DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolución Del Mundo Árabe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolución Del Mundo Árabe CENTRO SUPERIOR DE ESTUDIOS DE LA DEFENSA NACIONAL Cuadernos de Estrategia 168 Instituto Español Evolución del mundo de Estudios árabe: tendencias Estratégicos ANIVERSARIO 1964-2014 MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA Cuadernos de Estrategia 168 Instituto Español Evolución del mundo de Estudios árabe: tendencias Estratégicos Casa Árabe MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES http://publicacionesoficiales.boe.es/ Edita: SECRETARÍA GENERAL TÉCNICA http://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/ © Autor y editor, 2014 NIPO: 083-14-214-0 (impresión bajo demanda) NIPO: 083-14-213-5 (edición libro-e) ISBN: 978-84-9781-992-3 (edición libro-e) Fecha de edición: octubre 2014 Imprime: Imprenta del Ministerio de Defensa Las opiniones emitidas en esta publicación son exclusiva responsabilidad del autor de la misma. Los derechos de explotación de esta obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. Ninguna de las partes de la misma puede ser reproducida, almacenada ni transmitida en ningu- na forma ni por medio alguno, electrónico, mecánico o de grabación, incluido fotocopias, o por cualquier otra forma, sin permiso previo, expreso y por escrito de los titulares del © Copyright. ÍNDICE Página Introducción ............................................................................................................. 9 Por Eduardo López Busquets Revolución y contrarrevolución............................................................................. 9 Grietas profundas ..................................................................................................... 11 Y más preguntas de fondo ...................................................................................... 12 El golfo: estabilidad y presencia reforzada........................................................ 13 El factor monárquico ................................................................................................ 13 Nuevos actores: jóvenes, mujeres, redes sociales ........................................... 14 Diversidades y sectarismos: equilibrio delicado .............................................. 14 Comunidad internacional y estados vecinos ...................................................... 15 Capítulo primero Tendencias en la península arábiga desde comienzos de la Primavera Árabe ............................................................................................ 17 Gabriel Alou Forner Introducción ............................................................................................................... 19 La adaptación al cambio ......................................................................................... 20 Nuevos actores .......................................................................................................... 23 Sectarismo e identidad............................................................................................ 25 Retos del cambio y reequilibrios de poder ......................................................... 27 La globalización del golfo ....................................................................................... 32 Las relaciones de seguridad .................................................................................. 35 Arabia Saudí: entre el inmovilismo y la reforma .............................................. 40 Bahréin: el diálogo difícil ........................................................................................ 47 Emiratos Árabes Unidos: la visión estratégica del desarrollo ...................... 51 Kuwait: ¿cincuenta años de Primavera Árabe? ................................................. 55 Omán: primavera tras el renacimiento ................................................................ 61 Qatar: de la globalización al extrañamiento regional ...................................... 67 Yemen: el cambio y sus límites ............................................................................. 73 5 Página Capítulo segundo ¿Hacia dónde nos lleva la guerra civil siria? ............................................. 79 Francisco J. Berenguer Hernández Introducción ............................................................................................................... 81 La comunidad internacional y el inicio de la guerra ........................................ 82 La responsabilidad de proteger y el antecedente libio ................................ 82 Las nuevas prioridades estratégicas de los Estados Unidos ..................... 84 Los elementos más relevantes de esta guerra ................................................. 87 Los intereses internacionales presentes en Siria ........................................ 87 Ventana de oportunidad para el yihadismo ................................................... 89 Combatientes extranjeros en Siria .................................................................. 94 El dimensionamiento de la amenaza química como detonante de una intervención militar .................................................................................... 98 Sin gas sigue habiendo guerra ......................................................................... 107 Las conversaciones de paz ............................................................................... 108 Hacia dónde nos lleva esta guerra ....................................................................... 113 En caso de victoria militar gubernamental .................................................... 113 En caso de victoria militar de la oposición .................................................... 117 El impacto para España de la guerra civil Siria ................................................ 120 Impacto general .................................................................................................. 120 Las tropas en el Líbano ..................................................................................... 120 Conclusiones .............................................................................................................. 122 Capítulo tercero Egipto: crónica de tres años convulsos ....................................................... 125 Emilio Sánchez de Rojas Díaz Introducción ............................................................................................................... 127 Mohamed Ali ........................................................................................................ 128 Las revoluciones................................................................................................. 129 Aparecen las dos tendencias políticas ........................................................... 131 Nacimiento del islamismo político de Al Afgani a Al Banna ....................... 132 Revolución de los Oficiales Libres. Período nacionalista ............................... 134 Oficiales Libres y Hermanos Musulmanes .................................................... 135 La presidencia de Nasser.................................................................................. 135 El período de Sadat ............................................................................................ 137 El período de Mubarak ............................................................................................. 138 El sultanato de Mubarak.................................................................................... 139 La influencia de los Estados Unidos antes de la revolución de 2011........ 141 El período 2010-2011 ........................................................................................ 141 Las revoluciones árabes ......................................................................................... 143 El inicio de la revolución ................................................................................... 144 La reacción norteamericana ............................................................................. 145 Sorpresa para los egipcios también ............................................................... 146 Papel de las Fuerzas Armadas ........................................................................ 147 Período posrevolucionario ..................................................................................... 148 Gobierno del SCAF ............................................................................................. 148 Entre las elecciones parlamentarias y presidenciales ................................ 150 La caída de Morsi ...................................................................................................... 156 El derrocamiento de Morsi y las nuevas elecciones presidenciales ......... 157 Islamistas tras el 30 de junio ........................................................................... 159 Insurgencia islamista en el Sinaí ..................................................................... 160 6 Página Conclusiones .............................................................................................................. 162 Resultados presidenciales ............................................................................... 162 Un futuro incierto ............................................................................................... 163 ¿Hacia una nueva república? ............................................................................ 165 Bibliografía ................................................................................................................. 166 Capítulo cuarto Libia y Túnez: dos transiciones contrapuestas .......................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Al-Jazeera and Arab Governments 113 7 Al-Jazeera Scoops the World 143 8 Al-Jazeera and the West: the Love-Hate Relationship 175 Epilogue 197
    AL-JAZEERA This page intentionally left blank AL-JAZEERA The Story of the Network That Is Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism MOHAMMED EL-NAWAWY ADEL ISKANDAR A Member of the Perseus Books Group The authors wish to acknowledge the Al-Jazeera Satellite Channel, which has generously given permission to use the pictures and JSC logo in this book. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distin- guish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designa- tions appear in this book and Westview Press was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters. Copyright © 2003 by Mohammed el-Nawawy and Adel Iskandar All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Cataloging-in-publication data is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-8133-4149-3 Westview Press is a member of the Perseus Books Group. Find us on the World Wide Web at http://www.westviewpress.com Westview Press books are available at special discounts for bulk pur- chases in the U.S. by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 11 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, or call (800) 255-1514 or (617) 252-5298, or e-mail j [email protected]. Text design by Janice Tapia Set in 11.5-point Janson Text by the Perseus Books Group First paperback printing, August 2003 12 345678910—06050403 Dedicated to all those who lost their lives on September 11, 2001.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom of Bahrain Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review
    Kingdom of Bahrain Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review 27th Session of the UPR Working Group Submitted 22 September 2016 Submission by Bahrain Human Rights Observatory (BHRO): Creation of parties and non-governmental organizations Freedom of assembly and peaceful demonstration Excessive suppression of protests Freedom of opinion and expression BHRO : Bahrain Human Rights Observatory Mrs. Jalila Al-Salman Mobile: +97336595325 e-mail: [email protected] Background: This report, addressed to the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) session on Bahrain, covers the period from the end of the UPR in May 2012 up to the writing of this report in April 2016. The report is based on the Bahraini Constitution and the laws acted upon domestically. It is also founded on the United Nation’s Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as well as major conventions and treaties that Bahrain had endorsed in this field. The figures and statistics in this report depend on our observations of the violations committed. Bahrain’s enforcement of the 2012 Human Rights Council’s Recommendations: The United Nation’s Human Rights Council issued, in its second cycle in May 2012, 21 recommendations regarding the freedom of opinion, expression, peaceful assembly and association. Albeit Bahrain had roughly agreed upon all the recommendations mentioned, nothing had actually changed except an enhancement in the level of suppression against protesters. The Humans Rights Council had advised to make space for a political opposition. However, the Bahraini authorities did not comply with these recommendations, and more so pressured political associations to dissolve The Islamic Action Society [also known as Amal Party] in 2012 and chased down al-Wefaq National Islamic Society and the National Democratic Action Society (Waad) until al-Wefaq was dissolved in June 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslim Brotherhood and Modern Education How Will the Muslim Brotherhood Address Egypt's Failing Education System
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2012-09 The Muslim Brotherhood and Modern Education How Will the Muslim Brotherhood Address Egypt's Failing Education System Manning, Christopher Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/17411 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD AND MODERN EDUCATION: HOW WILL THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD ADDRESS EGYPT’S FAILING EDUCATION SYSTEM? by Christopher Manning September 2012 Thesis Advisor: Robert Springborg Second Reader: Mohammed M. Hafez Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2012 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE The Muslim Brotherhood and Modern Education: How 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Will the Muslim Brotherhood Address Egypt’s Failing Education System? 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Torture in Bahrain: Perpetrators Must Face Justice
    Patterns of Torture in Bahrain: Perpetrators must Face Justice A Report by the Gulf Centre for Human Rights (GCHR) March 2021 Patterns of Torture in Bahrain: Perpetrators must Face Justice I. Executive Summary 3 II. Methodology 4 III. Introduction 5 1. Patterns of Torture 6 1.1 The Prevalence of Torture in the Bahraini Justice System and Extraction of Confessions by Torture 6 1.2 Gross Violations of Fair Trial Rights and Due Process: The Admissibility of Confessions Extracted by Torture in Criminal Proceedings 10 1.3 The Use of Torture and its Chilling Effect on Exercising the Rights to Freedom of Expression, Assembly and Association 11 1.4 Torture and Travel Bans in Reprisal against Human Rights Defenders who Interact with International Human Rights Mechanisms 12 2. Ending the Culture of Impunity: Ensuring that Perpetrators of Torture are Held Accountable 14 2.1 Tackling the Culture of Impunity within Bahrain 14 2.2 Ensuring International Accountability by Moving Away from a Culture of Complicity in the International Community 15 3. Conclusion 20 4. Recommendations 21 4.1 Recommendations to the Government of Bahrain 21 4.2 Recommendations to the International Community 21 2 Patterns of Torture in Bahrain: Perpetrators must Face Justice I. Executive Summary This report provides a comprehensive overview of the specific ways and means by which torture is perpetrated in Bahrain, with a particular focus on the period since the 2011 popular movement and the violent crackdown that followed. The report documents the widespread use of forms of
    [Show full text]
  • Bahrain 2016 Human Rights Report
    BAHRAIN 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy. King Hamad Bin Isa al-Khalifa, the head of state, appoints the cabinet, consisting of 26 ministers; 12 of those ministers were members of the al-Khalifa ruling family. Parliament consists of an appointed upper house, the Shura (Consultative) Council, and the elected Council of Representatives, each with 40 seats. Approximately 52 percent of eligible voters participated in parliamentary elections held in 2014. Turnout was significantly lower in opposition districts, due in part to a decision to boycott the elections by the main opposition political societies and a lack of confidence among opposition communities in the electoral system. The government did not permit international election monitors. Domestic monitors generally concluded the authorities administered the elections without significant procedural irregularities. There were, however, broader concerns regarding voting-district boundaries. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security forces. The most serious human rights problems included limitations on citizens’ ability to choose their government peacefully, including due to the government’s ability to close arbitrarily or create registration difficulties for organized political societies; restrictions on free expression, assembly, and association; and lack of due process in the legal system, including arrests without warrants or charges and lengthy pretrial detentions--used especially in cases against opposition members
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary and Municipal Elections in Bahrain 2006: Islamic Sunnis Are Leading the Second Elections in Bahrain
    Parliamentary and municipal elections in Bahrain 2006: Islamic Sunnis are leading the second elections in Bahrain 13 December 2006 The first round The results of the Bahraini parliamentary and municipal elections were a frustration to more than 25 former Bahraini deputies who re-nominated themselves. Only six of them won. The elections were frustrating also to the women. Out of 16 women candidates, only one woman won by acclaim while the other women lost. None of these women were qualified for the rerun. Meanwhile, the Islamic national Accord [Wifaq] Society won 15 seats out of a total of 26 seats. This was confirmed by the final results of the first round elections. The total number of candidates who ran for parliamentary elections reached 207 candidates who nominated themselves in 39 electoral constituencies while 13 candidates announced their withdrawal from the electoral battle. The candidates competed for 40 House of Representatives seats. Meanwhile, 171 candidates competed in the municipal elections for 40 seats in five municipal councils in Bahrain’s five governorates. Surprises as violent as a thunderbolt were reported during the elections. Most former parliamentary figures lost the election. The most important of these were the first deputy speaker of the House of Representatives Abdul Hadi Marhoon, who won 300 votes only compared to his competitor who obtained 4,000 votes. The results of the elections also showed the loss of the chairmen of the financial and foreign committees. No second Bahraini woman won. The only woman winner was Latifah al-Qu’ud who won by acclaim. Moreover, Sulaiman Abbawi, the first Christian to run for municipal elections, lost.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorism and the Rise of ISIS in Egypt
    BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Fall 2015 Terrorism and the Rise of ISIS in Egypt Jantzen William Garnett As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons Recommended Citation Garnett, Jantzen William, "Terrorism and the Rise of ISIS in Egypt" (2015). MSU Graduate Theses. 2551. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/2551 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TERRORISM AND THE RISE OF ISIS IN EGYPT A Masters Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University TEMPLATE In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Defense and Strategic Studies By Jantzen W. Garnett December 2015 Copyright 2015 by Jantzen William Marlow Garnett ii TERRORISM AND THE RISE OF ISIS IN EGYPT Defense and Strategic Studies Missouri State University, December 2015 Master of Science Jantzen W. Garnett ABSTRACT Using mostly primary source materials this thesis seeks to understand the evolution of and linkages between different terrorist organization that have operated in Egypt and the Sinai, in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitution-Making and Democratization
    A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/132949 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Constitution-making and Democratization: A Comparative Analysis of Tunisia and Egypt after the 2010/11 Uprisings Tereza Jermanová A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics and International Studies University of Warwick Department of Politics and International Studies September 2018 Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables .………………………………………………....…..…iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... iv Abstract ...................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................ vii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Setting the Scene: Constitutional Agreement and International Assistance for Constitution-makers
    [Show full text]
  • Bahrain: Unrest, Security, and U.S
    Bahrain: Unrest, Security, and U.S. Policy Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Updated February 24, 2020 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov 95-1013 Bahrain: Unrest, Security, and U.S. Policy Summary A 2011 uprising by a mostly Shia opposition to the Sunni-minority-led regime of Bahrain’s Al Khalifa ruling family has subsided, but punishments of oppositionists and periodic demonstrations continue. The uprising did not achieve its goal of establishing a constitutional monarchy, but the unrest compelled the ruling family to undertake some modest reforms. Elections for the lower house of a legislative body, last held in 2018, were marred by the banning of opposition political societies and allegations of gerrymandering. The mainstream opposition uses peaceful forms of dissent, but small factions, reportedly backed by Iran, have conducted some attacks on security officials. The government’s repression presents a policy dilemma for the United States because Bahrain is a longtime ally that is pivotal to maintaining Persian Gulf security. The country has hosted a U.S. naval command headquarters for the Gulf region since 1948; the United States and Bahrain have had a formal Defense Cooperation Agreement (DCA) since 1991; and Bahrain is designated by the United States as a “major non-NATO ally.” There are nearly 5,000 U.S. forces, mostly Navy, in Bahrain, which relies on U.S.-made arms. Because of the government’s use of force against protesters, both the Obama and Trump Administrations curtailed U.S. assistance to Bahrain’s internal security organizations. The Trump Administration has prioritized countering Iran and addressing other regional security issues, and to that end has lifted the previous Administration’s conditionality on major arms sales to Bahrain’s military and has corroborated Bahrain leadership assertions that Iran is providing material support to violent opposition factions in Bahrain.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancien Régime: Legacies of Previous Authoritarian Regimes and the Struggle for Democratization in the Arab World
    Ancien Régime: Legacies of Previous Authoritarian Regimes and the Struggle for Democratization in the Arab World By Baba Adou Submitted to the graduate degree program in the Center for Global and International Studies and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Michael Wuthrich ________________________________ Dr. John James Kennedy ________________________________ Dr. Yacine Daddi Addoun Date Defended: 04/ 29/ 2015 The Thesis Committee for Baba Adou certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Ancien Régime: Legacies of Previous Authoritarian Regimes and the Struggle for Democratization in the Arab World ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Michael Wuthrich Date approved: 04/ 29/ 2015 ii Abstract Arab Spring, or the series of uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa in early 2011, has raised hopes that the region is finally catching up with democracy. The fall of four long- established authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen, respectively, shook the foundations of the ‘Arab exceptionalism’ thesis which dominated much of the literature on the region. Four years after the Arab Spring, however, the prospects of democratization in the region appear to be dim; out of the four regime changes in Libya, Yemen, Egypt and Tunisia, only the latter seems to be leading a relatively successful democratic transition. This paper attempts to address the variations witnessed in the four cases’ post-Arab Spring experiences. Analyzing the four countries against the backdrop of their institutional contexts, I argue that institutional legacies of previous regime type could account for the success of democracy in Tunisia and its failure in the rest of the cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitution-Making in Transition: a Comparative Study of the 2012 Egyptian and 2014 Tunisian Constitutions
    The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy CONSTITUTION-MAKING IN TRANSITION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE 2012 EGYPTIAN AND 2014 TUNISIAN CONSTITUTIONS A Master's Project Submitted to the Public Policy and Administration Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Global Affairs By Mona Ahmed Saleh Fall14 The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy Department of Public Policy and Administration CONSTITUTION-MAKING IN TRANSITION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE 2012 EGYPTIAN AND 2014 TUNISIAN CONSTITUTIONS Mona Ahmed Saleh Supervised by Professor Ibrahim Awad ABSTRACT This project examines constitution-making in transition by analyzing both the 2012 Egyptian and the 2014 Tunisian constitutions as case studies. The processes of the two constitutions took place in quite similar post-uprising contexts in which Islamists were the majority and yet resulted in different outcomes. The project aims to identify and analyze the variables that influenced constitution-making processes in both countries and hence the outcomes as indicated in the analysis of a selected number of civil and political rights in both constitutions. The project answers three questions: Why did Islamists in Egypt gain a qualified majority at the constituent assembly, while Ennahda Islamists in Tunisia gained only a simple majority? How did these majorities impact the constitution-making process in each country, and how did the process shape the constitutional outcome? The conceptual framework of the project sets a number of factors (independent variables) that were at stake during transition and influenced the constitution-making process (intermediate variable), which, in turn, shaped the outcome (dependent variable).
    [Show full text]
  • Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy
    Order Code RL33530 Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy Updated April 10, 2007 Carol Migdalovitz Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy Summary After the first Gulf war, in 1991, a new peace process consisting of bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon achieved mixed results. Milestones included the Israeli-Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Declaration of Principles (DOP) of September 13, 1993, providing for Palestinian empowerment and some territorial control, the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty of October 26, 1994, and the Interim Self-Rule in the West Bank or Oslo II accord of September 28, 1995, which led to the formation of the Palestinian Authority (PA) to govern the West Bank and Gaza. However, Israeli-Syrian negotiations were intermittent and difficult, and postponed indefinitely in 2000. Negotiations with Lebanon also were unsuccessful, leading Israel to withdraw unilaterally from south Lebanon on May 24, 2000. President Clinton held a summit with Israeli and Palestinian leaders at Camp David on final status issues that July, but they did not produce an accord. A Palestinian uprising or intifadah began in September. On February 6, 2001, Ariel Sharon was elected Prime Minister of Israel, and rejected steps taken at Camp David and afterwards. The post 9/11 war on terrorism prompted renewed U.S. focus on a peace process, emphasizing as its goal a democratic Palestinian state as a precondition for achieving peace. On April 30, 2003, the United States, the U.N., European Union, and Russia (known as the “Quartet”) presented a “Roadmap” to Palestinian statehood.
    [Show full text]