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Milli Mücadele Sonunda Amerikan Gemilerinin Karadeniz

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Milli Mücadele Sonunda Amerikan Gemilerinin Karadeniz 2020 6 / 10 (287-308) Kul, Hazel, “Milli Mücadele Sonunda Amerikan Gemilerinin Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Rum Mültecilerin Sevkiyatına Dair Gözlem ve Raporları”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6/10, (Millî Mücadele’den Milli Egemenliğe Karadeniz Özel Sayısı), ss.287-308. DOI: 10.31765/karen.840128 MİLLİ MÜCADELE SONUNDA AMERİKAN GEMİLERİNİN KARADENİZ KIYILARINDAKİ RUM MÜLTECİLERİN SEVKİYATINA DAİR GÖZLEM VE RAPORLARI* Hazel KUL * Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article Bu makale etik kurul izni ve/veya ya- sal/özel izin alınmasını gerektirme- mektedir. / This article does not require ethical committee permission and/or le- Öz: Mütareke Dönemi’nde gerek gönüllü olarak gerekse gal/special permission. Yunanistan’ın zoruyla Yunan ordusunun yanında savaşa giren Anadolu Rumları, özellikle Büyük Taarruz sonra- ** Dr., sında Türk topraklarını terk etmek amacı ile liman kent- Ankara/TÜRKİYE lerine toplanmışlardır. Bu süreçte Amerikan yardım ko- miteleri Rumların nakline yardımcı olurken Parrott (218), [email protected] Edsall (219), Kane (235), King (242) ve Goff (247) adlı ORCID : 0000-0002-5161-9888 Amerikan gemileri de tüm işlerin organizasyonunda The Near East Relief gibi kuruluşların faaliyetlerine yardım et- mek, istihbarat toplamak ve ABD ticaret gemilerinin gü- Anahtar Kelimeler: Karadeniz, Rum, venliğini sağlamak amacıyla Karadeniz limanlarına gön- Mülteci, Amerikan Gemileri derilmiştir. Bu gemiler, Trabzon, Giresun, Ordu, Fatsa, Keywords: Black Sea, Greek, Refugee, Ünye ve Samsun’a uğrayarak raporlar düzenlemişler ve American Ships ilgili raporları Türk Sularındaki Birleşik Devletler Deniz Müfrezesi Komutanlığı’na gönderilmiştir. Bu makalede söz konusu gemilerin Aralık 1922’ye ait raporları incelen- miştir. AMERICAN SHIPS'S OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS RELATED TO THE GREEK REFUGEES WHO WAS WAITING TO BE FORWARDED IN THE BLACK SEA COAST, AT THE END OF THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE Abstract: Anatolian Greeks who fought alongside the Greek Army either voluntarily or by force of Greece in the Armistice Period, had gathered in port cities to leave the Turkish lands especially after the Great Offensive. In this process, American aid committees, like The Near East Re- lief, helped the transfer of Greeks. Parrott (218), Edsall (219), Kane (235), King (242) and Goff (247) were also sent to the Black Sea ports to aid The Near East Relief’s activities about refugees, to gather intelligence and make Geliş Tarihi / Received Date: 13.12.2020 secure U.S. Merchant ships. These ships went to Trabzon, Kabul Tarihi / Accepted Date: 18.12.2020 Giresun, Ordu, Fatsa, Ünye and Samsun and prepared re- Hazel KUL KAREN 2020 / 6 / 10 (Özel Sayı) 288 ports about its patrols and send them to The Of- cağı anlaşılınca Türkiye Büyük Millet Mec- fice of The Commander U.S. Naval Detachment in lisi; önce “Merkez Ordusu” adıyla özel bir Turkish Waters. In this article, the reports of the ordu oluşturmak1, daha sonra da Yunanis- ships that mentioned above, belonging to De- tan’ın Karadeniz sahillerinden çıkarma cember 1922 were examined. yapma ihtimaline karşı sahil kesimlerinde Birinci Dünya Savaşı sürecinde Osmanlı bulunan Rumların bir kısmını Anadolu iç- Devleti’nin toprak bütünlüğünü ve asayişi lerine sevk etmek2 gibi askerî ve idari ka- tehdit edici faaliyetlerde bulunan bazı Rum rarlar almak zorunda kalmıştır.3 ve Ermeni vatandaşlar çıkarılan Sevk ve Pontus çetelerine karşı alınan bu tedbirler İskân Kanunu’yla bulundukları bölgelerden sonrasında Fener Rum Patrikhanesi, Pon- çıkarılarak daha güvenli bölgelere nakle- tusçu Cemiyetler ve Yunanistan’ın İtilâf dilmiş, savaşın sonlarına doğru ise tekrar Devletleri’ne Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki Hris- eski yerlerine dönmelerine izin verilmiştir. tiyanlara zulüm yapıldığı yönünde Anadolu coğrafyası üzerinde bağımsız ya şikâyette bulunmaları üzerine ABD, İngil- da Avrupalı bir devletin güdümünde devlet tere, Fransa ve İtalya Yüksek Komiserleri, yaratma emelleri olan Rum ve Ermeni ce- TBMM’ne birer nota göndererek sevki dur- miyetleri bu durumu büyük bir fırsat ola- durmaya ve aynı zamanda askerî gemile- rak değerlendirmiş, sevke tabi tutulsun ya- rini Karadeniz kıyılarına göndererek Pon- hut tutulmasın çok sayıda Rum’u ve Er- tusçu Rumlara destek olmaya çalışmışlar- meni’yi; Rusya, Romanya, Mısır, Yunanis- dır.4 Milli Mücadele’nin sonuna kadar de- tan, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri gibi dün- vam eden bu gerginlik, TBMM Hükü- yanın neresinde yaşarsa yaşasın gemilerle meti’nin kararlı tutumu ve Büyük Taar- Anadolu kıyılarına çıkarmak ve silahlı ey- ruz’un kazanılmasıyla sona ermiş, isyancı lemlerde bulunmak suretiyle daha sonraki Rumlar ülkeyi terk etme yollarını aramaya süreçte yerleşik Rumları da sıkıntıya soka- başlamışlar, Türklerin kendilerine zulüm cak bir eylem içerisine girmişlerdir. Kara- yapacağı propagandasından etkilenen bir deniz kıyıları da Türkiye’ye yönelik bu tür kısım Ortodoks sivil halk da onların peşine eylemlerin en yoğun yaşandığı bölgelerin- takılmıştır. Halk bulabildiği gemilerle ül- den biri olmuştur. keyi terk etmeye çalışırken İtilâf Devletleri Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin hemen büyük bir ise sebep oldukları bu olayı seyretmekle kısmını içerisine alan bir “Pontus Rum yetinmiş, insanî yardımda bulunma nokta- Devleti” kurmayı amaçlayan Yunanistan, sında dahi oldukça yetersiz kalmışlardır. Rum Cemiyetlerinin yabancı ülkelerden Tüm bu dramatik süreç, Türkiye’deki Ame- Fener-Rum Patrikhanesi’ne taşıdıkları rikan ticaret gemilerinin güvenliğini sağla- Grek/Ortodoks kökenli insanları silahlan- makla görevli ABD donmasının raporlarına dırmak suretiyle Pontusçu çetelerle bir- yansımış, Samsun’dan Trabzon’a kadar Ka- likte Karadeniz’de büyük bir isyan başlat- radeniz kıyılarına yığılan mültecilerin du- mışlardı. Bu olay binlerce Müslümanın ve rumu, gelişmelere dair yerel idarecilerin gayrimüslimin hayatını kaybetmesine ve aldığı tedbirler ve bölgenin genel sosyo- yaşadığı toprakları terk etmesine neden ol- ekonomik durumu düzenli olarak rapor duğu gibi Tük Milli Hareketi’nin Batı Cep- edilmiştir. Amerikan Yardım Cemiyeti ve hesi’nde verdiği mücadeleyi de tehlikeye ABD donanma raporlarına göre Mudanya atmıştır. Bütün gayretlere rağmen Pon- Mütarekesi’nin imzalanması sonrasında tusçu çetelerin faaliyetlerine son verileme- Türk Hükümeti, Hristiyanların Anadolu’yu yeceği ve bölgede asayişin sağlanamaya- -------------------------------------------------------- 1 Merkez Ordusu’nun kuruluşu ve faaliyetleri hak- göçten ziyade bahsi geçen Rumların evlerine gönde- kında geniş bilgi için bakınız. Balcıoğlu, 1991. rilmesiydi. Özgören,2017: 299. 2 İç bölgelere sevk edilen Rumların önemli bir kısmı 3 Yerasimos, 1988-1989: 66; Okur, 2007: 26-27. daha önce Rum Cemiyetleri tarafından sahile getiri- 4 Pontus Meselesi, 1995: 411-419. len insanlardan oluşmaktaydı. Bu durum esasında bir 289 … Rum Mültecilerin Sevkiyatına Dair Gözlem ve Raporları serbestçe terk edebileceğini ilan etmiş, Ka- rında devriye gezinerek ilgili yerlere yöne- radeniz sahillerinde toplanan mülteci ve lik toplanılan istihbaratları rapor etmek ve yetimlerin büyük kısmı göç için harekete ABD ticaret gemilerinin güvenliğini sağla- geçmişlerdi. Öte yandan Millî Müca- mak amacıyla Amerikan Donanması’na dele’nin zaferle sonuçlanmaya başlaması bağlı birtakım gemiler gönderilmiştir. Bu ve Anadolu’daki yerli Rum ve Ermenilerin türden bir vazife ile gönderilen Parrott Yunan ordusu ile birlikte kaçması5 veya sa- (218), Edsall (219), Kane (235), King (242) vaşta birçoğunun hayatını yitirmiş olması ve Goff (247) adlı Amerikan gemileri Trab- sebebi ile Anadolu’da birçok Hristiyan ço- zon, Giresun, Ordu, Fatsa, Ünye ve Sam- cuğu yetim kalmıştı.6 sun’a uğrayarak ilgili şehir ve kasabalar- daki mülteci sayısı ve mültecilerin mevcut Bu sırada The Near East Relief7, Trab- durumları ile bu yerlerin askeri ve siyasi zon’daki temsilcisi J. H. Crutcher’i maiyeti temsilcileri ve toplumun ileri gelen kişileri ile beraber Samsun’da görevlendirmiş, ile yapmış oldukları görüşmeler netice- Amerikalı misyonerlerle beraber bölgedeki sinde edindikleri bilgileri, kişilerin yapıla- muhacirlerle ve yetim Hristiyan çocuklarla rına dair izlenimler ile mevcut limanlara ilgilenmeye başlamışlardı.8 Muhacirleri ta- uğrayan diğer gemilerin mürettebatı, yol- şıyan vapurlar ihtiyaca kâfi gelmediğinden cuları, taşıdıkları kargo, geminin bağlı ol- ilgili cemiyet tarafından İngiliz ve Avustu- duğu ülke ve ilgili gemi kaptanı ile yapılan ralya vapurları kiralanmak suretiyle Rum görüşmelerden sağlanan bilgileri ve yine ve Ermeni muhacirlerini almak üzere Sam- söz konusu yerlerdeki yerel halkın sosyo- sun’a gönderiliyordu. Karadeniz sahille- ekonomik vaziyeti ve Amerika ile ticarete rinde sayıları 30 bine yaklaşan Hristiyan yönelik hakim olan düşüncelerine dair muhaciri almak üzere başka vapurlar da günlük notlar halinde raporlar düzenlemiş- gönderen cemiyet, bu muhacirleri ilk durak ler ve raporlar Türk Sularındaki Birleşik olarak İstanbul’a, buradan da Pire başta ol- Devletler Deniz Müfrezesi Komutanlığı’na mak üzere diğer Yunan şehirlerine taşı- gönderilmiştir. yordu.9 Bu bağlamda Karadeniz kıyıların- daki limanlardan Rum ve Ermeni mülteci- 1. Trabzon ler ile yetim çocukların tahliyesine ve tüm Yukarıda bahsi geçen gemilerden Goff işlerin organizasyonunda The Near East (247)’un seyir defterine göre ilgili gemi 26 Relief10 gibi kuruluşların faaliyetlerine yar- Kasım 1922’de 14.15’te Trabzon’a gelmiş- dım etmek11, ayrıca Karadeniz limanla- tir. Liman Reisi ile görüşen ve onu nazik bir -------------------------------------------------------- 5 Buna karşın Yunanistan’daki halk, Anadolu Rumla- 8 Çapa, 2019:
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