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Taiwán: De Provincia China a Colonia Revista mexicana de estudios sobre la Cuenca del Pacífico Tercera Época • Volumen3 • Número 5 • Enero / Junio 200 9 • Colima, México Revista mexicana de estudios sobre la Cuenca del Pacífico Tercera Época • Volumen3 • Número5 • Enero/ Juniode 200 9 • Colima, México Dr. Fernando Alfonso Rivas Mira Comité editorial nacional Coordinador de la revista Dra . Mayrén Polanco Gaytán / Universidad de Colima, Lic. Ihovan Pineda Lara Facultad de Economía Asistente de coordinación de la revista Mt or. Alfredo Romero Castilla / UNAM, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Comité editorial internacional Dr. Juan González García / Universidad de Colima, CUEICP Dr. José Ernesto Rangel Delgado / Universidad de Colima Dr. Hadi Soesastro ( ) Dr. Pablo Wong González / Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, CIAD Sonora Center for Strategic and International Studies, Dr. Clemente Ruiz Durán / UNAM-Facultad de Economía Indonesia Dr. León Bendesky Bronstein / ERI Dr. Víctor López Villafañe / ITESM-Relaciones Dr. Pablo Bustelo Gómez Internacionales, Monterrey Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España Dr. Carlos Uscanga Prieto / UNAM-Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Dr. Kim Won ho Profr. Omar Martínez Legorreta / Colegio Mexiquense Universidad Hankuk, Corea del Sur Dr. Ernesto Henry Turner Barragán / UAM-Azcapotzalco Departamento de Economía Dr. Mitsuhiro Kagami Dra. Marisela Connelly / El Colegio de México-Centro de Instituto de Economías en Desarrollo, Japón Estudios de Asia y África Universidad de Colima Cuerpo de árbitros Dra. Genevieve Marchini W. / Universidad de Guadalajara- MC Miguel Ángel Aguayo López Departamento de Estudios Internacionales. Especializada en Rector Economía Financiera en la región del Asia Pacífico Mtro. Alfonso Mercado García / El Colegio de México y El Dr. Ramón Cedillo Nakay Colegio de la Frontera Norte. Especializado en Economía Se cretario General Industrial e Industria Maquiladora Dr. Fernando Alfonso Rivas Mira / Universidad de Colima. Dr. Jesús Muñiz Murguía Especializado en Propiedad Intelectual; Turismo Internacional y Desarrollo Regional en el Marco de la Cuenca del Pacífico Coordinador General de Investigación Científica Dr. Alfredo Román Zavala / El Colegio de México. Especializado en Estudios sobre el Japón y Australia Dr. José Ernesto Rangel Delgado Mtro. Saúl Martínez González / Universidad de Colima. Director del CUEICP Especializado en Economía Agrícola Dra. Susana Aurelia Preciado Jiménez / Universidad de MC Christian Torres Ortiz Zermeño Colima Coordinador General de Comunicación Social Dr. Roberto Escalante Semerena / UNAM-Facultad de Economía. Especializado en Economía Agrícola Licda. Gloria Guillermina Araiza Torres Mtra. Melba Eugenia Falck Reyes / Universidad de Directora General de Publicaciones Guadalajara-Departamento de Estudios del Pacífico. Especializada en Economía Japonesa Dra. Kirstein Appendini / El Colegio de México. Especializada Índices a los que pertenece: Sistema regional de informaciónen en Economía Agrícola línea para revistas científicas de América Latina, El Caribe, España y Portugal (LATINDEX) Dra . Emma Mendoza Martínez / Universidad de Colima. Citas Latinoamericanas en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Especializada en Estudios de Asia y África (CLASE) Dra . María Elena Romero Ortiz / Universidad de Colima. EBSCO México Especializada en Relaciones Internacionales ISSN 1870 - 6800 Dirección General de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Colima Portes, revista mexicana de estudios sobre la Cuenca del Pacífico Edición: Carmen Millány Jaime Sánchez es una publicación semestral de difusión e investigación científica Editora responsable: Gloria González del Centro Universitario de Estudios e Investigaciones sobre la Cuenca del Pacífico y del Centro de Estudios de APEC de la Centro de Estudios APEC Universidad de Colima. Su precio de suscripción anual es de $100 Av. Gonzalo de Sandoval 444 (cien pesos 00/100 M.N.) o de $60 (sesenta pesos 00/100 M.N.) Col.Oriental , Colima, México $10 dls. (USA) el ejemplar, más gastos de envío (en su caso). El [email protected] CUEICP y el CE-APEC autorizan la reproducción parcial o total de los materiales presentados aquí, siempre y cuando se dé crédito al Las ideas expresadas en los artículos e investigaciones son autor y a la revista, sin fines de lucro. responsabilidad de los autores y no reflejan el punto de vista del CUEICP, CE-APEC o de la Universidad de Colima. Tercera Época • Núm. 5 • Julio de 2010. Se imprimieron 500 ejemplares en la Dirección General de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Colima PORTES, revista mexicana de estudios sobre la Cuenca del Pacífico / Tercera Época / Volumen 3 • Número 5 / Enero • Junio 2009 / p.p 9-36 Taiwán: de provincia china a colonia japonesa ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Marisela Connelly* Resumen En este artículo se realiza una narración histórica de la ocu- pación japonesa en Taiwán de 1895 a 1945, iniciando con la gue- rra sino japonesa de 1894-1895. Asimismo, se explica el proceso de colonización a través de las administraciones de los goberna- dores militares y civiles. También se discute sobre los movimien- tos organizados por los intelectuales y estudiantes taiwaneses con el fin de lograr una participación política, y finalmente, se hace un balance general sobre los resultados de la ocupación ni- pona. Palabras clave: Taiwán, Japón, colonialismo. Abstract This paper investigates the Japanese occupation of Taiwan from 1895 to 1945. It also explores the development of the Sino- Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the process of colonization. It explains the strengths and weaknesses of the Japanese military and civilian governments. It demonstrates that although the Japanese occupation brought economic welfare, it also brought discrimination towards Taiwanese people. The paper looks at the movement organized by Taiwanese intellectuals and students who wanted to gain political participation. Final remarks are given about the fifty years that Taiwan was occupied by the Japanese. Key words: Taiwan, Japan, colonialism. *Profesora-investigadora de tiempo completo de El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios de Asia y África, Área China. [email protected]. 9 PORTES, revista mexicana de estudios sobre la Cuenca del Pacífico ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Introducción El gobierno Qing (1644-1912) se enfrentó a graves problemas al administrar los asuntos de la isla de Taiwán (siempre acecha- da por piratas chinos y japoneses) con una población de difícil control. Apenas en 1885 el gobierno central había elevado el sta- tus de Taiwán de prefectura del gobierno provincial de Fujian a provincia; diez años más tarde la perdió, y pasó a poder del gobier- no japonés. Por 50 años Taiwán permaneció como colonia japo- nesa, por lo que sus habitantes se vieron inmersos en la lengua, costumbres y cultura del colonizador; en una economía que si bien creció y fue reestructurada, giraba alrededor de Japón; con gobiernos militares que reprimieron a los grupos rebeldes que se resistían a la ocupación. A partir de la década de 1920 el gobierno japonés instauró gobiernos civiles en Taiwán que trataron de establecer políticas tendientes a la asimilación de la población taiwanesa. Pero con la instauración de gobiernos militares en Japón, desde la década de 1930 y el inicio en 1937 de la guerra contra China, los taiwaneses sufrieron la presión del gobierno colonial para que contribuyeran en la empresa bélica. Finalmen- te, con la derrota japonesa en 1945, Taiwán volvió a formar parte del territorio chino. Escudriñar y explicar lo sucedido durante esos 50 años no ha sido una tarea fácil. La información sobre este tema se mues- tra fragmentada y dispersa. Los textos primarios de Li Hongzhang. Seiji Hishida, Okuma Shigenobu y los recopilados en el libro Japan by the Japanese, fueron de gran utilidad para poder entender la visión de los hombres que participaron en esos eventos. Guerra sino-japonesa: 1894-1895 En el año de 1894 la guerra entre China y Japón fue inevita- ble, dado que el gobierno japonés presionaba cada vez más para establecer su predominio en Corea, estado sucedáneo de China. Al inicio de agosto de 1894 quedó formalmente declarada la gue- rra entre Beijing y Tokio. El 16 y 17 de septiembre se llevaron a cabo las batallas de Pingyang y Yalu. Los japoneses avanzaron por Manchuria, capturaron Puerto Arturo y Weihaiwei. Desde noviem- bre se iniciaron las negociaciones de paz, sin progresar. En ene- ro de 1895 China envió una delegación a Tokio, pero como sus miembros no tenían poderes para tomar decisiones, el gobierno japonés se rehusó a negociar con ellos. Finalmente, el gobierno chino envió a Li Hongzhang a Tokio como plenipotenciario, acom- pañado por el diplomático norteamericano ya retirado John W. 10 Taiwán: de provincia china a colonia japonesa Foster, como su asesor. Los japoneses se mostraron desafiantes durante el proceso de negociación, sin embargo, después del aten- tado que sufrió Li Hongzhang por parte de un fanático japonés, decidieron ser más flexibles.1 Para 1895 el estado chino se vio obligado a reconocer su derrota, y se firmó el Tratado de Shimonoseki el 17 de abril. En este tratado se estableció: 1) in- dependencia de Corea y terminación de su relación tributaria con China; 2) indemnización de 200 millones de taels; 3) cesión de Taiwán.2 Los pescadores y la península de Liaodong; 4) Japón ocuparía Weihaiwei hasta que el gobierno chino pagara la in- demnización y hasta que un tratado de comercio fuera firmado y ratificado. Mientras tanto, cuatro nuevos puertos serían abier- tos: Shaxi,
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