DOCSLIB.ORG

Urban China China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Urban China China URBAN CHINA URBAN URBAN CHINA CHINA TOWARD EFFICIENT, CITIES AND SUSTAINABLE INCLUSIVE, INCLUSIVE, AND TOWARD EFFICIENT, SUSTAINABLE URBANIZATION INCLUSIVE, AND BUILDING EFFICIENT, BUILDING EFFICIENT, SUSTAINABLE URBANIZATION The World Bank Development Research Center of the State Council, The People’s Republic of China ISBN 978-1-4648-0206-5 90000 9781464 802065 SKU 210206 Urban China Urban China Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization The World Bank Development Research Center of the State Council, the People’s Republic of China Washington, DC © 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council, P. R. China 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 17 16 15 14 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R. China. Note that neither The World Bank nor the Development Research Center of the State Council, P. R. China necessarily own each component of the content included in the work. The World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council, P. R. China therefore do not warrant that the use of the content contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of nor imply an official endorsement by The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, the governments they represent, or the Government of China. The World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council of P. R. China do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privi- leges and immunities of The World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council, P. R. China, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council, P. R. China. 2014. Urban China: Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization. Washington, DC: World Bank. DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0206-5. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank .org. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0206-5 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0386-4 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0206-5 Cover design: Critical Stages Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for. Contents Foreword ............................................................. vxii Acknowledgments ...................................................... xix Executive Summary .....................................................xxiii Abbreviations .........................................................xxix Overview Introduction ......................................................... 3 Achievements and Emerging Challenges 1 China’s Urbanization Achievements .................................... 5 2 Efficiency ......................................................... 7 3 Inclusion .......................................................... 16 4 Sustainability ...................................................... 25 The Reform Agenda 5 A Strategy for Reform ............................................... 33 6 Reforming China’s Land Management ................................... 38 7 Reforming Hukou, Social Services, and Labor Market Institutions ............. 49 8 Reforming Urban Finance ............................................ 54 9 Promoting Greener Urbanization ....................................... 63 URBAN CHINA v vi URBAN CHINA 10 Ensuring Food Security ............................................. 69 11 Timing, Sequencing, and Risks ....................................... 71 Part II Supporting Reports 1 Urbanization and Economic Growth ................................ 81 Introduction ..............................................................81 Urbanization and growth at a crossroads .......................................83 Agglomeration, specialization, and mobility .....................................90 More efficient, inclusive, and sustainable urbanization and growth ..................106 China’s growth dividends from the new urbanization trajectory ....................111 Notes .................................................................118 References ..............................................................120 2 Planning and Connecting Cities for Greater Diversity and Livability ................................................... 123 Introduction .............................................................123 Enhancing efficiency and agglomeration economies in China. 125 Connecting people, linking businesses ........................................149 Financing China’s cities ...................................................162 Key actions moving forward ................................................167 Notes .................................................................172 References ..............................................................172 3 Inclusive Urbanization and Rural-Urban Integration ............... 177 Inclusive urbanization: Vision, major challenges, and key reforms ...................177 Ensuring equitable access to social services in urban areas .........................186 Social policy reforms and rural-urban integration ................................214 Strengthening institutions for an inclusive and productive labor market. 235 Notes .................................................................252 References ..............................................................256 4 China’s Urbanization and Land: A Framework for Reform .......... 263 Introduction ............................................................263 Land and urbanization in China .............................................268 International approaches and experiences ......................................284 China’s land pilots: Guidance for the national reform agenda .......................297 A framework for land policy reform ..........................................319 Notes .................................................................334 References ..............................................................335 5 China’s Urbanization and Food Security .......................... 337 Introduction ............................................................337 China’s food demand and supply projection in international comparison .............340 Resource constraints to agricultural production. 343 Supply, changing consumption, and demand ....................................355 Policy recommendations ...................................................365 Notes .................................................................367 References ..............................................................368 CONTENTS vii 6 Financing Urbanization .......................................... 371 Introduction .............................................................371 Urbanization in transition and its implication for financing ........................373 Financing urbanization in 2013: Key issues .....................................379 Reform considerations for China .............................................399 The reform agenda and expected payoffs ......................................432 Annex 6A A technical note on the urbanization finance model ....................436 Notes .................................................................441 References ..............................................................443 7 Green Urbanization ............................................. 447 Introduction .............................................................447 The challenge of sustainable urban growth. 450 The rising cost of environmental degradation ...................................451 Green governance must match China’s green ambitions ...........................455 Sustainable sector policies are closely aligned with green objectives ..................471 Cities where a billion people want to live and work ..............................524 Annex 7A Smart Greening ................................................526 Annex 7B Illustrative framework and analytical tools for urban energy and emissions reduction planning ......................................527 Notes .................................................................535 References ..............................................................538 Annex 7B References ....................................................547
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shanghai, China's Capital of Modernity
    SHANGHAI, CHINA’S CAPITAL OF MODERNITY: THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE AND URBAN EXPERIENCE OF WORLD EXPO 2010 by GARY PUI FUNG WONG A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOHPY School of Government and Society Department of Political Science and International Studies The University of Birmingham February 2014 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines Shanghai’s urbanisation by applying Henri Lefebvre’s theories of the production of space and everyday life. A review of Lefebvre’s theories indicates that each mode of production produces its own space. Capitalism is perpetuated by producing new space and commodifying everyday life. Applying Lefebvre’s regressive-progressive method as a methodological framework, this thesis periodises Shanghai’s history to the ‘semi-feudal, semi-colonial era’, ‘socialist reform era’ and ‘post-socialist reform era’. The Shanghai World Exposition 2010 was chosen as a case study to exemplify how urbanisation shaped urban experience. Empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews. This thesis argues that Shanghai developed a ‘state-led/-participation mode of production’.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Urbanization, Social Restructure and Public
    Graduate Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies 9:1 (2014) 55-77 Articles China’s Urbanization, Social Restructure and Public Administration Reforms: An Overview Xiaoyuan Wan University of Sheffield [email protected] Abstract This paper provides a review of the broad process of China’s urbanization and the urban public administration reform since the 1978 reforms, with a focus on the changing public policies in the realms of employment, housing, social insurance and the devolution of government authority. It suggests that the main government rationale of the public administration system reforms was to hand over a part of public services which used to be delivered by the central government and state-owned enterprises (SOEs), to local governments and to devolve a part of responsibility to the private sector, the social sector and individuals. According to these reforms, most of the social services, which could only be enjoyed by the employees of the SOEs were handed over to grassroots governments and aimed to cover more urban population. But at the same time, individuals had to take on more responsibilities of their careers choice and fund part of their own social welfare. This paper concludes by suggesting that with proliferating literature on China’s social and economic transition, further study should be carried out to explore the implementation of the reformed urban public policies by local governments and special concern should be given to the participation of non-government actors in China’s public administration. Introduction SINCE THE LATE 1970S, a series of economic reforms have been driving China to step away from a rigid socialism to a more open and diverse society, in which the urban economy developed at a tremendous speed and played an increasingly important role in the national economy.
    [Show full text]
  • New Challenges and Opportunities in the Taiwan Strait: Defining America’S Role
    New Challenges and Opportunities in the Taiwan Strait: Defining America’s Role By Thomas J. Christensen PREFACE Nations define their identities in many ways – through language, culture, political ideology, religion, ethnicity, and territory. When one or more of these elements becomes contested either between nations or within them, the potential for conflict and war arises. In the case of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan, all six of these elements are now to a greater or lesser degree being contested. The official view of the PRC is that Taiwan is part of a yet-to-be-defined “one China.” The ROC no longer claims to be the legitimate government of all of China; its official position is that it is a separate, independent state, reunification is only an option, and an option that could only be achieved should both sides of the Strait, as equals, come to a mutually satisfactory agreement. Adding to the complexity of what is known as cross-Strait relations is the deep involvement of the United States, which maintains close but “unofficial” ties with Taiwan and ever-expanding, official relations with the mainland, and whose policies and military support for Taiwan are designed to dissuade both parties from actions that would lead them to violent conflict. Developments of major historical significance have taken place in the PRC and the ROC since Truman first involved the United States by sending the Seventh Fleet to patrol the Taiwan Strait shortly after the outbreak of the Korean War. The two most relevant to current cross-Strait relations are the PRC’s “Reform and Opening” and its resulting economic growth, and the development of multi-party democracy in the ROC.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparing for China's Urban Billion
    McKinsey Global Institute March 2009 Preparing for China’s urban billion Executive Summary McKinsey Global Institute The McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), founded in 1990, is McKinsey & Company’s economics research arm. MGI’s mission is to help business and government leaders develop a deeper understanding of the evolution of the global economy and provide a fact base that contributes to decision making on critical management and policy issues. MGI’s research is a unique combination of two disciplines: economics and management. By integrating these two perspectives, MGI is able to gain insights into the microeconomic underpinnings of the broad trends shaping the global economy. MGI has utilized this “micro-to-macro” approach in research covering more than 15 countries and 28 industry sectors, on topics that include productivity, global economic integration, offshoring, capital markets, health care, energy, demographics, and consumer demand. Our research is conducted by a group of full-time MGI fellows based in offices in San Francisco, Washington, DC, London, Brussels, and Shanghai. MGI project teams also include consultants drawn from McKinsey’s offices around the world and are supported by McKinsey’s network of industry and management experts and worldwide partners. In addition, MGI teams work with leading economists, including Nobel laureates and policy experts, who act as advisers to MGI projects. MGI’s research is funded by the partners of McKinsey & Company and not commissioned by any business, government, or other institution. Further information about MGI and copies of MGI’s published reports can be found at www.mckinsey.com/mgi. Copyright © McKinsey & Company 2009 Preparing for China’s urban billion McKinsey Global Institute March 2009 Jonathan Woetzel Lenny Mendonca Janamitra Devan Stefano Negri Yangmei Hu Luke Jordan Xiujun Li Alexander Maasry Geoff Tsen Flora Yu Preface The McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) launched a major initiative two years ago to study the evolution of urbanization of China and to derive insights into how this process will develop.
    [Show full text]
  • Masterofsociology
    SUPPORT NETWORK OF THE LANDLESS RURAL ELDERLY IN POST-REFORM CHINA: CASE STUDY IN JIANGSU PROVINCE ZHOU WEI (Master of Sociology) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF Ph.D. OF SOCIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2010 Acknowledgements First, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the department of Sociology and Asia Research Institution at the National University of Singapore who awarded me a research scholarship between 2005 and 2009. And I am enormously grateful for the patient guide and continuous support of my supervisor, Professor Gavin W. Jones, in my Ph.D. study. He was always helpful and gave advice, taught me how to put forward questions and structure my ideas logically, and encouraged me to focus the study upon the landless rural elderly. I would also like to thank the other three advisers who were my thesis committee members for their useful suggestions: A/P Angelique Chan, Dr. Richel Safman, and A/P Paulin Straughan. Thanks also to Dr Mika Toyota who gave me an opportunity to join the reading group of “Aging, Care and Globalization”, and discuss with experts in aging research. I also wish to thank Professor Chua Beng Huat and A/P Eric Thompson, Professor Bryan Tuner, A/P Ho Kong Chong, A/P Sinha Vineeta, Dr. Richel Safman, Professor Gavin W. Jones, for teaching me the courses ‘graduate research seminar’, ‘sociological theory and globalization’, ‘survey management & research methods’, ‘sociology of everyday life’, ‘qualitative data analysis’, and ‘independent study’ respectively. The administrative staff in the sociology department and in the Asia Research Institution, and technical support staff of the FASS, especially Ms Rajah, Ms Cecilia Sham, Ms Cheivi and Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Urbanization in China and Its Impact on the World Economy
    Rapid urbanization in China and its impact on the world economy James Xiaohe Zhang Newcastle Business School, Faculty of Business and Law University of Newcastle, Australia Abstract As the most populous economy in the world, China has experienced an unprecedented pace of urbanization since the start of its economic reforms in the late 1970s. The rapid urbanization was accompanied by large flows of rural to urban migration and a growing demand for a clearer specification of the rural land ownership. Since the 2000s, when the conventional restrictions on rural to urban migration were partially removed, rural to urban migration made dominant contributions to China’s urban population growth. This paper examines the impact of reforms in both China’s rural land and labor markets on the aggregate economic welfare in China and the rest of the world. Propositions derived from a theoretical model include that while the labor market liberalization generates unambiguous gains, the land reform may have some impact on income distribution. When the labor intensive industries gain, the capital intensive industries suffer in China. The impact on the rest of the world varies across different regions. The hypotheses are tested tentatively by running simulations on a simplified 10x10 GTAP Model. Several different modeling scenarios including 1) an accelerated urbanization as a result of free mobility of the rural labor; 2) a de facto privatization of the rural land ownership and 3) a combination of both (1) & (2) are used to capture different market environments. Policy implications are developed based on these simulation results. Paper prepared for the 16th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis "New Challenges for Global Trade in a Rapidly Changing World", Shanghai Institute of Foreign Trade, June 12-14, 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Policies Governing China's Overseas Development Finance
    MARCH 2018 | NUMBER 016 THE CENTER FOR CLIMATE POLICY LAB INTERNATIONAL THE FLETCHER SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT & RESOURCE POLICY TUFTS UNIVERSITY Policies Governing China’s Overseas Development Finance Implications for Climate Change Kelly Sims Gallagher and Qi Qi Policies Governing China’s Overseas Development Finance Implications for Climate Change Table of Contents PAGE 1. Introduction 2 2. “Who’s who” in China’s Overseas Green Finance Policy Landscape 5 3. China’s Regulatory Structure for Overseas Investment 8 Abstract 4. China’s Policies Encouraging Socially-Responsible Overseas Investment 12 China’s foreign direct investment began to grow in 1999, and gained further 5. China’s Efforts to Green its Banking System 22 momentum when President Xi Jinping launched the Belt and Road Initiative 6. Comparing Policies Influencing Green Investments at Home and Abroad 26 (BRI) in 2013. China is now the largest investor in least-developed countries, in developing Asia, and the fourth-largest investor in Africa. Motivated by concerns 6.1. Industrial Investments that are Encouraged, Restricted, or Prohibited 26 about the carbon consequences of China’s overseas investments, this paper 6.2. The Direct and Indirect Effects of China’s Industrial Policies 31 identifies and evaluates Chinese policies governing China’s overseas investments, 6.3. Chinese Financial Institutions 32 and focuses particularly on how those policies influence environmental outcomes in recipient countries. Policies governing domestic investments are also examined 6.4. The Impact of the Green Credit Policy on Commercial Banks 39 with a view to clarifying inconsistencies between domestic and overseas policies. 6.5. The Impact of China’s Green Bond Policy 45 7.
    [Show full text]
  • New Foreign Policy Actors in China
    Stockholm InternatIonal Peace reSearch InStItute SIPrI Policy Paper new ForeIgn PolIcy new Foreign Policy actors in china 26 actorS In chIna September 2010 The dynamic transformation of Chinese society that has paralleled linda jakobson and dean knox changes in the international environment has had a direct impact on both the making and shaping of Chinese foreign policy. To understand the complex nature of these changes is of utmost importance to the international community in seeking China’s engagement and cooperation. Although much about China’s foreign policy decision making remains obscure, this Policy Paper make clear that it is possible to identify the interest groups vying for a voice in policy formulation and to explore their policy preferences. Uniquely informed by the authors’ access to individuals across the full range of Chinese foreign policy actors, this Policy Paper reveals a number of emergent trends, chief among them the changing face of China’s official decision-making apparatus and the direction that actors on the margins would like to see Chinese foreign policy take. linda Jakobson (Finland) is Director of the SIPRI China and Global Security Programme. She has lived and worked in China for over 15 years and is fluent in Chinese. She has written six books about China and has published extensively on China’s foreign policy, the Taiwan Strait, China’s energy security, and China’s policies on climate change and science and technology. Prior to joining SIPRI in 2009, Jakobson worked for 10 years for the Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA), most recently as director of its China Programme.
    [Show full text]
  • The Taiwan Issue and the Normalization of US-China Relations Richard Bush, Brookings Institution Shelley Rigger, Davidson Colleg
    The Taiwan Issue and the Normalization of US-China Relations Richard Bush, Brookings Institution Shelley Rigger, Davidson College The Taiwan Issue in US-China Normalization After 1949, there were many obstacles to normalization of relations between the United States and the new People’s Republic of China (PRC), but Taiwan was no doubt a key obstacle. The Kuomintang-led Republic of China (ROC) government and armies had retreated there. Washington maintained diplomatic relations with the ROC government and, in 1954-55, acceded to Chiang Kai-shek’s entreaties for a mutual defense treaty. After June 1950 with the outbreak of the Korean conflict, the United States took the position that the status of the island of Taiwan— whether it was part of the sovereign territory of China—was “yet to be determined.” More broadly, PRC leaders regarded the United States as a threat to their regime, particularly because of its support for the ROC, and American leaders viewed China as a threat to peace and stability in East Asia and to Taiwan, which they saw as an ally in the containment of Asian communism in general and China in particular. It was from Taiwan’s Ching Chuan Kang (CCK) airbase, for example, that U.S. B-52s flew bombing missions over North Vietnam. By the late 1960s, PRC and U.S. leaders recognized the strategic situation in Asia had changed, and that the geopolitical interests of the two countries were not in fundamental conflict. Jimmy Carter and Deng Xiaoping not only reaffirmed that assessment but also recognized a basis for economic cooperation.
    [Show full text]
  • A) China's Development Assistance in PNG, Samoa and Tonga
    The Development Needs of Pacific Island Countries Report prepared by: Graeme Smith, George Carter, Mao Xiaojing, Almah Tararia, Elisi Tupou and Xu Weitao The Development Needs of Pacific Island Countries DISCLAIMER: The analysis and policy recommendations of the research paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme, its Executive Board or its Member States. The designations employed in the paper do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations or UNDP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The recommendations of the paper are solely the views of the researchers and do not reflect the views of any government, including Australia, China, Tonga, Samoa, or Papua New Guinea, or other; or other organization. All rights reserved. Any part of this publication may be quoted, copied, or translated by indicating the source. No part of this publication may be used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from UNDP China. The Development Needs of Pacific Island Countries Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 1 List of Tables and Figure ......................................................................................................... 3 1. An Introduction to the Research Project ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Shanghai Co-Operation Organisation: China’S Initiative in Regional Institutional Building
    Journal of Contemporary Asia Vol. 41, No. 4, November 2011, pp. 632–656 The Shanghai Co-operation Organisation: China’s Initiative in Regional Institutional Building JOSEPH Y. S. CHENG Contemporary China Research Project, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ABSTRACT China’s initiative in establishing and promoting the development of the Shanghai Co-operation Organisation (SCO) is an interesting case study of China’s attempt at regional institution building. China’s increasing interest in Central Asia coincided with its gradual acceptance and rising enthusiasm regarding participation in regional organisations. The ‘‘Shang- hai Five’’ mechanism and the SCO were seen as appropriate mechanisms for pursuing China’s multiple interests in the region; their development was also in line with the improvement in Sino-Russian relations. Chinese leaders have skilfully developed the SCO’s institutional frame- work, and they seem intent on getting good value for the resources spent. The leaders have also demonstrated considerable patience when the SCO’s development encountered setbacks. KEY WORDS: Shanghai Co-operation Organisation, regionalism, institution building, Central Asia, Sino-Russian relations, oil, gas, New Silk Road Following the break-up of the Soviet Union, China has engaged in increasingly close co-operation with the five Central Asian republics (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan). This co-operation has been perceived by the Chinese leadership as essential to maintaining security along its western border, promoting the economic development of western China, diversifying the sources of China’s energy imports and those of other raw materials, and the securing of a peaceful and friendly international environment along its frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Expert Voices on Japan Security, Economic, Social, and Foreign Policy Recommendations
    Expert Voices on Japan Security, Economic, Social, and Foreign Policy Recommendations U.S.-Japan Network for the Future Cohort IV Expert Voices on Japan Security, Economic, Social, and Foreign Policy Recommendations U.S.-Japan Network for the Future Cohort IV Arthur Alexander, Editor www.mansfieldfdn.org The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation, Washington, D.C. ©2018 by The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation All rights reserved. Published in the United States of America Library of Congress Control Number: 2018942756 The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation or its funders. Contributors Amy Catalinac, Assistant Professor, New York University Yulia Frumer, Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins University Robert Hoppens, Associate Professor, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Nori Katagiri, Assistant Professor, Saint Louis University Adam P. Liff, Assistant Professor, Indiana University Ko Maeda, Associate Professor, University of North Texas Reo Matsuzaki, Assistant Professor, Trinity College Matthew Poggi Michael Orlando Sharpe, Associate Professor, City University of New York Jolyon Thomas, Assistant Professor, University of Pennsylvania Kristin Vekasi, Assistant Professor, University of Maine Joshua W. Walker, Managing Director for Japan and Head of Global Strategic Initiatives, Office of the President, Eurasia Group U.S.-Japan Network for the Future Advisory Committee Dr. Susan J. Pharr, Edwin O. Reischauer Professor
    [Show full text]