History, Background, Context
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Shang Dynasty
misterfengshui.com 風水先生 History of China ANCIENT 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors Xia Dynasty 2100–1600 BC Shang Dynasty 1600–1046 BC Zhou Dynasty 1122–256 BC Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period Warring States Period IMPERIAL Qin Dynasty 221 BC–206 BC Han Dynasty 206 BC–220 AD Western Han Xin Dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220–280 Wei, Shu & Wu Jin Dynasty 265–420 Western Jin 16 Kingdoms Eastern Jin 304–439 Southern & Northern Dynasties 420–589 Sui Dynasty 581–618 Tang Dynasty 618–907 ( Second Zhou 690–705 ) 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 907–960 Liao Dynasty 907–1125 Song Dynasty 960–1279 Northern Song Xi Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan Dynasty 1271–1368 Ming Dynasty 1368–1644 Qing Dynasty 1644–1911 MODERN Republic of China 1912–1949 People's Republic of China (Mainland China) 1949–present Republic of China (Taiwan) 1945-present from Wilkipedia [email protected] Fax: 852-2873-6859 misterfengshui.com 風水先生 Timeline of Chinese History The recorded history of China began in the 15th century BC when the Shang Dynasty started to use markings that evolved into the present Chinese characters. Turtle shells with markings reminiscent of ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been carbon dated to as early as 1500 BC.[1] Chinese civilization originated with city-states in the Yellow River (Huang He) valley. 221 BC is commonly accepted to be the year in which China became unified under a large kingdom or empire. In that year, Qin Shi Huang first united China. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to control increasingly larger territory that reached maximum under the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty and Manchurian Qing Dynasty. -
Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory Pictures in a Time of Defeat: Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901
Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory pictures in a time of defeat: depicting war in the print and visual culture of late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18449 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. VICTORY PICTURES IN A TIME OF DEFEAT Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884-1901 Yin Hwang Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the History of Art 2014 Department of the History of Art and Archaeology School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 2 Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. -
Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: the Great Qing and the Maritime World
Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultüt der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Vorgelegt von Chung-yam PO Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Fuess Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kurtz Datum: 28 June 2013 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 3 Emperors of the Qing Dynasty 5 Map of China Coast 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1 Setting the Scene 43 Chapter 2 Modeling the Sea Space 62 Chapter 3 The Dragon Navy 109 Chapter 4 Maritime Customs Office 160 Chapter 5 Writing the Waves 210 Conclusion 247 Glossary 255 Bibliography 257 1 Abstract Most previous scholarship has asserted that the Qing Empire neglected the sea and underestimated the worldwide rise of Western powers in the long eighteenth century. By the time the British crushed the Chinese navy in the so-called Opium Wars, the country and its government were in a state of shock and incapable of quickly catching-up with Western Europe. In contrast with such a narrative, this dissertation shows that the Great Qing was in fact far more aware of global trends than has been commonly assumed. Against the backdrop of the long eighteenth century, the author explores the fundamental historical notions of the Chinese maritime world as a conceptual divide between an inner and an outer sea, whereby administrators, merchants, and intellectuals paid close and intense attention to coastal seawaters. Drawing on archival sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, the author argues that the connection between the Great Qing and the maritime world was complex and sophisticated. -
Feng Guifen and His Contributions to Tax Rationalization in Southern Jiangsu in 1853-74
ß Protecting Regional Interests: Feng Guifen and His Contributions to Tax Rationalization in Southern Jiangsu in 1853-74 Dissertation zur Erlangung der Würde des Doktors der Philosophie der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Mingxin Xiong aus Hubei Hamburg 2017 I Angenommen vom Fachbereich Orientalistik (Asien-Afrika-Institut) der Universität Hamburg Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Friedrich Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Kai Vogelsang Datum der Disputation: 9.12.2015 II Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Friedrich for the continuous support of my Ph.D study, for his patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me throughout researching and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my Ph.D study. I am deeply indebted to thank my advisor Prof. Zhu Weizheng who passed away three years ago for guiding me into the field of intellectual history and for enlightening me to deal with Feng Guifen study. I would like to thank Prof. Vogelsang, who provided me an opportunity to join his textual criticism work of Jiaobinlu kangyi. My sincere thanks also goes to my friends Yaxinlinglong, Dong Lihui, Yuan Yi, Ma Yunhui, Wang Ying, Daisy Cheung, Li Mengyan, Fu Chong, Yuan Wenjun, Liu Haibin, Alice Chang, Christian Textor, Max Jakob Fölster, Wang Bin, Zhu Wenjin for their kind assistance, encouragement and companionship. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis and my life in general. III CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER ONE: The Grain Tribute Tax in Southern Jiangsu .......................... -
The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press: Copyrighted Materials
ls ia er at M ed ht ig yr op C s: es r The P © 2021 by the Journal of Chinese Linguistics. ISSN 0091-3723/ An investigation of initial criteria of JournalQing scholars’ of Chinese “yisheng Linguistics zhi zhuan”. (In Chinese) By Kun Ma and Miao Wang. g All rights reserved. on K g on H f vol.49, no.2 (June 2021): 507–543 o 䇪ӪĀа༠ѻ䖜āⲴ༠㓭ᇑ丣ḷ߶ ity rs ᪈㾱 e ൘䘁ᒤᡰ䉃Āㅜй⅑ਔ丣ᆖབྷ䗙䇪āѝˈᆖ⭼ത㔅ljᒯ䳵⮿䇱NJĀа༠ѝኡབྷᆖˈᒯᐎ v ѻ䖜āᴮᴹнቁҹ䇪ˈ❖⛩൘Ҿ⦻ᘥᆉሩ丣䈫ޣ㌫Ⲵࡔᯝᱟਸ⨶DŽ傜 i ඔ n ⦻∿Ⲵ਼Ⓚ⹄ウ⁑ᔿ㠚ᡤ䴷DŽᡤ∿ljᯩ䀰⮿䇱NJǃ⇥⦹㻱lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇ U ⌘NJㅹ਼ṧḷ䇠Ҷབྷ䟿Āа༠ѻ䖜āDŽᵜ᮷ޘ䶒䗁ᖅк䘠й䇝䇲㪇 se ѝⲴ䖜䈝ᶀᯉˈ࠶᷀ᖃѝⲴ༠㓭᧕䀖㊫රˈ㚄㌫ҮహᰦᵏⲴਔ༠㓭ᆖ e 䈤ˈሩᇦⲴᇑ丣ḷ߶䘋㹼㘳ሏDŽ᮷ㄐ䇔Ѫ䫡བྷ᱅Ⲵਔ༠㓭㘳䇱㔃䇪 in ൘ᖃᰦቊᵚ㻛Პ䙽᧕ਇˈ⇥ǃ⦻Ҽ∿䜭䟷㓣Ҷᡤ䴷Ⲵ༠䖜䈤ˈն৸࠶ 䟽DŽᵜ᮷䘈䇘䇪ҶᡤǃחҶ䈳ᮤˈণሩĀ↓䖜ā઼Āਈ䖜āᴹڊh ࡛ C ⇥ǃ⦻൘䇝䇲ᇎ䐥ѝሩ᮷⥞䇱ᦞ઼丣严⨶䇪Ⲵᵳ㺑ˈ࠶᷀Ҷ䖜䈝ᶀᯉ ᒯᐎབྷᆖˈᒯᐎ e ѝ༠㓭᧕䀖㹼Ѫо༠䖜䈤ѻ䰤Ⲵ䳄䰲DŽᵜ⹄ウᴹࣙҾ䠀ԕᖰሩĀа h ⦻ T ༠ѻ䖜āⲴ䈟䀓ˈҏਟԕѪ䟽ᔪՐ㔏ਔ丣ᆖᵟਢᨀ৲㘳DŽ 㤇 ޣ䭞䇽 ԓਔ丣ᆖ ਔ ਔ ༠㓭 ༠ 㠤 䉒 䭉䉜ᾲ⭡㘵ᵜӪ䍏䍓DŽᵜ᮷Ѫഭᇦ⽮、ส䠁䶂ᒤ亩ⴞ ༠ ᝏ䉒९ᇑはуᇦሩᵜ᮷Ⲵ㓶㠤ᇑ䈫ԕ৺ᨀࠪⲴ䈨ཊᇍ䍥㿱DŽ᮷ѝਟ㜭ᆈ൘Ⲵ䖜䈤 Āа ⦻ ᆖ䲒㤇 China); (Miaohttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9789-7672 Wang; 510006 (College of Humanities, Guangzhou University, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006,а ༠ѻ䖜ā 䙊䇟㘵 ) [[email protected]]; ˄ 18CYY032 ѝഭᒯᐎᐲ⮚४ᒯᐎབྷᆖӪ᮷ 507 ˅ Ⲵѝᵏᡀ᷌DŽ 䇪ӪĀа༠ѻ䖜āⲴ༠㓭ᇑ丣ḷ߶ 543 AN INVESTIGATION OF INITIAL CRITERIA OF QING SCHOLARS’ “YISHENG ZHI ZHUAN” Kun Ma Miao Wang Sen Yat-Sen University Guangzhou University ls ABSTRACT a ri In the so-called “third great debates on Old Chinese phonology” in recent te years, there has been heated discussions on “yisheng zhi zhuan а༠ѻ䖜 a M (sound shift)” mentioned in the Guangya shuzheng, with a particular efocusd on the legitimacy of Wang Niansun’s theories on Chinese historicalht phonology. -
Sino-US Relations and Ulysses S. Grant's Mediation
Looking for a Friend: Sino-U.S. Relations and Ulysses S. Grant’s Mediation in the Ryukyu/Liuqiu 琉球 Dispute of 1879 Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Chad Michael Berry Graduate Program in East Asian Studies The Ohio State University 2014 Thesis Committee: Christopher A. Reed, Advisor Robert J. McMahon Ying Zhang Copyright by Chad Michael Berry 2014 Abstract In March 1879, Japan announced the end of the Ryukyu (Liuqiu) Kingdom and the establishment of Okinawa Prefecture in its place. For the previous 250 years, Ryukyu had been a quasi-independent tribute-sending state to Japan and China. Following the arrival of Western imperialism to East Asia in the 19th century, Japan reacted to the changing international situation by adopting Western legal standards and clarifying its borders in frontier areas such as the Ryukyu Islands. China protested Japanese actions in Ryukyu, though Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) leaders were not willing to go to war over the islands. Instead, Qing leaders such as Li Hongzhang (1823-1901) and Prince Gong (1833-1898) sought to resolve the dispute through diplomatic means, including appeals to international law, rousing global public opinion against Japan, and, most significantly, requesting the mediation of the United States and former U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885). Initially, China hoped Grant’s mediation would lead to a restoration of the previous arrangement of Ryukyu being a dually subordinate kingdom to China and Japan. In later negotiations, China sought a three-way division of the islands among China, Japan, and Ryukyu. -
The Hundred Days' Reforms, 1898
Chapter 25 The Hundred Days’ Reforms, 1898 On June 11, 1898, the Guangxu Emperor began what became known as the Hundred Days’ Reforms with an edict inviting officials to recommend capable advisors to assist the dynasty with foreign relations. The edict signaled the Emperor’s rejection of “the narrow circle of bigoted conservatism” in favor of a new approach to governance. Over the next 103 days, until the beginning of his “illness” on September 21, the Guangxu Emperor would aggressively pursue an agenda to remake the Qing state. Although scholars have long debated the motive for the Guangxu Emperor’s new-found enthusiasm for reform, there remains much confusion about its precise origins. Without a doubt, the Hundred Days Reforms represent the cul- mination of efforts begun in the aftermath of the Sino-French War (1884–85) when Manchu and Han officials began considering fundamental political re- forms to place the dynasty on the path to wealth and power. The traditional interpretation holds that the reforms signified the rising status of low-ranking officials like Kang Youwei, who had peppered the Throne with memorials de- manding reform since his 1895 civil service examination class had petitioned the Emperor in the so-called “Memorial of the Candidates.” Another argument is that widespread alarm about the probable partition of the empire during the scramble for concessions forced the Guangxu Emperor to consider a radi- cal new departure. Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, and other young scholar-officials, in response, brought on the paroxysm of reform. The pages of the Peking Gazette also suggest another interpretation. -
Redalyc.A HUNDRED YEAR's CELEBRATION of THE
Historia Constitucional E-ISSN: 1576-4729 [email protected] Universidad de Oviedo España Guohua, Jiang A HUNDRED YEAR’S CELEBRATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRACTICE IN THE LATE QING DYNASTY (a discussion on the political compromise of the Constitutional Practice in the Late Qing Dynasty) Historia Constitucional, núm. 9, septiembre-, 2008, pp. 341-371 Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, España Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=259027580016 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto A HUNDRED YEAR’S CELEBRATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRACTICE IN THE LATE QING DYNASTY (a discussion on the political compromise of the Constitutional Practice in the Late Qing Dynasty) Jiang-Guohua INDEX: I. INTRODUCTION.- II. THE COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE INSTITUTIONAL REFORMERS AND THE CONSTITUTIONALISTS.- 1. The Original Opinion of the Institutional Reformers.- 2. The advocacy of constitutionalists.- 3. The decision to investigate constitutional politics abroad.- III. THE COMPROMISE BETWEEN PRO-CONSTITUTIONALIST AND ANTI-CONSTITUTIONALIST.- 1. The Pro-constitutionalist promoted the Constitutional Practice positively.- 2. The Engagement between Pro-constitutionalists and Anti-constitutionalist.- 3. The Issue of the Imperial Edict to Imitative Constitutionalism.- IV. THE COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE AUTHORITY AND THE CONSTITUTIONALISTS.- 1. The Constitutional Preparation made by the Qing Court.- 2. The Instigations of the Constitutionalists among the People.- 3. The Birth of the Outline of Imperial Constitution.- V. THE COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONSERVATISM AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL RADICALISM.- 1. -
Part 7: Invasions, Rebellions, and the End of Imperial China Part 7 Introduction Pre-Modern Vs
Part 7: Invasions, Rebellions, and the End of Imperial China Part 7 Introduction Pre-modern vs. Modern When does modern Chinese history begin? Some say during the Opium War, the late 1830s and 1840s. Others date modern history from 1919 and the May Fourth Movement. In this course we take the 18th century, when the Qing was at its height, to begin modern Chinese history. Considering that modern history bears some relation to the present, what events signified the beginning of that period? In Europe, historians often chose 1789, the French Revolution. The signifying events, the transitional events, for China begin with its transition from empire to nation-state, with population growth, with the inclusion of Xinjiang and Tibet during the Qianlong reign, and with the challenges of maintaining unity in a multi-ethnic population. Encounter with the West In the 19th century this evolving state ran head-on into the mobile, militarized nation of Great Britain, the likes of which it has never seen before. This encounter was nothing like the visits from Jesuit missionaries (footnote 129 on page 208) or Lord Macartney (page 253). It challenged all the principles of imperial rule. Foreign Enterprise Today’s Chinese economy has its roots in the Sino-foreign enterprises born during these early encounters. Opium was one of its main enterprises. Christianity was a kind of enterprise. These enterprises combined to weaken and humiliate the Qing. As would be said of a later time, these foreign insults were a “disease of the skin.”165 It was the Taiping Rebellion that struck at the heart. -
Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making
11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). -
The First Emperor of China
INTERACTIVE STUDENT NOTEBOOK The First Emperor of China Was the Emperor of Qin an effective leader? PREVIEW Place an X in the column that indicates whether you think each of the actions described below is evidence that a leader is effective or ineffective. Leader Effective Ineffective A leader who has absolute control over his people A leader who unifies the government A leader who makes laws for everyone to follow A leader who protects his people from invaders A leader who has his opponents killed A leader whose legacy lasts years beyond his death Which one of the actions makes a leader the most effective? Which one of the actions makes a leader the least effective? Explain your choices. © Teachers’ Curriculum Institute The First Emperor of China 1 INTERACTIVE STUDENT NOTEBOOK READING NOTES Social Studies Vocabulary As you complete the Reading Notes, use these terms in your answers. Qin Shi Huangdi Great Wall immortal standardize censor Section 1 Step 1: In the image at right, circle and label three interesting details. Then, in the space below, explain what you think these details reveal about the Emperor of Qin. You may also look at this image in Section 1 of the Student Text. Step 2: Read Section 1. Answer the questions below in complete sentences. 1. Did Qin Shi Huangdi’s control of China help or hurt the country? Explain. 2. How did Qin Shi Huangdi end feudalism? Why did he do this? Step 3: Did the Emperor of Qin’s efforts to control China make him an effective ruler? Mark your answer with an X on the spectrum below. -
China's Quest for World-Class Universities
MARCHING TOWARD HARVARD: CHINA’S QUEST FOR WORLD-CLASS UNIVERSITIES A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Arts in Liberal Studies By Linda S. Heaney, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. April 19, 2111 MARCHING TOWARD HARVARD: CHINA’S QUEST FOR WORLD-CLASS UNIVERSITIES Linda S. Heaney, B.A. MALS Mentor: Michael C. Wall, Ph.D. ABSTRACT China, with its long history of using education to serve the nation, has committed significant financial and human resources to building world-class universities in order to strengthen the nation’s development, steer the economy towards innovation, and gain the prestige that comes with highly ranked academic institutions. The key economic shift from “Made in China” to “Created by China” hinges on having world-class universities and prompts China’s latest intentional and pragmatic step in using higher education to serve its economic interests. This thesis analyzes China’s potential for reaching its goal of establishing world-class universities by 2020. It addresses the specific challenges presented by lack of autonomy and academic freedom, pressures on faculty, the systemic problems of plagiarism, favoritism, and corruption as well as the cultural contradictions caused by importing ideas and techniques from the West. The foundation of the paper is a narrative about the traditional intertwining role of government and academia in China’s history, the major educational transitions and reforms of the 20th century, and the essential ingredients of a world-class institution.