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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. Maye Kassem. 1999. In the Guise of Democracy: Governance in Contem- porary Egypt (London: Ithaca Press); Eberhard Kienle. 2001. A Grand Delusion: Democracy and Economic Reform in Egypt (London: I. B. Tau- ris); Eva Bellin. 2002. Stalled Democracy: Capital, Labor, and the Paradox of State- Sponsored Development (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press); Jason Brownlee. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); Lisa Blaydes. 2011. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press); Ellen Lust-Okar. 2004. “Divided They Rule: The Manage- ment and Manipulation of Political Opposition,” Journal of Democracy 36(2): 139– 56. 2. Barrington Moore. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Beacon); Charles Moraz. 1968. The Triumph of the Middle Class (New York: Anchor); Eric Hobsbawm. 1969. Industry and Empire (Har- mondsworth: Penguin). 3. Bellin. 2002. 4. Nazih Ayubi. 1995. Over-Stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East (London: I. B. Tauris). 5. Samuel Huntington. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press), p. 67. 6. Ray Bush. 2012. “Marginality or Abjection? The Political Economy of Pov- erty Production in Egypt,” in Marginality and Exclusion in Egypt, ed. Ray Bush and Habib Ayeb (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press), p. 66. 7. Bellin. 2002. 8. Amr Adly. 2009. “Politically- Embedded Cronyism: The Case of Egypt,” Busi- ness and Politics 11(4): 1– 28. 9. Bellin. 2002. 10. Adly. 2009. 11. The only Policies Secretariat meeting that Gamal Mubarak missed since the establishment of the Secretariat in 2002 was in March 2010 when he was accompanying his father in Germany for treatment. Only half of the mem- bers of the Secretariat attended this meeting, which suggests how members, including businessmen, were attending these meetings to meet with Gamal and create a personal relationship with him for their own personal benefit 154 NOTES rather than for the benefit of the party. For more information, see Al- Masry Al- Youm, March 10, 2010. 12. Ellen Lust- Okar. 2004. 13. Robert Yin. 1984. Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage), p. 23. Chapter 1 1. Jane Kinninmont. 2012. “Bread, Dignity and Social Justice: The Politi- cal Economy of Egypt’s Transition.” Chatham House. Briefing Paper. At http:// www .chathamhouse .org/ sites/ default/ files/ public/ Research/ Middle %20East/ bp0412 _kinninmont .pdf, accessed March 20, 2014. 2. Emad Shahin. 2013. “The Egyptian Revolution: The Power of Mass Mobili- zation and the Spirit of Tahrir Square,” in Revolution, Revolt, and Reform in North Africa: The Arab Spring and Beyond, ed. Ricardo Rene Laremont (London: Routledge), p. 56. 3. Ibid. 4. Kinninmont. 2012. 5. Shahin. 2013. p. 56. 6. Mona El- Ghobashy. 2012b. “The Praxis of the Egyptian Revolution,” in The Journey to Tahrir: Revolution, Protest and Social Change in Egypt, ed. Jean- nie Sowers and Chris Toensing (London: Verso), pp. 23– 24. 7. Shahin. 2013. p. 58. 8. Abdel- Fattah Mady. 2013. “Popular Discontent, Revolution, and Democra- tization in Egypt in a Globalizing World,” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 20(1), pp. 314–15. 9. Shahin. 2013. p. 54. 10. Hossam el- Hamalawy. 2011. “Jan 25: The Workers, Middle Class, Military Junta and the Permanent Revolution.” Arabawy blog, February 12. At http:// www.arabawy.org/2011/02/12/permanent-revolution, accessed January 10, 2012. 11. Peter Evans. 1989. “Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State,” Soci- ological Forum 4(4): 562. 12. Eberhard Kienle. 2001. A Grand Delusion: Democracy and Economic Reform in Egypt (London: I. B. Tauris). 13. Amr Adly. 2009. “Politically- Embedded Cronyism: The Case of Egypt,” Busi- ness and Politics 11(4): 1– 28. 14. Eva Bellin. 2002. Stalled Democracy: Capital, Labor, and the Paradox of State- Sponsored Development (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press). 15. Maye Kassem. 1999. In the Guise of Democracy: Governance in Contempo- rary Egypt (London: Ithaca Press). 16. Jason Brownlee. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). NOTES 155 17. Lisa Blaydes. 2011. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 18. John Sfakianakis. 2004. “The Whales of the Nile: Networks, Businessmen, and Bureaucrats during the Era of Privatization in Egypt,” in Networks of Privilege in the Middle East: The Politics of Economic Reform Revisited, ed. Steven Heydemann (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 77– 100. 19. Nazih Ayubi. 1995. Over-Stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East (London: I. B. Tauris). 20. Ray Bush. 2007. “Politics, Power and Poverty: Twenty Years of Agriculture Reform and Market Liberalization in Egypt,” Third World Quarterly 28(8): 1601. 21. Nadia Farah. 2009. Egypt’s Political Economy: Power Relations in Develop- ment (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press), p. 35. 22. Ibid. 23. Ray Bush. 2007. p. 1603. 24. Nadia Farah. 2009. p. 36. 25. Ray Bush. 2009. “The Land and the People,” in Egypt the Moment of Change, ed. Rabab El- Mahdi and Philip Marfleet (London: Zed Books), p. 55. 26. Farah. 2009. p. 52. 27. Evans. 1989. 28. Samer Soliman. 2011. The Autumn of Dictatorship: Fiscal Crises and Politi- cal Change in Egypt under Mubarak (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press), p. 38. 29. Cited in Moheb Zaki. 1999. Egyptian Business Elites: Their Visions and Investment Behavior (Cairo: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung and the Arab Center for Development and Future Research), p. 96. 30. Cited in Yahya Sadwoski. 1991. Businessmen and Bureaucrats in the Devel- opment of Egyptian Agriculture (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution), p. 253. 31. Hans Lofgren. 1993. “Economic Policy in Egypt: Breakdown in Reform Resistance,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 25(3): 411. 32. Farah. 2009. p. 41. 33. Lofgren. 1993. p. 411. 34. Farah. 2009. pp. 41– 42. 35. Mahmud A. Faksh. 1992. “Egypt and the Gulf Crisis: The Role of Leadership under Mubarak,” Journal of Third World Studies 9(1): 50– 51. 36. Khalid Ikram. 2006. The Egyptian Economy 1952– 2000 (London: Routledge Press), p. 61. 37. Ibid. 38. Egypt’s economic reform could be identified in three generations. In the first generation (1991–98), the economy was stabilized, and one-third of the state- owned enterprises were privatized. The second generation of reform (1998– 2004) focused on trade and institutional measures. The third gen- eration of reform (2004–present) witnessed the accelerated implementa- tion of liberal economic policies and the accelerated pace of privatization. 156 NOTES For more information, see Sufyan Alissa. 2007. “The Political Economy of Reform in Egypt: Understanding the Role of Institutions.” The Carnegie Papers. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 4– 5. At http:// carnegieendowment .org/ files/ cmec5 _alissa _egypt _final .pdf, accessed Janu- ary 24, 2011. 39. Cited in Raymond Hinnebush. 1993. “The Politics of Economic Reform in Egypt,” Third World Quarterly 14(1): 164. 40. Ray Bush. 2009. “The Land and the People,” in Egypt: The Moment of Change, ed. Rabab El- Mahdi and Philip Marfleet (London: Zed Books), p. 58. 41. Ibid. 42. Joel Beinin and Hossam el-Hamalawy. 2007. “Textile Workers Confront the New Economic Order.” Middle East Report Online, March 25. At http://www .merip .org/ mero/ mero032507, accessed June 10, 2012. 43. Ayubi. 1995. p. 407. 44. Kienle. 2001. p. 5. 45. Stephen King. 2009. The New Authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), pp. 4– 5. 46. Adly. 2009. pp. 14– 15. 47. Bellin. 2002. p. 149. 48. Ibid. pp. 162– 66. 49. Ziya Onis and Umut Turem. 2002. “Entrepreneurs, Democracy and Citizen- ship in Turkey,” Comparative Politics 34(4): 439– 56. 50. Michael Shafer. 1997. “The Political Economy of Sectors and Sectoral Change: Korea Then and Now,” in Business and the State in Developing Countries, ed. Sylvia Maxfield and Ben Ross Schneider (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press), p. 112. 51. Jon Moran. 1999. “Patterns of Corruption and Development in East Asia,” Third World Quarterly 20(3): 571. 52. Beatrice Hibou. 2004. “Fiscal Trajectories in Morocco and Tunisia,” in Net- works of Privilege in the Middle East: The Politics of Economic Reform Revisited, ed. Steven Heydemann (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), p. 215. 53. Hazem Beblawi. 1987. “The Rentier State in the Arab World,” Arab Studies Quarterly 9(4): 383– 98; Michael Ross. 2001. “Does Oil Hinder Democracy,” World Politics 53(3): 326– 61. 54. Adam Hanieh. 2011. Capitalism and Class in the Gulf Arab States (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 66– 67. 55. Beblawi. 1987. p. 388. 56. Ross. 2001. p. 332. 57. Beblawi. 1987. p. 387. 58. Soliman. 2011. p. 141. 59. Margaret Levi. 1988. Of Rule and Revenue (Berkeley: University of Califor- nia Press). 60. Soliman. 2011. p. 113– 14. 61. Ibid. p. 127. NOTES 157 62. Bellin. 2002. 63. Beblawi. 1987. 64. Soliman. 2011. 65. Moran. 1999. 66. Hibou. 2004. 67. Carl H. Lande. 1977. “Introduction: The Dyadic Basis of Clientelism” in Friends, Followers and Faction: A Reader in Political Clientelism, ed. Steffen W. Schmidt, James C. Scott, Carle Lande and Laura Guasti (Berkley: Univer- sity of California Press), p. xx. 68. James C. Scott. 1972. “Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in South- east Asia,” The American Political Science Review 66(1): 92. 69. Ibid. p. 93. 70. Jonathan Fox. 1994. “The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizen- ship: Lessons from Mexico,” World Politics 46(2): 153. 71. Samuel Huntington. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press), pp. 178– 79. 72. Brownlee. 2007. p. 6. 73. Juan Linz. 1964. “An Authoritarian Regime Spain,” in Cleavages, Ideologies and Party Systems: Contribution to Comparative Political Sociology, ed. Erik Allardt and Yrjo Littunen (Helsinki: Transactions of the Westermarck Society), p.
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