DOCSLIB.ORG

Tokugawa Loyalism During Bakumatsu-Boshin War [Encyclopedia Entry] Michael Wert Marquette University, [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tokugawa Loyalism During Bakumatsu-Boshin War [Encyclopedia Entry] Michael Wert Marquette University, Michael.Wert@Marquette.Edu Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette History Faculty Research and Publications History, Department of 1-1-2013 Tokugawa Loyalism during Bakumatsu-Boshin War [Encyclopedia Entry] Michael Wert Marquette University, [email protected] Published version. "Tokugawa Loyalism during Bakumatsu-Boshin War", in Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. Publisher Link. Japan at War: An Encyclopedia by Louis G. Perez, Editor. © 2013 by ABC-Clio, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduced with permission of ABC-CLIO, LLC, Santa Barbara, CA. 438 I Tokugawa Loyalism: Boshin War contriving to increase tensions by accusing invaded by Choshil samurai. In 1867, the Hideyori of planning rebellion, Ieyasu led last shogun, Yoshinobu, led a coalition an army to Osaka in 1614 and laid siege to army to Kyoto to "free" the emperor from its castle. Early in 1615, Ieyasu offered a the grasp of enemy influences, but was peace in return for the destruction of the cas­ stopped in the villages of Toba-Fushimi, tle's outer defenses. When that was done , where the shogunate lost again, despite out­ Ieyasu resumed his attack and took the cas­ numbering its opposition. Preempting those tle. Hideyori and his family committed who desired to eliminate him as an enemy suicide. of the court, Yoshinobu returned his title of Ieyasu, through war, adept alliances, shogun to the emperor, resigning from his skilled administration, and outright treach­ position as head of the shogunate. ery, had completed the unification of Japan Following the loss at Toba-Fushimi, many begun by Nobunaga and Hideyoshi and vassal daimyo hedged their bets and declared ended its long era of political chaos. By loyalty to the court. Most of them did not par­ carefully planning for his succession, he ticipate in the fighting, some refused to resist ensured that the Tokugawa shogunate the court, and others claimed that because the would survive his death. After the destruc­ shogun had resigned, there was nothing left tion of Osaka, Ieyasu returned to Sumpu, to defend. From the winter of 1868 to the became ill, and died on June 1, 1616. summer of the following year, a mixed Ryan Reed group of daimyo, samurai, and commoners fought against the advancing Satsuma- and See also: Oda Nobunaga; Sakoku; Sankin Choshii-Ied armies, many, but not all, in the kotai (Alternate Attendance); Sekigahara, Battle of; Toyotomi Hideyoshi. name of Tokugawa loyalism. In general, re­ sistance occurred in three interconnected Further Reading regions: Edo and the surrounding country­ Sadler, Arthur L. The Maker ofModem Japan: side, the domains of the Northeast, and a The Life of Tokugawa /eyasu . .London: final battle in the north at Hakodate. George Allen & Unwin, 1937. The most fervent Tokugawa loyalists could Totman, Conrad D. Politics in the Tokugawa be found among the Tokugawa liege vassal Bakufu, 1600-1843. Cambridge, MA: samurai, whose fate was tied to the shOgun­ Harvard University Press, 1967. ate. Oguri Tadamasa, who had served the shogunate as a finance commissioner and for­ eign affairs magistrate, was the most vocal Tokugawa Loyalism: Boshin War among those who wanted to fight against Satsuma and Choshil. After his view failed The number of supporters of the Tokugawa to convince the shogun to fight, the shogun shogunate dwindled after its second punitive fired him. He retired to his fief and was later mission against the Choshil domain failed in executed, the only shogunate vassal to suffer 1866. Few vassal daimyo (fudai) answered this fate. Other colleagues formed units of the shogunate's call to arms, and among low-ranking samurai and commoners, like those who did, their large armies fought their emperor-zealot counterparts, the shishi, without enthusiasm. Some fought only to maintain stability in Edo. The largest of because they happened to be near Choshil, these, the Sh6gitai, eventually received such as the Kokura domain, which was authority to protect Yoshinobu. The group Tokugawa Nariaki I 439 quickly amassed 3,000 to 4,000 members the fall of 1869. Many former Tokugawa who engaged in guerrilla warfare against the samurai, like Enomoto and Katsu Kaishu, invading army. They were finally defeated found employment with the Meiji govern­ by government troops during the battle of ment, especially in vital fields such as Ueno in the summer of 1868. foreign affairs, finance, and the navy. The Many loyalists fled to the northwest, bloodiest fighting in Aizu scarred local his­ where they joined 26 domains to fight tory there, much as warfare affected the against the Meiji government's troops, in American South after the Civil War. Even what is called the Boshin War. Although in Aizu today, when people there refer to some were vassal daimyo of the Tokugawa "the war," it signifies not World War II, but family, little evidence suggests that they the Boshin War. fought out of a sense of loyalty to the Toku­ Michael Wert gawa family. In fact, they imitated the See also: Aizu Samurai Spirit; Boshin Civil imperial loyalist domains by propping up War; Hitotsubashi Keiki (Tokugawa Yoshi­ their own imperial family member, Prince nobu); Katsu Kaishi.i; Meiji Ishin Shishi; Mito Rinnoji, and created a royalty-centered School; Tokugawa Bakumatsu Military government like the new Meiji one. Even Reforms. so, much of the fighting occurred in the Aizu domain, one of the three daimyo fami­ Further Reading lies closely related to the Tokugawa. The Hillsborough, Romulus. Shinsengumi: The Aizu-led coalition lost in the fall of 1868. Shogun's Last Samurai Corps. North Former shogunate samurai and survivors Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2005. of the fighting in Aizu led a final rebellion Medzini, Meron. French Policy in Japan against the emperor's armies under the lead­ during the Closing Years of the Tokugawa Regime. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer­ ership of Enomoto Takeaki, head of the shO­ sity Press, 1971. gunate's navy. Rather than turn over the Najita, Tetsuo, and J. V. Koschmann. Conflict shogunate's eight warships, as negotiator in Modern Japanese History: The Neglec­ Katsu Kaishii had promised, Enomoto sailed ted Tradition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton them from Edo to the north in the summer of University Press, 1982. 1868. Disaffected samurai, daimyo, and Shiba, Goro, Mahito Ishimitsu, and Teruko even a few French military advisers who Craig. 1999. Remembering Aizu: The worked for the shogunate joined him in Testament of Shiba Goro. Honolulu: Uni­ Hakodate, Hokkaido. Enomoto attempted versity of Hawai'i Press. to establish a rival government, the republic Totman, Conrad D. The Collapse of the of Ezo. This group held the first elections Tokugawa Bakufu, 1862-1868. Honolulu: on the Japanese islands, but failed to con­ University Press of Hawaii, 1980. vince a Tokugawa family member to come lead their newly formed nation. Thousands of troops clashed with the government's T okugawa Nariaki (I 800-1860) army, losing to them in the summer of 1869. Enomoto was later pardoned and Born in Mito-han in 1800, Tokugawa Nar­ became Minister of the Navy. iaki studied with the Mito scholars Aizawa The Boshin War and Tokugawa loyalism Seishisai and Fujita Toko, both of whom was short-lived, having been destroyed by were key advisers. His political outlook .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Japanese Immigration History
    CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EARLY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES DURING MEIJI TO TAISHO ERA (1868–1926) By HOSOK O Bachelor of Arts in History Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 2000 Master of Arts in History University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, Oklahoma 2002 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2010 © 2010, Hosok O ii CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EARLY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES DURING MEIJI TO TAISHO ERA (1868–1926) Dissertation Approved: Dr. Ronald A. Petrin Dissertation Adviser Dr. Michael F. Logan Dr. Yonglin Jiang Dr. R. Michael Bracy Dr. Jean Van Delinder Dr. Mark E. Payton Dean of the Graduate College iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For the completion of my dissertation, I would like to express my earnest appreciation to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Ronald A. Petrin for his dedicated supervision, encouragement, and great friendship. I would have been next to impossible to write this dissertation without Dr. Petrin’s continuous support and intellectual guidance. My sincere appreciation extends to my other committee members Dr. Michael Bracy, Dr. Michael F. Logan, and Dr. Yonglin Jiang, whose intelligent guidance, wholehearted encouragement, and friendship are invaluable. I also would like to make a special reference to Dr. Jean Van Delinder from the Department of Sociology who gave me inspiration for the immigration study. Furthermore, I would like to give my sincere appreciation to Dr. Xiaobing Li for his thorough assistance, encouragement, and friendship since the day I started working on my MA degree to the completion of my doctoral dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan Between the Wars
    JAPAN BETWEEN THE WARS The Meiji era was not followed by as neat and logical a periodi- zation. The Emperor Meiji (his era name was conflated with his person posthumously) symbolized the changes of his period so perfectly that at his death in July 1912 there was a clear sense that an era had come to an end. His successor, who was assigned the era name Taisho¯ (Great Righteousness), was never well, and demonstrated such embarrassing indications of mental illness that his son Hirohito succeeded him as regent in 1922 and re- mained in that office until his father’s death in 1926, when the era name was changed to Sho¯wa. The 1920s are often referred to as the “Taisho¯ period,” but the Taisho¯ emperor was in nominal charge only until 1922; he was unimportant in life and his death was irrelevant. Far better, then, to consider the quarter century between the Russo-Japanese War and the outbreak of the Manchurian Incident of 1931 as the next era of modern Japanese history. There is overlap at both ends, with Meiji and with the resur- gence of the military, but the years in question mark important developments in every aspect of Japanese life. They are also years of irony and paradox. Japan achieved success in joining the Great Powers and reached imperial status just as the territo- rial grabs that distinguished nineteenth-century imperialism came to an end, and its image changed with dramatic swiftness from that of newly founded empire to stubborn advocate of imperial privilege. Its military and naval might approached world standards just as those standards were about to change, and not long before the disaster of World War I produced revul- sion from armament and substituted enthusiasm for arms limi- tations.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Economic Growth During the Edo Period*
    Japanese Economic Growth during the Edo Period* Toshiaki TAMAKI Abstract During the Edo period, Japanese production of silver declined drastically. Japan could not export silver in order to import cotton, sugar, raw silk and tea from China. Japan was forced to carry out import-substitution. Because Japan adopted seclusion policy and did not produce big ships, it used small ships for coastal trade, which contributed to the growth of national economy. Japanese economic growth during the Edo period was indeed Smithian, but it formed the base of economic development in Meiji period. Key words: Kaimin, maritime, silver economic growth, Sakoku 1.Introduction Owing to the strong influence of Marxism, and Japan’s defeat in World War II, Japanese historians dismissed the Edo period (1603–1867) as a stagnating period. Japan, during this period, was regarded as a country that lagged behind Europe because of its underdeveloped social and economic systems. It had been closed to the outside world for over two hundred years, as a result of its Sakoku (seclusion) policy, and could not, therefore, progress as rapidly as Europe and the United States. This image of Japan during the Edo period began to change in the 1980s, and this period is now viewed as an age of economic growth, even if Japan’s growth rates were not as rapid as those of Europe. Economic growth during the Edo period is now even considered to be the foundation for the economic growth that occurred after the Meiji period. In this paper, I will develop three arguments that demonstrate the veracity of the above viewpoint.
    [Show full text]
  • Westernization in Japan: America’S Arrival
    International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-3, Issue-8, Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in WESTERNIZATION IN JAPAN: AMERICA’S ARRIVAL TANRIO SOPHIA VIRGINIA English Literature Department BINUS UNIVERSITY Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract- As America arrived with westernization during late Edo period also known as Bakumatsu period, Japan unwelcomed it. The arrival of America in Japan had initiated the ‘wind of change’ to new era towards Japan culture albeit its contribution to Japan proffers other values at all cost. The study aims to emphasize the importance of history in globalization era by learning Japan's process in accepting western culture. By learning historical occurrences, cultural conflicts can be avoided or minimized in global setting. The importance of awareness has accentuated an understanding of forbearance in cultural diversity perspectives and the significance of diplomatic relation for peace. Systematic literature review is applied as the method to analyze the advent of America, forming of treaty, Sakoku Policy, Diplomatic relationship, and Jesuit- Franciscans conflict. The treaty formed between Japan and America served as the bridge for Japan to enter westernization. Keywords- Westernization, Japan, America, Sakoku Policy, Jesuit-Franciscans Conflict, Treaty, Culture, Edo Period. I. INTRODUCTION Analysing from the advent of America leads to Japan’s Sakoku Policy which took roots from a Bakumatsu period or also known as Edo period, dispute caused by westerners when Japan was an specifically in the year of 1854 in Capital of Kyoto, open country. This paper provides educational values Japan, was when the conflict between Pro-Shogunate from historical occurrences.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing Democracy in Japan: the Parliamentary Cabinet System Since 1868
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Kentucky University of Kentucky UKnowledge Asian Studies Race, Ethnicity, and Post-Colonial Studies 5-15-2014 Growing Democracy in Japan: The Parliamentary Cabinet System since 1868 Brian Woodall Georgia Institute of Technology Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Woodall, Brian, "Growing Democracy in Japan: The Parliamentary Cabinet System since 1868" (2014). Asian Studies. 4. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_asian_studies/4 Growing Democracy in Japan Growing Democracy in Japan The Parliamentary Cabinet System since 1868 Brian Woodall Due to variations in the technical specifications of different electronic reading devices, some elements of this ebook may not appear as they do in the print edition. Readers are encouraged to experiment with user settings for optimum results. Copyright © 2014 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Woodall, Brian.
    [Show full text]
  • HIRATA KOKUGAKU and the TSUGARU DISCIPLES by Gideon
    SPIRITS AND IDENTITY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NORTHEASTERN JAPAN: HIRATA KOKUGAKU AND THE TSUGARU DISCIPLES by Gideon Fujiwara A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2013 © Gideon Fujiwara, 2013 ABSTRACT While previous research on kokugaku , or nativism, has explained how intellectuals imagined the singular community of Japan, this study sheds light on how posthumous disciples of Hirata Atsutane based in Tsugaru juxtaposed two “countries”—their native Tsugaru and Imperial Japan—as they transitioned from early modern to modern society in the nineteenth century. This new perspective recognizes the multiplicity of community in “Japan,” which encompasses the domain, multiple levels of statehood, and “nation,” as uncovered in recent scholarship. My analysis accentuates the shared concerns of Atsutane and the Tsugaru nativists toward spirits and the spiritual realm, ethnographic studies of commoners, identification with the north, and religious thought and worship. I chronicle the formation of this scholarly community through their correspondence with the head academy in Edo (later Tokyo), and identify their autonomous character. Hirao Rosen conducted ethnography of Tsugaru and the “world” through visiting the northern island of Ezo in 1855, and observing Americans, Europeans, and Qing Chinese stationed there. I show how Rosen engaged in self-orientation and utilized Hirata nativist theory to locate Tsugaru within the spiritual landscape of Imperial Japan. Through poetry and prose, leader Tsuruya Ariyo identified Mount Iwaki as a sacred pillar of Tsugaru, and insisted one could experience “enjoyment” from this life and beyond death in the realm of spirits.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Nationalism in Millennial Japan
    W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 5-2010 Politics Shifts Right: The Rise of Nationalism in Millennial Japan Jordan Dickson College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Dickson, Jordan, "Politics Shifts Right: The Rise of Nationalism in Millennial Japan" (2010). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 752. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/752 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Politics Shifts Right: The Rise of Nationalism in Millennial Japan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelors of Arts in Global Studies from The College of William and Mary by Jordan Dickson Accepted for High Honors Professor Rachel DiNitto, Director Professor Hiroshi Kitamura Professor Eric Han 1 Introduction In the 1990s, Japan experienced a series of devastating internal political, economic and social problems that changed the landscape irrevocably. A sense of national panic and crisis was ignited in 1995 when Japan experienced the Great Hanshin earthquake and the Aum Shinrikyō attack, the notorious sarin gas attack in the Tokyo subway. These disasters came on the heels of economic collapse, and the nation seemed to be falling into a downward spiral. The Japanese lamented the decline of traditional values, social hegemony, political awareness and engagement.
    [Show full text]
  • Navy, Modernized 1868-1894 [Encyclopedia Entry] Michael Wert Marquette University, [email protected]
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette History Faculty Research and Publications History Department 1-1-2013 Navy, Modernized 1868-1894 [Encyclopedia Entry] Michael Wert Marquette University, [email protected] Published version. "Navy, Modernized 1868-1894," in Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. Publisher Link. Japan at War: An Encyclopedia by Louis G. Perez, Editor. © 2013 by ABC-Clio, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduced with permission of ABC-CLIO, LLC, Santa Barbara, CA. Navy, Modernized I 267 . a naval squadron led by U.S. Commodore 2. Japan's emperor, not China's, invested Matthew Perry forced the bakufu to sign Tokugawa shoguns with ruling author­ a treaty that ended national isolation by ity but did so on condition that they allowing a consul-general to reside in Japan, uphold national isolation, which per­ and Townsend Harris came to take up this force meant preserving sovereignty post in 1856. He demanded and got a and territorial integrity. shogunal audience at which he extorted 3. That point required shOguns to expel a full-blown trade pact from bakufu leader unauthorized foreigners who forced Ii Naosuke-just as China was suffering their way into Japan and the ruling defeat in the second. Opium War in 1858. warrior class to live up to its Bushido Ii signed the treaty, in a decision that counter­ ideology. manded the orders of the emperor in Kyoto, 4. Failure on those counts would justify not the emperor in Beijing. This defiant act ending bakufu rule and the warrior stirred up violent nationalistic opposition, class in the name of imperialloyalism, first among samurai from Mito domain, who and creating a new polity and a com­ murdered Ii in 1860, and later throughout moner conscript army better suited to the nation as well.
    [Show full text]
  • King Cotton and the Rising Sun: the Japanese Navy's Confederate
    The Gettysburg Compiler: On the Front Lines of Civil War Institute History Spring 4-12-2017 King Cotton and the Rising Sun: The aJ panese Navy’s Confederate Ironclad Alexandria J. Andrioli Gettysburg College Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/compiler Part of the Military History Commons, Public History Commons, and the United States History Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Andrioli, Alexandria J., "King Cotton and the Rising Sun: The aJ panese Navy’s Confederate Ironclad" (2017). The Gettysburg Compiler: On the Front Lines of History. 241. https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/compiler/241 This is the author's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/compiler/241 This open access blog post is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. King Cotton and the Rising Sun: The aJ panese Navy’s Confederate Ironclad Abstract When the American Civil War ended in 1865, the United States government sold off an val vessels as the country transitioned to Reconstruction. One of those vessels, the CSS Stonewall, traveled to countless and unexpected locations. The CSS Stonewall never fought in the American Civil War as it was intended to do, but instead was destined to fight in the civil war between the Japanese shogunate and emperor as the first ironclad warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Interpretation of the Bakufu's Refusal to Open the Ryukyus To
    Volume 16 | Issue 17 | Number 3 | Article ID 5196 | Sep 01, 2018 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus A New Interpretation of the Bakufu’s Refusal to Open the Ryukyus to Commodore Perry Marco Tinello Abstract The Ryukyu Islands are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to In this article I seek to show that, while the Taiwan. The former Kingdom of Ryukyu was Ryukyu shobun refers to the process by which formally incorporated into the Japanese state the Meiji government annexed the Ryukyu as Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. Kingdom between 1872 and 1879, it can best be understood by investigating its antecedents in the Bakumatsu era and by viewing it in the wider context of East Asian and world history. I show that, following negotiations with Commodore Perry, the bakufu recognized the importance of claiming Japanese control over the Ryukyus. This study clarifies the changing nature of Japanese diplomacy regarding the Ryukyus from Bakumatsu in the late 1840s to early Meiji. Keywords Tokugawa bakufu, Bakumatsu, Ryukyu shobun, Commodore Perry, Japan From the end of the fourteenth century until the mid-sixteenth century, the Ryukyu kingdom was a center of trade relations between Japan, China, Korea, and other East Asian partners. According to his journal, when Commodore Matthew C. Perry demanded that the Ryukyu Islands be opened to his fleet in 1854, the Tokugawa shogunate replied that the Ryukyu Kingdom “is a very distant country, and the opening of its harbor cannot be discussed by us.”2 The few English-language studies3 of this encounter interpret this reply as evidence that 1 16 | 17 | 3 APJ | JF the bakufu was reluctant to become involved in and American sources relating to the discussions about the international status of negotiations between Perry and the bakufu in the Ryukyus; no further work has been done to 1854, I show that Abe did not draft his guide investigate the bakufu’s foreign policy toward immediately before, but rather after the Ryukyus between 1854 and the early Meiji negotiations were held at Uraga in 1854/2.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 WHAT's in a SUBTITLE ANYWAY? by Katherine Ellis a Thesis
    WHAT’S IN A SUBTITLE ANYWAY? By Katherine Ellis A thesis Presented to the Independent Studies Program of the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirements for the degree Bachelor of Independent Studies (BIS) Waterloo, Canada 2016 1 剣は凶器。剣術は殺人術。それが真実。薫どのの言ってる事は．．．一度も自分 の手血はがした事もないこと言う甘えだれ事でござる。けれでも、拙者は真実よ りも薫どのの言うざれごとのほうが好きでござるよ。願あくはこれからのよはそ の戯れ言の真実もらいたいでござるな。 Ken wa kyouki. Kenjutsu wa satsujinjutsu. Sore wa jijitsu. Kaoru-dono no itte koto wa… ichidomo jishin no te chi wa gashita gotomonaikoto iu amae darekoto de gozaru. Keredomo, sessha wa jujitsu yorimo Kaoru-dono no iu zaregoto no houga suki de gozaru yo. Nega aku wa korekara no yo wa sono zaregoto no jujitsu moraitai de gozaru na. Swords are weapons. Swordsmanship is the art of killing. That is the truth. Kaoru-dono ‘s words… are what only those innocents who have never stained their hands with blood can say. However, I prefer Kaoru- dono’s words more than the truth, I do. I wish… that in the world to come, her foolish words shall become the truth. - Rurouni Kenshin, Rurouni Kenshin episode 1 3 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Body Introduction………………………………………………………………….……………………………………..6 Adaptation of Media……………………………………………….…………………………………………..12 Kenshin Characters and Japanese Archetypes……………………………………………………...22 Scripts Japanese………………………………………………………………………………………………….29 English……………………………………………………………………………………………………35 Scene Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………40 Linguistic Factors and Translation………………………………………………………………………53
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of Modern Japan
    The Making of Modern Japan The MAKING of MODERN JAPAN Marius B. Jansen the belknap press of harvard university press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England Copyright © 2000 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Third printing, 2002 First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2002 Book design by Marianne Perlak Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jansen, Marius B. The making of modern Japan / Marius B. Jansen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-674-00334-9 (cloth) isbn 0-674-00991-6 (pbk.) 1. Japan—History—Tokugawa period, 1600–1868. 2. Japan—History—Meiji period, 1868– I. Title. ds871.j35 2000 952′.025—dc21 00-041352 CONTENTS Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii Note on Names and Romanization xviii 1. SEKIGAHARA 1 1. The Sengoku Background 2 2. The New Sengoku Daimyo 8 3. The Unifiers: Oda Nobunaga 11 4. Toyotomi Hideyoshi 17 5. Azuchi-Momoyama Culture 24 6. The Spoils of Sekigahara: Tokugawa Ieyasu 29 2. THE TOKUGAWA STATE 32 1. Taking Control 33 2. Ranking the Daimyo 37 3. The Structure of the Tokugawa Bakufu 43 4. The Domains (han) 49 5. Center and Periphery: Bakufu-Han Relations 54 6. The Tokugawa “State” 60 3. FOREIGN RELATIONS 63 1. The Setting 64 2. Relations with Korea 68 3. The Countries of the West 72 4. To the Seclusion Decrees 75 5. The Dutch at Nagasaki 80 6. Relations with China 85 7. The Question of the “Closed Country” 91 vi Contents 4. STATUS GROUPS 96 1. The Imperial Court 97 2.
    [Show full text]