DOCSLIB.ORG

Praca Doktorska.Pdf (7.461MB)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Praca Doktorska.Pdf (7.461MB) UNIWERSYTET ŁÓDZKI WYDZIAŁ STUDIÓW MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH I POLITOLOGICZNYCH Izabela Plesiewicz-Świerczyńska WYKŁADNIE IDEOLOGICZNE STOSUNKÓW JAPOŃSKO-AMERYKAŃSKICH W LATACH 1853–1941 ORAZ ICH IMPLEMENTACJA POLITYCZNA Praca doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem dr hab. Jolanty Młodawskiej-Bronowskiej, prof. nadzw. UŁ Łódź 2017 SPIS TREŚCI Nota redakcyjna……………………………………………………………….. .................... 3 WSTĘP………………………………………………………………………… .................... 5 ROZDZIAŁ 1 Inspiracje ideologiczne formuł konceptualnych w sferze międzynarodowych stosunków politycznych między Japonią a USA ................................ 24 1.1 Doktryna izolacjonizmu w okresie sakoku w Japonii od XVII do XIX wieku ............. 24 1.2 Geneza i charakterystyka doktryny izolacjonizmu w Stanach Zjednoczonych po zaistnieniu na forum międzynarodowym w 1776 roku ........................................... 39 1.3 Rozwój japońskiego ekspansjonizmu drogą do dominacji nad krajami Azji Południowo-Wschodniej ............................................................................................... 51 1.4 Argumenty zwolenników rozszerzania wpływów politycznych i ekonomicznych Stanów Zjednoczonych w świecie ................................................................................ 58 1.5 Imperializm japoński jako teoretyczna wykładnia konfliktów i wojen ........................ 68 1.6 Opinie elit politycznych USA na temat ideologii im perialistycznej w praktyce ......... 76 1.7 Filozoficzne zaplecze japońskiego nacjonalizmu ......................................................... 83 1.8 Nacjonalizm amerykański świadectwem przekonań o wyższości białej rasy (koncepcja WASP) ....................................................................................................... 95 ROZDZIAŁ 2 Realne konsekwencje stosowania doktryny izolacjonizmu dla relacji japońsko-amerykańskich ..................................................................................................... 113 2.1 Charakterystyka międzynarodowych kontaktów handlowych Japonii przed 1853 rokiem ......................................................................................................................... 113 2.2 Wojskowa ekspedycja komodora Stanów Zjednoczonych Matthew Calbrighta Perry’ego i otwarcie Japonii ....................................................................................... 122 2.3 Amerykańska formuła polityczna „otwartych drzwi” w myśl Traktatu o pokoju i przyjaźni w Kanagawie (1854) ................................................................................... 126 2.4 Kontekst ideologiczno-polityczny japońsko-amerykańskiej umowy o stosunkach wzajemnych i handlu- Traktat Harrisa ........................................................................ 131 ROZDZIAŁ 3 Geneza i okoliczności narodzin imperializmu w Japonii ......................... 138 3.1 Aneksja Królestwa Riukiu przez Cesarstwo Japonii jako początek ekspansji terytorialnej Japonii (1879) ......................................................................................... 138 3.2 Stanowisko prezydenta USA Theodore’a Roosevelta wobec negocjacji pokojowych w Portsmouth po zakończeniu wojny rosyjsko-japońskiej (1905)......... 145 1 3.3 Znaczenie notatki Taft–Katsura, dla procesu uznania japońskich wpływów w Korei ........................................................................................................................... 156 3.4 Porozumienie dżentelmeńskie w sprawie japońskich imigrantów w USA (1907) .... 160 3.5 Układ Root–Takahira odnośnie respektowania niezależności terytoriów USA i ograniczenia imigracji obywateli japońskich do Stanów Zjednoczonych (1908) ...... 165 3.6 Inkorporacja Korei przez Japonię i początek zależności kolonialnego podporządkowania (1910) .......................................................................................... 172 ROZDZIAŁ 4 Polityczne konsekwencje japońskiego ekspansjonizmu w świetle działań na forum międzynarodowym ................................................................................. 186 4.1 Porozumienie Lansing–Ishii w kwestii utrzymania polityki „otwartych drzwi” w Chinach (1917) ....................................................................................................... 186 4.2 Zbrojna ekspedycja japońsko-amerykańska we Władywostoku podczas wojny domowej w Rosji. ....................................................................................................... 190 4.3 Konferencja waszyngtońska celem redukcji zbrojeń (1922) i jej postanowienia w odniesieniu do Japonii ............................................................................................ 195 4.4 Akces Japonii do Ligi Narodów na rzecz pokoju, czy jako pretekst dla realizacji celów imperialistycznych? ......................................................................................... 203 4.5 Amerykański Akt Imigracyjny w sprawie japońskich imigrantów w USA powodem pogarszania się stosunków między mocarstwami ..................................... 209 ROZDZIAŁ 5 Eskalacja idei nacjonalistycznych i kulminacja polityki imperialnej Cesarstwa Japonii ................................................................................................................ 218 5.1 Incydent mukdeński i utworzenie marionetkowego państwa Mandżukuo (1932) celem ekspansji Japonii na tereny Chin...................................................................... 219 5.2 Poglądy zwolenników doktryny Hoovera–Stimsona w kontekście Incydentu mukdeńskiego ............................................................................................................. 227 5.3 Skutki utworzenia Międzynarodowej Strefy Bezpieczeństwa w ambasadzie USA podczas tzw. masakry nankińskiej w Chinach (1937–1938) ...................................... 232 5.4 Atak Japończyków na Pearl Harbor jako zaczątek eskalacji konfliktu bez wypowiedzenia wojny (1941) .................................................................................... 241 ZAKOŃCZENIE………………………………………………………………… .......... 254 ANEKSY…………………………………………………………………………............ 262 GLOSARIUSZ TERMINÓW I POJĘĆ…………………………………………. ........ 311 BIBLIOGRAFIA………………………………………………………………… .......... 313 2 NOTA REDAKCYJNA Transkrypcja wyrazów japońskich, koreańskich, chińskich i rosyjskich występujących w tekście. Do zapisu wyrazów japońskich i nazw własnych zastosowano międzynarodową transkrypcję Jamesa Curtisa Hepburna, powszechnie stosowanego w publikacjach japonistycznych. Szczegółowy opis tej transkrypcji zawarty jest w artykule Romualda Huszczy pt: „Łacińska transkrypcja języka japońskiego z perspektywy lingwistyki” w „Japonica” Nr 11/1999 s. 93-123. Transkrypcja ta opiera się na fonologii języka angielskiego. Podstawowe zasady transkrypcji Hepburna: pisownia wymowa przykład ū uu Chōshū (wym. Cioosiuu) ō oo Itō (wym. Itō) ch ć Chōshū (wym. Cioosiuu) j dź Meiji (wym. Mejdzi) sh ś Shimazu (wym. Simadzu) ts c Satsuma (wym. Sacuma) w ł Iwakura (wym. Iłakura) z dz Fukuzawa (wym. Fukudzała) y j Yamagata (wym. Jamagata) Popularne nazwy geograficzne (np. Tokio, Kioto, Osaka, Kobe) oraz niektóre przyswojone w języku polskim terminy japońskie występują w wersji spolszczonej (samuraj, gejsza). Nazwiska japońskie podawane są na pierwszym miejscu, przed 3 imieniem - zgodnie ze zwyczajem, obowiązującym w Japonii. Imiona i nazwy własne oraz wyrazy pospolite zakończona na –a, -i, -n, a także nazwy geograficzne zakończone na –a są odmieniane zgodnie z zasadami obowiązującymi w języku polskim. Wszystkie terminy japońskie, z wyjątkiem nazw własnych oraz tych, które na stałe weszły do języka polskiego (np. kimono, samuraj, gejsza) są zapisane kursywą. Cytowane w tekście niniejszej pracy koreańskie terminy oraz nazwy własne podane są w transkrypcji powszechnie przyjętej w obcojęzycznych publikacjach naukowych w alfabecie łacińskim, a mianowicie w systemie zapisu McCune’a-Reischauera. Należy jednak zaznaczyć, że imiona i nazwiska koreańskie, a także niektóre inne nazwy własne występują w publikacjach także w odmiennych systemach zapisu, gdyż standaryzacja zapisu łacińskiego wyrazów koreańskich nigdy nie została wprowadzona w sposób konsekwentny. Zapis wyrazów chińskich oparty został na ogół na transkrypcji pinyin, przyjętej w światowej sinologii, jednak w przypadku odmiennej transkrypcji nazwisk i nazw własnych w cytowanej literaturze, zapis taki, w sposób analogiczny do wyrazów koreańskich, uzupełniony jest transkrypcją pinyin (w nawiasach okrągłych), por. Mieczysław J. Künstler, Języki chińskie, Dialog, Warszawa 2000, s. 10-12. Cytowane w pracy terminy oraz nazwy własne pochodzące z języka rosyjskiego zapisane zostały za pomocą cyrylicy, pisma alfabetycznego służącego do zapisu języków wschodniosłowiańskich, większości południowosłowiańskich i innych. Występujące w tekście terminy prawne podane zostały w ich oryginalnej pisowni. Cytaty z pism politycznych, listów prywatnych i korespondencji oficjalnej przytoczone zostały w tłumaczeniu z języka angielskiego bądź japońskiego (o ile nie zostało podane inaczej, tłumaczenia zostały wykonane przez autorkę), co nie odbiera im siły przekazu. 4 Wstęp 1. Teoretyczny kontekst pracy. Determinanty stosunków międzynarodowych Stosunki międzynarodowe są dziedziną stosunków społecznych, stanowiącą jeden z najbardziej skomplikowanych fenomenów w dziejach społecznego życia ludzkości 1 . Próbując określić ich istotę, należy uwzględnić specyfikę relacji społecznych, występujących wewnątrz poszczególnych państw. Dzięki temu można nakreślić cechy środowiska społecznego, w którym zachodzą „oddziaływania
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Japanese Immigration History
    CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EARLY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES DURING MEIJI TO TAISHO ERA (1868–1926) By HOSOK O Bachelor of Arts in History Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 2000 Master of Arts in History University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, Oklahoma 2002 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2010 © 2010, Hosok O ii CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EARLY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES DURING MEIJI TO TAISHO ERA (1868–1926) Dissertation Approved: Dr. Ronald A. Petrin Dissertation Adviser Dr. Michael F. Logan Dr. Yonglin Jiang Dr. R. Michael Bracy Dr. Jean Van Delinder Dr. Mark E. Payton Dean of the Graduate College iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For the completion of my dissertation, I would like to express my earnest appreciation to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Ronald A. Petrin for his dedicated supervision, encouragement, and great friendship. I would have been next to impossible to write this dissertation without Dr. Petrin’s continuous support and intellectual guidance. My sincere appreciation extends to my other committee members Dr. Michael Bracy, Dr. Michael F. Logan, and Dr. Yonglin Jiang, whose intelligent guidance, wholehearted encouragement, and friendship are invaluable. I also would like to make a special reference to Dr. Jean Van Delinder from the Department of Sociology who gave me inspiration for the immigration study. Furthermore, I would like to give my sincere appreciation to Dr. Xiaobing Li for his thorough assistance, encouragement, and friendship since the day I started working on my MA degree to the completion of my doctoral dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Navy and World War I: 1914–1922
    Cover: During World War I, convoys carried almost two million men to Europe. In this 1920 oil painting “A Fast Convoy” by Burnell Poole, the destroyer USS Allen (DD-66) is shown escorting USS Leviathan (SP-1326). Throughout the course of the war, Leviathan transported more than 98,000 troops. Naval History and Heritage Command 1 United States Navy and World War I: 1914–1922 Frank A. Blazich Jr., PhD Naval History and Heritage Command Introduction This document is intended to provide readers with a chronological progression of the activities of the United States Navy and its involvement with World War I as an outside observer, active participant, and victor engaged in the war’s lingering effects in the postwar period. The document is not a comprehensive timeline of every action, policy decision, or ship movement. What is provided is a glimpse into how the 20th century’s first global conflict influenced the Navy and its evolution throughout the conflict and the immediate aftermath. The source base is predominately composed of the published records of the Navy and the primary materials gathered under the supervision of Captain Dudley Knox in the Historical Section in the Office of Naval Records and Library. A thorough chronology remains to be written on the Navy’s actions in regard to World War I. The nationality of all vessels, unless otherwise listed, is the United States. All errors and omissions are solely those of the author. Table of Contents 1914..................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • “Bicentennial Speeches (2)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box 2, folder “Bicentennial Speeches (2)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Ron Nessen donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 2 of The Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON June 28, 1976 MEMORANDUM FOR ROBERT ORBEN VIA: GWEN ANDERSON FROM: CHARLES MC CALL SUBJECT: PRE-ADVANCE REPORT ON THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES Attached is some background information regarding the speech the President will make on July 2, 1976 at the National Archives. ***************************************************************** TAB A The Event and the Site TAB B Statement by President Truman dedicating the Shrine for the Delcaration, Constitution, and Bill of Rights, December 15, 1952. r' / ' ' ' • THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON June 28, 1976 MEMORANDUM FOR BOB ORBEN VIA: GWEN ANDERSON FROM: CHARLES MC CALL SUBJECT: NATIONAL ARCHIVES ADDENDUM Since the pre-advance visit to the National Archives, the arrangements have been changed so that the principal speakers will make their addresses inside the building .
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal of Ottomans Studies IX
    OSMANLI ARAŞTIRMALARI IX Neşir Heyeti - Editori:ıl Board HALİL İNALCIK - NEJAT GÖYUNC HEATH W. LOWRY THE JOURNAL OF OTTOMAN. STUDIES IX İstanbul - 1989 l__ _ _ TURKJISH IllSTORY : ON WHOSE SOURCES WILL IT BE BASED? A CASE STUDY ON '!'HE BURNING OF İZMİR Heath W. Lowry «No Picture then, and no history, can present us with the whole truth : but those are the •best pictures and the best histories which exhibit such parts of the truth as J?OSt nearly produce the -effect of the whole. He who is def.icient in the art of sel­ ection may, 'by showing nothing lbut the truth, ·produce all the effect of the greatest falsehood.» Thomas Macaulay : 'History.' My purpose today is rather simple : by citing a number vf examples from scholars who 'have ~itten on the burning of İzmir (Smyrna) in September of 1922, and juxtaposing these illustrat­ ions with a variety of eycwitness testimonies preserved in the National Archives of the United States of America, I intend to demonstrate the. truthfulness of Macaulay's injunction that : 'He who is deficient in the art of selection, may by showing nothing. •but the truth, produce all the effect of the greatest falsehood.' This task, however, is secondary to my real intent, namely the issuing of a warning to my Turkish colleagues arrd to tb.eir go­ vernmental re.presentatives· who control a:ccess to the raw materia]s 2 out of .w hich Turkish history should be written. The warning is simple: unless prompt action is taken to provide access tO' qualified scholars seeking to conduct research in the archives of the Ottoman and modern Turkish states, the ·history of yoıır past is going to be written exclusively ·by non-specialists on Turkish History, who selectively utilize the arobives o:f other states to buttress pre­ conceptions in regard to Turks and 'their history.
    [Show full text]
  • A Ship to Remember: Uss Edsall (Dd 219)
    A SHIP TO REMEMBER: USS EDSALL (DD 219) By Lion Miles & Co-authors Kelly Long, Dixie Geary U.S.S. EDSALL DD-219 The sinking of USS Edsall in 1942 is one of stand as the epitaph for the USS Edsall DD219 as the most remarkable stories of seamanship and well. courage to come out of World War II. Little was Edsall was a four-stack flush-deck destroyer, known of the events surrounding her last designed in World Ward I but launched in 1920. engagement until 1980, when naval historians began Like other ships 80 ships of her class, she was not to examine videos received from the Japanese. armored, having to rely on her speed and maneuverability for survival in combat. She could This story’s purpose is to honor the Edsall’s make 35 knots, as fast as the more modern American sailors who gave their lives that day and destroyer’s and cruisers of the Japanese Navy but specifically for Henry Franklin Thaw, Electrician she was badly outclassed in terms of armament, with Mate First Class, who perished with the sinking of only four 4-inch guns in her main battery. the Edsall. Thaw was father of co-author Dixie Geary and grandfather of co-author Kelley Long. Edsall joined the Asiatic Fleet in 1925, after distinguishing herself honorably in Europeans Prime author Lion Miles was the son of waters, and spending the next fifteen years Lt.Lion Miles of the gunboat USS AshevillePG21 protecting American interests along the Chinese who perished three days later when the Asheville coast from Shanghai to Hong Kong.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rape of Nanking: a Historical Analysis of the Aftershocks of Wartime Sexual Violence in International Relations
    FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y SOCIALES The Rape of Nanking: a historical analysis of the aftershocks of wartime sexual violence in international relations. Autor: Ester Brito Ruiz Quinto Curso del Doble Grado de ADE y Relaciones Internacionales Director: Jose Manuel Saenz Rotko Madrid Junio 2018 Ester Brito Ruiz international relations. The Rape of Nanking: a historical analysis of the aftershocks of wartime sexual violence in in violence sexual wartime of aftershocks the of analysis historical a Nanking: of Rape The Index 1) Abstract & Key words. 2) Methodology & Research Design. 3) Introduction. 4) Historiography and debates on Nanking. 5) Historical analysis and drivers of the Second Sino-Japanese war and interbellum change in protocols against foreign combatants and civilians. a. Conditioning Japanese political factors. b. Economic drivers. c. The role of the international order. 6) The route to Nanking a. Introduction: planning and intent of Japanese imperial forces when entering Manchuria. b. Road to Nanking: the advance of the imperial army, Loot all, kill all, burn all imperative. c. The entry into the city and mass killings. d. Rape in Nanking and beyond the capital. e. Torture inflicted upon combatants and civilians. f. The weeks following the fall of Nanking. 7) Radicalization of the Japanese imperial army: understanding historical warfare practices and theories of violence. 8) Rape as a weapon of war. 9) Other war crimes and implications of Japanese Imperialism 10) Historical memory of Nanking a. Significance of diverging historical memory in politics b. China: the century of humiliation narrative c. Japan: the historical aggressor-victim dilemma 1 11) Historical impact of Nanking on current international relations.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayflower to Mala
    It was the ship Exodus that was There, lying in a rotting cargo net, was a ball of marlin. As I was about to bend over and try to pick it up without immortalized in literature and on film. removing my sea bag, I glanced to see if anyone was watching and discovered that I was already at the ship But at the very moment she was being on which I was to report — the SS Mala, formerly the rammed and captured by the British as USS Mayflower. The Mayflower was built by J. and G. Thompson, she attempted to slip into Palestinian Clyde Bank, Scotland, in 1896 for an American industrialist. With the Spanish- waters, an ex-Presidential yacht was American War she was purchased by the being readied to carry 2500 more United States Navy as a patrol vessel for plying Cuban waters. The vessel was displaced Jews to their promised land commissioned USS Mayflower on 24 March 1898 at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn. The ship went through a couple BY RICHARD WINER decommissionings and commissionings, USS Mayflower (PY-1) being converted to a presidential yacht for Theodore Roosevelt in the Brooklyn Navy Yard t was cold and blustery that winter day in 1948 with the last one being on 1 November during 1904. when I walked from the BMT Line Station down to 1904, at which time she would take Ithe docks at Gravesend in Brooklyn. It was a raw, on a new mission. When Theodore she served as yacht to all presidents up to 22 March damp cold — very dissimilar to the dry Minnesota cold Roosevelt became president, he 1929, when she was once again decommissioned.
    [Show full text]
  • Report Japanese Submarine 1124
    REPORT JAPANESE SUBMARINE 1124 Mike McCarthy Maritime Archaeology Department WAMaritime Museum Cliff Street, Fremantle, WA 6160 October 1990 With research, advice and technical assistance from Captain David Tomlinson Or David Ramm Or J. Fabris Or Thomas O. Paine Mr Garrick Gray Mr George G. Thompson Mr Henri Bourse Mr J. Bastian Mr P.J. Washington RACAL The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade The Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories Underwater Systems Australia Report-Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Museum, No. 43 2 Background to the report In July 1988, a wreck believed to be the SS Koombanah, which disappeared with all hands in waters off Western Australia in 1921, was officially reported to the W. A. Museum and the federal government by Captain David Tomlinson, (Master/owner of the Darwin based Research Vessel Flamingo Bay) and Mr Mike Barron, a Tasmanian associate of Tomlinson's, fr;om the Commonwealth Fisheries. In order to facilitate an inspection of the site, it was decided on analysis of the available options and in the light of the W.A. Museum's policy of involving the finders where possible, to join with Messrs Tomlinson and Barron in an inspection out of Darwin on board the RV Flamingo Bay, a very well equipped and most suitable vessel for such a venture. Due to the depth of the water in which the site lay and the distance off­ shore, this required not only the charter of Flamingo Bay which normally runs at circa $2000 per day, but also the hire of a sophisticated position fixing system, a Remote Operated Submersible Vehicle with camera (ROV), echo sounder and side scan sonar.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching About the Nanking Massacre Yale Divinity School Library School Divinity Yale
    Teaching About the Nanking Massacre Yale Divinity School Library School Divinity Yale Also includes— The First War Hawks: The Invasion of Canada in 1812 A National Council for the Social Studies Publication Number 45 September 2012 www.socialstudies.org Middle Level Learning 44 ©2012 National Council for the Social Studies Teaching About the Nanking Massacre to Middle School Students Justin Villet In 1937, the Japanese Empire declared war on China. That • How can instruction be used to avoid creating stereo- December, the Japanese Army invaded and captured the types? Chinese capital of Nanking (also “Nanjing”). In what can only • Would students be able to contextualize these events, be described as one of the most inhumane events in the modern or, to put it bluntly, would they care at all? world, more than 200,000 Chinese were killed and more than 20,000 women were raped in less than a year.1 East Asian scholar Vera Schwarcz, in her contribution American public schools do not seem to devote much time to the book Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing, wrote, to the Nanking Massacre, taking a much more Eurocentric “[O]nly by delving into the crevices of helplessness and dread view of World War II. will [people] be able to pass on the true gift of historical When I was in high school, the Japanese invasion of Nanking consciousness.”2 Historical consciousness, however, should was still a new topic in the curriculum. I recall the eleventh grade be balanced with a realization that subject matter can sometimes English class looking at posters in the library that had been be hurtful to students, that material presented in class should assembled by a civic group that wanted to promote awareness be developmentally appropriate, and that teachers must be about the event.
    [Show full text]
  • Milli Mücadele Sonunda Amerikan Gemilerinin Karadeniz
    2020 6 / 10 (287-308) Kul, Hazel, “Milli Mücadele Sonunda Amerikan Gemilerinin Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Rum Mültecilerin Sevkiyatına Dair Gözlem ve Raporları”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6/10, (Millî Mücadele’den Milli Egemenliğe Karadeniz Özel Sayısı), ss.287-308. DOI: 10.31765/karen.840128 MİLLİ MÜCADELE SONUNDA AMERİKAN GEMİLERİNİN KARADENİZ KIYILARINDAKİ RUM MÜLTECİLERİN SEVKİYATINA DAİR GÖZLEM VE RAPORLARI* Hazel KUL * Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article Bu makale etik kurul izni ve/veya ya- sal/özel izin alınmasını gerektirme- mektedir. / This article does not require ethical committee permission and/or le- Öz: Mütareke Dönemi’nde gerek gönüllü olarak gerekse gal/special permission. Yunanistan’ın zoruyla Yunan ordusunun yanında savaşa giren Anadolu Rumları, özellikle Büyük Taarruz sonra- ** Dr., sında Türk topraklarını terk etmek amacı ile liman kent- Ankara/TÜRKİYE lerine toplanmışlardır. Bu süreçte Amerikan yardım ko- miteleri Rumların nakline yardımcı olurken Parrott (218), [email protected] Edsall (219), Kane (235), King (242) ve Goff (247) adlı ORCID : 0000-0002-5161-9888 Amerikan gemileri de tüm işlerin organizasyonunda The Near East Relief gibi kuruluşların faaliyetlerine yardım et- mek, istihbarat toplamak ve ABD ticaret gemilerinin gü- Anahtar Kelimeler: Karadeniz, Rum, venliğini sağlamak amacıyla Karadeniz limanlarına gön- Mülteci, Amerikan Gemileri derilmiştir. Bu gemiler, Trabzon, Giresun, Ordu, Fatsa, Keywords: Black Sea, Greek, Refugee, Ünye ve Samsun’a uğrayarak raporlar düzenlemişler ve American
    [Show full text]
  • War Powers Legislation
    Volume 74 Issue 1 Issues 1 & 2 Article 9 August 1971 War Powers Legislation J. Terry Emerson Legislative Counsel to U.S. Senator Barry M. Goldwater Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/wvlr Part of the Legislation Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, and the President/Executive Department Commons Recommended Citation J. T. Emerson, War Powers Legislation, 74 W. Va. L. Rev. (1971). Available at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/wvlr/vol74/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the WVU College of Law at The Research Repository @ WVU. It has been accepted for inclusion in West Virginia Law Review by an authorized editor of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emerson: War Powers Legislation War Powers Legislation J. TERRY EMERSON* I. INTRODUCTION The Ninety-Second Congress has been marked by the unusual drama of a vigorous and persistent effort by the Legislative Branch to confront the President, eyeball to eyeball, over the primary issues of war and peace. Nowhere has the contest been joined in a more fundamental way, reaching to the very core of the division of powers between the two political branches, than in the bold thrust by several senators to codify the rules governing the circumstances in which the United States may go to and remain in war.' No less than 19 senators have introduced or cosponsored one of five different bills or joint resolutions seeking to define the instances when the President may use or deploy the Armed Forces of the United States.' Taken singly or severally, these measures purport to demark the sole conditions under which the President can initiate military hostilities and to restrict his authority to continue any such hostility beyond a brief period unless and until he has obtained a new and specific authorization from Congress.4 * A.B.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
    UC Berkeley Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review Title Japanese Mapping of Asia-Pacific Areas, 1873-1945: An Overview Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9rw4h2xt Journal Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, 1(2) ISSN 2158-9674 Author Kobayashi, Shigeru Publication Date 2012-03-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Japanese Mapping of Asia-Pacific Areas, 1873–1945: An Overview Shigeru Kobayashi, Osaka University Abstract Japanese mapping in the Asia-Pacific region up to 1945 calls for scrutiny, because its development was a multifaceted process with military, administrative, political, and cultural dimensions. This article traces the changes in Japanese mapping of overseas areas to the end of World War II and assesses the significance of the resulting maps, called gaihōzu, as sources for East Asian history. As implements of military operation and colonial administration, the gaihōzu were produced during a protracted period by various means under changing circumstances. Expanding military activity also promoted differentiation among the gaihōzu by increasing the use of maps originally produced in foreign countries. In conclusion, the need for detailed cataloging, in combination with chronologically arranged index mapping, is emphasized for the systematic use of the gaihōzu. Introduction The study of cartography in imperial and colonial expansion is one of the most important subjects today for scholars who are interested in the intersection of modern history and the history of cartography. For modern states, maps have been fundamental tools, serving multiple purposes in construction projects, public administration, land registration, and military operations. Likewise, maps were also important instruments for the exploration and administration of overseas areas that were incorporated into these modern states.
    [Show full text]