World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930 Frederick R

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03770-0 - World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930 Frederick R. Dickinson Index More information

Index

9/11, 1 Austria-Hungary, 14, 22, 86 defeat, 88, 89, 109 A Fool’s Love (Chijn no ai), 58 Ayusawa Fukuko, 10, 160 Abe Hirozumi, 29 Abe Iso¯, 168 Baba Tsunego, 148, 169 Aburaya Kyo¯ichi, 120 Balkans, 22 active duty rule, 115, 132 Bank of Japan, 79 Adachi Kenzo¯, 148 baseball, 161, 162 Advisory Committee on Trafﬁc in Opium Basic Plan of National Defense and Other Dangerous Drugs, 70 1907, 139, 140 Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs, 128 1923, 113, 126, 139, 140 Aird, Sir John, 80 Belgium, 126, 148 Aizawa Hiroshi, 131 Best, Antony, 74 Akami, Tomoko, 79, 80, 148 Big Ben, 180 Akiyama Yoshifura, 60 Bix, Herbert, 55, 62 Akutagawa Ryu¯ nosuke, 168 Bluestocking Society, 158 Aleutian Islands, 41 Bonin Islands, 41, 127 All Japan Student Alliance (Zenkoku gakusei Boy Scouts, 104 do¯meikai), 85 Britain, 14, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 39, 40, 55, 57, Alliance for the Protection of Education 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 80, 82, (Kyo¯iku hogo do¯mei), 149 97,104,109,111,113,118,137,138, Alliance for Universal Suffrage (Fusen 141, 142, 148, 173, 174, 175, 181, 185 do¯meikai), 85 applauds Japanese non-intervention in Amur River Society (Kokuryu¯ kai), 182 China, 130 Anesaki Masaharu, 10, 17, 30, 31, 37, 79, army, 104 148 as model for Japan, 91, 99 Anglo-Japanese alliance, 20, 62, 64, 74, 82, declares war, 13 103, 194, 195 Foreign Ofﬁce, 185 scholarship on, 75 Imperial Conference (1921), 110 Anglo-Russian Entente, 64 in Asia, 62 Aoki Setsuichi, 162 in China, 130 April 16 Incident (1929), 92, 170 London, 103, 104, 176, 185 Ariga Nagao, 148 navy, 14, 74, 77, 112 Arima Manabu, 87 Bunmei kaika (civilization and Arms Reduction Fraternity (Gunbi shukusho¯ enlightenment), 8, 146, 158, 166 do¯shikai), 149 Burkman, Thomas, 70 Arthur, Prince, Duke of Connaught, 104 Asada Sadao, 107, 112 Cabinet Statistics Bureau, 177 Asher, David, 173, 174, 175 California, 67 Auslin, Michael, 81 Canada, 80 Australia, 16, 80 Canadian Bank of Commerce, 80

210

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03770-0 - World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930 Frederick R. Dickinson Index More information

Index 211

Caroline Islands. See German Micronesia disarmament, 8, 10, 11, 26, 32, 73–75, 76, Cenotaph (Whitehall), ix, 104, 105 92, 96, 103–23, 140, 152, 194 Central Review (Chu¯o¯ko¯ron), 53, 54 popularity of, 110, 115, 122, 128 Chaplin, Charlie, 57, 58, 164 dollar diplomacy, 25 Charter Oath (1868), 7, 27, 30, 34, 35, 61, Do¯shikai, 168 85, 155 Do¯shisha University, 48 Cherry Blossom Society (Sakurakai), 189 Dower, John, 196 cherry blossoms, 154–55, 165 draft (military), 114 Chiba Prefecture, 13 Drake, H. B., 134 Chichibu, 156 Duan Qirui, 130 Chile, 138 Dunscomb, Paul, 40, 128, 130 China, 19, 39, 41, 74, 80, 95, 126, Dutch East Indies, 42 127, 138 Duus, Peter, 27 and Woodrow Wilson, 3 as political diversion in Japan, 121 economy Fujian, 40 banking crisis (1927), 5 Germany in, 24 economic over military power, 126 Great Wall, 41 farming crisis (1930), 5 Hankow, 130 international competition, 27 Hong Kong, 14 Japan as economic powerhouse, 4 impact of World War I, 1, 3 Japan as industrial state, 6, 7, 15, 17, 38 popularity of non-intervention in, 131–32 labor, 38, 43, 44, 98, 172 Qingdao, 14, 16, 17, 20, 40, 41, 139 labor movement, 44, 45, 47 Shandong, 40, 92, 110, 126, 127, 128, mass society, 7, 17, 45, 48, 52, 54, 57, 58, 130, 131, 137, 143, 170 193, 195, 196 Shanghai, 14, 130 middle class, 7, 45 Tianjin, 130 nouveau riche, 45 USA in, 24 population, 39 Yangzi Valley, 40 railways, 39, 46, 48, 54 Chinese nationalism, 5 shipping, 39, 41 Christian Youth Society (Kirisutokyo¯ seinen silk, 141 kai), 149 textiles, 21, 22, 39, 141 Chu¯o¯ University, 48 trade, 140–42, 176 Churchill, Winston, 18 urban culture, 44, 45, 48, 55 Classic of History (Shujing), 157 urbanization, 7, 42–45, 57 Clemenceau, Georges, 68 Wall Street crash (1929), 5, 176 Cohen, Lizabeth, 9 wartime ﬁnance, 21, 39, 40 Cold War, 4, 136 wartime inﬂation, 46 Columbia University, 80 wartime manufacturing, 39 Confucianism, 62, 157 wartime trade, 21, 22, 39, 40, 42, Coronation Bells, 187 126, 141 Croly, Herbert, 137 Edinburgh, 104 Crowley, James, 178, 179, 181 educational reform, 48–49, 151, 172 Edward VII, 104 Daito¯maru, 14 Edward, Crown Prince, 75 Dawn Society (Reimeikai), 34, 50 Eguchi Keiichi, 11 defense spending, decline, 116 Electric Theater, 57 democracy Emperor Organ Theory, 90 criticism of, 121 emperor system (tenno¯sei), 192 power of, 151 empire, 7, 8, 40–42, 77 Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), nineteenth century age of, 6, 7, 62, 64, 82, 191, 192 85, 126, 135, 193, 194 Den Kenjiro¯, 131, 163 civilian character, 132–36 Dingman, Roger, 73, 107 Japanese conceptions of, 8, 41, 42, Diplomatic Review (Gaiko¯ jiho¯), 76 124–43, 152, 194

212 Index

empire (cont.) Geneva, 66, 152 maritime, 136–42 Geneva Naval Conference (1927), 65, retraction, 126–32, 143 113, 180 Enomoto Takeaki, 125 George V, 18, 103, 180, 185 Entente Cordiale, 64 German Micronesia, x, 16, 20, 41, 110, 124, Euro-centrism, 2 127, 135 Europe, 29, 32, 52, 59, 65, 69, 103–05, 193, as League of Nations Mandate, 134–36 194 Germany, 2, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 38, as heart of world civilization, 19, 35 39, 40, 55, 65, 66, 76, 86, 97, 114, in Asia, 141 126, 136 defeat, 16, 40, 86, 87, 88, 89, 95, 109, February 26 Incident (1936), 121 139, 149, 151, 152 Feng Yuxiang, 130 model for Meiji Japan, 46 Ferdinand, Franz, 13 navy, 14, 16, 20, 25, 41, 104 ﬁlm, 57–58, 156, 164–65, 166 possible victory, 19 Matsutake Kinema, 164, 167 Girls’ Youth Society (Joshi seinen kai), 149 Nikkatsu Kinema, 167 global history, 1 promoted by Hamaguchi cabinet, Gluck, Carol, 107 184–88, 189 gold standard, 7, 11, 77–78, 82, 172, 173, Film Record,57 175, 176 Finance Ministry, 168 New Par Gang of Four, 175 First World War. See World War I popularity of, 173 Fischer, Fritz, 2 scholarship on, 77, 175, 176 Five Power Treaty, 63, 74, 75, 82, 123, Gordon, Andrew, 96 179, 194 Goto¯ Shinpei, 29, 106, 131, 144, 148 Foreign Correspondents Club, 66 Gow, Ian, 113 Foreign Ministry, 60, 79, 95 Great Kanto¯ Earthquake (1923), 5, 57 Four Power Treaty, 63, 64, 74, 75, 82, as watershed, 42, 52, 104, 119, 153–54, 179, 194 165, 166, 193 France, 14, 21, 22, 24, 26, 38, 40, 55, 58, compared with World War I, 153 64, 66, 70, 71, 75, 76, 82, 105, 114, Greater East Asianism, 121 138, 146, 148, 173 Greater East Culture Association (Daito¯ Franco-Russian Alliance, 64 bunka kyo¯kai), 49, 50, 53, 119, 140 Fraternity for Disarmament (Gunbi shukusho¯ Greater Japan General Federation of Labor do¯shikai), 111 and Friendly Society (Dai Nihon ro¯do¯ Fraternity of Robust Nation (Ko¯koku so¯do¯mei yu¯ aikai), 45 do¯shikai), 50 Greater Japan Peace Association (Dai Nihon Freedom and People’s Rights movement, 5 heiwa kyo¯kai), 149 Friendly Society (Yu¯ aikai), 44 Greater Japanism, 121 Fujii Tei, 170 Green, Elizabeth, 81 Fujitani, Takashi, 107 Greene, Jerome Davis, 80 Fukoku kyo¯hei (rich country, strong army), Grey, Sir Edward, 152 7, 105, 106 Fukuda Tokuzo¯, 10, 66, 91 Hall, John Whitney, 4 Fukuzawa Yukichi, 30, 106, 136 Hamaguchi cabinet (1929–1931), 11, 167–90 Furihata Mototaro¯, 95 as pinnacle of New Japan, 168–72, 193 popularity of, 177–78 Gakushu¯ in University, 117 power of, 183 Garon, Sheldon, 5, 97, 98, 172 promotes disarmament, 178–83 general election promotes ﬁscal austerity, 173, 174, 175 1924, 94, 163 promotes gold standard, 172–78 1928, 54, 99, 184 scholarship on, 188 1930, 8, 11, 12, 177 Hamaguchi Osachi, x, 8, 10, 78, 81, 82, 88, 1932, 192 99, 101, 129, 148, 167–90, 191 2009, 191 as embodiment of New Japan, 188

Index 213

assassination, 9, 11, 189, 190 Imai Seiichi, 52, 108 popularity of, 168–69 Immigration Act (1924), ix, 5, 32, 33, 34, Hanihara Masao, 76 76, 80 Hara cabinet (1918–1921), 11, 29, 35, Imperial Army, 10, 11, 17, 24, 53, 86, 88, 47–48, 61, 68, 109, 111, 112, 132, 92, 93, 96, 111, 122 147, 148 and Manchurian Incident, 12 as force of reaction, 92 Army General Staff, 189 as watershed, 90 Cho¯shu¯ faction, 120 promotes disarmament, 110, 122, 178 declining authority, 90, 115, 123 resists universal male suffrage, 89 disarmament, 113–16 scholarship on, 47 in Guandong, 91 Hara Takashi, ix, 10, 18, 26, 28, 47, 48, 60, in Siberia, 128 63, 69, 71, 84, 93, 96, 103, 109, 126, Reservist Association, 119, 126 131, 133, 150 service rivalry, 110, 113, 140 as champion of reform, 91 Toyama School, 187 assassination, 91, 92, 178 unpopularity of, 110, 116–21 promotes disarmament, 187 withdraws from Shandong, 41 Hara Takeshi, 165 withdraws from Siberia, 41 Harada Kumao, 183 Imperial Army War College, 59 Harootunian, Harry, 15 Imperial court, 10, 28, 90, 164 Hattori To¯ru, 125 Imperial Diet, 85, 97, 114, 115, 120, Hawai‘i, 42, 137, 138, 139 182, 183 Hayama, 156 Fiftieth (Dec. 1924–March 1925), 96, 98 Hayami Akira, 38, 39 Fifty-Eighth (April–May), 12, 181 Hayashi Mutsutake, 74, 75 Fifty-First, 98 Health Insurance Law (1922), 98 Fifty-Second (Dec. 1926–March. 1927), Hibiya Riots (1905), 5 121 High Treason Incident (1910), 5 Forty-First (Dec. 1918–March. 1919), Hindenburg, Paul von, 120 89, 91 Hiramatsu Ryo¯ta, 112 Forty–Second (Dec. 1919–Feb. 1920), Hiranuma Kiichiro¯, 10, 183 68, 90, 110 Hirohito, 10, 52, 61–62, 67, 107, 137 House of Peers, 70, 79, 84, 90, 93, 96, 97, as regent, 156 101, 102, 110, 159, 183 as symbol of modernity, 156 Lower House, 47, 79, 90, 97, 111, 121, as symbol of peace, 144, 156–57, 165 129, 138, 151, 177, 191 assumes throne, 157 Imperial household, 52, 55, 90, 94, 104, 117 coronation, 164 Imperial Navy, 10, 11, 13, 17, 74, 75, 112, in Europe, ix, 103–05, 107, 146, 157, 164 133, 181 in Taiwan, 124–25 battlecruiser Kurama,13 Hirose Ichiro¯, 121 battleship Hasegawa,13 Hiroshima, 145 battleship Kongo¯,13 Hirotsu Kazuo, 53 battleship Tsushima,14 Hogg, Douglas, Viscount Hailsham, 80 declining authority, 90, 108 Hokkaido, 127 First Fleet, 13 Holland, 138 Fleet Faction, 112 Hollywood, 58 in German Micronesia, 41, 139 Home Ministry, 46 in Mediterranean, 16, 22, 104 Hoover, Herbert, 180, 184, 186, 187 in South Paciﬁc, 16 Ho¯sei University, 149 Maizuru Military Headquarters, 13 Hotel Le Bristol, 69 Naval General Staff, 181 Humphreys, Leonard, 119 service rivalry, 110, 113, 140 Hwa Ping (Chinese steamship), 139 Third Fleet, 14 Treaty Faction, 112 Ienaga Saburo¯, 130 unpopularity of, 117 Ikuta Makoto, 116 Imperial Palace, 85, 146, 155, 157

214 Index

Imperial Rescript on the Establishment of Inukai Tsuyoshi, 114, 148, 190 Peace (1920), 7, 8, 27, 34–35, 61–62, Ireland, 68 63, 107, 151, 155 Iriye, Akira, 3, 9, 79 India, 3, 22, 139 Ishibashi Tanzan, 10, 53, 85, 86, 87, 142, Inner Mongolia, 40 176 Inoue, Yoshika, 137 Ishihara Kenzo¯, 104 Inoue Junnosuke, 10, 77, 78, 79, 137, 148, Ishii Kikujiro¯, 10, 127, 132, 148 175, 176 Italy, 58, 70, 71, 76, 100, 114, 148, 185 Inoue Kaoru, 8, 24, 59 Itami Matsuo, 119 Inoue Kiyoshi, 143 Ito¯ Chu¯ ta, 145 Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR), 7, 79–82 Ito¯ Hirobumi, 23, 45, 67, 91, 95, 114, 131 Honolulu (1925), 79, 80 Ito¯ Miyoji, 182, 183 Honolulu (1927), 64, 80, 81, 124 Ito¯ Takashi, 10, 50, 181 Japanese Council (JCIPR), 79, 137 Ito¯ Yukio, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 101, 181 Kyoto (1929), 80–82, 150 Izumi Akira, 60, 75, 153 scholarship on, 80, 81 Izumi Tetsu, 153 International Conference of Newspaper Journalists (1927), 152 Jansen, Marius, 4, 70, 96 International Convention for the Japan Suppression of the Traffic in Women and twentieth century, 12, 15, 17, 35, and Children (1921), 70 59, 82 International Court of Justice, 70 and separate peace, 22 International Goodwill Day, 163 and tension with allies, 20 International Labor Bureau, 162 as Germany of Asia, 65 International Labor Organization, 70, 72, as island culture, 124 80, 162 as world power, 7, 8, 12, 17, 22, 38, 42, International Labour Conference (1919), 58, 60, 66, 68, 69, 70–75, 83, 88, 104, 61 107, 108, 122, 125, 134, 136–42, 143, International Pen Pals, 163 150, 152, 187, 189, 193, 194, 195 International Understanding (Kokusai declares war, 20, 95 chishiki), 10, 70 ignorance of World War I, 16 interwar era in China, 39, 40, 68, 126, 130, 137, and developments after 1945, 2, 3, 196 141, 143 as age of NGOs, 79 in Dutch East Indies, 39 as age of peace, 7, 61, 74, 77, 107, 111, in German Micronesia, 68 143, 144–66, 172, 194, 195, 196 in India, 39 as crisis, 2, 3–5, 134, 165 in Indian Ocean, 194 as democratization, 84–102 in Pacific, 39, 40, 41, 42, 112, 136–42, as failure of party politics, 101, 191–93 143, 194 as fascism, 29 in Russia, 40 as kaikoku (open country), 31–32 in Southeast Asia, 39 as national reconstruction, 6, 7, 27, 29, relations with USA, 17, 24, 25, 32, 67 34, 61, 82, 158, 164, 193, 194 scholarship on interwar era, 11, 27, 29 as opportunity, 3, 6, 11, 12, 97, 108, 112, scholarship on World War I, 15, 21, 27, 58 122, 125, 143 US ties after 1945, 4 as Pacific age, 81–82, 124, 137 Japan Chronicle,40 as power politics, 62 Japan Newspaper Academy, 53 compared with nineteenth century, 6, 7, Japan Social Problems Research Center, 51 8, 12, 26–35, 48, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, Japanese avant garde, 42 67, 82, 101, 107, 122, 125, 136, 145, Japanese Chamber of Commerce, 78 147, 155, 158, 159, 166, 188, 193, Japanese Christian Women’s Reform 194, 195 Society (Nihon kirisutokyo¯ fujin scholarship on, 2–6, 50, 57, 59, 64, 74, kyo¯fu¯ kai), 159 77, 82, 90, 92, 101, 116, 121, 130, 134, Japanese Federation of Peace Movements 143, 158, 165, 168, 172, 194 (Heiwa undo Nihon renmei), 149

Index 215

Japanese League of Nations Association, 10, promotes universal male suffrage, 89, 50, 63, 70, 74, 75, 76, 111, 114, 118, 96, 102 128, 139, 147–50, 152, 153, 161, Keynes, John Maynard, 175, 176 162, 165 Kido Takayoshi, 95 Japanese Society of Social Education (Nihon Kikuchi Kan, 54 kokusai renmei kyo¯kai), 119 Kikuike Takeo, 182 jazz, 161, 184 King (Kingu), 54 Jiang Jieshi, 5, 170 Kirshner, Jonathan, 174 Kita Ikki, 29 Kabayama Aisuke, 183 Kitaoka Shin’ichi, 76 Kagawa Prefecture, 149 Kitazawa Rakuten, 118, 160, 190 Kagoshima, 125 Kiyosawa Kiyoshi, 10, 34, 57, 76, 79, 124, Kalin, Philip, 187 131, 137, 159 Kamata Eikichi, 150 Kiyoura Keigo, 60, 93, 94, 98 Kamei Rokuro¯, 111 Knox, Philander, 23 Kamiizumi Tokuya, 182 Kobe, 40, 44, 119, 162, 184 Kan Naoto, 191, 192 Ko¯chi Prefecture, 168 Kanagawa Prefecture, 16 Kodansha, 54 Kane, Robert, 17, 27 Koizumi Matajiro¯, 97, 151 Kaneko Kentaro¯, 148 Kojima Miyoko, 38, 39 Kan’in, Prince, 144 Kokuminto¯, 92, 94, 114 Kasza, Gregory, 51, 55 Komura Kin’ichi, 130 Kataoka Naoharu, 68 Konoe Fumimaro, 31, 62, 63, 69, 70, 71, Kato¯ cabinet 136, 148 1st (1924–5), 79, 99, 168 Korea, 8, 132, 140, 153 2nd (1925–6), 94, 97, 168 annexation, 127 Kato¯ Kanji, 112, 113 cultural rule in, 133–34, 152 Kato¯ Takaaki, ix, 8, 10, 13, 22, 29, 31, 71, Seoul, 133 72, 74, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 102, 110, Ko¯shien Stadium, 162 129, 169 Kotkin, Stephen, 3 as principal champion of reform, 95 Kuratomi Yosaburo¯, 183 death, 98, 102, 120 Kurile Islands, 41, 127 scholarship on, 95 Kuroda Nagashige, 84 Kato¯ Tomosaburo¯, 10, 92, 112, 145 Kyoto, 44, 150 Kato¯Yo¯ko, 104 Kyoto University, 45 Katsura Taro¯, 45 Kawada Minoru, 91 Lamont, Thomas, 78 Kawai Yahachi, 162 League of Nations, 7, 11, 26, 27, 32, 35, 36, Kawamura Takeji, 161 61, 62, 64, 65, 69–73, 74, 75, 76, 78, Keio¯ University, 48 79, 107, 134, 136, 151, 152, 155, 162, Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928), 7, 63, 75–77, 171, 172, 180, 187 82, 162, 180, 194 Council, 70, 127, 136 as watershed, 77 criticism of, 121 scholarship on, 75 Information Bureau, 162 Kennedy, David M., 16 scholarship on, 69 Kennedy, Malcolm, 16, 118, 130 League of Nations Covenant, 61, 63, 67, 114 Kenseikai (Association for Constitutional Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 33 Government), 7, 8, 10, 22, 30, 31, 68, Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), 191 71, 72, 87, 88, 91, 92–98, 109, 110, liberal internationalism, 7, 12, 60–83, 173 111, 120, 151 criticism of, 140 as champion of reform, 89, 93, 102 popularity of, 189 as friend of labor, 98 power of, 8, 10, 11, 12, 36, 88, 108, 115, promotes ﬁscal austerity, 174 165, 187, 195, 196 promotes non-intervention in China, 126, Liberation (Kaiho¯), 53 129–30 Liberia, 68

216 Index

Lincicome, Mark, 151 May 15 Incident (1932), 190 Literary Age (Bungei shunju¯ ), 54 May Day, 45, 114 Lloyd, Harold, 57, 58, 164 May Thirtieth Movement (1925), 129 Locarno Treaties, 162 McClatchy, Valentine S., 65 London Naval Conference (1930), x, 7, 12, McLeod, Elizabeth, 185 65, 92, 93, 112, 178–83, 185, 186 Mediterranean, 81, 124 and the new media, 184–88 Meiji Confectionary Company, 57 popularity of, 179–81, 184–88 Meiji Constitution, 84, 86, 191 Reed–Matsudaira agreement, 181 Meiji emperor, 5, 6, 61, 107 right of supreme command, 112, 181, funeral, 104 182, 189 Meiji era (1868–1912), 5, 50 scholarship on, 178 as authoritarianism, 101 London Naval Treaty, 63, 82, 113, 172, as kaikoku (open country), 31 181, 183, 187, 194, 195 as militarism, 65, 106, 117 criticism of, 181–82 as sakoku (closed country), 31, 72 ratification, 189 conceptions of, 85 Lowy, Dina, 158 scholarship on, 4, 6, 27, 28, 34, 37, 49, 50, 55 MacDonald, Malcolm, 80 Meiji Renovation (1868), 15, 28, 29, 30, 31, MacDonald, Ramsey, 80, 180, 186, 187 35, 43, 58, 87 Maddison, Angus, 38 “ee ja nai ka” frenzy (1867), 5 Maida Minoru, 10, 32, 132 as incomplete revolution, 101 Maier, Charles, 3 Meiji Six Journal (Meiroku zasshi), 147 Maizuru Harbor, 14 Meiji Six Society (Meirokusha), 147 Makino Nobuaki, 10, 67, 68, 94, 98, 99, Meiji state building, 20, 37, 48, 58, 65, 84, 113, 120, 125, 148, 183 101, 122, 194, 195 Malta, 104 Meiji University, 48, 75, 149, 153 Manchukuo, 133 Memorial to the Constitution, 84 Manchuria, 8, 23, 25, 40, 41, 80, 127, 130, Metzler, Mark, 77, 172 139, 142, 170, 196 Mikasa Preservation Association (Mikasa Guandong, 132, 133 hozon kyo¯kai), 108 Liaodong, 67 Ministry of Education, 30 Manchurian Incident (1931), 11, 12, 51, 56, Minobe Tatsukichi, 10, 76, 77, 90, 148 64, 76, 95, 126, 168, 189, 190 Minseito¯ (Constitutional Democratic origins, 77, 122 Party), 7, 8, 11, 12, 54, 77, 78, 88, 91, Manela, Erez, 3, 33 93, 98–101, 167–90, 192, 195 March 15 Incident (1928), 92, 170 1928 election victory, 100, 102 March 1 Movement (1919), 134 1930 election victory, 11, 12, 177 March Incident (1931), 190 as principal champion of reform, 8, 10, Mariana Islands. See German Micronesia 102, 188, 191 Marshall Islands. See German Micronesia establishment of, 98, 99 Marunouchi, 45 popularity of, 184 Maruyama Kando¯, 86 promotes disarmament, 168–72 Maruyama Masao, 153 promotes fiscal austerity, 11, 78, 171, 174 Marxism, 33 promotes gold standard, 171 Marxist historiography, 4, 5, 15, 32, 38, promotes non-intervention in China, 11, 101, 193 126, 129–30, 171 Masuda Giichi, 141 Mitani Taichiro¯, 4, 26, 33, 50, 51, 90 Matsukata Deflation, 5 Mitsui OSK Lines, 41 Matsumoto Go¯kichi, 94, 97 Mitsukawa Kametaro¯, 10 Matsumoto Seicho¯, 121 Mitsukoshi, 169 Matsuoka Yo¯suke, 81, 148 Miyake Setsurei, 65, 89 Matsusaka Yoshihisa Tak, 539 , 133 Miyako Hotel, Kyoto, 80 Matsushita Yoshio, 140 Mizuno Rentaro¯, 72 Matsuyama Chu¯ jiro¯, 86 Mizutani Shinroku, 125

Index 217

modern boy (mobo), 167 Nomura Kichisaburo¯, 148 modern girl (moga), 8, 42, 158–61, 166, 167 North Wind Society (Kitakazekai), 10, 50 compared with zangiri atama, 8, 158, 160, 166 O’Brien, Suzanne, 158 modernization theory, 4 Obama Toshie, 176 Mongolia, 139 October Incident (1931), 190 Monopoly Bureau, 147 Ogasawara Naganari, 148 Mori Koben, 125 Ogata, Sadako, 148 Moriya Azuma, 159 Ogawa Heikichi, 148 Moriyama Keizaburo¯, 182 Ogawa Jihei, 154–5 Morse Code, 55 Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko, 154 Motion Picture Story Magazine,57 O¯ i Kazuya, 51 Muko¯ Gunji, 151 Oka Yoshitake, 33, 94, 107 Murai Ryo¯ta, 90 Okada Keisuke, 113 Murofuse Ko¯shin, 34, 60, 121 O¯ kubo Ken, 53 Mussolini, Benito, 100 O¯ kubo Toshimichi, 95 O¯ kuma cabinet (1914–16), 47, 95 Nagai Kafu¯,28 Onozuka Kiheiji, 52 Nagasaki, 145 Ooka Ikuzo¯, 92 Nagoya, 44, 95 Opium War, 20 Najita, Tetsuo, 15 Order of the Garter, 104 Nakamura Takafusa, 174, 175, 176 Oriental Economist (To¯yo¯ keizai shinpo¯), Nakano Seigo¯, 31, 120 53, 110 Napoleon I, 18 Osaka, ix, 16, 43, 44, 45, 53, 148, Nara Takeji, 110, 124 149, 167 National Foundation Day, 84–85, 89 O¯ sugi Sakae, 10, 117 National Foundation Society O¯ tani Ko¯zui, 144 (Kokuhonsha), 10, 50 O¯ ya So¯ichi, 16 National High School Baseball O¯ yama Ikuo, 28, 47 Tournament, 162 Ozaki Yukio, 30, 31, 71, 85, 103, 106, New Diplomacy, 62 108, 109, 110, 111, 117, 137, new international history, 9 148, 169 New Japan, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 30, 36, 47, 61, promotes disarmament, 111–12 62, 66, 82, 92, 93, 97, 102, 106, 108, 112, 122, 125, 137, 148, 162, 163, Pacific Club (Taiheiyo¯ kurabu), 137 165, 168 Pacific League (Taiheiyo¯ renmei), 137 and developments after 1945, 83 Panama Canal, 24 popularity of, 183 Pan-Pacific Science Congress, Third power of, 7, 11, 12, 58, 83, 123, 166, 187, (1926), 138 189, 190, 193, 196 Paris Peace Conference, 4, 7, 8, 10, 18, 22, New Man Society (Shinjinkai), 50 28, 31, 32, 33, 60, 62, 67–69, 70, 71, new political history, 9 72, 73, 74, 76, 87, 106, 108, 137, 152 New Woman, 158, 159 and race, 27, 67, 68 New Zealand, 16, 80 as watershed, 62 Newspaper Law (1909), 54 scholarship on, 67, 68 NHK (Nippon ho¯so¯ kyo¯kai), 55, 161 Partner, Simon, 16 nickelodeon, 57 Partridge, Thomas, 187 Nicolas II, 18 party politics, 7, 45–47, 50, 51, 79, 86, 98, Nikko, 146, 156 99, 101, 116, 130, 194 Nine Power Treaty, 63, 74, 82, 194 power of, 193 Nish, Ian Hill, 76 Patriotic Society (Aikokusha), 189 Nishida Toshihiro, 73, 130 Peace Exposition (1922), x, 42, 128, 137, Nishihara loans, 21 141, 144–45, 152, 154–55 Nitobe Inazo¯, 10, 70, 79, 81, 150 Electronic Pavilion, 164 Noma Seiji, 54 South Seas Pavilion, 42, 138

218 Index

Peace Preservation Law (1925), 5, 96, Saionji Kinmochi, 10, 69, 71, 90, 94, 116, 170 95, 96, 97, 98, 106, 146, 148, 157, Pearson, Andrew Russell, 150 163, 183 peasant rebellion, 5 Saito¯ Makoto, 10, 133 Peattie, Mark, 125, 133, 135 Saito¯So¯ichi, 124 People of the Dawn Society (Kyo¯minkai), 50 Saito¯ Takao, 10, 84, 88, 97, 148 People’s’ Association on Naval Arms Sakaguchi Jiro¯, 152 Reductions (Kaigun gunshuku kokumin Sakai Tetsuya, 11 do¯shikai), 182 Sakatani Yoshiro¯, 10, 18, 19, 70, 79, 148 Perry, Matthew Gailbraith, 5, 6, 12, 26, 28, Sakhalin Island, 127 30, 35, 36, 106, 125, 136, 193 Sakuma Sho¯zan, 106 Peru, 138 samurai rebellion, 5, 188 Pescadore Islands, 127 Sanger, Margaret, 161 Pétain, Philippe, 105 Sasaki Takashi, 51 Philippines, 80 Sasebo, 13 Pickford, Mary, 58 Sawada Ken, 135 Portugal, 1 Sawada Renzo¯, 69 Price, Willard, 41 Sawada Setsuzo¯, 10, 73, 105, 115, 127 print media, 50–54, 56, 152, 184 Sawayanagi Masataro¯, 79 Privy Council, 9, 11, 60, 76, 90, 91, 101, Schencking, Charles, 153 132, 181, 182, 189 Second Movement for the Protection of unpopularity of, 182–83 Constitutional Government public opinion, 53 (1924), 94 power of, 52, 54, 59, 100 Second World War. See World War II Puyi, 142 Seidensticker, Edward, 57, 153, 165 Pyle, Kenneth, 73 Seiyu¯ honto¯ (True Party of Political Friends), 98 radio, ix, x, 54–57, 161–65, 166, 185, 186 Seiyu¯ kai (Constitutional Society Political promoted by Hamaguchi cabinet, Friends), 18, 26, 46, 47, 48, 54, 72, 84, 184–88, 189 89, 90–93, 94, 98, 109, 114, 120, 121, Tokyo Central Broadcasting Bureau 175, 176, 192 (JOAK), 161, 163, 167, 186 1928 election defeat, 100, 102 Red Wave Society (Sekirankai), 50 1930 election defeat, 177, 191 Reform Alliance (Kaizo¯do¯mei), 50 as champion of reform, 10, 11 Resilience Society (Yu¯ zonsha), 10, 29, 50 as force of reaction, 8, 12, 89, 92, 102, Rice Riots (1918), 5, 47, 87 178, 188 Robinson, Michael, 55 Hara vs. Tanaka, 92, 101 Ro¯do¯ nominto¯ (Labor and Agriculture loose money policy, 174 Party), 54 opposes London Treaty, 181, 182 Rome, 126 politics of compromise, 90 Ro¯yama Masamichi, 79, 81 promotes disarmament, 110 Russia, 3, 14, 16, 21, 23, 24, 33, 39, 40, 52, scholarship on, 90 113, 126, 138, 139 unpopularity of, 100, 177, 184 Bolsheviks, 40 Seki Kazushi, 88 Russian Revolution, 33, 34, 64, 86, 88, Seki Shizuo, 178, 181 89, 109 self-determination, 62 Russo-Japanese Treaties, 25 Seoul University, 153 Russo-Japanese War, 15, 16, 25, 38, 40, 52, Shakaito¯ (Socialist Party), 168 53, 66, 67, 92, 106, 117, 127, 194 Shibusawa Eiichi, 19, 70, 79, 148, 150, 162 Battle of the Japan Sea, 108 Shidehara Kiju¯ro¯, 10, 68, 73, 79, 112, 128, Ryu¯ kyu¯ s (Okinawa), 127 129–30, 141, 148 Shidehara diplomacy, 131, 178 Sacremento Bee,65 vs. Tanaka Giichi, 131 Sada Ko¯jiro¯, 142 Shiga Shigetaka, 125 Sagoya Tomeo, 189 Shikoku, 16

Index 219

Shimada Saburo¯, 111, 148 Taisho¯ emperor (Yoshihito), ix, 5, 10, 15, Shimamura Hayao, 60 27, 34–35, 36, 61, 63, 104, 156 Shimazu, Naoko, 16 as symbol of modernity, 155, 164 Shinsei Club, 121 as symbol of peace, 154–55, 165 Shiraiwa Ryu¯ hei, 183 funeral, 163 Sho¯ji Jun’ichiro¯, 62 in Korea, 103 Shotwell, James T., 80 wedding (1900), 155, 164 Sho¯wa era (1926–1989), 157 Taisho¯ empress, 10, 155, 156 Siberia, 126, 128 Taisho¯ era (1912–26) Siberian Intervention, x, 17, 21, 40, 109, as crisis, 5, 6, 153 111, 112, 120, 127, 128, 129, 130, 143 as democratization, 86 unpopularity of, 128, 131, 139 as dull, 165 withdrawal, 128, 130 as opportunity, 6, 38 Silverberg, Miriam, 42, 153, 158, 159 chronological ﬂuidity, 15 Sino-Japanese Business Association (Nikka enduring legacy, 11 jitsugyo¯ kyokai), 120 scholarship on, 15, 96 Sino-Japanese War, 16, 40, 51, 62, 67, 106, Taisho¯ Exposition (1914), 138 117, 127, 131, 194 Taisho¯ Political Crisis (1912–13), 46, 86, 94 Situation Broadcast Planning Conference Taisho¯ Renovation, 27–35 (1939), 56 Taiwan, 19, 40, 41, 124–25, 127, 132, 133, Smethurst, Richard, 5, 172, 173, 174, 175 140, 161 Society of Young and Old (Ro¯so¯kai), 50 cultural rule in, 133–34 Soeda Juichi, 10, 79, 148 Taiwan Bank, 182 Somura Yasunobu, 107 Takahashi Kamekichi, 176 South America, 19 Takahashi Korekiyo, 110, 175 South Manchuria Railway, 29, 81, 142 Takarabe Takeshi, 10, 182 South Seas Assembly (Nan’yo¯ kyokai), 125 Takasaki So¯ji, 133 South Seas Trade Conference (1926), Takushoku University, 106 139, 141 Tanaka cabinet (1927–1929), 12, 54, 99, 148 Southeast Asia, 138 as force of reaction, 101, 169–70, 173, Soviet Union, 3, 5, 33, 55 178, 188 Spain, 173 intervention in China, 170, 178 Spanish ﬂu, 1 unpopularity of, 100 State Committee for Taisho¯ Renovation, 29 Tanaka Giichi, 8, 24, 25, 92, 98, 109, 120, Steiner, Zara, 2 126, 131, 168 Stephan, John, 139 and militarism, 116 Stimson, Henry, 179, 180 vs. Shidehara Kiju¯ro¯, 131 Strachan, Hew, 15 Tanizaki Jun’ichiro¯, 42, 58 Suehiro Shigeo, 24 Terauchi cabinet (1916–1918), 34, 47, 91 Suetsugu Nobumasa, 181 Terauchi Masatake, 25, 47 Sugiura Shigetake, 61 Thomas, Albert, 162 Sugiyama Kan, 98, 173, 174 To¯go Shigenori, 64 sumo, 162 Tokugawa Iesato, 70, 137, 148, 152 Suzuki Bunji, 79 Tokutomi Iichiro¯, 132 Suzuki Kantaro¯, 10, 113, 183 Tokutomi Soho¯, 34 Suzuki Kenji, 51 Tokyo, 38, 42, 44, 45, 57, 79, 100, 118, 120, Suzuki Tsunenori, 125 138, 141, 148, 153, 156, 157, 167, 193 Suzuki Umeshiro¯, 28 Akasaka, 84, 85, 159 Syria, 1 Asakusa, 13, 57 Ginza, 167 Taft, William Howard, 25 Hibiya Park, 85, 89, 150 Tagawa Daikichiro¯,10,28,31,110,114,132 Kyo¯bashi, 164 Taguchi Ukichi, 125 Ueno Park, 42, 128, 137, 144–45, 152, Taisho¯ democracy, 168, 188 154, 164 as weak, 96, 189, 192 Yoshiwara, 13

220 Index

Tokyo Imperial Hotel, 60, 146–47 universal male suffrage, ix, 47, 54, 85, Tokyo Station, 103, 179, 189 89, 91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 116, 151, Tokyo University, 17, 28, 30, 45, 50, 52, 76, 170, 184 81, 111, 149, 168 power of, 88 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arc de ratiﬁcation, 90, 96, 97, 102 Triomphe), 105 University of Pennsylvania, 150 Tomita Ko¯jiro¯, 87, 151 Unknown Warrior (Westminster Abbey), total war, 27, 51, 88 104 Toyama Mitsuru, 182 Unno Hiroshi, 42 Toynbee, Arnold J., 80 Upper House election (2010), 191 Transformation (Kaizo¯), 53 Urban Building Law (1920), 44 Triple Alliance, 64 Urban Planning Law (1920), 44 Triple Entente, 64 Us (Warera), 53 Tsurumi Yu¯ suke, 54, 64, 79 Usami Katsuo, 144 Tsushima Island, 127 Tuchman, Barbara, 14 Versailles. See Paris Peace Conference Twenty-One Demands, 20–1, 40, 95 Versailles Treaty, 63, 67, 73, 82, 137, 146, 164, 194 Ubukata Toshiro¯, 157 Victoria, Queen, 104 Uchida Ryo¯hei, 182 Uchida Yasuya, 10, 146, 150 Wakatsuki cabinet (1926–7), 98, 139, 148, Uchigasaki Sakusaburo¯, 10, 124, 157, 182 141, 142 Wakatsuki Reijiro¯, x, 10, 98, 129, 138, 148, Uehara Etsujiro¯, 114 179–81, 184–85, 186 Uehara Yu¯ saku, 60 Warring States period, 18 Ueno Seiichi, 152 Waseda Builders’ Alliance (Waseda Ugaki Kazushige, 10, 59, 72, 87, 96, 109, kensetsusha do¯mei), 50 110, 115, 116, 119, 121, 126, 129, Waseda University, 48, 50, 141, 149 131, 134 Washington Conference, 7, 64, 73–75, 76, Ukiyoe,28 92, 107–14, 121, 122–23, 128, 137, UNESCO, 160 143, 144, 149, 150, 152, 154, 178, 179, United Nations, 70 180, 184, 187 United States, 10, 16, 29, 38, 39, 40, 52, as crisis, 107, 108, 113 55, 57, 62, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, as watershed, 117 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 95, criticism of, 112, 113, 115 109, 111, 112, 113, 126, 136, 137, scholarship on, 73, 108 138, 139, 141, 142, 161, 173, 174, 176, Watt, Lori, 136 179, 195 Westminster Palace, 180 as Japan’s principal trading partner, 126 Wilhelm II, 151 as model for Japan, 99 Wilson, Woodrow, 3, 25–26, 32, 33, 36, 62, cultural impact on Japan, 57, 58 67, 71, 77, 126, 195 declares war, 25, 26, 32 and China, 3 Hawai’i, 42, 137, 138, 139 and India, 3 impact of World War I, 15 and self-determination, 3 in Asia, 14, 62 mediation proposal, 14 in China, 137 Woman ( Josei), 159 in Europe, 146 Women’s Moral Reform Society (Fujin in Paciﬁc, 24, 112, 179 kyo¯fu¯ kai), 149 navy, 14, 22, 74, 77, 112, 179 Women’s Peace Association (Fujin heiwa neutrality, 19 kyo¯kai), 149 New York, 66, 176, 187 Women’s Work Society (Fujin hataraki presidential election (1920), 163 kai), 149 relations with Japan, 17, 24, 32, 67 World and US (Sekai to warera), 10, 73 Senate, 65, 66, 137, 181 World Federation of Christians Washington, DC, 179 (Kirisutokyo¯to sekai renmei), 149

Index 221

World Federation of Educational July Crisis, 1 Associations, 151 Reims, 105, 146 World War I role of Japan, 16 allied requests for Japanese aid, ix, 22, 23 Sarajevo, 1 and possible allied defeat, 24 scholarship on, 2, 14, 15, 18, 32 and twentieth century, 2, 14, 18, 36, 38, Verdun, 105 194–96 Western front, 1, 36, 146, 193 and World War II, 2 World War II, 55 anticipating short conflict, 19 and World War I, 2 Armistice Day, 22, 147–50, 152, 153, as political diversion, 121 162, 165 casualties, 1 as bankruptcy of old, 30, 65, 82, 88, 106, destruction, 104 108, 109, 122, 125, 153 in Pacific, 41 as calamity, 16, 18, 20, 106, 107, 146 kyodatsu (state of collapse), 196 as decline of Europe, 6, 17, 18–20, 21, 23, origins, 2, 11, 67, 139, 140 24, 26, 35, 58, 78, 141 Pearl Harbor, 1, 113, 140 as defeat of absolute monarchy, 151 as defeat of militarism, 22, 26, 30, 34, 87, Yamagata Aritomo, 23, 25, 47, 87, 91, 131, 88, 183, 195 132 as rise of Japan, 20–22, 23, 25 death, 114, 120 as rise of USA, 6, 17, 23–26, 27, 32, 33, Yamaji Kazuyoshi, 182 34, 35, 58, 78, 141 Yamakawa Gen, 159 as Sekigahara, 18 Yamanashi Hanzo¯, 10, 115, 119, 121 as watershed, 1, 6, 14, 15, 17, 18, 26, 35, Yamanouchi Ho¯suke, 128 37–59, 61, 84, 107, 141, 193 Yamawaki Fusako, 51 casualties, 1, 17, 104, 106 Yamawaki Gakuen, 159 compared with Meiji Renovation, 37 Yamawaki Gen, 159 compared with Perry, 12 Yamawaki Higher School for Women, 51 contemporary Japanese ignorance of, 16 Yamazaki Naokata, 137 cultural impact on Japan, 8 Yamazaki Seijun, 173, 176 Eastern front, 193 Yanagita Kunio, 146 economic impact on Japan, 12, 17, 38–40, Yanagizawa Shinnosuke, 100 42, 45, 53, 141 Yoko¯To¯saku, 125 global impact, 1 Yokohama, 13, 44, 103, 179 impact on Africa, 19 Yoneyama, Lisa, 145 impact on Asia, 19 Yosano Akiko, 10 impact on Britain, 24 Yoshino Sakuzo¯, 1, 10, 24, 26, 28, 30, 34, impact on China, 3, 19 46, 53, 65, 69, 87, 90, 91, 92, 99, 111, impact on Europe, 15, 84 115, 116, 117, 121, 123, 125, 126, impact on France, 24 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 146, 148, impact on Germany, 24, 26 167, 176 impact on India, 3 and minponshugi, 46, 66, 86 impact on Pacific, 52 study of Meiji culture, 28 impact on Russia, 3, 24 Yoshino Tekkenzen, 116 impact on Siberia, 52 Yoshizawa Ken’ichi, 130 impact on strategic thinking, 88 Young, A. Morgan, 6, 20, 40, 141 impact on Taiwan, 19 Young, Robert, 40 impact on USA, 15, 16, 24 Yuan Shikai, 40 Japanese aid to allies, 16, 20, 21 Japanese reaction, 18 Zhang Zuolin, 93, 170, 173