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British Foreign Policy and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, 1930-1935

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British Foreign Policy and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, 1930-1935 Imperial Defense and the 'Ultimate Potential Enemy': British Foreign Policy and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, 1930-1935 Geofiey R. Hamm B.A.(Honors) Simon Fraser University 2000 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts In the Department of History O Geoff Hamrn 2003 Simon Fraser University October 2003 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Geoff Hamm Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: Imperial Defense and the 'Ultimate Potential Enemy': The Anglo-German Naval Agreement and British Foreign Policy, 1930-1935. Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. DerrI VLean Associa psor Professor Emeritus - . - . - - - - . Dr. ~ich-~ebk Supervisor Professor Emeritus -- --- -- - Dr. deorge aerton External Examiner Professor History University of British Columbia Date Approved: October 1,2003 PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. (Date Signed) The 1935 Anglo-German Naval Agreement has been given short shrift by historians of European diplomacy. Most are quick to label it a fine example of appeasement in the Munich tradition before moving on. Yet such superficial treatment does not do justice to the importance of the agreement. Indeed, Hitler himself declared the signing of the agreement one of the happiest days of his life. Close scrutiny reveals that the motivations behind the agreement concerned themselves more with maintenance of existing global ratios of naval tonnage, in an effort to protect Britain's sprawling imperial possessions, than with throwing a mad dog a bone hoping that would forestall war. It was an effort to preserve the naval ratios created at Washington and reaffu-med at London in 1930 by bringing Germany into the European sphere of naval limitation in order to equip the Admiralty to meet the Japanese threat. Although the report of the Defence Requirements Sub-committee in 1934 designated Germany as Britain's 'ultimate potential enemy', towards whom defense preparations should be made, the agreement was intended to strengthen Britain's attempt to perpetuate the inferior Japanese naval ratio at the upcoming second London Naval Conference slated for 1935. By securing general agreement on naval limitation among the principal European powers, Britain hoped to present Japan with a strong diplomatic fiont capable of coercing the Japanese to abandon their claims to naval parity. Although the principal bureaus concerned with defense, the Admiralty, Treasury and Foreign Office, all recognized the importance of containing the Japanese, their proposals for doing so differed widely. In the naval agreement all three diverging opinions converge together, unanimously supporting its conclusion, though each for different reasons. This thesis demonstrates that in the realm of domestic politics, as well as that of foreign policy, the Anglo-German Naval Agreement holds a greater significance than previous historians have allotted it. That the diplomatic fiont sought by Whitehall, and the second London Naval Conference, failed should not prevent a clearer understanding of the incentives which led Great Britain to conclude an agreement with the depraved reprobates of Nazi Germany. Dedication I recognise that the strains of graduate school have often made me a difficult person to live with. My family bore this burden with great patience, offering in return only unconditional love and support. The completion ofthis thesis would not have been possible without their sacrifices, and I dedicate this to them. There is no more appropriate description of my time in the graduate programme at Simon Fraser University than the old adage 'no man is an island.' I am acutely aware of the debt I owe to so many I have encountered in my time here, and as the completion of this thesis brings to a close my time as a graduate student the list of those who deserve recognition is long. Martin Kitchen has been a constant source of inspiration and encouragement. It has been a privilege and a pleasure to work under his supervision. Graduate school would have been 'Kind of Blue' without him. John Stubbs has consistently gone above and beyond the call of duty on my behalf. The diligence with which he applies himself to his teaching and supervision is admirable. I am grateful for all of his efforts. Richard Debo introduced me to diplomatic history in an undergraduate class many years ago. I have been captivated by it ever since. His encouragement and good humour often gave me a lift on days when the weight of the thesis on my shoulders was greater than the sum of its pages. The administrative staff of the History Department has been of invaluable assistance with everything from last minute changes to the thesis defence, to getting my classrooms changed, to letting me into my oflice when I had locked myself out. Scott Mackenzie and the staff at Interlibrary Loans procured valuable reels of Cabinet microfilm for my research. Ian Dyck, Paul Dutton and Hilmar Pabel have graciously put up with a cheeky TA. They were a pleasure to work for; I could not have wished for a better apprenticeship. John Craig has always been particularly generous with his time, and immensely entertaining. His tireless work ethic continues to motivate me. The completion of this thesis and the graduate programme would not have been possible without the good humour and support of many colleagues and friends, both on the hill and ofK I count myself lucky to list you all as such, and you have my deepest thanks. Glenn Graham, Jeff Beglaw, Sean Kelly, Dan Hogan and Sim Paravantes are fellow 'vulgar empiricists'; I keep good company. Karen Routledge, Amanda Parker and my favourite 'Brie and Chablis' socialist Andrea Gill have all been my Trivial Pursuit partners. It has been an honour to lose so often to such worthy opponents. Lauren Faulkner and Ursula Gurney continue to raise the bar of academic achievement. One day I hope to measure up. The Grand Duchess Kristina Sophie of Oldenburg, Trevor Smith and Beth Dixon have so often been there for a good chuckle or a hearty laugh when I needed it most. Greg Kozak has been a good friend with a mischievous sense of humour. The appearances of Kenneth Clark and Monty Python anonymously on my office door serve as a reminder of that. Darren Williamson has been a great source of Christian encouragement and a blessing in so many ways. Dino Rossi, John Munro and Joshua Dougherty made History 814 a great deal of fun for me; I enjoyed enormously the many opportunities we had for intense and fiiendly debate on a wide variety of subjects both within the classroom and without. Tamrny McCurry, Larissa Home, Alisa Webb and Elizabeth Byrne have been wonderful fiiends. I could not imagine what graduate school would have been like without them. It has been a privilege to know Amanda Hall, Andrew Leung, Jessica Fransen, Caitlin Inkster, Liberty Erickson, Michal Ruhr, Jaclyn Arduini, Kathrin Brockmann, Alicia Richards and Jenn Keefe. They helped make my experience as a TA that much more enjoyable. Parrninder and the staff at Renaissance Coffee brightened so many mornings with a cheerful smile and a splendid cup of coffee. Andrea Turkington helped me tread water on many days when I thought I was going to drown. She was always a welcome respite from the pressures of studying. Heather Watkins was always available when I needed a listening ear to vent or complain to. I did much of both; her patience has been unfailing. Bryce Yakiwchuk encouraged and supported me every step of the way. His joy and enthusiasm are contagious, and a remarkable example. Ramon Klose extended his gracious hospitality to me on many evenings when I needed to forget about the thesis for a while. The members of my Monday night Bible study have been stalwart in their friendship and their prayers. I covet them both. My sincerest thanks to you all; I am deeply in your debt. vii Table of Contents TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................. i APPROVAL PAGE ........................................................................................................ ii ... ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................ ill DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... v ... TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................
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