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The Hundred Days' Reforms, 1898
Chapter 25 The Hundred Days’ Reforms, 1898 On June 11, 1898, the Guangxu Emperor began what became known as the Hundred Days’ Reforms with an edict inviting officials to recommend capable advisors to assist the dynasty with foreign relations. The edict signaled the Emperor’s rejection of “the narrow circle of bigoted conservatism” in favor of a new approach to governance. Over the next 103 days, until the beginning of his “illness” on September 21, the Guangxu Emperor would aggressively pursue an agenda to remake the Qing state. Although scholars have long debated the motive for the Guangxu Emperor’s new-found enthusiasm for reform, there remains much confusion about its precise origins. Without a doubt, the Hundred Days Reforms represent the cul- mination of efforts begun in the aftermath of the Sino-French War (1884–85) when Manchu and Han officials began considering fundamental political re- forms to place the dynasty on the path to wealth and power. The traditional interpretation holds that the reforms signified the rising status of low-ranking officials like Kang Youwei, who had peppered the Throne with memorials de- manding reform since his 1895 civil service examination class had petitioned the Emperor in the so-called “Memorial of the Candidates.” Another argument is that widespread alarm about the probable partition of the empire during the scramble for concessions forced the Guangxu Emperor to consider a radi- cal new departure. Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, and other young scholar-officials, in response, brought on the paroxysm of reform. The pages of the Peking Gazette also suggest another interpretation. -
Part 7: Invasions, Rebellions, and the End of Imperial China Part 7 Introduction Pre-Modern Vs
Part 7: Invasions, Rebellions, and the End of Imperial China Part 7 Introduction Pre-modern vs. Modern When does modern Chinese history begin? Some say during the Opium War, the late 1830s and 1840s. Others date modern history from 1919 and the May Fourth Movement. In this course we take the 18th century, when the Qing was at its height, to begin modern Chinese history. Considering that modern history bears some relation to the present, what events signified the beginning of that period? In Europe, historians often chose 1789, the French Revolution. The signifying events, the transitional events, for China begin with its transition from empire to nation-state, with population growth, with the inclusion of Xinjiang and Tibet during the Qianlong reign, and with the challenges of maintaining unity in a multi-ethnic population. Encounter with the West In the 19th century this evolving state ran head-on into the mobile, militarized nation of Great Britain, the likes of which it has never seen before. This encounter was nothing like the visits from Jesuit missionaries (footnote 129 on page 208) or Lord Macartney (page 253). It challenged all the principles of imperial rule. Foreign Enterprise Today’s Chinese economy has its roots in the Sino-foreign enterprises born during these early encounters. Opium was one of its main enterprises. Christianity was a kind of enterprise. These enterprises combined to weaken and humiliate the Qing. As would be said of a later time, these foreign insults were a “disease of the skin.”165 It was the Taiping Rebellion that struck at the heart. -
Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making
11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). -
The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613-1795
Copyright © 2002 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 57.2 (2002) 177-197 [Access article in PDF] Disease And its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613–1795) Chia-Feng Chang One of the most dramatic events in Chinese history was the rise of the Qing dynasty in 1644. Scholars have suggested various reasons why the Manchus successfully conquered Ming China, but one important reason has long been neglected. An infectious disease, smallpox, played a key role in the story. Smallpox might have served as a barrier, preventing the success of the susceptible Manchus, both during the time of military conquest and in the years that followed. In this essay I explore how the Manchus responded to the danger of smallpox and how smallpox shaped the Manchu military, political, and diplomatic structures during the conquest and the first half of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). In the late Ming dynasty (1368–1644) smallpox was rare among the peoples who lived beyond the northern borders of China, including the Manchus. For example, Zhang Jiebin (1563–1640), an eminent physician, stated that the northern peoples did not develop the disease. 1 A government official of the time, Xie Zhaozhe, also remarked that the Tartars did not suffer from smallpox. 2 As late as the Qing [End Page 177] dynasty, Zhu Chungu (1634–1718?), who was appointed to practice variolation amongst the Mongols during the Kangxi period (1662–1722), asserted that it was their nomadic lifestyle which protected them. -
The Lost Geopoetic Horizon of Li Jieren : the Crisis of Writing Chengdu in Revolutionary China
Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 現代中文文學學報 Volume 13 Issue 1 Vol. 13.1-2 十三卷一、二期 (Summer Article 9 2016) 5-1-2016 The lost geopoetic horizon of Li Jieren : the crisis of writing Chengdu in revolutionary China. By Kenny Kwok-kwan Ng Kristin STAPLETON University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY) Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.ln.edu.hk/jmlc Recommended Citation Stapleton, K. (2016). The lost geopoetic horizon of Li Jieren: The crisis of writing Chengdu in revolutionary China. By Kenny Kwok-kwan Ng. Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese, 13(1-2), 202-209. This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Centre for Humanities Research 人文學科研究 中心 at Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 現代中文文學學報 by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. The Lost Geopoetic Horizon of Li Jieren: The Crisis of Writing Chengdu in Revolutionary China. By Kenny Kwok-kwan Ng. Leiden: Brill, 2015. 320 pp. ISBN 9789004292642. Kristin STAPLETON History Department, University at Buffalo, SUNY • 202 • Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese To those who know and love his work, Li Jieren 李劼人 (1891-1962) is one of twentieth- century China’s most under-appreciated writers—at least outside of Sichuan, his home province, where he has always been acknowledged as an important cultural figure. Kenny Kwok-kwan Ng’s analysis of Li’s trilogy of novels set in the waning years of the Qing dynasty, the first English-language monograph devoted to them, both suggests why Li’s work has been overlooked and offers insight into the author’s attempts to navigate “the politics of writing home in a globalized age” (39). -
The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Georgia State University Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Dissertations Department of Sociology 5-27-2008 The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911 Wei Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Li, Wei, "The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2008. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/33 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHNIC RELATIONS AND STATE POWER: A STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA, 1850-1911 by WEI LI Under the Direction of Toshi Kii ABSTRACT The case of late Qing China is of great importance to theories of economic development. This study examines the question of why China’s industrialization was slow between 1865 and 1895 as compared to contemporary Japan’s. Industrialization is measured on four dimensions: sea transport, railway, communications, and the cotton textile industry. I trace the difference between China’s and Japan’s industrialization to government leadership, which includes three aspects: direct governmental investment, government policies at the macro-level, and specific measures and actions to assist selected companies and industries. -
History, Background, Context
42 History, Background, Context The history of the Qing dynasty is of course the history of hundreds upon hundreds of millions of people. The volume, density, and complexity of the information contained in this history--"history" in the sense of the totality of what really happened and why--even if it were available would be beyond the capacity of any single individual to comprehend. Thus what follows is "history" in another sense--a selective recreation of the past in written form--in this case a sketch of basic facts about major episodes and events drawn from secondary sources which hopefully will provide a little historical background and allow the reader to place Pi Xirui and Jingxue lishi within a historical context. While the history of the Qing dynasty proper begins in 1644, history is continuous. The Jurchen (who would later call themselves Manchus), a northeastern tribal people, had fought together with the Chinese against the Japanese in the 1590s when the Japanese invaded Korea. However in 1609, after a decade of increasing military strength, their position towards the Chinese changed, becoming one of antagonism. Nurhaci1 努爾哈赤 (1559-1626), a leader who had united the Jurchen tribes, proclaimed himself to be their chieftain or Khan in 1616 and also proclaimed the 1See: ECCP, p.594-9, for his biography. 43 founding of a new dynasty, the Jin 金 (also Hou Jin 後金 or Later Jin), signifying that it was a continuation of the earlier Jurchen dynasty which ruled from 1115-1234. In 1618, Nurhaci led an army of 10,000 with the intent of invading China. -
Different Translations and Contested Meanings: Motor for the 1911 Revolution in China When the Western Concept of 'Social' W
Different Translations and Contested Meanings: Motor for the 1911 Revolution in China Hailong Tian Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China Email: [email protected] When the Western concept of ‘social’ was introduced to China via Japan in about 1898, the Japanese words 社会 (pronounced as xiakayi) was directly adopted by the intellectuals and the concept of the social was translated as 社会 (pronounced as shèhuì) in the Chinese language. However, the indigenous Chinese characters 社会 did not have the same connotation as that carried by the Japanese words and, as a result, multiple meanings exist with the Chinese characters 社会 (shèhuì). What makes this complex situation more contestable was that the concept of the social was also translated as qún (群) by some other intellectuals. Similar situation happened with the translation of the Western concept of the economic as jīngjì (经济) which adopted the Japanese words 経済(kezai) and as shēngjì xué (生计学) which are traditional Chinese words. Though later shèhuì and jīngjì survived their respective counterparts and became standard translations in Chinese, the early different translations, together with the different connotations in each translation, indicate different interpretations of the concepts of the social and the economic given by intellectuals of different educational backgrounds. Drawing on the theories of conceptual history, this article examines a particular contest over concepts of the social and the economic, namely, the debate from 1905 to 1907 between two groups of intellectuals respectively represented by Sun Yet-san and Liang Qichao. In particular, the article investigates 1) how these two historical figures conceptualized the concepts of the social and the economic, 2) what are the potentials that determined their conceptualizations, and 3) in what way the conceptualizations served as a driving force for the 1911 revolution. -
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ISABEL SUN CHAO AND CLAIRE CHAO REMEMBERING SHANGHAI A Memoir of Socialites, Scholars and Scoundrels PRAISE FOR REMEMBERING SHANGHAI “Highly enjoyable . an engaging and entertaining saga.” —Fionnuala McHugh, writer, South China Morning Post “Absolutely gorgeous—so beautifully done.” —Martin Alexander, editor in chief, the Asia Literary Review “Mesmerizing stories . magnificent language.” —Betty Peh-T’i Wei, PhD, author, Old Shanghai “The authors’ writing is masterful.” —Nicholas von Sternberg, cinematographer “Unforgettable . a unique point of view.” —Hugues Martin, writer, shanghailander.net “Absorbing—an amazing family history.” —Nelly Fung, author, Beneath the Banyan Tree “Engaging characters, richly detailed descriptions and exquisite illustrations.” —Debra Lee Baldwin, photojournalist and author “The facts are so dramatic they read like fiction.” —Heather Diamond, author, American Aloha 1968 2016 Isabel Sun Chao and Claire Chao, Hong Kong To those who preceded us . and those who will follow — Claire Chao (daughter) — Isabel Sun Chao (mother) ISABEL SUN CHAO AND CLAIRE CHAO REMEMBERING SHANGHAI A Memoir of Socialites, Scholars and Scoundrels A magnificent illustration of Nanjing Road in the 1930s, with Wing On and Sincere department stores at the left and the right of the street. Road Road ld ld SU SU d fie fie d ZH ZH a a O O ss ss U U o 1 Je Je o C C R 2 R R R r Je Je r E E u s s u E E o s s ISABEL’SISABEL’S o fie fie K K d d d d m JESSFIELD JESSFIELDPARK PARK m a a l l a a y d d y o o o o d d e R R e R R R R a a S S d d SHANGHAISHANGHAI -
The Garden of Perfect Brightness, a Life in Ruins Geremie R
East Asian History NUMBER 11 . JUNE 1996 THE CO TINUATION OF Papers on Far Eastern History Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University Editor Geremie R. Barme Assistant Editor Helen Lo Editorial Board Mark Elvin (Convenor) John Clark Andrew Fraser Helen Hardacre Colin Jeffcott W. J. F. Jenner Lo Hui-min Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Michael Underdown Production and Design Helen Lo Business Manager Marion Weeks Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This is the eleventh issue of East Asian Historyin the series previously entitled Papers on Far EasternHist01J'. The journal is published twice a year. Contributions to The Editor, East Asian History Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 262493140 Fax +61 26249 5525 Subscription Enquiries to Subscriptions, East Asian History, at the above address Annual Subscription Australia A$45 Overseas US$45 (for two issues) iii CONTENTS 1 The George Ernest Morrison Lectures in Ethnology -An Introduction The Editors 3 The Revolutionary Tradition in China C. P. Fitzgerald 17 The Chinese Civil Service Otto P. N. Berkelhach van der Sp renkel 33 The Narrow Lane. Some Observations on the Recluse in Traditional Chinese Society A. R. Davis 45 Buddha's Word in China I w. deJong 59 Prester John and Europe's Discovery of East Asia Igor de Rachewiltz 75 On the Art of Ruling a Big Country-Views of Three Chinese Emperors Liu TS'un-yan 91 The Tradition and Prototypes of the China-Watcher La Hui-min 111 The Garden of Perfect Brightness, a Life in Ruins Geremie R. -
Empress Dowager Cixi: Selections from the Summer Palace
History in the Making Volume 11 Article 24 January 2018 Exhibit Review: Empress Dowager Cixi: Selections from the Summer Palace Hannah Norton CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the Asian Art and Architecture Commons, Chinese Studies Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Norton, Hannah (2018) "Exhibit Review: Empress Dowager Cixi: Selections from the Summer Palace," History in the Making: Vol. 11 , Article 24. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol11/iss1/24 This Review is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reviews Exhibit Review: Empress Dowager Cixi: Selections from the Summer Palace By Hannah Norton The Empress Dowager Cixi: Selections from the Summer Palace exhibit, hosted at the Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, California between November 12, 2017 and March 11, 2018, marked the first time that the Empress Dowager Cixi has been the subject of an exhibit beyond the borders of China. Held in association with the Summer Palace Museum in Beijing, the exhibit was guest curated by Ying-chen Ping, an art history professor from American University. Featuring art and pieces from Cixi’s own personal collection, this exhibit offers a glimpse into her life spent at her favorite residence, the Summer Palace. After being destroyed during the Second Opium War in 1860, the Summer Palace was refurbished in preparation for Cixi’s sixtieth birthday celebrations in 1894. -
Empress Dowager Cixi, Sarah Pike Conger, and the Chinese Butler Who Brought Them Together Grant Hayter-Menzies
Asia Pacific Perspectives ∙ Fall/Winter 2013–14 Domestic Diplomacy: Empress Dowager Cixi, Sarah Pike Conger, and the Chinese Butler Who Brought Them Together Grant Hayter-Menzies Keynote Address presented at The Imperial Court in China, Japan, and Korea: Women, Servants, and the Emperor’s Household (1600 to early 1900s), University of San Fran- cisco, Center for the Pacific Rim, April 18, 2013. While researching the life of Sarah Pike Conger, wife of the United States minister to China from 1898–1905, as she experienced and recorded it while living in Beijing’s diplomatic quarter, I discovered that it was largely through the influence of Wang, the Number One Boy, or butler, at the American Legation, that one of the most unique cross-cultural relationships in East-West diplomacy had its genesis. Thanks to Wang, a friendship blossomed between the Buddhist and xenophobic Empress Dowager Cixi and Mrs. Conger, whose love of America and depth of Christian devotion were her two mainstays until she met China and fell in love with it too. Sarah came to Beijing in 1898, a middle-aged woman from Iowa knowing absolutely nothing of China or the Chinese people. Yet she left seven years later one of China’s most passionate defenders. A survivor of the Boxer Uprising, that mob effort in summer 1900 to rid China of foreign exploitation, Sarah was the first foreigner to stretch a hand to Cixi, the one person who disproportionately bore the most blame for the disaster. http://www.usfca.edu/pacificrim/perspectives/ Downloaded from Fig. 1. Sarah Pike Conger The daughter of a low-ranking Manchu official, Cixi was several years Sarah’s senior, born in 1835, and at sixteen was selected as concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor.