Edited by Dara Conduit and Shahram Akbarzadeh

Edited by Dara Conduit and Shahram Akbarzadeh New Opposition in the Middle East New Opposition in the Middle East Dara Conduit • Shahram Akbarzadeh Editors New Opposition in the Middle East Editors Dara Conduit Shahram Akbarzadeh Middle East Studies Forum, Alfred Middle East Studies Forum, Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation Globalisation Deakin University Deakin University Burwood, VIC, Australia Burwood, VIC, Australia ISBN 978-981-10-8820-9 ISBN 978-981-10-8821-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8821-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018955152 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: © Jonathan Rashad / Getty Images Cover design by Tom Howey This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume came about following the November 2016 ‘Future of the Middle East’ conference and the March 2017 ‘Opposition in the Middle East since the Arab Spring’ workshop, both hosted by the Middle East Studies Forum at the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University. The editors would like to thank the US Consulate General, Melbourne, for their support of the Future of the Middle East conference, and Dr Zim Nwokora, Dr Danielle Chubb, Dr Zahid Shahab Ahmed, Marika Sosnowski, and conference attendees for their insightful feedback on the ideas and the chapters included in this volume. v CONTENTS 1 Contentious Politics and Middle Eastern Oppositions After the Uprisings 1 Dara Conduit and Shahram Akbarzadeh 2 The Women’s Movement and State Responses to Contentious Campaigns in Iran 15 Rebecca Barlow 3 Pulling and Gouging: The Sadrist Line’s Adaptable and Evolving Repertoire of Contention 41 Damian Doyle 4 Opposition Party Political Dynamics in Egypt from the 2011 Revolution to Sisi 71 Vincent Durac 5 The Rise and Fall of Bahrain’s Al-Wefaq Society: De-democratisation and Crackdown in a Troubled Gulf State 97 Kylie Moore-Gilbert vii viii Contents 6 The Iranian Reform Movement Since 2009 119 Dara Conduit and Shahram Akbarzadeh 7 Surviving the Syrian Uprising: The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood 151 Hanlie Booysen 8 Nahda and Tunisian Islamic Activism 177 Fabio Merone, Ester Sigillò, and Damiano De Facci 9 Conclusion 203 Shahram Akbarzadeh and Dara Conduit Index 209 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Shahram Akbarzadeh is Professor of Middle East and Central Asian Politics at the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Australia. Akbarzadeh is the author of Uzbekistan and the United States (2005), US Foreign Policy in the Middle East (2008 with Kylie Baxter), and Muslim Active Citizenship in the West (2014 with Mario Peucker). He is the founding editor of the Islamic Studies Series, published by Melbourne University Press, and a regular public commentator. Rebecca Barlow is a senior research fellow at the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Australia. Barlow is the author of Universal Women’s Human Rights and the Muslim Question: Iran’s One Million Signatures Campaign (2012). In 2007 Barlow was one of only four early career researchers selected globally to rapporteur at the Nobel Women’s Initiative’s first international conference ‘Women Redefining Peace in the Middle East and Beyond’. Barlow has worked for the Gender, Culture, and Human Rights Branch of the United Nations Population Fund, where she was part of a team that imple- mented the United Nations Global Forum of Faith-based Organisations in Population and Development. Hanlie Booysen has a PhD from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Her thesis title was ‘Explaining the Moderate Platform of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood: Against the Inclusion-Moderation Hypothesis’. Her research interests are political Islam, Israel-Palestine conflict, international relations, and the Syrian conflict. Booysen’s former career with the South African diplomatic service occasioned opportunities ix x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS to live and work in Jordan (1993–1997), Palestine (2000–2004), and Syria (2009–2012). Her undergraduate work includes an honours programme in Islamic Studies at the University of Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa (RSA), as well as an MA programmes in International Relations and Middle Eastern Studies at the Universities of Johannesburg, RSA, and Durham, UK. Dara Conduit is an associate research fellow at the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Australia. Her work has been published in journals including Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, The Middle East Journal, the British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, and International Community Law Review. Conduit holds a PhD from Monash University, an MLitt from the University of St. Andrews, was a visiting scholar at the University of Cambridge in 2015, and has provided advice to the UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights’ Working Group on Mercenaries. Damiano De Facci is a PhD candidate in Sociology at Paris ‘Diderot’ University, France, and a PhD fellow at the ‘Institut de recherche sur le Maghreb contemporain (IRMC) in Tunis, Tunisia. His main research interest concerns the sociology of associations in Tunisia. He is a member of the European Research Council (ERC) project ‘Political and Socio- institutional Change in North Africa: Competition of Models and Diversity of Trajectories’ (TARICA). Damian Doyle is a PhD researcher at the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies (the Middle East and Central Asia), the Australian National University, Australia. His research is focused on social movements, contentious politics, and parallel political authority in contemporary Iraq. Doyle’s research is supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship. Vincent Durac is Lecturer in Middle East Politics at the University College Dublin, Ireland, and is a visiting professor at Bethlehem University. He is the co-author (with Francesco Cavatorta) of Politics and Governance in the Middle East (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) and Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism (2011). His recent work has been published in Mediterranean Politics, Democratization, the British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, The Journal of North African Studies, and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies. NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xi Fabio Merone is in a postdoctoral position at the Middle East and North Africa Research Group (MENARG) research group at Ghent University (UGent), Belgium, undertaking research on Islamism and Salafism after the political changes of 2011 in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. He has been based in Tunisia for over 12 years and is working with UGent and Catholic University of Leuven (UCL) on a project on Contemporary Islam financed by the Baillet Latour Fund for the chair of contemporary Islam. His work has been published in academic international reviews including Democratization, Middle East Policy, British Journal of Eastern Studies, Middle East Law and Governance, and Journal of Political Ideologies. He is also the co-author with Francesco Cavatorta of the edited book Salafism After the Arab Awakening: Contending with People’s Power. Kylie Moore-Gilbert is Lecturer in Islamic Studies at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Moore-Gilbert graduated with first-class honours in Middle Eastern Studies from the University of Cambridge and received her PhD from the University of Melbourne in 2017. Moore-Gilbert spe- cialises in Middle Eastern politics, with a particular focus on the Arab Gulf states. She has written on issues including Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) politics, the 2011 Arab uprisings, authoritarian governance, and the role of new media technologies in political activism. Ester Sigillò is a PhD candidate in Political Science at the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences of Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy and a PhD fellow at the Institut de recherche sur le Maghreb Contemporain (IRMC) in Tunis. Her main research interests concern civic engagement and Islamic

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