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Learning “Local” Languages: Passive Revolution, Language Markets, and Aborigine Education in Taiwan

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Learning “Local” Languages: Passive Revolution, Language Markets, and Aborigine Education in Taiwan LEARNING “LOCAL” LANGUAGES: PASSIVE REVOLUTION, LANGUAGE MARKETS, AND ABORIGINE EDUCATION IN TAIWAN ______________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to The Temple University Graduate Board ______________________________________________________ in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ______________________________________________________ by P. Kerim Friedman May, 2005 ii © by P. Kerim Friedman 2005 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Title: Learning “Local” Languages: Passive Revolution, Language Markets, and Aborigine Education in Taiwan Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, 2004 Doctoral Advisory Committee Chair: F. Niyi Akinnaso This dissertation examines contemporary linguistic markets and language policy in Taiwan in terms of the historical processes of state formation, class alliances, and identity politics, drawing upon Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of linguistic markets and Antonio Gramsci’s theory of hegemony as well as the literature on nationalism and linguistic ideology. Emphasis is placed on the historical processes underlying the construction of Taiwan’s linguistic markets as Taiwan’s linguistic nationalism emerged throughout history, focusing on the continuities and changes across Qing, Japanese, KMT and DPP rule. Accordingly, with language policy always in the background, the dissertation touches on several interrelated issues, including (a) the impact of each ruling historical bloc on Taiwan’s linguistic nationalism, focusing on continuities and discontinuities in language and education policies; (b) the formation of Taiwanese identity as a series of nested concentric circles radiating out from local communities to encompass the nation, the larger Chinese community, and eventually the world; (c) the differential processes of incorporating mountains and plains Aborigines into the state and the resultant differences iv in their implementation of state policies; (d) the alternative paths taken by local intellectuals in implementing state policies; and (e) the contradictions between ideology and practice that often besets nationalist projects and the role of “cultural corruption” in bridging the gap. The findings reveal, among others, that, while Bourdieu’s theory of linguistic markets is useful in understanding the language hierarchy in Taiwan, the historiography of the linguistic markets is critical to an understanding of the political processes underlying their construction. It is here that Gramsci’s theory of hegemony enters the picture. Gramsci’s emphasis on the political process of alliance formation between elite and subaltern groups and the cross-class alliance involved in a “passive revolution” implies that the dominant ideology cannot easily be equated with the class interests of the ruling elite. This questions Bourdieu’s theory that assumes a direct correlation between the linguistic capital possessed by the ruling elite and that valued by the linguistic marketplace. In Taiwan’s case, the value accorded to languages in the marketplace has been a product of political negotiation and competition over control of the Taiwanese nation-state. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At sunrise I found [the tortoise] butted like a battering-ram against the immovable foot of the foremast, and still striving, tooth and nail, to force the impossible passage … Their crowning curse is their drudging impulse to straightforwardness in a belittered world. – Melville, The Encantadas or Enchanted Isles Like Melville’s tortoise, I have been ramming myself at rocks for many years now, but I am fortunate to have had the help of many people who both helped set me on the proper path and then helped me surmount seemingly insurmountable obstacles. This starts with my parents, Edward A. and Arline J. L. Friedman, who encouraged me to set high goals and then provided the love and support necessary to achieve them. It continues with every teacher and mentor I have had, but especially Mark Gould, Wyatt MacGaffey and Laurie Hart at Haverford College. It was through them that I learned not to be intimidated by social theory, but to tame it to my own ends. The entire Temple University Anthropology department has been a source of inspiration and I owe a deep dept of gratitude to everyone, but this document wouldn’t exist if it were not for one person: F. Niyi Akinnaso. As a teacher, mentor, and friend he has over and over again gone beyond the call of duty to help encourage, prod, correct, and, above all, guide me through a long and difficult process. Judith Goode, Bambi Schieffelin, and Sydney White all provided excellent council, encouragement, and feedback on this document, for which I am deeply greatful. Much of the thinking underlying this work is due to the invaluable lessons in political economy I learned from Peter Gran, Thomas C. Patterson, Donna Karen and the vi late Peter Rigby. I would also like to thank Paul Garrett, Jay Ruby, and Jayasinhji Jhala for their support. And none of it would have been possible without the assistance of Anita Hilliard. One of the great pleasures of doing research in Taiwan is the extreme generosity one encounters there on a regular basis. It is impossible to mention all the names of all the people whose hospitality and kindness made it possible for me to enter into another society and feel as comfortable there as I do at home. To protect their anonymity I cannot thank my hosts and informants in Fountainhead village and Hualian by name, but not a day goes by when I don’t think about how they opened up their lives to me and welcomed me into their homes. I would like to thank Wu Jing-jyi, Julie Hu and everyone else at the Taipei office of the Fulbright Foundation for Scholarly Exchange for helping me get on my feet. At the Ethnology Department at Academia Sinica I would especially like to thank Chiang Bien, Keith Mau-Thai Chen, Chern Meei-hua, Liu Fei-wen, Ho Ts'ui-p'ing, and Yu Bor-Chuan. Professors Lucy Cheng, Lii-Shih Yu-hwei, Lin Yu-tee, Wang Jin-ping, and Zhang Yu-hong kindly let me audit their classes and provided invaluable assistance. I also appreciate the help of professors Chen Su-chiao, Liu Meihui and Tan Guang-ding. Wang Chiu I at the Council of Aborigine Affairs and Lin Den-chieh at the Ministry of Education helped me locate my research site. I would also like to thank Morris Huang at the American Institute in Taipei for his help. I made many new friends over the course of my graduate career, many of them assisting me in ways that surpassed the norms of friendship. Wu Chun Hung offered me his home. Adam Gilbert helped me find my own. Ann Heylen, Serena Lin, Ciwas Pawan, vii Scott Sommers, Honghong Tinn, and Jennifer Yo and all aided with various stages of this project, from research, to proofreading, to just discussing ideas, and it wouldn’t have been possible without their extraordinary generosity of spirit. I’d also like to thank Huai-xuan Chen, Ya-ling Chang, Fann Meeiyuan, Shaohua Liu, Tseng Chin-chin, R. Scott Wilson, Yaya and Fanny for their assistance. Some friendships began before this project started, like that of my brother M. Timur Friedman, who has always been a friend as well as a brother. Jason Greenberg has been by my side throughout my graduate career, including during my time at the Wertheim Study at the New York Public Library. We have spent many an afternoon commiserating while slurping Japanese noodles on the steps of that great institution, and I can’t imagine having made it through the process without his support. My wife, Shashwati Talukdar, had no choice but to live through this dissertation every step of the way. In meager exchange for all of her patience, love, friendship, and kindness I dedicate this work to her. Finally, I would like to thank the excellent teachers at the Iyengar Yoga Institute of New York for freeing me from the physical and psychological pains which can sometimes accompany extensive periods bent over books and computers. This dissertation was supported with a Fulbright-Hayes Fellowship from the Fulbright Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange, a Pre-Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation For International Scholarly Exchange, and a Dissertation Completion Grant from Temple University. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................V LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ............................................................................ XII CHAPTER 1 TAIWAN: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC INTRODUCTION ..............................1 Introduction .........................................................................................................2 Nationalism and Langauge, an Anthropological Approach ...................................7 Peripheral Identities and Education in East Asia.................................................12 The Language Socialization of the Anthropologist .............................................14 Structure of the Dissertation...............................................................................19 Notes .................................................................................................................26 CHAPTER 2 LOCAL CULTURES, LOCAL LANGUAGES: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION REFORM IN TAIWAN ...............27 Taiwan’s Passive Revolution..............................................................................27
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