DOCSLIB.ORG

Edited by Makoto Iokibe Tosh Minohara

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Edited by Makoto Iokibe Tosh Minohara THE HISTORY O F USJAPAN RELATIONS From Perry to the Present EDITED BY MAKOTO IOKIBE English translation edited by TOSH MINOHARA The History of US-Japan Relations Makoto Iokibe Editor Tosh Minohara English translation editor The History of US-Japan Relations From Perry to the Present Editor: English translation Editor: Makoto Iokibe Tosh Minohara Prefectural University of Kumamoto Kobe University Kumamoto-ken, Japan Kobe, Japan ISBN 978-981-10-3183-0 ISBN 978-981-10-3184-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3184-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017930259 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu- tional affiliations. Nichibei kankei shi edited by Makoto Iokibe Copyright © Makoto Iokibe, 2008 All rights reserved. Originally published in Japan by Yuhikaku Publishing Co. Ltd., in 2008 English translation rights arranged with Yuhikaku Publishing Co. Ltd. through Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture (JPIC) English translation copyright © Tosh Minohara, 2017 Cover illustration: J. F. Woodruff / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore PREFACE In 1853, an American fleet led by Commodore Matthew C. Perry steamed into Edo Bay with the mission of bringing an end to Tokugawa Japan’s policy of more than 200 years of seclusion. This contact marked the very beginning of a rich relationship that was maintained for nearly 90 years until the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, after which it was quickly resumed upon the end of American occupation in 1952 and has strength- ened for nearly 65 years. When America and Japan first encountered each other, they were both on the fringes of the great-power politics still very much centered in Europe. At the same time, however, both nations were just at the dawn of significant transformations that would eventually allow them to attain their status as great powers. As history shows us, America’s pivotal role in the two global wars of the twentieth century transformed it into the most powerful and prosperous nation that the world has seen in modern times, allowing it to forge what is now known as the “American Century.” It was also during this time that Japan gradually ascended in importance among the family of nations once it abandoned the policy of seclusion and quickly turned to embracing the path toward rapid modernization. The effort paid off handsomely as Japan was able to pull off stunning victories over both China and Russia which, in turn, catapulted Japan to the status of not only the first nation state in Asia to successfully modernize, but also as a mighty imperial power in its own right. But rapid change also had ramifications. The tremendous pace of Japan’s progress also impacted the very foundation of US–Japan relations. Early on, this bilateral relationship was based on primarily on mutual friendship, v vi Preface with America acting as the wise and benevolent mentor, astutely guiding Japan in its quest to enter the global system and survive. But such a rela- tionship was far from permanent. As both countries entered the twentieth century, the intricate relationship between these two emerging powers on opposite sides of the Pacific transformed itself into one that possessed ­elements of both cooperation and rivalry. After time, feelings of rivalry and the ensuing perception of threat began to gradually supplant the spirit of cooperation in the aftermath of First World War. US–Japan relations hastily deteriorated even further during the “dark valley” of the 1930s as Japan increasingly leaned more toward militarism and sent its army into Manchuria in September 1931. The Japanese policy of expansionism now redefined the relationship to one that was based on friction and tension; it would ultimately reach its breaking point and completely collapse in December 1941. But as soon as the vicious and bitterly fought conflict in the Pacific came to an end with Japan’s surrender and acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, the two countries wasted no time in returning to their original state of mutual friendship and cooperation with the start of the postwar occupation period. In hindsight, the reforms implemented during the occupation and the reconstruction of Japan were actually a joint venture based on cooperation between the two countries. Japan was determined and fully committed to embark on the postwar path to a peaceful return to international society, while the United States—which in the meantime had become the most influential nation in the world as well as the leader of the West—enthusiastically supported Japan’s democratiza- tion process, along with its quest of economic recovery. Friendship once again became the backbone of the relationship, which reached its zenith with the reversion of Okinawa to Japan in May 1972. But once rever- sion had been achieved, US–Japan relations entered a new phase that was marked by intense economic friction. Japan’s rapid economic rise and the resulting industrial prowess of the country began to be perceived by many Americans as a real threat to US national interests. This feeling was further exacerbated by the fact that the United States was entering into a period of relative decline while also struggling to cope with the deep wounds that the Vietnam War had inflicted upon its society. It was almost as if history would repeat itself as America and Japan encountered a difficult period, with elements of both cooperation and conflict coexisting within their bilateral relationship. For some, the two nations seemed to be once again heading for a cataclysmic clash. Preface vii However, despite a few superficial similarities to the prewar period, hostilities never ensued and instead a strong alliance remained throughout the Cold War. This also marked the stage where the relationship finally attained a level of maturity. The postwar US–Japan alliance began in 1952 and remained intact even during the era of bitter economic friction from the 1970s to the 1990s. Mike Mansfield, then US ambassador to Japan—a position that he held for 12 years, longer than any other US ambassador to Japan to this day—aptly described the US–Japan relationship during the 1980s as “the most important bilateral relationship in the world, bar none.” But drastic changes to the international environment would bring about new challenges to this formidable relationship. When the Cold War came to an abrupt end with the collapse of the Soviet Union, both America and Japan lost a common threat that had made alliance not only pertinent, but ever stronger. Thus, there were a few who predicted a demise of the US– Japan alliance—after all, it had outlived its purpose—or at least the scaling back of military support to levels such that US armed forces would only be present in Japan during times of national crisis. As history shows us, however, this never materialized. Even without a common foe, the mutual understanding and affinity between the two peoples only deepened fur- ther as both nations shared the common core values of democracy, human rights, the rule of law, and a free market economy. The relationship today has become even closer in the face of the threats posed by North Korea’s repeated attempts to develop nuclear capability and conduct missile tests as well as China’s blatant disregard for international law and aggressive expansion into the surrounding oceans, which are also claimed by other nations. Thus, in the postwar period spanning just over 70 years, the US– Japan relationship has been further strengthened by a firm and deep bond; it has indeed become one of the most formidable and mutually empower- ing relationships that exists on this planet. Before we delve into our examination of the history of US–Japan rela- tions in the following chapters, it will be convenient it to keep in mind the respective periodization of the prewar and postwar periods: Prewar Period: 1. Early friendship (1853–1905): From the “Black Ships” to the Treaty of Portsmouth. viii Preface 2. Cooperation and rivalry (1905–1930): Game of realpolitik between the two powers. 3. Collapse of relations (1931–1945): From the Manchurian Incident to the end of the Pacific War. Postwar Period: 1. Early friendship (1945–1972): From the Occupation period to the reversion of Okinawa. 2. Cooperation and rivalry (1972–1995): Economic friction and secu- rity cooperation. 3. Maturing of relations (1995–present): Maturing of the partnership and facing new global challenges.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Japanese Immigration History
    CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EARLY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES DURING MEIJI TO TAISHO ERA (1868–1926) By HOSOK O Bachelor of Arts in History Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 2000 Master of Arts in History University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, Oklahoma 2002 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2010 © 2010, Hosok O ii CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EARLY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES DURING MEIJI TO TAISHO ERA (1868–1926) Dissertation Approved: Dr. Ronald A. Petrin Dissertation Adviser Dr. Michael F. Logan Dr. Yonglin Jiang Dr. R. Michael Bracy Dr. Jean Van Delinder Dr. Mark E. Payton Dean of the Graduate College iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For the completion of my dissertation, I would like to express my earnest appreciation to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Ronald A. Petrin for his dedicated supervision, encouragement, and great friendship. I would have been next to impossible to write this dissertation without Dr. Petrin’s continuous support and intellectual guidance. My sincere appreciation extends to my other committee members Dr. Michael Bracy, Dr. Michael F. Logan, and Dr. Yonglin Jiang, whose intelligent guidance, wholehearted encouragement, and friendship are invaluable. I also would like to make a special reference to Dr. Jean Van Delinder from the Department of Sociology who gave me inspiration for the immigration study. Furthermore, I would like to give my sincere appreciation to Dr. Xiaobing Li for his thorough assistance, encouragement, and friendship since the day I started working on my MA degree to the completion of my doctoral dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan Between the Wars
    JAPAN BETWEEN THE WARS The Meiji era was not followed by as neat and logical a periodi- zation. The Emperor Meiji (his era name was conflated with his person posthumously) symbolized the changes of his period so perfectly that at his death in July 1912 there was a clear sense that an era had come to an end. His successor, who was assigned the era name Taisho¯ (Great Righteousness), was never well, and demonstrated such embarrassing indications of mental illness that his son Hirohito succeeded him as regent in 1922 and re- mained in that office until his father’s death in 1926, when the era name was changed to Sho¯wa. The 1920s are often referred to as the “Taisho¯ period,” but the Taisho¯ emperor was in nominal charge only until 1922; he was unimportant in life and his death was irrelevant. Far better, then, to consider the quarter century between the Russo-Japanese War and the outbreak of the Manchurian Incident of 1931 as the next era of modern Japanese history. There is overlap at both ends, with Meiji and with the resur- gence of the military, but the years in question mark important developments in every aspect of Japanese life. They are also years of irony and paradox. Japan achieved success in joining the Great Powers and reached imperial status just as the territo- rial grabs that distinguished nineteenth-century imperialism came to an end, and its image changed with dramatic swiftness from that of newly founded empire to stubborn advocate of imperial privilege. Its military and naval might approached world standards just as those standards were about to change, and not long before the disaster of World War I produced revul- sion from armament and substituted enthusiasm for arms limi- tations.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013-JCIE-Annual-Report.Pdf
    Table of Contents 2011–2013 in Retrospect .................................................................................................................................3 Remembering Tadashi Yamamoto ............................................................................................................6 JCIE Activities: April 2011–March 2013 ........................................................................................................9 Global ThinkNet 13 Policy Studies and Dialogue .................................................................................................................... 14 Strengthening Nongovernmental Contributions to Regional Security Cooperation The Vacuum of Political Leadership in Japan and Its Future Trajectory ASEAN-Japan Strategic Partnership and Regional Community Building An Enhanced Agenda for US-Japan Partnership East Asia Insights Forums for Policy Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 19 Trilateral Commission UK-Japan 21st Century Group Japanese-German Forum Korea-Japan Forum Preparing Future Leaders .............................................................................................................................. 23 Azabu Tanaka Juku Seminar Series for Emerging Leaders Facilitation for the Jefferson Fellowship Program Political Exchange Programs 25 US-Japan Parliamentary Exchange Program ......................................................................................26
    [Show full text]
  • RACIAL EQUALITY BILL: JAPANESE PROPOSAL at PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE: DIPLOMATIC MANOEUVRES; and REASONS for REJECTION by Shizuka
    RACIAL EQUALITY BILL: JAPANESE PROPOSAL AT PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE: DIPLOMATIC MANOEUVRES; AND REASONS FOR REJECTION By Shizuka Imamoto B.A. (Hiroshima Jogakuin University, Japan), Graduate Diploma in Language Teaching (University of Technology Sydney, Australia) A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts (Honours) at Macquarie University. Japanese Studies, Department of Asian Languages, Division of Humanities, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney Australia. 2006 DECLARATION I declare that the present research work embodied in the thesis entitled, Racial Equality Bill: Japanese Proposal At Paris Peace Conference: Diplomatic Manoeuvres; And Reasons For Rejection was carried out by the author at Macquarie Japanese Studies Centre of Macquarie University of Sydney, Australia during the period February 2003 to February 2006. This work has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution. Any published and unpublished materials of other writers and researchers have been given full acknowledgement in the text. Shizuka Imamoto ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii SUMMARY ix DEDICATION x ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xi INTRODUCTION 1 1. Area Of Study 1 2. Theme, Principal Question, And Objective Of Research 5 3. Methodology For Research 5 4. Preview Of The Results Presented In The Thesis 6 End Notes 9 CHAPTER ONE ANGLO-JAPANESE RELATIONS AND WORLD WAR ONE 11 Section One: Anglo-Japanese Alliance 12 1. Role Of Favourable Public Opinion In Britain And Japan 13 2. Background Of Anglo-Japanese Alliance 15 3. Negotiations And Signing Of Anglo-Japanese Alliance 16 4. Second Anglo-Japanese Alliance 17 5. Third Anglo-Japanese Alliance 18 Section Two: Japan’s Involvement In World War One 19 1.
    [Show full text]
  • IN the MOUNTIES WE TRUST: a Study of Royal Canadian Mounted
    IN THE MOUNTIES WE TRUST: A Study of Royal Canadian Mounted Police Accountability by STEPHEN LORENZ WETTLAUFER A thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada July, 2011 Copyright © Stephen Lorenz Wettlaufer, 2011 Abstract Police and Canadian citizens often clash during protests sometimes resulting in violent outcomes. Due to the nature of those altercations, there are few other events that require oversight more than the way police clash with protesters and there is a history of such oversight resulting in a number of Federal Parliamentary documents, Parliamentary Committee reports Task Force reports, reports arising from Public Interest Hearings of the Commission for Complaints Against the RCMP, and testimony at various hearings and inquiries which have produced particular argumentative discourses. Argumentative discourses that have a great effect on the construction of a civilian oversight agency of the RCMP is the focus of this thesis. This thesis examines how it is that different discourses, as represented by argumentative themes in these reports, intersect with one another in the process of creating a system of accountability for the RCMP. Through the lens of complaints that arise from protest and police clashes one may conclude that the current system of accountability does not adhere to a practice of protecting the most fundamental rights as prescribed by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; nor would the currently proposed legislation contained within Bill C‐38 alter the system in a substantial way to allow for such protections. The power dynamic between the Commissioner of the Force and the Commission for Complaints Against the RCMP favours the police force in the current and proposed system.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing Democracy in Japan: the Parliamentary Cabinet System Since 1868
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Kentucky University of Kentucky UKnowledge Asian Studies Race, Ethnicity, and Post-Colonial Studies 5-15-2014 Growing Democracy in Japan: The Parliamentary Cabinet System since 1868 Brian Woodall Georgia Institute of Technology Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Woodall, Brian, "Growing Democracy in Japan: The Parliamentary Cabinet System since 1868" (2014). Asian Studies. 4. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_asian_studies/4 Growing Democracy in Japan Growing Democracy in Japan The Parliamentary Cabinet System since 1868 Brian Woodall Due to variations in the technical specifications of different electronic reading devices, some elements of this ebook may not appear as they do in the print edition. Readers are encouraged to experiment with user settings for optimum results. Copyright © 2014 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Woodall, Brian.
    [Show full text]
  • Hoshi Pharmaceuticals in the Interwar Years Timothy M. Yang Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Th
    Market, Medicine, and Empire: Hoshi Pharmaceuticals in the Interwar Years Timothy M. Yang Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Timothy M. Yang All rights reserved ABSTRACT Market, Medicine, and Empire: Hoshi Pharmaceuticals in the Interwar Years Timothy M. Yang This dissertation examines the connections between global capitalism, modern medicine, and empire through a close study of Hoshi Pharmaceuticals during the interwar years. As one of the leading drug companies in East Asia at the time, Hoshi embodied Japan's imperial aspirations, rapid industrial development, and burgeoning consumer culture. The company attempted to control every part of its supply and distribution chain: it managed plantations in the mountains of Taiwan and Peru for growing coca and cinchona (the raw material for quinine) and contracted Turkish poppy farmers to supply raw opium for government-owned refineries in Taiwan. Hoshi also helped shape modern consumer culture in Japan and its colonies, and indeed, became an emblem for it. At its peak in the early 1920s, Hoshi had a network of chain stores across Asia that sold Hoshi-brand patent medicines, hygiene products, and household goods. In 1925, however, the company's fortunes turned for the worse when an opium trading violation raised suspicions of Hoshi as a front for the smuggling of narcotics through Manchuria and China. Although the company was a key supplier of medicines to Japan's military during World War Two, it could not financially recover from the fallout of the opium scandal.
    [Show full text]
  • Yalın Akçevin History of Modern Japan 1 Between Empire And
    Yalın Akçevin History of Modern Japan Between Empire and Democracy: Japan’s Taishō Experience Beginning under the reign of the Taishō emperor, with the cabinet of the first commoner Prime Minister Hara Takashi in 1918, the Empire of Japan experienced a period of democratic and liberal ascendancy until 1932, when Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi was assassinated on May 15 by young naval officers wherewith a definitive slide towards militarism took hold. Looking at the rise and fall of this section of the Taishō Democracy period, which lasted for fourteen years between 1918 and 1932, I would argue that the rise and decline of democracy and liberalism in Imperial Japan coincided with the fall and rise of an aggressive empire building campaign in Asia. Furthermore, despite being a “failure” in the practice of democracy and liberalism, the experience of the Taishō Democracy does not show that democracy and liberalism have been – and/or still are – incompatible with and are fundamentally alien to Japan. What the Japanese experience in this period rather shows is that democracy in this period rested on shaky grounds with a weak defense, which allowed it to be washed aside by more aggressive forces bent on imposing their will on Imperial Japan. Looking into the rise of democratic and liberal political trends in 1918, one thing that can be seen definitively is that these developments came at a time when the peacetime empire of Japan reached its greatest extent, the pursuit of empire calmed down, and equality with the West was thought to be achieved. Japan was a victorious Allied power and a party to the Paris Peace Conference that would follow in 1919, the empire stretched from Korea to “South Seas” in Micronesia, and there was a noticeable lack of immediate enemies to the empire with the West in alliance, Russia in turmoil, and China crippled as it had been for the past half century.
    [Show full text]
  • Multipolarity, Intellectual Property, and the Internationalization of Public Health Law
    Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 35 Issue 4 2014 Multipolarity, Intellectual Property, and the Internationalization of Public Health Law Sam F. Halabi University of Tulsa Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Health Law and Policy Commons, Intellectual Property Law Commons, International Trade Law Commons, and the Organizations Law Commons Recommended Citation Sam F. Halabi, Multipolarity, Intellectual Property, and the Internationalization of Public Health Law, 35 MICH. J. INT'L L. 715 (2014). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol35/iss4/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MULTIPOLARITY, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, AND THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH LAW Sam F. Halabi* INTRODUCTION ................................................. 716 I. THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH LAW . 722 A. The International Sanitary Conventions .............. 726 B. The World Health Organization ..................... 727 1. International Code on the Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes .......................... 728 2. International Health Regulations ................ 730 3. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ......................................... 733 C. Proposed Conventions .............................. 734 1. Framework Convention on Alcohol Control ..... 734 2. Framework Convention on Global Health ....... 735 3. Medical Research and Innovation Treaty ........ 737 D. Public-Private Partnerships .......................... 738 II. THE EXPANSION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN TRADE AND INVESTMENT TREATIES .................. 740 A. The 1883 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property .................................
    [Show full text]
  • Navy, Modernized 1868-1894 [Encyclopedia Entry] Michael Wert Marquette University, [email protected]
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette History Faculty Research and Publications History Department 1-1-2013 Navy, Modernized 1868-1894 [Encyclopedia Entry] Michael Wert Marquette University, [email protected] Published version. "Navy, Modernized 1868-1894," in Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. Publisher Link. Japan at War: An Encyclopedia by Louis G. Perez, Editor. © 2013 by ABC-Clio, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduced with permission of ABC-CLIO, LLC, Santa Barbara, CA. Navy, Modernized I 267 . a naval squadron led by U.S. Commodore 2. Japan's emperor, not China's, invested Matthew Perry forced the bakufu to sign Tokugawa shoguns with ruling author­ a treaty that ended national isolation by ity but did so on condition that they allowing a consul-general to reside in Japan, uphold national isolation, which per­ and Townsend Harris came to take up this force meant preserving sovereignty post in 1856. He demanded and got a and territorial integrity. shogunal audience at which he extorted 3. That point required shOguns to expel a full-blown trade pact from bakufu leader unauthorized foreigners who forced Ii Naosuke-just as China was suffering their way into Japan and the ruling defeat in the second. Opium War in 1858. warrior class to live up to its Bushido Ii signed the treaty, in a decision that counter­ ideology. manded the orders of the emperor in Kyoto, 4. Failure on those counts would justify not the emperor in Beijing. This defiant act ending bakufu rule and the warrior stirred up violent nationalistic opposition, class in the name of imperialloyalism, first among samurai from Mito domain, who and creating a new polity and a com­ murdered Ii in 1860, and later throughout moner conscript army better suited to the nation as well.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
    UC Berkeley Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review Title Japanese Mapping of Asia-Pacific Areas, 1873-1945: An Overview Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9rw4h2xt Journal Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, 1(2) ISSN 2158-9674 Author Kobayashi, Shigeru Publication Date 2012-03-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Japanese Mapping of Asia-Pacific Areas, 1873–1945: An Overview Shigeru Kobayashi, Osaka University Abstract Japanese mapping in the Asia-Pacific region up to 1945 calls for scrutiny, because its development was a multifaceted process with military, administrative, political, and cultural dimensions. This article traces the changes in Japanese mapping of overseas areas to the end of World War II and assesses the significance of the resulting maps, called gaihōzu, as sources for East Asian history. As implements of military operation and colonial administration, the gaihōzu were produced during a protracted period by various means under changing circumstances. Expanding military activity also promoted differentiation among the gaihōzu by increasing the use of maps originally produced in foreign countries. In conclusion, the need for detailed cataloging, in combination with chronologically arranged index mapping, is emphasized for the systematic use of the gaihōzu. Introduction The study of cartography in imperial and colonial expansion is one of the most important subjects today for scholars who are interested in the intersection of modern history and the history of cartography. For modern states, maps have been fundamental tools, serving multiple purposes in construction projects, public administration, land registration, and military operations. Likewise, maps were also important instruments for the exploration and administration of overseas areas that were incorporated into these modern states.
    [Show full text]
  • Praca Doktorska.Pdf (7.461MB)
    UNIWERSYTET ŁÓDZKI WYDZIAŁ STUDIÓW MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH I POLITOLOGICZNYCH Izabela Plesiewicz-Świerczyńska WYKŁADNIE IDEOLOGICZNE STOSUNKÓW JAPOŃSKO-AMERYKAŃSKICH W LATACH 1853–1941 ORAZ ICH IMPLEMENTACJA POLITYCZNA Praca doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem dr hab. Jolanty Młodawskiej-Bronowskiej, prof. nadzw. UŁ Łódź 2017 SPIS TREŚCI Nota redakcyjna……………………………………………………………….. .................... 3 WSTĘP………………………………………………………………………… .................... 5 ROZDZIAŁ 1 Inspiracje ideologiczne formuł konceptualnych w sferze międzynarodowych stosunków politycznych między Japonią a USA ................................ 24 1.1 Doktryna izolacjonizmu w okresie sakoku w Japonii od XVII do XIX wieku ............. 24 1.2 Geneza i charakterystyka doktryny izolacjonizmu w Stanach Zjednoczonych po zaistnieniu na forum międzynarodowym w 1776 roku ........................................... 39 1.3 Rozwój japońskiego ekspansjonizmu drogą do dominacji nad krajami Azji Południowo-Wschodniej ............................................................................................... 51 1.4 Argumenty zwolenników rozszerzania wpływów politycznych i ekonomicznych Stanów Zjednoczonych w świecie ................................................................................ 58 1.5 Imperializm japoński jako teoretyczna wykładnia konfliktów i wojen ........................ 68 1.6 Opinie elit politycznych USA na temat ideologii im perialistycznej w praktyce ......... 76 1.7 Filozoficzne zaplecze japońskiego nacjonalizmu ........................................................
    [Show full text]