Expert Voices on Japan Security, Economic, Social, and Foreign Policy Recommendations U.S.-Japan Network for the Future Cohort IV Expert Voices on Japan Security, Economic, Social, and Foreign Policy Recommendations U.S.-Japan Network for the Future Cohort IV Arthur Alexander, Editor www.mansfieldfdn.org The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation, Washington, D.C. ©2018 by The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation All rights reserved. Published in the United States of America Library of Congress Control Number: 2018942756 The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation or its funders. Contributors Amy Catalinac, Assistant Professor, New York University Yulia Frumer, Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins University Robert Hoppens, Associate Professor, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Nori Katagiri, Assistant Professor, Saint Louis University Adam P. Liff, Assistant Professor, Indiana University Ko Maeda, Associate Professor, University of North Texas Reo Matsuzaki, Assistant Professor, Trinity College Matthew Poggi Michael Orlando Sharpe, Associate Professor, City University of New York Jolyon Thomas, Assistant Professor, University of Pennsylvania Kristin Vekasi, Assistant Professor, University of Maine Joshua W. Walker, Managing Director for Japan and Head of Global Strategic Initiatives, Office of the President, Eurasia Group U.S.-Japan Network for the Future Advisory Committee Dr. Susan J. Pharr, Edwin O. Reischauer Professor of Japanese Politics and Director of the Program on U.S.-Japan Relations, Harvard University Dr. Leonard Schoppa, Professor, University of Virginia Dr. Sheila A. Smith, Senior Fellow for Japan Studies, Council on Foreign Relations Dr. Ezra Vogel, Henry Ford II Research Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus, Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies, Harvard University About the Program The U.S.-Japan Network for the Future The U.S.-Japan Network for the Future was initiated in 2009 to identify and support American professionals who demonstrate an interest in and potential for becoming Japan specialists and policy experts. More infor- mation about the program is available on the Foundation’s website: http:// mansfieldfdn.org/program/dialogues/u-s-japan-network-for-the-future/. The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation is a 501(c)3 organization that promotes understanding and cooperation in U.S.-Asia relations. The Foundation was established in 1983 to honor Mike Mansfield (1903–2001), a revered public servant, statesman and diplomat who played a pivotal role in many of the key domestic and international issues of the 20th century as U.S. congressman from Montana, Senate majority leader and finally as U.S. ambassador to Japan. Maureen and Mike Mansfield’s values, ideals and vision for U.S.-Asia relations continue through the Foundation’s exchanges, dialogues, research and educational programs, which create networks among U.S. and Asian leaders, explore the underlying issues influencing public policies, and increase awareness about the nations and peoples of Asia. The Foundation has offices in Washington, D.C.; Tokyo, Japan; and Missoula, Montana. Contents Foreword Sheila A. Smith .................................................... 6 Japan’s Current Interest in National Security Is Not (Only) Made in China, It Is Also Homegrown Amy Catalinac ...................................................... 13 Beyond Singular Tasks: Labor-Saving Technologies and Systems of Labor Yulia Frumer ........................................................ 33 Japan-Taiwan Relations under Abe and Tsai in Historical Context Robert Hoppens .................................................... 49 Building the Strategy of Deterrence in Cyberspace: Proposals for Japan Nori Katagiri ........................................................ 65 The Myth of LDP Dominance under Abe: Komeito, Coalition Politics, and Why It Matters for Japan’s Security Policy Adam P. Liff ......................................................... 79 The Enigma of Shinzo Abe’s Long Tenure and How His Success Can Undermine His Party’s Dominant Position Ko Maeda .......................................................... 93 State-Building and Counterinsurgency Campaigns: Lessons from Colonial Taiwan Reo Matsuzaki ..................................................... 107 Japan’s Long-Term Financial Stability Challenges Require a New Macroprudential Framework Matthew Poggi...................................................... 123 What Can the United States and Japan Learn from Each Other’s Immigration Policies? Michael Orlando Sharpe ............................................ 139 Religious Freedom and the U.S.-Japan Alliance Jolyon Thomas ..................................................... 157 Trade, Multilateralism, and U.S.-Japan Relations Kristin Vekasi....................................................... 169 Globalizing the U.S.-Japan Alliance for the 21st Century Joshua W. Walker ................................................... 185 Author Biographies ................................................ 210 Foreword Sheila A. Smith s 2018 unfolds, the U.S.-Japan partnership is once again in the head- Alines. In mid-April, when President Donald Trump met with Prime Minister Abe in Mar-a-Lago for the second time, the U.S.-Japan partner- ship seemed under strain. Earlier in the year, the sudden announcement that the U.S. president would meet with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un surprised Tokyo, as did the Trump administration’s announcement that Japan’s steel and aluminum exports would be subjected to punitive tariffs. Yet the two leaders came away from their latest discussions with a renewed commitment to the relationship, if not with a complete agreement on how it should be managed. The United States and Japan are adjusting to the changing geopolitics of Asia, including North Korea’s acquisition of nuclear weapons and growing popular discontent with the liberal trading order in the United States and elsewhere. The rise of Chinese influence, both economic and military, has also been cause for concern. Yet each country has their own view of how to adjust, and their expectations for the alliance are not always in sync. More broadly, Japanese and Americans also feel the impact of these currents of global transformation differently. While the interests of both nations may overlap, there will be times when their policy priorities and preferred solutions may not. Living in interesting times may be intrigu- ing, but it also calls for greater understanding. As partners, Americans and Japanese will need to understand each other’s societies in far greater depth than ever before as they seek to navigate these important shifts in the Asia Pacific and beyond. 6 For thirty-four years, the Mansfield Foundation has led the way in ensur- ing that Americans are well-versed in Japan. As the late U.S. Ambassador to Japan and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield famously said, the U.S.-Japan relationship is “the most important bilateral relationship in the world, bar none.” While other relationships have emerged to dominate the headlines, our partnership with Japan continues to be the founda- tion of our security and our prosperity. More than three decades later, the Foundation established to honor Ambassador Mansfield sustains his appreciation of the importance of this relationship through programs including a fellowship that sends U.S. government officials to Japan to ensure both governments can effectively translate the relationship into better and more informed policy. Equally significant, the Mansfield Foundation has also ensured that our scholars and policymakers share their in-depth knowledge of Japan through the U.S.-Japan Network for the Future. When understanding Japanese domestic debates and global choices is ever more critical to U.S. policymaking, this program has encouraged four cohorts of scholars to bring their expertise to bear on policy debates in the United States. As global politics have increasingly been shaped by other, rising powers, Japan has often seemed less important to American interests. Yet as these scholars of Japan can attest, nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, as the United States too reimagines its future role in Asia and in the world, the partnership with Japan offers a grounding that few others do. Understanding the dynamics of Japanese society, economy and politics offers a far more enlightened vantage point for U.S. policymaking. 7 Foreword Depth of scholarship on Japan, and the wide-angle lens available to scholars of Japan, offers a rich set of insights on one of the world’s most complex and intriguing societies. As educators in universities and colleges around the United States and as policy professionals serving in the U.S. government, the authors of the essays in this compilation— the fourth cohort of the U.S.-Japan Network for the Future—bring sophisticated research experience on Japan and first-hand knowledge of Japanese society and politics. Their essays here address the myriad ways in which the United States and Japan interact in 2018. Three broad areas of analysis highlight the importance of the U.S.-Japan partnership. First, both the United States and Japan are facing the complex challenges of the post-industrial era, challenges that at times seem to place strain on liberal democratic practice while at other times offer unique new ways to manage our rapidly