Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01195-3 — the Japanese Empire S

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01195-3 — The Japanese Empire S. C. M. Paine Index More Information 199

Index

Bold page numbers indicate maps. Underlined page numbers indicate photographs.

Advisory Council on Foreign Relations, 87 Asaka Yasuhiko 朝香宮鳩彦王 (1887– 1981), agriculture, 2 , 77 , 113 , 119 – 20 , 126 , 129 , 131 , 131 , 169 137 , 144 , 163 , 174 , 178 Asan, 12 , 21 air war, 121 , 124 – 8 , 131 , 144 , 147 , 149 , 154 , Asan (1894), Battle of, 12 , 21 156 – 61 , 163 – 72 , 174 , 186 Asian Development Board, 87 aircraft carrier, 144 , 157 – 60 assassination. See terrorism Akagi, 144 atomic bomb, 165 , 167 – 8 , 170 – 2 , 186 Akashi Motojir 明石元郎 (1864– 1919), 55 August Storm (1945), 141 , 167 – 70 , 186 Alekseev, Evgenii I. (1843– 1917), 57 – 9 , Australia, 140 , 141 , 149 , 157 – 60 62 – 3 , 72 autarky, 115 , 136 , 138 , 172 Aleksei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke Axis, 81 , 141 , 145 , 148 – 9 , 151 , 153 – 4 , 187 . (1850– 1908), 59 See also Tripartite Pact Alexander II (1818– 1881), 58 – 9 , Aleutian Islands, 140 , 141 , 146 , 154 Baikal, Lake, 53 , 93 – 4 , 128 , 141 alliance. See coalition balance of power, 2 , 23 , 152 . See also Japan, Allies civil- military balance World War I, 91 , 93 Asian, 7 , 10 , 15 – 16 , 18 , 23 , 39 , 45 – 6 , 83 , World War II, 150 , 156 – 7 , 160 , 162 , 91 , 110 , 148 , 174 – 5 , 186 165 , 171 Ballard, George A. (1862– 1948), 30 – 1 Amur River, 93 Bank of Japan, 8 , 23 Anami Korechika 阿南惟幾 Baoding, 107 , 125 (1887– 1945), 168 – 70 Barbarossa, Operation, 148 , 150 , 152 Andong, 12 , 13 , 19 , 32 , 47 Barga, 115 Andong Kim clan, 19 battleship, 31 , 56 , 63 , 64 , 66 – 7 , 72 , 74 , Anglo- Japanese alliance, 52 – 3 , 74 , 80 , 83 – 4 105 , 157 – 8 Anhui, 107 , 130 Bazhao, 12 , 37 Anhui- Zhili War (1920), 83 Beijing, 17 , 21 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 32 – 6 , 38 , 40 , 44 , Annam, 29 47 , 70 , 83 , 92 , 97 , 107 , 111 , 122 , 123 , Anping, 12 , 41 128 , 130 , 131 Anqing, 107 , 126 Beijing- Suiyuan Railway, 107 , 123 Anshan, 12 , 13 Beijing- Wuhan Railway, 107 , 123 , 125 , Anshan (1895), Battle of, 12 , 13 , 3 6 – 7 127 , 163 Anti- Comintern Pact (1936), 122 , 150 biological warfare, 134 , 172 Araki Sadao 荒木貞 (1877– 1966), 99 – 100 Bismarck, Otto von (1815– 1898), 6 , 10 , 23 , 156 Archangel, 93 blockade, 36 , 56 – 7 , 63 , 65 , 73 – 4 , 105 – 6 , arms race, 39 , 42 – 3 , 50 – 1 , 53 125 , 129 , 132 , 135 , 144 , 146 , 172 – 3 , Army Criminal Code, 171 176 , 179 artillery, 24 , 29 , 34 , 36 – 7 , 60 – 2 , 64 , 66 , 68 , Bo Hai, Gulf of, 12 , 32 – 3 , 44 , 47 121 , 124 Boer War (1899– 1902), 52

199

200 Index

Bolsheviks, 92 – 3 , 111 system; names of armies , battles, Border Government of Hebei, Shanxi, treaties, wars and people and Chahar, 124 China Incident (1937), 123 , 125 Borneo, 140 , 141 , 157 Chinese Civil War (1911– 49), 41 , 83 , 110 – 11 , Bose, 107 , 128 133 , 135 , 164 , 175 , 181 Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897– 1945), 162 Chinese Communist Party, 83 , 96 – 7 , 111 , Boshin War (1868– 9), 5 121 – 4 , 127 – 9 , 133 – 4 , 139 , 151 , 164 , Boxer Uprising (1899– 1900), 9 , 49 , 51 – 3 167 , 170 , 174 – 5 , 179 , 181 boycotts, 98 , 114 , 118 , 183 Chinese Eastern Railway, 47 , 6 1 – 2 , 107 , 113 Britain . See Great Britain Chinese Nationalist Party, 96 – 8 , 111 – 14 , 116 , Buddhist Monk Attack Incident (1932), 116 118 , 120 – 38 , 147 – 8 , 151 , 153 , 159 – 61 , budget. See Japanese Army ; Japanese Navy 163 – 4 , 174 – 5 , 179 , 185 Bullitt, William C. (1891– 1967), 151 war plans 21 , 25 , 26 – 8 , 125 , 132 Burma, 107 , 140 , 147 , 157 , 161 . See also Chinese Revolution. See Xinhai Revolution battle and campaign names Ch koh Incident. See Zhanggufeng Incident Burma Campaign (1942), 141 , 157 , 162 Chongqing, 107 , 124 , 125 , 126 – 31 , Burma Campaign (1944), 141 , 162 141 , 159 – 61 Burma Road, 107 , 135 , 141 , 144 , 148 , 157 Ch sh domain, xii , 5 , 85 , 88 , 90 bushido, 105 , 130 Churchill, Winston (1874– 1965), 167 Byas, Hugh, 100 , 103 Clausewitz, Carl von (1780– 1831), 39 , 186n 3 coalition, 7 , 18 , 22 , 40 – 1 , 44 , 52 – 4 , 74 , 77 – 80 , Captain Nakamura Incident (1931), 115 82 – 4 , 91 , 93 , 106 , 121 – 4 , 140 , 143 , Caroline Islands, 140 , 141 , 163 147 – 51 , 153 – 4 , 156 – 7 , 160 , 162 , 165 , casualties, 33 , 62 , 72 , 80 , 92 , 161 , 165 , 171 , 176 167 , 171 , 177 – 81 , 185 – 6 . See also Chinese, 97 , 124 , 129 , 147 , 171 – 4 Allies ; Axis Japanese, 31 , 41 , 50 , 61 – 2 , 64 – 6 , 68 , domestic, 90 , 94 , 99 – 100 , 138 72 – 3 , 123 – 4 , 143 , 150 , 160 , 165 , 167 , code breaking, 24 , 150 , 159 , 162 171 – 3 , 175 – 6 command of the sea, 26 , 28 , 31 , 35 , 55 , 57 Russian, 55 , 61 – 2 , 65 – 6 , 68 , 124 , 161 commerce raiding, 64 , 72 , 106 , 154 , 161 – 2 , center of gravity, 130 – 4 , 147 172 – 3 , 176 , 179 Central China Development Co., 119 Communism, 79 , 96 , 101 , 109 , 113 Central Henan (1944), Battle of, 163 in China, 81 , 83 , 96 – 7 , 109 – 112 , 121 – 4 , Central Pacii c Campaign (1941– 5), 164 127 – 9 , 133 – 4 , 136 , 138 , 151 , 164 , 167 , Chahar, 107 , 118 174 – 5 , 179 , 181 Chahar Campaign (1937), 107 , 123 – 4 in Japan, 81 , 96 , 98 – 9 , 170 Chang Jiang. See Yangzi river in Russia, 1 , 92 , 96 , 99 , 113 , 122 , 128 , 170 , Changchun, 107 , 167 181 , 183 – 6 Changde, 107 concession areas, 39 , 43 – 4 , 50 – 1 , 71 , 84 , Changde (1943), Battle of, 107 , 161 91 – 2 , 97 , 110 , 112 – 14 , 125 , 146 Changsha, 107 , 131 Confucianism, 7 , 42 , 46 , Changsha (1939, 1941– 2, 1944), Battles of, conscription, 7 – 9 , 25 , 77 – 8 , 121 , 145 , 147 107 , 128 – 9 , 160 , 163 , 168 constitution, 6 , 8 , 81 , 85 – 7 , 90 , 95 , 99 , 166 Chemulp’o, 12 , 21 , 47 , 57 containment. See Russia, containment of Chen Cheng 陳誠 (1897– 1965), 124 continental power, 59 , 77 – 9 , 103 – 6 , 109 , 144 , Chengde, 107 , 131 , 167 176 – 9 , 181 , 184 Chengdu, 107 , 124 , 127 , 164 co- operative adversary, 28 , 57 – 60 , 177 , Chiang Kai- shek 蔣石 (1887– 1975), 97 , 182 , 184 121 – 2 , 124 – 7 , 129 , 132 – 3 , 135 – 6 , 138 , Coral Sea (1942), Battle of, 140 , 141 , 158 143 – 4 , 146 – 7 , 151 , 153 , 155 , 161 – 2 , Corregidor, 157 164 , 175 , 181 counterinsurgency. See insurgency Chichibu, Prince 秩父宮雍親王 (1902– 53), cruiser, 21 , 56 , 63 – 5 , 67 , 72 , 157 99 , 102 Curzon, George (1859– 1925), 83 China. See casualties ; Communism ; customs duty. See tariff imperialism ; institution building ; legitimacy ; Manchuria ; nationalism ; Dagu, 12 , 21 , 32 Qing dynasty ; railways ; treaty port Dagushan, 33 , 47 , 61

Index 201

Dalian, 12 , 13 , 34 , 44 , 47 , 61 – 2 , 72 , 167 France, 3 , 23 , 40 , 44 , 53 , 60 , 79 , 84 , 93 – 4 , Daling Pass, 47 , 72 122 , 124 , 144 , 147 , 150 , 162 , 175 , Dan Takuma 團琢磨 (1858– 1932), 98 183 . See also Franco- Prussian War Danshui, 12 , 41 (1870– 1) ; Indochina ; Sino- French War Datong, 107 , 123 (1884– 85) ; Triple Intervention (1895) death ground, 136 , 182 , 185 – 6 Franco- Prussian War (1870– 1), 23 , 40 , 61 , 65 decisive battle, 5 , 62 – 3 , 69 , 113 , 138 , 156 , 170 , 184 Fraternity of Blood 血盟団 , 98 Delisi (1904), Battle of, 47 , 6 1 – 2 Fujian, 38 , 41 , 44 , 92 , 107 , 163 Dengzhou, 12 , 36 Fuzhou, Fujian, 107 , 135 – 6 , 140 destroyer, 56 , 64 Fuzhou, Manchuria, 12 , 13 , 35 deterrence, 43 , 145 , 147 , 149 , 156 Ding Ruchang 如昌 (1836– 95), 27 , 30 , 36 Gaiping, 12 , 13 Dogger Bank Incident (1904), 68 Gaiping (1895), Battle of, 12 , 13 , 3 5 – 7 Doolittle, James H. (1896– 1993), 159 , 164 General Asian War (1941–5). See World War II D shikai 同志会 , 9 0 – 1 genr ǀ . See oligarchs Dutch East Indies 140 , 141 , 148 – 9 , 153 , germ warfare. See biological warfare 157 , 174 German- Russian Non- Aggression Pact (1939), 150 – 1 economic development, 1 , 5 , 10 , 23 , 41 , 81 , Germany, 6 , 23 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 51 , 52 , 58 , 79 , 84 , 100 , 111 , 117 , 119 , 120 , 123 , 133 , 136 , 92 , 103 , 105 , 122 , 136 , 145 – 52 , 154 , 155 , 172 156 , 160 – 1 , 167 , 171 – 3 , 177 , 181 , 185 . education, 2 , 4 , 6 – 8 , 26 , 33 , 54 , 60 , 82 , 83 , 86 , See also Barbarossa ; Prussia ; Triple 95 , 96 , 101 , 112 , 117 , 165 . See also Intervention school names Gilbert Islands, 140 , 141 , 158 Eighth Route Army, 123 Gog Campaign, 159 – 61 elections, 89 – 90 , 94 , 101 Grand Prince (Hǔ nson Taew ǒ n’gun Elliot Island, 63 1820– 98), 19 embargo, 146 – 9 , 153 – 5 grand strategy, 7 – 11 , 15 , 22 – 4 , 55 , 75 , 94 , encirclement campaigns (1930– 4), 121 – 2 111 – 12 , 121 , 175 , 177 , 180 – 1 England. See Great Britain Great Britain, 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 – 11 , 18 – 22 , 30 , 39 , 44 , Ethiopia, 144 52 , 54 , 60 , 64 , 68 , 73 , 79 , 81 – 4 , 91 , 94 , Etorofu, xii , 168 104 – 5 , 117 , 119 , 122 , 134 – 5 , 144 – 6 , Europe, 2 , 6 , 8 – 9 , 21 , 23 – 4 , 39 – 40 , 50 , 52 – 3 , 148 – 54 , 161 – 2 , 164 , 166 , 175 , 177 , 55 , 58 – 9 , 61 , 68 – 9 , 91 – 3 , 105 , 109 , 178 . See also Anglo- Japanese alliance ; 111 , 143 – 5 , 147 – 8 , 150 , 154 , 156 , Burma Road ; treaty revision 160 – 2 , 167 , 175 , 183 – 4 . See also Great Depression, 98 – 9 , 109 – 10 , 112 , 119 , individual countries 155 , 183 Export Control Act, 147 Great Kant Earthquake (1923), 95 , 98 expropriation. See nationalization Great Wall, 24 , 82 , 118 , 134 , 177 Fascism, 101 , 103 , 109 , 113 , 135 , 181 , 183 Great Wall Campaign (1933), 118 February 26 Incident. See Young Ofi cers’ Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere, Revolt (1936) 145 , 148 Gresham, Walter Q. (1832– 95), 17 Feng Island (1894), Battle of, 12 , 21 , 27 , 28 Grew, Joseph C. (1880– 1965), 166 Fenghuangcheng, 12 , 13 , 33 Guadalcanal Campaign (1942– 3), 141 , Fengtian, 25 , 83 158 , 160 – 1 Fengtian- Feng Yuxiang War (1925– 6), 83 Guam, 140 , 141 , 149 , 156 , 157 Fengtian- Zhejiang War (1925), 83 Guangdong, 41 , 44 , 107 Fenshui Pass, 47 , 72 Guangdong Campaign (1938), 107 , 135 , 147 Field Service Code, 172 Guangdong- Wuhan Railway, 135 , 163 Fiji Islands, 140 , 141 , 157 Guangxi, 41 , 44 , 107 , 128 , 163 First Sino- Japanese War (1894– 5), 9 , 11 – 46 , Guangxi- Hunan Railway, 163 49 – 56 , 59 , 61 – 72 , 75 , 88 , 90 , 144 , 154 , Guangzhou, 107 , 125 , 126 , 131 , 135 , 140 180 , 182 – 4 , 186 guerrilla warfare. See insurgency Four- Power Treaty (1922), 84 Guilin, 107 , 127 , 163 Fourteen Points (1918), 92 Guilin- Liuzhou (1944), Battle of, 163

202 Index

Guizhou, 107 , 163 Ichig Campaign (1944), 107 , 129 , 132 , gunboat, 21 , 56 162 – 4 , 176 Immigration Act (1924), 84 Habomai Islands, xii , 168 Imperial Conference, 54 , 148 , 155 , 165 – 6 , 169 Haicheng, 12 , 13 , 61 Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors Haicheng (1894– 5), Battle of, 12 , 33 , 35 – 7 , 47 (1882), 86 Hainan Island, 107 , 134 – 5 Imperial Rule Assistance Association, 135 Haiyang Island, 12 , 13 , 29 imperialism, 8 , 77 – 8 , 92 , 145 , 178 – 9 , 183 Hakodate, 3 , 5 Chinese, 15 – 17 , 185 Hamaguchi Osachi 浜雄幸 (1870– 1931), Japanese, 8 – 11 , 23 , 32 , 37 – 8 , 44 , 49 – 52 , 98 , 102 71 , 82 – 3 , 101 , 103 – 4 , 114 – 15 , 117 , Han Chinese, 17 , 25 , 41 , 118 , 121 , 133 – 4 135 , 144 , 152 – 4 , 162 , 172 , 176 Hangzhou, 125 , 140 Russian, 1 , 8 , 10 , 15 , 49 – 50 , 52 , 55 , 110 – 11 , Hanshui river, 126 113 , 181 , 185 Hara Kei 原敬 (1856– 1921), 90 – 1 , 94 Imphal (1944), Battle of, 162 Harbin, 44 , 47 , 56 , 61 – 2 , 81 , 94 , 107 , 114 , 167 Inch’ ǒ n. See Chemulp’o Harris, Townsend (1804– 78), 3 indemnity, 22 – 3 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 70 – 1 , 81 , Hasegawa Kiyoshi 長谷清 117 , 146 (1883– 1970), 125 India, 140 , 141 , 153 , 159 , 162 Hata Hikosabur 秦彦郎 (1890– 1959), 167 Indochina, 128, 140 , 147 – 9 , 153 , 163 , 169 . Hatanaka Kenji 畑中健 (1923– 1945), 170 See also Annam ; Tonkin Hawaiian Islands, 54 , 140 , 141 , 145 , 147 – 9 , Indonesia. See Dutch East Indies 154 – 5 , 158 – 9 . See also Pearl Harbor Industrial Revolution, 2 – 4 , 6 , 16 , 50 , 77 – 9 , 89 , Hawley- Smoot Tariff Act (1930), 113 117 , 178 He Yingqin 何應欽 (1890– 1987), 118 Inner Mongolia. See Mongolia Hebei, 107 , 118 , 124 , 125 . See also Zhili Inoue Junnosuke 準之助 (1869– 1932), 98 Heigoutai (1905), Battle of, 47 , 67 Inoue Shigeyoshi 成美 (1889– 1975), 144 Heilongjiang, 25 institution building, 78 – 9 Henan, 107 , 125 , 129 , 163 in China, 33 , 135 Hengyang, 107 , 163 in Japan, 4 – 9 , 18 , 23 , 31 , 42 , 45 , 51 , 79 , Herbert, Hilary A. (1834– 1919), 30 – 1 81 , 85 – 91 , 100 , 109 , 111 – 12 , 135 , Higashikuni Naruhiko 東久邇宮稔彦王 180 – 4 , 187 (1887– 1990), 170 in Korea, 22 – 3 , 26 , 46 , 80 Hirama Y ichi 間洋 (1933– ), 178 insurgency, 26 , 41 , 80 , 116 , 119 , 121 , 124 , Hirohito, Emperor (1901– 1989) 昭和皇 , 132 – 3 , 143 . See also Three Alls 89 , 98 – 9 , 100 – 2 , 131 , 157 , 159 , 165 – 6 , Campaign 169 – 70 . See also Imperial Conference Inukai Tsuyoshi 犬養毅 (1855– 1932), 90 , Hiroshima, 32 , 37 , 141 , 167 99 , 101 – 2 , 116 Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), 57 , 148 – 9 , 150 , 152 iron, 104 , 117 , 119 , 147 , 152 – 3 , 173 – 4 , 179 Hizen, xii , 5 , 85 , 99 Ishii Itar 石射猪郎 (1887– 1954), 84 Hokkaido, xii , 3 , 5 , 68 , 141 , 167 , 170 – 1 Ishiwara Kanji 石原莞爾 (1889– 1949), Hong Chung- u (洪鍾宇 1850– 1913), 20 123 , 143 Hong Kong, 9 , 136 , 140 , 141 , 146 , 149 , Italy, 42 , 52 , 144 – 5 , 148 – 51 , 161 156 , 157 It Hirobumi 伊藤博文 (1841–1909), 6 , 14 , 34 – 5 , Hongsha Pass, 65 37 , 38 , 45 , 54 , 80 – 2 , 86 , 88 , 90 , 180 Honsh , xii , 68 It Y k 伊東祐孝 (1843– 1914), 36 – 7 Huai Army, 25 Ivanov, Fedor N., 63 Huang He. See Yellow river Iwakura Tomomi 岩倉視 (1825– 83), 6 , 23 Huayuankou, 107 , 125 Iwo Jima (1945), Battle of, 140 , 141 , 159 Hubei, 44 , 107 , 128 , 161 Hull, Cordell (1871– 1955), 149 Jade Voice Broadcast, 169 – 70 Hun river 12 , 13 , 35 Japan. See also casualties ; Communism ; Hunan, 107 , 128 , 129 , 160 , 161 , 163 imperialism ; institution building ; Hunan- Guangxi Railway, 163 legitimacy ; nationalism; treaty port Hundred Regiments Campaign (1940), 129 system ; name of battle, place, treaty, Hushan, 32 person, and war

Index 203

aide- de- camp, 85 , 87 , 157 liberals, 82 , 85 , 90 , 102 civil- military balance, 34 – 5 , 45 , 70 , 80 , realists, 81 , 85 86 – 8 , 90 – 1 , 94 – 5 , 102 , 109 , 111 , 120 , Treaty faction, 102 168 , 180 , 182 Japanese Military Academy, 95 grand chamberlain, 85 , 87 , 102 , 166 Japanese ministries lord keeper of the privy seal, 85 , 87 , 101 – 2 Colonial Ministry, 87 military lessons learned, 33 , 42 , 50 , 52 – 3 , Education Ministry, 165 156 , 182 Finance Ministry, 42 . See also i nance prime minister, 8 , 81 , 85 – 9 , 94 – 5 , 100 , 102 , minister names 168 . See also prime minister names Foreign Ministry, 32 , 34 , 39 – 40 , 80 , 87 . Privy Council, 85 , 90 See also foreign minister names Japanese Army, 8 – 9 , 25 , 32 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 51 , Home Ministry, 94 , 155 , 165 67 , 70 , 75 , 79 – 88 , 91 , 92 , 94 – 5 , 97 – Imperial Household Ministry, 85 , 87 106 , 109 – 10 , 115 – 16 , 119 , 121 , 123 – 5 , Munitions Ministry, 165 131 , 133 , 136 , 143 – 4 , 148 , 150 , 152 – 3 , Navy Ministry. See Japanese Navy, Navy 155 , 157 , 159 , 166 , 168 – 72 , 175 – 6 , Ministry 180 , 185 , 187 . See also conscription ; War Ministry. See Japanese Army, War Ministry Siberian intervention ; battle, ofi cer, Japanese Navy, 25 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 42 , 54 – 5 , war, and war minister names 61 , 70 , 75 , 84 – 7 , 94 , 99 , 102 – 5 , 116 , budget, 10 , 27 , 42 , 75 , 87 , 89 – 91 , 101 , 124 – 6 , 135 , 144 , 149 – 50 , 153 – 5 , 157 , 103 – 4 , 120 , 137 , 143 , 177 159 – 60 , 162 , 168 – 9 , 171 , 174 – 6 , 179 , Central China Expeditionary Army, 125 , 169 185 . See also names of battles, people, China Garrison Army, 118 treaties, and wars Ch sen Army, 169 budget, 59 , 75 , 90 , 104 , 116 , 154 General Staff, 8 , 24 , 56 , 67 , 86 – 7 , 94 , Combined Fleet, 9 , 36 , 56 , 60 , 62 – 3 , 65 , 115 , 169 68 – 9 , 153 First Army, 26 , 33 , 35 – 7 , 57 , 60 – 2 , 65 , Navy Ministry, 9 , 59 , 70 , 86 – 7 , 72 , 123 102 , 144 , 168 . See also names of Kant Army, 97 – 8 , 113 – 15, 117 – 19 , 123 , navy ministers 167 , 169 Third Fleet, 125 North China Area Army, 119 , 123 , 125 war plans, 75 , 90 , 148 , 152 , 154 , 160 Second Army, 26 , 33 – 7 , 60 – 2 , 72 , 123 Japanese Naval War College, 103 Southern Expeditionary Army Group, Japanese political parties, 9 , 17 , 45 , 81 , 88 – 96 , 157 , 169 98 – 102 . See also party names. Third Army, 32 , 61 – 3 , 67 , 73 Japanese Staff College, 8 Fourth Army, 61 , 72 Java, 140 , 141 , 157 War Ministry, 9 , 81 , 86 , 100 , 101 , 102 . Jehol. See Rehe See also names of war ministers Jellicoe, John R. (1859– 1935), 64 war plans, 26 , 28 , 32 , 49 , 54 , 56 , 61 , 65 , 75 , Jiang Jieshi. See Chiang Kai- shek 90 , 93 – 4 , 115 , 124 , 128 , 148 , 151 – 4 , Jiangxi, 107 , 128 156 , 159 , 160 Jilin, 25 Japanese Cabinet, 8 , 21 , 27 , 42 , 45 , 77 , 81 , Jilong, 12 , 41 84 – 91 , 94 – 5 , 98 – 9 , 102 – 3 , 115 – 16 , Jinan, 47 , 107 , 125 , 131 118 , 148 , 150 , 152 , 165 , 168 , 170 , Jinan Incident (1928), 97 , 114 180 – 1 , 187 Jinzhou, 12 , 13 , 34 , 61 Japanese defensive perimeter, 141 , 154 , Jiujiang, 107 , 126 158 , 160 – 1 Jiuliancheng, 12 , 13 , 32 , 35 , 47 Japanese Diet, 6 , 8 – 10 , 27 , 42 , 45 , 77 , 81 , 84 , Jiuliancheng (1894), Battle of, 12 , 13 , 3 2 – 3 87 – 9 , 91 , 94 , 95 , 101 , 137 , 187 Jiuliancheng (1904), Battle of, 47 , 6 0 – 2 House of Peers, 89 , 95 J Eiichir 城英郎 (1899– 1944), 157 House of Representatives, 81 , 89 joint operations, 36 , 60 – 6 , 75 , 90 , 180 Japanese factions, 91 continentalists, 81 – 2 , 85 , 102 Kagoshima. See Satsuma Control faction, 99 – 100 Kanagawa, Treaty of (1854), 3 Fleet faction, 102 , 105 Kanazawa, 165 Imperial Way faction, 99 – 100 Kaneko Kentar 金子堅郎 (1853– 43), 54

204 Index

Kanin Haruhito 閑院宮春仁王 (1902– 1988), 169 Kyoto, 165 Kat K mei 藤高明 (1860– 1926), 91 – 2 K y sh , xii , 164 , 175 – 6 Kat Tomosabur 藤郎 (1861– 1923), 104 – 5 La Perouse Strait, xii , 68 Katsura Tar 桂郎 (1848– 1913), 70 , 79 – 81 , land power. See continental power 88 , 90 – 1 Lansing- Ishii agreement (1917), 84 Kaya Okinori 賀屋 (1889– 1977), 155 Lanzhou, 107 , 124 , 128 Kenseihont 憲政党 , 90 Lashio, 107 , 135 , 157 Ketsug Operation (1945), 176 law, 3 – 4 , 7 – 9 , 21 , 39 , 78 – 9 , 85 , 87 , 89 , 92 , Keynes, John Maynard (1883– 1946), 119 111 , 112 , 137 , 145 , 148 , 166 , 178 , Khalkhin- Gol, Battle of. See Nomonhan 180 , 186 Khasan. See Zhanggufeng Incident Law for the Application of the Armament Kim Ok- kyun 金玉均 (1851– 1894), 18 – 22 Industry Mobilization Law, 137 Kitashirakawa- no- miya Yoshihisa, Prince Law Relating to Temporary Export and Import 北白宮能久親王 (1847– 95), 41 Commodities, 137 Kobe, 165 League of Nations, 84 , 109 , 115 , 118 , 121 , 146 , 179 K chi. See Tosa legitimacy, 4 , 53 Kodama Gentar 児玉源郎 in China, 43 – 4 (1852– 1906), 67 , 70 in Japan, 5 , 7 , 16 , 18 , 27 , 45 , 53 , 87 , 121 , 165 Kohima (1944), Battle of, 162 in Russia 50 Kojong, King (1852– 1919), 19 – 21 , 46 , 80 LeMay, Curtis E. (1906– 1990), 164 Kokumint 国民党 , 90 Lend- Lease, 148 , 155 , 160 K mei, Emperor孝明皇 (1831–67), 5 Lenin, Vladimir (1870– 1924), 151 K moto Daisaku 河大作 (1883– 1955), 97 Leyte Gulf (1944), Battle of, 141 , 169 , 174 Komura Jutar 小村壽郎 (1855– 1911), 54 Li Hongzhang 李鴻章 (1823– 1901), 24 – 5 , Kondratenko, Roman I. (1857– 1904), 73 27 – 9 , 32 – 3 , 36 – 8 , 41 , 43 Konoe, Fumimaro 近衛文麿 (1891– 1945), Li Jingfang 李經方 (1855– 1934), 27 123 , 135 – 6 , 152 , 154 , 170 Lianshanguan, 33 Korea, 2 , 8 , 10 – 11 , 12 , 15 – 29 , 32 , 35 – 6 , 38 , Liao river, 12 , 13 , 35 , 37 , 47 4 0 , 4 5 – 6 , 47 , 4 9 , 5 1 – 5 4 , 5 6 – 7 , 6 0 – 6 1 , Liaodong peninsula, 12 , 13 , 2 6 , 3 2 – 5 , 3 8 – 4 0 , 65 , 71 – 2 , 79 – 84 , 90 , 92 , 94 – 5 , 98 – 9 , 4 4 – 5 , 47 , 52 , 56 , 61 – 2 , 72 105 , 107 , 114 , 118 , 127 , 136 , 140 , 163 , Liaodong Retrocession Treaty (1895), 40 169 – 70 , 172 , 174 , 176 , 183 . See also Liaoyang, 12 , 13 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 47 , 61 , 67 institution building ; nationalism ; treaty Liaoyang (1904), Battle of, 47 , 50 , 56 , 61 – 3 , port system 6 5 – 6 , 7 3 – 4 Korea Strait, xii , 1 0 , 47 , 68 , 69 Linevich, Nikolai P. (1839– 1908), 60 , 68 Korean Annexation Treaty (1910), 82 Liu Yongfu 劉福 (1837– 1917), 41 Korean Campaign (1894), 21 , 26 – 9 . See also Liuzhou, 107 , 128 , 163 P’yǒ ngyang (1894), Battle of loans, 23 , 52 , 54 – 5 , 69 – 70 , 92 , 132 , 134 – 5 , Korean War (1950– 53), 45 , 51 146 , 148 Korean- Japanese Protectorate Treaty London, 141 (1905), 80 London Naval Conference (1930), 98 , 102 Kowshing, 18 – 19 , 21 , 56 London Naval Conference (1935), 105 Koyama Toyotar 小山豊郎 London Naval Treaty (1930), 98 , 102 (1869– 1947), 38 Long March, 121 – 2 , 175 Kunashiri, xii , 168 Lugouqiao. See Marco Polo Bridge Incident Kunlun Pass (1939), Battle of, 107 , 128 Luoyang, 107 , 163 Kunming, 107 , 127 , 135 , 141 L ü shun, 12 , 13 , 29 , 32 , 44 , 47 , 51 , 56 , 72 , 74 , 167 Kuomintang (KMT). See Chinese L ü shun (1894), Battle of, 12 , 13 , 26 , 33 – 7 Nationalist Party L ü shun (1904– 5), Battle of, 34 , 47 , 5 2 , 5 5 – 7 , Kuril Islands, 10 , 94 , 140 , 141 , 167 – 8 59 , 61 – 8 , 73 , 144 , 182 Kuropatkin, Aleksei N. (1848– 1925), 55 , Lusitania, 161 57 – 60 , 62 – 3 , 65 – 8 , 72 Kwajalein (1944), Battle of, 141 , 158 MacArthur, Douglas (1880– 1964), 141 , 161 , Kwantung Army. See Japanese Army, 164 , 166 Kant Army MAGIC, 150 , 159 , 162

Index 205

Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1840– 1914), 9 , 79 Minseit 民政党 , 98 , 101 Majuro (1944), Battle of, 141 , 158 Mitomo Industries Attack Incident (1932), 116 Makarov, Stepan O. (1849– 1904), 57 , 62 – 3 Miura Gor 浦梧楼 (1847– 1926), 46 Makin (1943), Battle of, 141 , 158 modernization, 1 , 6 – 8 , 19 , 24 – 6 , 27 , 33 , 37 , Malaya, 140 , 141 , 149 , 156 – 7 100 , 182 , 187 Manchus, 15 , 25 – 7 , 37 , 43 , 121 , 133 – 4 Molotov- Ribbentrop Pact. See German- Russian Manchukuo, 107 , 116 , 119 , 127 , 134 , 136 , Non- Aggression Pact (1939) 145 , 172 – 3 Mongolia, 47 , 104 , 107 , 111 , 128 , 134 , Manchuria, 1 , 10 , 25 – 6 , 32 – 7 , 39 , 44 , 49 – 54 , 140 , 141 57 , 69 , 71 – 2 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 91 , 94 , 97 – 8 , Inner, 82 , 91 , 107 , 115 , 119 , 123 101 – 4 , 111 – 15 , 117 – 18 , 121 , 131 , Outer, 82 – 3 , 91 134 – 6 , 138 , 140 , 149 , 151 – 2 , 162 , 169 , Mongols, 17 , 25 , 115 176 – 7 , 185 . See also August Storm Monroe Doctrine, 79 , 82 , 104 (1945); railways ; Manchurian Campaign Mori Takeshi 森赳 (1894– 1945), 169 (1894–5) ; Russian Army, Manchurian Moscow, 70 , 141 , 150 , 152 , 167 Army ; names of battles and campaigns Motian Pass, 12 , 13 , 3 3 , 47 , 62 , 72 Manchurian Incident (1931), 99 , 115 – 16 , 118 , Mukden. See Shenyang 143 , 145 Murmansk, 93 Manila, 157 Musashi, 105 Mao Zedong 毛澤東 (1893– 1976), 175 mutiny, 21 , 36 , 68 – 9 , 122 March First Movement (1919), 92 Mutsu Munemitsu 奥宗光 (1844– 97), March Incident (1931), 99 39 – 40 , 45 , 53 Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937), 107 , 122 – 3 Nagasaki, 141 , 165 , 167 Mariana Islands, 140 , 141 , 158 , 169 Nagata Tetsuzan 田鉄山 Mariana and Palau Islands Campaign (1944), (1884– 1935), 100 – 2 158 , 163 – 4 Nagoya, 165 maritime power, 77 – 9 , 81 , 101 – 3 , 105 – 6 , 109 , Nagumo Ch ichi 南雲忠 (1886– 1944), 158 144 , 177 – 9 , 187 Nakamura Shintar 中村震郎 Marshall, George C. (1880– 1959), 168 , 175 – 6 (1897– 1931), 115 Marshall Islands, 140 , 141 , 158 , 163 Nanchang, 107 , 140 , 160 Matsui Iwane 松石根 (1878– 1948), 124 – 5 Nanchang Campaign (1939), 107 , 128 Matsuoka Y suke 松岡洋 (1880– 1946), Nanjing, 107 , 126 , 128 , 130 – 1 , 136 , 140 , 146 108 , 147 , 149 – 52 Nanjing Campaign (1937), 107 , 123 – 5 , 130 , 132 Matsushima Club Scandal (1926– 7), 98 Nanjing, Rape of (1937), 124 , 131 May 15 Incident (1932), 99 Nanning 107 , 163 May Fourth Movement (1919), 92 Nanning Campaign (1939– 40), 107 , 128 Meiji, Emperor 明治皇 (1852– 1912), 5 , 38 , Nanshan (1904), Battle of, 47 , 6 1 – 2 40 , 73 , 89 Napoleonic Wars, 50 , 105 Meiji Constitution, 6 , 8 , 85 – 6 Nara, 165 Meiji Restoration, xii , 1 – 11 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 26 , nationalism, 2 , 78 , 182 – 3 34 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 54 , 71 , 77 , 79 , 81 , 85 – 6 , Chinese, 92 , 99 , 110 , 112 , 133 – 4 , 138 , 182 – 4 88 , 102 , 109 , 111 , 113 , 138 , 143 , 155 , Korean, 92 , 99 156 , 179 – 82 Japanese, 16 , 31 , 45 , 103 , 110 , 118 , Mein Kampf, 149 133 , 183 – 4 merchant marine, 24 , 33 , 64 , 154 , 161 – 2 , Russian, 55 172 – 3 , 176 , 179 nationalization, 110 , 114 , 117 , 119 , 123 Midway Island, 140 , 141 naval power, 32 , 35 , 38 , 43 , 52 , 62 , 79 , 105 , Midway (1942), Battle of, 141 , 158 – 9 153 , 173 , 178 – 9 , 184 Mikasa, 144 Netherlands, 145 , 148 – 9 , 157 , 175 . See also Min, Queen (Min Myǒ ngsǒ ng Dutch East Indies 1851– 95), 19 , 46 New Asian Order, 136 Minami Jir 南次郎 (1874– 1955), 118 New Fourth Army Incident (1941), 129 – 30 mine warfare, 26 , 34 , 56 , 62 – 4 , 74 New Fourth Route Army, 129 – 30 Minobe Tatsukichi 美濃部吉 New Guinea Campaign (1942– 5), 140 , 141 , (1873– 1948), 95 159 , 161

206 Index

New Zealand, 141 , 149 peripheral operation, 116 , 156 , 158 – 60 Newchwang. See Yingkou Perry, Matthew C. (1794– 1858), 3 , 54 , 168 Nian Rebellion (1851– 68), 16 , 21 , 27 , 29 , 32 Pescadores (1895), Battle of, 12 , 37 – 8 , 51 , 185 Nicholas II (1868– 1918), 43 , 49 – 52 , 55 , 57 – 9 , Philippine Sea (1944), Battle of, 141 , 159 , 62 – 4 , 67 – 70 , 74 , 122 161 , 164 , 169 Nikolaevsk, 93 , 141 Philippines, 80 , 140 , 148 – 9 , 154 , 156 – 7 , 174 , Nimitz, Chester W. (1885– 1966), 141 , 161 , 164 176 . See also battle names Nine- Power Treaty (1922), 84 pivotal war, 43 , 46 , 115 Niuzhuang, 12 , 13 , 3 5 – 7 , 47 , 51 Piziwo, 47 , 61 Nogi Maresuke 乃木希 (1849– 1912), 34 , poison gas, 129 , 134 61 – 2 , 65 – 6 , 73 , 182 Port Arthur. See Lü shun Nomonhan Incident (1939), 107 , 128 , 150 – 1 Portsmouth Peace Treaty (1905), 74 , 80 , 89 Nomura Kichisabur 村吉郎 Potsdam Declaration (1945), 166 – 70 , 173 (1877– 1964), 149 Prussia, 6 , 8 – 10 , 23 , 58 , 79 , 86 – 7 . Normandy, 150 See also Bismarck, Otto von ; North China Campaign (1933– 6), 115 , 118 – 20 Franco- Prussian War North China Development Co., 119 Pukou, 107 , 123 North China Incident (1937), 123 , 125 puppet governments, 116 , 119 , 136 , 149 , 164 Northern Advance Plan, 115 , 128 , 151 Pusan, 12 , 47 , 107 , 140 , 163 Northern Expedition (1926– 8), 97, 112 Puyi 溥儀 (1906– 1967), 116 P’yǒ ngyang, 12 , 27 , 47 objectives P’yǒ ngyang (1894), Battle of, 12 , 13 , 21 , limited objective, 32 , 135 , 182 2 7 – 9 , 3 1 – 3 negative objective, 22 positive objective, 22 – 3 Qian mountains, 12 , 13 , 35 unlimited objective, 32 , 135 – 6 , 182 , 185 Qing dynasty (1644– 1911), 6 , 16 , 23 , 25 – 7 , October Incident (1931), 99 32 – 4 , 37 , 44 , 55 , 82 – 3 , 110 , 116 , 133 , October Manifesto (1905), 69 181 , 182 , 184 , 185 Oikawa Koshir 志郎 (1883– 1958), 144 army, 15 , 24 – 5 , 28 , 32 . See also army, oil, 104 , 106 , 117 , 138 , 144 , 147 – 9 , 152 – 5 , battle, and ofi cer names 157 – 8 , 172 – 4 , 179 navy, 28 – 9 , 33 , 35 – 6 , 38 , 43 – 4 Okada Keisuke 岡田啓 (1868– 1952), 102 Northern Seas Squadron, 26 – 7 , 29 – 31 , 33 , 35 – 8 Okamura Yasuji 岡村寧次 (1884– 1966), Southern Seas Squadron, 29 129 , 162 Qingdao, 47 , 107 , 136 , 140 Okinawa (1945), Battle of, 140 , 141 , 159 , Qiqihar, 47 , 107 , 167 166 , 176 Oku Yasukata 奥保鞏 (1847– 1930), 61 Rabaul, 140 , 141 , 157 oligarchs, 9 – 10 , 80 – 1 , 85 – 91 , 94 , 102 , 111 , Railway War (1929), 113 180 . See also oligarch names railways, 7 , 9 , 24 , 60 , 61 . See also railway names Olympic, Operation (1945), 175 Chinese, 24 , 26 , 107 , 110 , 112 , 124 – 8 , 130 , Open Door Policy, 79 , 84 , 145 , 149 133 – 5 , 138 , 159 – 60 , 163 , 174 opium, 24 , 97 , 132 , 134 Manchurian, 47 , 49 , 51 , 56 , 61 , 66 – 7 , 71 – 2 , Opium Wars (1839– 42, 1856– 60), 3 , 9 , 17 , 24 81 , 97 , 107 , 113 – 14 , 116 – 18 Osaka, 165 Rape of Nanjing. See Nanjing, Rape of shima Hiroshi 大島浩 (1886– 1975), Rehe, 107 , 116 150 , 153 Rehe Campaign (1933), 134 Outer Mongolia. See Mongolia Revolution of 1905 (Russian), 55 , 59 , 69 , 72 yama Iwao大山巌 (1842– 1916), 26 , 36 , 70 Rights Recovery Movement, 110 Ozaki Yukio 尾崎行雄 (1858– 1954), 77 riots, 69 , 80 , 89 , 94 , 114 rising power, 23 , 50 , 58 , 97 Palau Islands, 140 , 141 , 158 risk, 11 , 26 , 29 , 32 , 54 , 62 , 64 , 71 , 77 , 99 , 110 , Palembang, 157 149 , 155 , 158 , 177 , 182 Pax Japonica, 96 , 145 Romanov dynasty (1613– 1917), 59 , 83 , 182 , 184 – 5 Pearl Harbor, 146 Rongcheng 12 , 36 Pearl Harbor Attack (1941), 137 , 140 , 143 – 5 , Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1882– 1945), 145 – 8 , 153 – 4 , 156 , 158 – 9 , 161 – 2 , 186 156 , 160 , 167

Index 207

Roosevelt, Theodore (1858– 1919), 54 , 70 Sait Makoto 斎藤実 (1858– 1936), 99 , Rozhestvenskii, Zinovii P. (1848– 1909), 63 , 101 – 2 , 116 67 – 8 , 74 Sakhalin Island, 10 , 68 , 70 – 1 , 93 – 4 , 105 , 141 , Russia. See casualties ; imperialism ; institution 167 – 8 , 185 building, legitimacy ; nationalism ; Samoa, 140 , 157 names of battles, people, places, and samurai, 5 , 7 , 79 , 86 , 96 , 100 , 105 , 130 treaties St. Petersburg, 69 , 70 , 168 containment of, 11 , 22 – 3 , 42 , 75 , 113 , 183 St. Petersburg Treaty (1875), 168 Russia, Imperial, 3 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 23 , 39 , 44 , 46 , Sasebo, 12 , 37 , 47 47 , 5 0 – 4 , 8 0 , 8 2 – 3 , 9 1 – 2 , 9 4 . See also Sat Tetsutar 佐藤鉄郎 (1866– 1942), 103 , 105 railways ; Romanov dynasty ; Satsuma domain, xii , 5 , 85 , 88 , 90 Russo- Japanese War ; Trans- Siberian Satsuma Rebellion (1877), 86 Railway ; Triple Intervention scramble for concessions, 43 , 51 , 112 . Russia, Soviet, 9 , 94 , 96 – 7 , 99 , 104 , 105 , 107 , See also concession areas 111 , 112 , 113 , 115 , 117 , 118 , 121 – 5 , sea power. See maritime power 127 – 8 , 134 , 137 , 138 , 147 – 52 , 154 – 6 , Second Sino- Japanese War (1931– 45), 1 , 11 , 161 , 166 – 73 , 177 , 179 , 181 – 6 . See 107 – 39 , 144 , 146 , 153 , 159 , 168 , 172 , also Bolsheviks ; Communism 183 , 186 Russian army, 10 , 43 , 50 , 58 – 9 , 63 , 68 , 69 , Seiy kai 政会 , 90 – 1 , 94 , 98 72 – 4 , 186 . See also army, battle, and Sekigahara, Battle of (1600), 5 ofi cer names Seoul, 12 , 19 , 21 , 27 – 8 , 47 , 57 , 80 , 107 Far Eastern Army, 59 Shaanxi, 107 , 121 , 123 Manchurian Army, 58 , 60 , 70 Shahe (1904), Battle of, 47 , 50 , 66 , 73 reserves, 69 Shandong, 12, 12 , 32 , 44 , 84 , 92 , 97 , 107 , 118 , 136 war plans, 57 , 58 – 9 , 62 – 3 , 65 – 6 Shandong Campaign (1894– 5), 32 , 36 – 7 Russian Civil War (1917– 22), 92 – 4 , 96 , 111 , Shanggao (1941), Battle of, 107 , 129 122 , 186 Shanghai, 20 , 39 , 55 , 107 , 117 , 126 , 128 , 130 , Russian navy, 42 – 3 , 59 – 60 , 63 , 74 . See also 131 , 140 , 141 , 149 , 157 , 160 , 161 battle and ofi cer names international settlement, 124 , 149 , 157 Baltic Fleet, 47 , 63 – 4 , 67 , 74 Shanghai (1932), Battle of, 116 Pacii c Squadrons Shanghai Campaign (1937), 107 , 123 – 5 , 132 , First, 56 , 62 – 3 , 65 , 67 , 69 , 72 134 – 5 , 176 Second, 63 , 66 – 9 , 74 Shanghai Incident (First) (1932), 107 , 116 . Third, 67 – 9 , 74 See Battle of Shanghai (1932), Port Arthur Squadron, 56 – 7 , 61 , 64 – 5 Shanghai Incident (Second) (1937), 107 , 116 , Vladivostok Squadron, 56 – 7 , 63 – 6 124 . See Shanghai Campaign (1937) Russian Revolution (1917), 79 , 81 , 111 , Shanhaiguan, 12 , 24 181 , 184 – 6 Shantou, 107 , 135 – 6 Russian- Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941), 151 , 167 Shanxi, 107 , 118 – 19 , 123 – 5 , 127 – 9 Russo- Chinese Liaodong Lease Treaty Shashi, 44 (1898), 44 , 47 Shenyang, 12 , 13 , 26 , 33 , 47 , 6 6 , 107 , 115 , 167 Russo- Japanese Treaty (1907), 47 , 82 Shenyang (1905), Battle of, 47 , 50 , 53 , 60 , Russo- Japanese Treaty (1910), 82 6 7 – 9 , 7 2 – 4 Russo- Japanese Treaty (1912), 47 , 82 Shidehara Kij r 幣原喜郎 (1872– 1951), 84 Russo- Japanese Treaty (1916), 82 – 3 Shiizaki Jir 椎崎郎 (1911– 1945), 170 Russo- Japanese War (1904– 5), 1 , 11 , 21 , 26 , Shijiazhuang, 107 , 125 34 , 39 , 44 , 47 , 4 9 – 7 5 , 7 9 , 8 1 – 2 , 8 7 – 8 , Shikotan, xii , 168 90 , 94 , 117 , 121 , 134 , 144 , 154 , 180 , Shimoda, xii , 3 182 , 184 – 6 Shimonoseki, 12 , 37 Russo- Outer Mongolian Treaty (1912, 1913), 83 Shimonoseki Treaty (1895), 38 , 40 – 1 Ryukyu Islands, 10 , 17 , 140 , 141 , 159 , 166 , 176 Shintoism, 7 , 45 , 95 – 6 , 98 – 101 , 103 – 4 , 115 , 130 , 150 Saga. See Hizen sh gun 将軍 , 4 – 5 , 26 , 28 , 109 , 180 Saionji Kinmochi 西園望 (1849– 1940), Sh wa emperor 昭和皇 . See Hirohito, 81 , 88 , 90 – 1 , 102 Emperor Saipan (1944), Battle of, 141 , 158 Siam, 118

208 Index

Siberia, 57 , 115 , 127 – 8 , 151 – 2 , 167 . See also Takamatsu Nobuhito 高松宮仁親王 Trans- Siberian Railway (1905– 1987), 169 Siberian intervention (1918– 22), 93 – 4 , Takashima Tomonosuke 高島鞆之助 97 – 8 , 104 (1844– 1916), 41 Sichuan, 107 , 127 – 31 , 159 , 163 – 4 Takeda Tsuneyoshi 竹田恒徳 (1909– 1992), 169 Singapore, 141 , 156 – 7 , 169 Takeshita Masahiko 竹正彦 sinii cation, 7 , 17 , 42 , 46 (1908– 1989), 169 Sino- French War (1884– 85), 9 , 17 , 25 , 29 , 40 , 41 Taish , Emperor 大正皇 Sino- Japanese commerce treaty (1896) 38 , (1879– 1926), 89 – 90 98 , 110 Taiwan, 2 , 10 , 12 , 32 , 37 , 40 – 1 , 44 – 5 , 51 , 94 , Sino- Japanese War. See First Sino Japanese 107 , 140 , 141 , 163 , 176 , 185 War ; Second Sino- Japanese War Taiwan Campaign (1895), 32 , 40 – 1 Sino- Russian alliance treaty (1896), 44 Taiwan Strait, 12 , 38 Solomon Islands, 140 , 141 Taiyuan, 131 Solomon Islands Campaign (1942– 5), 141 , Taiyuan Campaign (1937), 107 , 123 – 5 , 129 161 . See also Guadalcanal Campaign Tanaka Giichi 田中義 (1864– 1929), 90 , 94 , (1942– 43) 98 , 104 – 5 Song Qing 宋慶 (1820– 1902), 32 , 37 Tanaka Shizuichi 田中静壱 (1887– 1945), 169 S ǒ nghwan (1894), Battle, 12 , 2 7 – 8 Tang Jingsong 唐崧 (1841– 1903), 40 – 1 South Anhui Incident. See New Fourth Route Tanggu Truce (1933), 118 . See also Great Army Incident Wall Campaign South Manchurian Railway, 107 , 115 , 117 , 119 tanks, 121 , 128 Southern Advance Plan, 148 , 152 , 160 Tarawa (1943), Battle of, 141 , 158 Southern Guangxi (1939– 40), Battle of, 128 tariffs, 3 , 10 , 38 , 51 , 112 – 113 , 131 , 146 Southern Henan (1941), Battle of, 129 Tateno G z 建郷 (1842– 1908), 17 Southern Shanxi (1941), Battle of, 129 telegraph, 7 , 61 , 117 Soviet Union. See Russia, Soviet Temporary Capital Adjustment Law, 137 sphere of inl uence, 44 , 47 , 5 1 , 7 8 – 9 , 8 1 – 2 , Terauchi Hisaichi 内 (1879– 1946), 84 , 91 – 2 , 115 , 145 , 148 , 155 , 178 , 185 123 , 125 , 157 , 169 – 70 Stalin, Joseph (1878– 1953), 122 , 167 – 8 , 170 Terauchi Masatake 内正毅 (1852– 1919), Stalingrad (1942– 3) Battle of, 141 , 152 , 161 82 , 105 , 123 state building. See institution building terrorism, 18 – 22 , 38 , 46 , 49 , 59 , 77 , 81 , 95 – 6 , Stimson, Henry L. (1867– 1950), 145 98 – 102 , 110 – 12 , 116 , 130 – 1 , 137 , 144 , Stoessel, Anatolii M. (1848– 1915), 73 146 , 170 – 2 , 180 submarines, 157 – 8 , 161 – 3 , 173 – 4 Thailand, 118 , 140 , 149 , 156 – 7 Suematsu Kench 松謙澄 (1855– 1920), 54 Three Alls Campaign, 129 , 162 , 172 Sugiyama Gen 杉山元 (1880– 1945), 123 Tianjin, 21 , 24 , 47 , 107 , 123 , 131 , 146 Suixian- Zaoyang Campaign (1939), 107 , 128 Tianjin Military Academy, 26 Suiyuan, 107 , 118 , 123 Tianjin- Pukou Railway, 123 , 125 Sumatra, 140 , 141 , 157 Tianzhuangtai, 12 , 13 , 37 Sungari river, 47 Tibet, 17 , 140 , 161 sunk costs, 135 – 6 , 144 Tinian (1944), Battle of, 141 , 159 supreme command, 84 , 95 Tiumen river, 47 Supreme War Leadership Council, 166 T g Heihachir 東郷郎 (1848– 1934), surprise attack, 21 , 52 , 55 , 144 – 5 , 157 21 , 56 – 7 , 61 , 63 – 4 , 66 , 68 , 75 Suzuki Kantar 鈴木貫郎 (1868– 1948), 102 , T j Hideki 東條英機 (1884– 1948), 142 , 166 , 169 – 70 155 , 165 Tokugawa Iemochi 徳家茂 (1846– 1866), 5 Tada Hayao 多田駿 (1882– 1948), 123 Tokugawa Yoshinobu 徳慶喜 (1837– 1913), 5 Taedong river, 12 , 2 8 – 9 Tokugawa shogunate, 4 – 5 , 26 , 28 , 41 Taft- Katsura memorandum (1905), 79 – 80 Tokyo, 3 , 95 , 101 , 137 , 141 , 161 , 165 , 168 Tainan, 12 , 41 Tonghak Rebellion, 12 , 18 – 22 , 26 Taipei, 12 , 41 Tonkin, 41 , 44 Taiping Rebellion (1851– 66), 16 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 32 torpedo, 36 , 173 Takahashi Korekiyo 高橋是清 (1854–1936), 76 , torpedo boat, 9 , 36 , 56 94 , 101 , 103 , 119 , 120 , 137 , 144 , 155 Tosa, xii , 5 , 85 , 99

Index 209

Toyoda Soemu 豊田副武 (1885– 1957), 169 Vietnam. See Indochina Toyotomi Hideyoshi 豊臣秀吉 (1536– 98), 28 , 80 Vinson- Trammell naval acts, 146 – 7 trade, 3 , 17 , 27 , 35 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 51 , 72 , 77 – 9 , Vitgeft, Vilgelm K. (1847– 1904), 64 81 – 2 , 84 , 87 , 96 , 98 , 100 , 104 – 6 , Vladivostok, 47 , 56 – 7 , 61 , 63 – 6 , 68 , 72 , 74 , 110 – 15 , 117 – 18 , 128 , 132 , 134 , 138 , 146 , 107 , 127 155 , 173 , 178 – 9 , 183 . See also tariffs Trans- Siberian Railway, 10 – 11 , 15 , 22 , 44 , Wakatsuki Reijir 若槻禮次郎 (1866–1949), 99 52 – 3 , 55 – 6 , 74 Wake Island, 140 , 141 , 149 , 156 treaty. See names of agreements, pacts, and Wanbaoshan Incident (1931), 107 , 114 treaties Wang Jingwei 汪精衛 (1883– 1944), 136 , treaty port system, 3 , 84 149 , 164 China, 3 , 9 – 10 , 35 , 37 , 51 , 84 , 125 , 135 Washington Naval Conference (1921– 2), Japan, 3 , 8 – 9 84 , 102 Korea, 10 Washington Naval Treaty (1922), 84 , 102 , 104 treaty revision, 8 – 9 , 11 , 15 , 23 , 45 Watanabe J tar 渡錠郎 in China, 112 , 114 (1874– 1936), 101 tributary system, 10 , 16 – 17 , 23 , 32 Weihaiwei, 12 , 28 , 32 – 8 , 43 – 4 . Tripartite Pact (1940), 147 , 149– 51 , 154 Weihaiwei (1894– 5), Battle of. See Shandong Triple Intervention (1895), 39 – 40 , 42 , 43 , 45 , Campaign 52 , 186 Western Hubei (1943), Battle of, 107 , 161 Truman, Harry S. (1884– 1972), 167 – 8 , 175 westernization, 1 , 4 – 9 , 15 – 16 , 18 , 23 , 27 , 31 , Tsugaru Strait, xii , 68 33 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 51 , 80 , 95 , 182 , 187 Tsushima (1905) Battle of, 59 , 69 – 70 , 74 Whampoa Military Academy, 96 Tsushima Strait, xii , 47 Wilson, Woodrow (1856– 1924), 92 Twenty- One Demands (1915), 91 – 2 , 114 window of opportunity, 11 , 15 , 44 , 50 – 4 , 143 , Two- Ocean Navy Act, 147 – 8 148 , 177 , 182 Winter Offensive (1939– 40), 128 , 132 Uesugi Shinkichi 杉慎吉 (1878– 1929), 95 Witte, Sergei Iu. (1849– 1915), 71 , 74 U g Campaign (1944), 141 , 162 wokou 倭寇 , 18 , 110 iji 12 , 13 , 3 2 – 3 Wǒ nsan , 12 , 64 Ulsan (1904), Battle of, 47 , 65 woren 倭人 , 18 United Front World War I (1914–18), 23 , 40 , 50 , 64 , 79 , First, 96 – 7 , 122 82 – 4 , 89 , 91 – 3 , 96 , 98 , 104 , 109 , 111 , 122 , Second, 121 – 2 , 129 , 133 134 , 143 , 145 , 154 , 161 , 183 , 185 , 186 United States Navy, 146 – 9 , 162 – 3 World War II (1939– 45), 11 , 21 , 23 , 54 , 79 , Atlantic Fleet, 147 104 , 119 , 136 , 140 , 141 , 143 – 77 , 183 , Pacii c Fleet, 145 , 147 , 153 185 – 6 . See also names of battles, Scouting Fleet, 145 campaigns, and ofi cers Ugaki Kazushige 宇垣成 (1868– 1956), 99 Wuhan, 107 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 128 , 131 , 140 , 163 Ug Campaign. See Imphal (1944), Battle of Wuhan Campaign (1938), 107 , 126 – 8 , 130 , 132 ULTRA, 150 , 159 , 162 Umezu Yoshijir 梅津美治郎 (1882– 1949), Xiamen, 107 , 135 118 , 169 Xi’an, 107 , 122 , 124 Umezu- He Agreement (1935), 118 Xi’an Incident (1936), 107 , 122 – 3 unequal treaties, 22 , 38 , 168 Xing’an mountains, 115 Unit 731, 134 Xinhai Revolution (1911), 44 , 79 , 82 – 3 United States, 3 , 6 , 9 , 17 , 22 , 27 , 30 , 54 , 60 , Xinjiang, 16 , 111 , 141 , 147 69 , 70 , 75 , 79 – 84 , 87 , 91 – 4 , 104 , 109 , Xinkou (1937), Battle of, 107 , 124 111 – 13 , 117 , 119 , 123 – 4 , 135 Xuzhou, 47 U.S.- Japanese commerce treaty (1911), Xuzhou Campaign (1937–8), 107 , 125 – 6 , 131 – 2 146 – 7 , 166 USS Missouri , 168 Yalta Agreement (1945), 167 USS Panay , 146 Yalu river, 12 , 13 , 2 8 , 3 2 – 3 , 47 , 50 , 57 , 60 , 61 , 72 Versailles Peace Treaty (1919), 84 , 92 Yalu (1894), Battle of, 12 , 13 , 26 , 28 – 31 Viceroyalty of the Far East, 57 Yalu (1904), Battle of. See Battle of Jiuliancheng

210 Index

Yamagata Aritomo 山県有朋 (1838– 1922), 8 , Yongning Campaign . See Nanning Campaign 26 , 34 – 5 , 48 , 49 , 51 – 2 , 70 , 80 – 2 , 86 – 8 , (1939– 40) 90 , 94 , 103 , 105 , 180 Yoshida Zengo 吉田善吾 (1885– 1966), Yamamoto Gonbee 山權衞 (1852– 1933), 150 , 153 103 , 105 Young Ofi cers’ Revolt (1936), 96 , 98 – 102 , Yamamoto Isoroku 山十 (1884– 1943), 118 , 120 , 166 153 – 5 , 157 – 9 Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 (1859– 1916), 55 Yamato, 105 Yuncheng, 107 , 127 Yan’an, 107 , 121 – 2 , 128 Yunnan, 44 , 107 , 135 Yangzi river, 44 , 82 , 91 , 107 , 117 , 123 , 125 – 32 , 146 , 159 , 161 Zaoyang, 107 , 128 – 9 Yantai, 12 , 38 Zaoyang- Yichang Campaign (1940), 107 , 129 Yasuda Zenjir 安田善次郎 Zhang Xueliang 張學良 (1901– 2001), 113 (1838– 1921), 98 Zhang Zuolin 張作霖 (1875– 1928), 97 – 8 , Ye Ting 葉挺 (1896– 1946), 129 100 , 111 , 114 Ye Zhichao 葉志超 (?– 1901), 21 Zhang Zuolin Bomb Incident (1928), 114 Yellow river, 107 , 118 , 133 Zhanggufeng Incident (1938), 107 , 127 l ooding, 107 , 125 – 6 Zhangzi Island, 12 , 13 , 29 Yellow Sea, xii , 28 , 47 Zhejiang, 83 , 107 , 125 , 128 Yellow Sea, Battle of (1904), 64 – 5 Zhejiang and Jiangxi (1942), Battle of, Yi dynasty (1392– 1910), 19 – 20 , 82 107 , 160 Yibin, 107 , 126 Zhejiang- Jiangxi Railway, 128 , 160 Yichang, 107 , 129 Zhengzhou, 107 , 125 – 6 Yingkou, 12 , 13 , 37 Zhenjiang, 107 , 130 Yokohama, 3 , 95 , 165 Zhili, 25 , 83 , 125 Yonai Mitsumasa 米内光政 (1880– 1948), Zhili- Fengtian Wars (1922, 1924), 26 , 83 , 112 153 , 170 Zhukov, Georgii K. (1896– 1974), 128