or society Jama’t al-Muslimin Society of Muslims Jihad armed struggle Jihadi radical Muslim fghter Jizya special tax paid by Christians and Jews as a return for not perform- ing military service. It has been abolished in all Islamic states Intifada uprising Ijtihad individual’s effort at interpretation Kefaya Enough Glossary of Arabic Terms 263

Kufar infdels Kufr apostasy or polytheism Ma‘lim f al-Tariq milestones mabahes amn al-dawla State Security Investigations Services Majles Shura Al-Ulamaa Council of Scholars Manhaj ideology or method or a belief system manhaj tarbawî program of education mujahid, mujahedeen Islamic fghters Musharaka one of the Islamic fnance system, where profts or losses are split between both lenders and borrowers riba usury Salaf pious ancestors Salaf a person belonged to Salafsm Shahid martyr Sharia Islamic law Shura consultation Shura Council Consultative Council Sunna all the deeds and words of the Prophet, second in importance to the Qur’an Tafsir Qur’anic exegesis Takfr the practice of excommunication of Muslims Tashih Al-Mafahim Correcting Conceptions Tawhid affrmation of the oneness of God Tawhid ‘ubudiyya unity of worship tawhid rububiyya unity of lordship Tawhid wa-l-Jihad Monotheism and Holy War Taqnin to institutionalization Ulama religious scholars Ummah or Omah Islamic nation or the Muslim community worldwide Usar families Waqf an Islamic personal charity tradition Wahhabiya Wahhabism, it is a puritanical religious doctrine founded by the eighteenth century evangelist Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahhab in Saudi Arabia Bibliography

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Al-Anani, Khalil. 2012b. The Role of Religion in the Public Domain in Egypt After the January 25 Revolution. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, April 2012. Al-Anani, Khalil. 2012c. The Advent of Informal Islamist. Foreign Policy, March 19, 2012. Alami, Mona. 2013. The Salaf Choice. Sada Journal, June 4, 2013. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2013/06/04/salaf-choice/g89d. Albrecht, Holger, and Born, Hans. 2011. Security Sector Reform: Narrowing the Gap Between Theory and Practice. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). SSR Paper, No. 1. Albrecht, Holger. 2013. Egypt's 2012 Constitution: Devil in the Details, Not in Religion. United States Institute of Peace, Peace Brief, No. 139, 25 January 2013. Albrecht, Holger. 2014. Does Coup-Proofng Work? Political–Military Relations in Authoritarian Regimes Amid the Arab Uprisings. Mediterranean Politics, published online on August 5, 2014. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.108 0/13629395.2014.932537. Alfoneh, Ali, and Augustus Richard A. Norton. 2008. The Study of Civil- Military Relations and Civil-Society in the Middle East and North Africa. In Developments in Civil–Military relations in the Middle East, ed. Jensen Carsten (Editor), 7–28. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Defence College, September 2008. Alim, Frida. 2013. The Politics of the Brotherhood Democracy: How the Muslim Brotherhood Burned Their Bridges. Jadaliyya, July 19, 2013. Altman, Israel Elad. 2008. The Crisis of the Arab Brotherhood, Current Trend in Islamist Ideology, 6, Hudson Institute. Altunisik, Meliba Benli. 2005. The Turkish Model and Democratization in the Middle East. Arab Studies Quarterly 27 (1 & 2): 45–63. Aly, Abdel Monem Said. 2011. The Paradox of the Egyptian Revolution, Crown Center for Middle East Studies. Middle East Brief, No. 55, September 2011. Aly, Abdel Monem Said. 2012. State and Revolution in Egypt: The Paradox of Change and Politics. Brandeis University Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Essay 2, January 2012. Aouragh, Miryam, and Anne Alexander. 2011. The Egyptian Experience: Sense and Nonsense of the Internet Revolution. International Journal of Communication 5: 1344–1358. Arafat, Alaa Al-Din. 2012. The Future of Succession Scenario in Egypt. Chronique Egyptiennes, 2009–2010, 251–280, CEDEJ, May 2012. Azzam, Maha. 2012. Egypt's Military Council and the Transition to Democracy. Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Middle East and North Africa Programme, May 2012. Bibliography 269

Awad, Mokhtar. 2014. The Salaf Dawa of Alexandria: The Politics of A Religious Movement. Hudson Institute. Available at: http://www.hudson. org/research/10463-the-salaf-dawa-of-alexandria-the-politics-of-a-religious- movement. Bakr, Noha. 2010. The Egyptian Revolution. Available at: http://www.um.edu. mt/__data/assets/pdf_fle/0004/150394/Chapter_4_-_Noha_Bakr.pdf. Behr, Timo, and Aaretti Siitonen. 2013. Building Bridges or Digging Trenches? Civil Society Engagement after the Arab Spring. The Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA), Working Paper, No. 77, January 2013. Bell, Anthony. 2014. Military Disengagement from Politics: The Case of Pakistan’s Revolving Barracks Door. Georgetown Security Studies Review, Jun 10, 2014. Available at: http://georgetownsecuritystudiesreview. org/2014/06/10/military-disengagement-from-politics-the-case-of-paki- stans-revolving-barracks-door/. Bellin, Eva. 2004. The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Politics 2, 139–157. Bellin, Eva. 2012. Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring. Comparative Politics 44 (2): 127–149, January 2012. Ben Moussa, Mohamed. 2013. From Arab Street to Social Movements: Re-Theorizing Collective Action and the Role of Social Media in the Arab Spring. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 9 (2): 47–71. Blair, Edmund et al. 2013. How the Muslim Brotherhood lost Egypt. Special Report, Reuters, July 25, 2013. Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/25/us-egypt-mistakes-specialreport-idUS- BRE96O07H20130725. Blanchard, Christopher M. 2008. The Islamic Traditions of Wahhabism and Salafyya. CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RS21695, Updated January 24, 2008. Boehmer, Daniel A, and James P. Murphy. 2012. The Politicization of the Egyptian Salafyya: Principled Participation and Islamist Competition in the Post-Mubarak Era, George Washington University, Elliott School of International Affairs, Institute for Middle East Studies, IMES Capstone Paper Series, May 2012. Bohn, Lauren E. 2011a. The battle for upper Egypt. Foreign Policy, December 12, 2011. Bohn, Lauren. 2011b. Inside Egypt’s Salafs. Foreign Policy, August 2, 2011. Available at: http://mideastafrica.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/02/ inside_egypts_salafs. Bokhari, Kamran. 2012. Salafsm and Arab Democratization. Stratfor, October 2, 2012. Available at: http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/salafsm-and-arab- democratization. 270 Bibliography

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English Newspapers and Magazines Time Magazine. Al-Ahram Weekly. The Guardian. The Newsweek. The International Herlad Tribune. The Economist. 284 Bibliography

The Weekly Standard. The Christian Science Monitor. Foreign policy. Daily Telegraph. The New York Times. The Wall Street Journal. The Washington Post. Daily Mail. Egypt Daily News. The Jerusalem Post. USA Today. The independent. The Egyptian Gazette. The Forbes. Foreign Affairs. Telegraph. Egypt Today. National Review. Global Post. Moment.

Arabic Newspapers and Magazines Al-‘Arabi. Al-Ahram. Al-Ahram Al-Aqatesadi. Al-Ahram Al-‘Arabi. Al-Ahram Al-Masaay. Al-Ahali. Al-Ahrar. Al-Akhbar. Akhar S’ah. Akhbar Al-Youm. Al-‘Alam Al-Youm. Al-Badil. Al-Dostour. Al-Fager. Al-Gomhoeriah. Al-Hayyat. Al-Karama. Al-Khamis. Al-Masry al-Youm. Bibliography 285

Al-Mosour. Al-Osbou’. Al-Sh’ab. Al-Sharq Al-Awsat. Al-Tahrir. Al-Athad, newspaper (UAE). Al-Watan. Al-Wafd. October. Roz Al-Yousef. Sabah Al-Khir. Sawt Al-Umma. Index

A Ajjanad Miser, 153, 240 ‘Abd Al-Halim Abu Ghazala, 44–46, AKP, The, 251–255 50, 62 Alaa El-Aswany, 200 ‘Abd al-Qadir Ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 118 Al-Afghani, 97, 120 ‘Abd Al-Rahman ‘Abd al-Khaliq, 139, Al-Asala, The, 133, 140, 149, 150, 156 152, 175 ‘Abdel-Ghfour, 245 Al-Azhar University, 77, 158, 219 ‘Abdel-Moneim Abul-Fotouh, 74 Al-Banna, 65–68, 72, 77, 84, 85, 239, ‘Abdel-Moneim Al-Shahat, 142 251, 256 ‘Abdoud Al-Zumur, 111, 115, 116 Al-Da’wa Al-Salafyya (The Salafst Abdul Hakim ‘Amer, 42, 45, 46 Call), 102, 105, 156 Abu al-‘Ala Madi, 74 Al-Da’wah Al-Salfyya, 70 Abu al-A’la Mawdudi, 99 Alexandria, 15, 70, 82, 103, 104, 106, Activist Salafsm, 98, 101, 107, 108, 107, 109, 114, 139, 175, 183, 121 192, 209 Adel ‘Abdel-Maqsoud, 134 Alexandria Church, 2, 7, 15 Administrative Judicial Court, The, Alexandria Salafst School, The, 98, 247 136, 152 Advisory Council, 101, 186, 193, 219, Alfred Stepan, 35, 38, 58 220, 247 Al-Gam’eyya Al-Shar’eyya, 99 Ahmed Maher, 5 al-Gamyia, 101 Ahmed Mekky, 201 Algeria, 39–41, 49 Ahmed Nazif, 8, 12, 14 Ali Al-Selmi, 219 Ahmed Shafq, 11, 20, 148, 199, 204, Ali Goma’a, 143 205, 208, 245 Al-Jamiyya al-Shari’a lil-’amilin bi-l- Ahmed ‘Izz, 12 kitab wa-l-sunna, 98

Al-Jihad group, The, 101, 109, 111, Arab spring, 14, 22–24, 26, 27, 29, 114–118, 121, 137, 168 34, 39, 40, 55, 59, 62, 90, 101, al-Karma, 14, 27 138, 187, 215, 234, 236 Al-Madkhaliyya Salafsm, 98, 101 Arab world, 39, 76, 89, 90, 191, 192, Al-Mahalla, 5, 12 236, 257 Al-Muqaddam, 104 Article 2, 154, 171, 226 Al-Nahda party, 82, 149 Ashraf Thabet, 146, 148 Al-Nour Party, 19, 104, 108, 133, Asma’ wa al-sifat (unity of Allah’s 138, 139, 141, 143, 144, 147, names and attributes), 96 148, 153, 168, 182, 183, 203, Ataturk, 66 208, 209, 211, 229, 242, 245 Ayman Al-Zawahiri, 110, 113–115, Al-Nuqrashi pasha, 67 117, 118, 121 Al-Qaeda, 85, 95, 104, 106, 108, 113, 116–119, 121, 240, 241, 253 Al-Qaradawi, 71 B ‘al-salaf al-salih, 96 Bahrain, 39, 40 Al-Salafyya ‘ilmiyya (scientifc Bashar Al-Assad, 10, 41, 237 Salafsm), 102 Beginning (Bidaya), The, 176, 190 Al-Salafyya Harakiya, 98, 107 Bid’ah, 96, 99, 100, 120, 241 Al-Selmi document, 219, 220, 225 Body of Senior Ulama (scholars) of Al-Shater, 72, 78, 91, 107, 148, 149, Al-Azahar, 143 197–199, 201, 244, 245, 255 British, The, 42, 66, 99 Al-Sunnah al- Muhamadiyya Society, Brotherhood 95 Division, 77, 91 98 Brotherhood, The, 16, 66, 67, Al-Twahid Waljihad, 119, 240 69–77, 79–83, 85, 97, 106, 110, Al-walā’ wa al-barā, 120 111, 116, 120, 146, 168, 171, Al-Wasat, 74, 152, 167, 176, 190, 174, 180–182, 197–199, 201, 198, 220, 246 206, 207, 210, 226, 240–242, Al-Watan Party, 134, 147, 149, 156, 244–247 245 Business elite, 3, 4, 53 ‘Alwi Mustafa, 114 Amos Perlmutter, 38 ‘Amr Moussa, 199, 200, 202, 205 C Ana al-Salafy, 103 Cairo Salafst group, 98 Ansar al-Sharia, 99, 119, 240 Camp David, 112, 145, 151, 178, 202 Ansar Byat al-Maqdes, 99, 240 Central Security Force (CSF) (Al-amn Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis, 119 Al-markazi), The, 45 6 April Youth Movement, The, 1 Christian minority, 15 Arab-Afghans, 117, 130 Citizenship, 71, 74, 77, 81, 85, 118, Arab League, 199, 202 140, 213, 228, 229, 239 Arab Organization for Civil state, 71, 78, 80, 82, 83, 100, Industrialization; the NSPO, 50 144, 219, 226, 252 Index 289

Civil-Military Relations, 57–61, 63, 64 Democratic Alliance for Egypt’, 173, Civil-Military Relations patterns, 33 176, 220 Civil-Military Relations theories, 33 Democratic Front Party, 6, 16, 176 CMR, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42 Demonstrators, 5, 15, 17, 18, 21, 28, Constituent Assembly, 165, 166, 182, 40, 52, 55, 240 185, 186, 193, 204, 206, 207, Dhimmis, 104 217–219, 221–223, 227, 229, 231, 233, 238, 242, 243, 247 Constitutional Declaration, 172, 186, E 188, 218, 221, 223 Egyptian armed forces, 29, 33, 34, 42, Constitution First’, 165, 166, 170, 43, 50, 167 239 Egyptian Bloc, The, 181, 185 1971 constitution, The, 54, 166, 170, Egyptian Citizen Party, 181 218, 222, 224, 226–228, 230, Egyptian Current, 73, 83, 175 248 Egyptian Islamic Jihad, (EIJ), 112, Coptic Christians, 15, 19, 74, 84, 86, 115, 119, 150 126, 140, 141, 189, 198, 205, Egyptian Islamism, 242, 249, 253, 245 254, 256 Coptic Church, 105, 219, 221, 247 Egyptian Salafsm, 95, 97, 98, 120, Coptic Church in Alexandria, 105 123, 125, 127, 134, 156, 191, Coptic minority, 74 240 Copts, 15, 71, 77, 79, 96, 104, 112, 2010 election, The, 6, 11 140, 147, 150, 206, 207, 230, Electoral College’ (EC), 174 241, 248, 249, 252 Electoral Complexes’ system, 174 Correcting Conceptions, 113 Emad ‘Abdel Ghaffour’, 139 Costa Salafsts, 99, 240 Emergency laws, 2, 136 Couch party, The, 19 Esraa Abdel Fattah, 12 Essam El-Erian, 186 EU, 85, 252, 253 D Eva Bellin, 39 Dawa, The, 102, 105, 106, 148 Declaration of the Fundamental Principles of the New Egyptian F State’, 219 Fadila (Virtue) Party, The, 134, 149 Deliberalization, 2, 7, 8 Far enemy, The, 110, 116, 117, 122 Democracy, 4, 18, 21, 23, 27, 29, Fatwa, 16, 108, 135, 137, 153, 179, 30, 34, 57, 71, 74, 77, 84, 85, 180, 242 96, 100, 101, 103, 110, 133, feloul, 176 136–138, 144, 153, 168, 207, Fethullah Gulen, 253 226, 229, 237–239, 241, 242, Freedom and Development Party 252, 253, 255 (FJP), The, 19 290 Index

Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), The, Hereditary succession, 2, 9, 10, 14, 78, 83, 93 53, 136 Free Egyptians Party (FEP), The, 175, Hezb Al-Nahda, 82 222 Hezbollah Shi’ite militia, 119 Fundamentalist groups, 117 Hidden Duty, The, 111 Hizam Salah Abu Ismail, 99, 240 hizb al-kanba, 1, 19, 196, 198, 199, G 202, 205, 206, 238, 245–248, Galal Al-Morrah, 146 256 Gamaa Al-Islamiyya, 102 Hizb Al-Tahrir, 152 Gamal Abdel-Nasser, 42 Hizbiyya, 66, 76, 96, 110, 121, 254 Gamal Mubarak, 5, 9–11, 14, 26, 53, Hizmet, 252 80 Holger Albrecht, 41 Gam’iyat Ansar Al-Sunna, 120 Hosni Mubarak, 9, 10, 18, 20, 28, 29, Gaza, 15, 108 44, 45, 63, 200 General Hassan al-Alf, 112 Hossam al-Ghariani, 223 General Intelligence Directorate Hudud, 141, 152 (GID),The, 45 General Intelligence Service (GIS), The, 17 I Ghad al-Thawra, 223 Ibn Taymiyya, 97 Gomaa Amin, 70 Ibrahim al-Zafarani, 82 Grand Imam of Al-Azhar, 143, 177 Ikhwanisation, 211 Grand Mufti of Egypt, 143 Illiberal democracy, 249, 258 Gregory Gause III, 39 Individual Candidacy (IC) system, 172 Guidance Bureau, 74, 75, 78, 255 International Atomic Energy Agency, Gülen movement, The, 253, 260 2, 15, 28, 200 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2, 147 H International Organization of the MB, Habib Al-Adli, 17 The, 75 Hakmiyya, 65, 67–69, 84, 85, 95, Iran, 40, 118, 147 100, 107, 121, 150, 229, 239, Iraq, 40 241, 251, 253, 254 Islam Lutf, 83 Hamas, 69, 85, 119 Islamic Caliphate, 66, 110, 115 Hamdeen Sabbahi, 199, 200, 209 Islamic fundamentalism, 15, 46, 255 Hamed al-Dafrawi, 82 Islamic Legitimate Body of Rights and Hassan Isma‘il al-Hudaybi, 69 Reformation (ILBRR), 107 Hassan Malek, 78, 255 Islamic Liberation Organization Hatem Bagato, 170 (ILO), 115 Hazemoun Salafsm, 99, 108 Islamic nation, or Omah, 136, 228 Hazem Salah Abu Ismail, 240 Index 291

Islamic Research Centre (IRC), The, K 143 Kandahar Friday, 141, 169 Islamic Society, 45, 206 "Kefaya" or “Enough”, 1, 4, 62, 173, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 179, 206, 224, 242 85 Kenya, 118, 231 Islamic State of Sinai’, 99, 241 Khalid al-Islambouli, 68, 111 Islamic Student Associations, The, 73 Khalid Daoud, 82 Islamist Alliance, The, 174 King Farouk, 42, 66 Islamist groups, 45, 69, 85, 100, Kuwaiti Revival of Islamic Heritage 104–106, 108, 109, 121, 125, Society, The, 179 150, 152, 169, 240, 241, 248, 249 Ismail Tantawi, 114 L Ittihad (Union) Party, The, 176 Latin America, 36, 58 Leftists, 18, 175, 202, 223 Liberalization, 255 J Libya, 40, 62 Jabhat al-Nusra, also known as the Lieutenant General Sami Hafez Anan, Nusra Front, 85, 240 167 Jahiliyya, 69, 87, 107, 110, 111, 121 Loyalist Salafsm, 98, 101 Jama’t al-Muslimin (Society of Muslims), The, 76, 85 January 25 revolution, The, 5, 13, M 23, 24, 28–30, 63, 93, 127, 152, Mahmoud Al-Maseri, 134 201, 208 Mahmoud Ghazlan, 70 Jihad, 46, 65, 67–69, 84, 85, 95, 106, Majles Shura al-Ulamaa, 101 109–111, 113–115, 118, 120, Major General Mukhtar Al-Mulla, 186 121, 126, 133, 137, 151, 239, Ma‘lim f al-Tariq (Milestones), 69, 241, 251, 253 85, 110, 111, 116 Jihadism, 65 Mamdouh Hamza, 220 Jihadist Salafsm groups, 19 Ma’mun Al-Hudaybi, 70 Jihadist Salafsm, 19, 98, 108, 109, March 30 Declaration, The, 218 117, 121 MB bloggers, The, 73 Jihan Al-Halafawy, 104 MB, The, 1, 8, 11, 16, 18–20, 45–47, Jizya, 140 65–75, 77–86, 95, 97, 99, 101, Juan Linz, 38 102, 104, 105, 108, 110, 111, Judges Club, 227 114, 116, 117, 119–122, 134, Justice and Development Party (JDP), 138–140, 145, 146, 148, 149, his, 86, 167 151–153, 165–171, 173, 174, Justice Party (Centrist), 83, 92, 176, 176–182, 184–186, 195–197, 202 199–202, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 217, 218, 220–223, 292 Index

225, 227, 229, 230, 238–248, MUSİAD, 254, 255, 260 251, 252, 255, 256 Muslim Brotherhood, The, 7, 18, 19, Michael Makara, 40 67, 68, 78, 80, 82, 83, 96, 100, Middle class, The, 3, 4 106, 202, 211 Middle East, 6, 21–24, 26, 27, 29, 30, Muslim Brother Salafst, 121, 198 33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 50, 57, 59, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 85 60, 63, 64, 68, 85, 255, 256, 258 Mustafa Mash’hur, 70 Militant Salafsm, 107, 108, 121, 240 Military economy, 33, 49, 50, 63 Military intervention, The, 1, 54 N Military, The, 11, 19, 33, 35, 37, 41 Nabil Al-Bor’ai, 114 Military Intelligence Directorate Nader Bakar, 140, 145, 148, 210 (MID), The, 45 Naguib Mahfouz, 112, 142 MNP, The, 249 Naguib Sawiris, 147 Modern Egypt Party (Masr Nageh Ibrahim, 111, 118 Al-Haditha), The, 176 Nakşibendi, The, 252 Mohamed Abd al-Salam Faraj, 110, National Defense Council, The, 225 121, 128 Nasserists, 16, 18 Mohamed Abduh, 97, 120 Nathan Brown, 2, 184, 229 Mohamed Al-’Awa, 200 NATO, 191, 252 Mohamed Badi’a, 72, 73, 82, 84 Nawwara Nagm, 247 Mohamed Bouazizi, 14 NDP, The, 2, 4, 7, 9–11, 14, 53, 80, Mohamed El-Baradei, 2, 15, 101 81, 169, 170, 176, 199, 239, Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, 18, 51 245, 247 Mohamed Mustafa al-Muqri’, 112 Necmettin Erbakan, 86 Mohamed Nour, 144, 147, 153 Nepal, 231, 249 Mohamed Sa’ad, 117, 122 New Ghad, 173 Mohamed Salim al-Rahal, 115 New guard, The, 10, 70 Monotheism and Holy War, 119, 240 New Wafd, 7, 176 Morocco, 40 NP, 139, 178–186, 218, 242, 243 Morris Janowitz, 34 Nurculuk (Nur), 158, 252, 253 Mubarak, 1, 3–12, 14–21, 33, 38, 39, Nur movement, The, 253 41, 44–57, 71, 73, 76, 79, 80, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108, 113, 119, 133–138, 143, 150, 153, O 166, 167, 169, 171, 179, 183, Old guard, The, 10, 40, 65, 70, 73, 185, 196, 198–201, 205, 207, 78 208, 220, 224, 237, 238, 241, Omar Abdel Rahman, 111, 117, 129 242, 245, 255 Omar Suleiman, 17, 18, 20, 28, 198, Mubarakism, 30, 54, 63 199, 245 Mubarak’s coup-proofng strategy, 20, Opposition forces, 9, 73, 185 33, 49, 53 Organizational’ associations, 98 Index 293

Organizationalist faction, 65, 70, 71 Qutbist faction, 65, 66, 69–72, 84–86, Osama Ben Laden, 68, 106, 113, 116, 95, 195, 196, 199, 229, 239, 121, 169, 241 254, 255 Osama Yassin, 77 Qutbist Salafsts, 137

P R PA, 12, 171–173, 176, 181, 182, 186, Rafq Habib, 79 200, 205, 218, 221, 222, 242, Rashid Rida, 97, 120 243, 247 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, 86, 250 Parliament, 8, 11, 14, 104, 138, 144, Referendum, 8, 138, 142, 170, 171, 150, 165, 171, 172, 183, 186, 209, 218, 223, 225, 231, 247 197, 201, 208–210, 218–221, Revisionism, 112, 118, 119, 130–132 227, 230, 238, 240, 243, 244, Revolutionaries, 18, 54, 166, 168, 247, 248, 256 170, 173, 185, 205, 220, 238, 2010 parliamentary elections, The, 243 2, 9 Revolutionary forces, The, 19, 165, Peace and Development Party, The, 82 167–170, 220, 239 People’s Assembly (PA), The, 11, 166 Revolutionary Youth Council, The, 19 Pion-Berlin model, 36 Revolution Continues Alliance’ Political activism, 6, 12, 67, 74 (RCA), 83, 175 Political mobilization, 8, 11, 39 Political parties, 9, 48, 72, 73, 79, 84, 108, 119, 142, 144, 150, 153, S 169, 172, 176, 181, 202, 222, Sadat, 43–46, 49, 56, 68, 70, 76, 81, 241 85, 109, 111, 112, 115, 117, Politician faction, 65, 70, 72, 84, 195, 122, 200 199, 202, 239 Safwat ‘Abdel-Ghani, 151 President Morsi, 108, 148, 206, 211, Safwat Al-Sharif, 12 246 Said Abdel-Azeem, 103 Professionalization, 34, 39, 42, 43, Said Nursi, 253 45, 48, 56 Salafsm, 45, 67, 70, 82, 96–99, 101, Promotion of Virtue and Prevention 102, 105, 107–109, 117, 120, of Vice Authority’, (PVPVA), 141 121, 134, 149, 182, 209, 229, Proportional Representation (PR) 240, 253 system, 172, 231 Salafst bloc, 174 Salafst Call (Al-Da’wah Al-Salfyya), 70, 102 Q Salafst Call, The, 19, 98, 102–108, Qutbism, 70, 107, 108, 121, 150, 119–122, 133–136, 138, 139, 241, 245, 251, 253, 255 142, 144, 146, 148, 152, 166– 169, 171, 175, 180–183, 195, 294 Index

196, 200, 204, 209, 210, 222, Shura Council, 75, 78, 107, 151, 172, 240, 242, 244, 245, 247, 256 181, 182, 218, 221, 227, 242, Salafst Front, 108, 152, 210, 246 243, 247, 255 Salafst groups, 19, 95, 98, 103, 121, Sinai, 81, 99, 119, 151, 202, 241 122, 133, 134, 153, 184, 203, Social Democratic Party (SDP), The, 209, 230, 241, 245, 246 175 Salafst leaders, 16, 106, 142 Socialist Popular Alliance Party, The, Salafsts of Alexandria, 102 175 Salvation Party, The, 250 Social media, 5, 12, 13, 16, 103, 140 Sameh ‘Ashour, 220 Socio-economic grievances, 1 Samuel Huntington, 34, 37 Soviet Union, 42, 43, 115, 117 Saudi Arabia, 100–102, 123, 179, 248 Special Apparatus (al-jihaz al-sirri), Sawt al-Salaf, 103 67 Sayyid Belal, 7, 105 State Security Intelligence (SSI), 11, Sayyid Imam Al-Sherif, 115 106 Sayyid Qutb, 65, 68, 84, 85, 88, 93, Suf Egyptian Liberation Party, 143 98, 110, 116, 130, 239 Suf orders, 99, 104, 105, 143, 252 Secularization, 97 Sufsm, 67, 143, 252, 254 Security forces, 12, 14, 16, 17, 40, 48, Supreme Administrative Court (SAC), 55, 106, 112, 118 151 Security services, 15, 51, 106 Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC), Shabab Mohamed group, 76, 85 The, 86, 226, 227 ‘Shadow of the Quran’, 116 Supreme Council of the Egyptian Shari’a, 67–69, 71, 77, 79, 80, 84, Armed Forces (SCAF), The, 18 96, 104, 114, 120, 135, 136, Supreme Electoral Commission (SEC), 139–142, 144–148, 150, 151, 173 153, 168, 171, 177, 178, 217, Supreme Guide, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 226, 239, 242, 251, 252, 255 75, 77, 82, 89, 106, 121, 196, Sharia Law Organization for Rights 202, 206, 244 and Reform (SLORR), 180 Supreme Presidential Election Sheikh Ahmed Al-Tayyeb,, 143 Commission (SPEC), The, 199 Sheikh Mahmoud ‘Amer, 101 Suzan Mubarak, 12 Sheikh Mohamed ‘Abdel-Maqsoud, Syria, 10, 39–41 137, 149 Sheikh Mohamed Hamid al-Fiqi, 100 Sheikh Mohamed Hassen Yakoub, 134 T Sheikh Mohamed Khalil Hras, 114 Tagammu party, 10, 16 SheikhMahmoud Khattab al-Sobky, 99 Tahaney Al-Gebali, 227 Sheikh Mustfa Al-Adawi, 134 Tahrir Square, 17–19, 51, 52, 54, 77, Shiite, 69, 85, 104, 143 134, 135, 169, 196, 220 Index 295

Takfr, 65, 67–69, 76, 84, 85, 95, 107, United States, 43, 68, 110, 116, 117, 108, 120, 121, 239, 241, 251, 121, 122, 144, 150, 151, 168 253, 254 Upper Egypt, 109, 111, 115, 141, Tareq El-Basheri, 83, 197 151, 184, 209, 224 Tariq Al-Zumur, 116 2011 uprising, 1, 2, 4–6, 51, 72, 73, Tawhid (the unity of God), 96 95, 101, 119, 121, 136, 150, Tawhid rububiyya(unity of lordship), 153, 237, 246, 247 96 Tawhid ‘ubudiyya(unity of worship), 96 W Tawhid wa-l-Jihad, 119 Wahhabism, 117, 120, 121, 251, 253 Thirwat Salah Al-Shehata, 137 Wahhabi Salafsm, 68, 70, 97, 100, Thomas C. Bruneau, 36 102, 120 Traditional Salafsm, 70, 98, 99, 109 We Are All Khaled Said, 1, 6, 13, 14 Transparency, 3, 5, 74, 173, 231 Welfare Party, 86, 250 True Path Party, 250 Westernization, 66, 97, 252, 253 Tunisia, 14, 15, 39–41, 51, 55, 57, Wiktorowicz, 95, 98 173, 237 Tunisian revolution, 2, 7, 13–15, 20 Turgut Ozal, 254 Y Turkey, 35, 41, 86, 168, 249–254, Yahi Hasham, 114 256 Yasser Borhami, 104, 105, 136, 139, Turkey’s Suf orders, 252 141, 145, 146 Turkish armed forces, 253 Yemen, 40, 103 Turkish Hezballah, 253 Younis Makhyoun, 104, 147 Turkish Islamism, 249, 251–256 Youth Coalition (RYC), 83 Turkish Islamists, 86 Yusri Hammad, 144, 147 TUSKON, 254, 255

Z U Zine El-Abdine Ben Ali, 13 Umar al-Tilmisani, 202 Zionism, 67, 100, 117, 201 Unemployment, 1, 3, 145