CENTER SERIES SPACE SUITS Inventory
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Breaking the Pressure Barrier: a History of the Spacesuit Injection Patch
Breaking the Pressure Barrier: A History of the Spacesuit Injection Patch Shane M. McFarland1 Wyle/NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX Aaron S. Weaver2 NASA-Glenn Research Center, Columbus, OH The spacesuit assembly has a fascinating and complicated history dating back to the early 1930s. Much has been written on this history from an assembly perspective and, to a lesser extent, a component perspective. However, little has been written or preserved specifically on smaller, lesser-known aspects of pressure suit design. One example of this is the injection patch—a small 2–in.-diameter disk on the leg of the Apollo suit that facilitated a medical injection when pressurized, and the only known implementation of such a feature on a flight suit. Whereas many people are aware this feature existed, very little is known of its origin, design, and use, and the fact that the Apollo flight suit was not the only instance in which such a feature was implemented. This paper serves to tell the story of this seeming “afterthought” of a feature, as well as the design considerations heeded during the initial development of subsequent suits. Nomenclature EMU = Extravehicular Mobility Unit ETFE = ethylene tetrafluoroethylene EVA = extravehicular activity FEP = fluorinated ethylene propylene ILC = International Latex Corporation IM = intramuscular (injection) IO = intraosseal (injection) IV = intravascular (injection) LCG = liquid cooling garment NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration PGS = pressure garment subsystem TMG = thermal micromediorite garment UTC = urine transfer connector I. Introduction he earliest efforts in pressure suit design were driven by the need to survive high altitudes during attempts to T break speed or height flight records. -
The EVA Spacesuit
POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE Glove Exoskeleton for Extra-Vehicular Activities: Analysis of Requirements and Prototype Design Original Glove Exoskeleton for Extra-Vehicular Activities: Analysis of Requirements and Prototype Design / Favetto, Alain. - (2014). Availability: This version is available at: 11583/2546950 since: Publisher: Politecnico di Torino Published DOI:10.6092/polito/porto/2546950 Terms of use: openAccess This article is made available under terms and conditions as specified in the corresponding bibliographic description in the repository Publisher copyright (Article begins on next page) 04 August 2020 POLITECNICO DI TORINO DOCTORATE SCHOOL Ph. D. In Informatics and Systems – XXV cycle Doctor of Philosophy Thesis Glove Exoskeleton for Extra-Vehicular Activities Analysis of Requirements and Prototype Design (Part One) Favetto Alain Advisor: Coordinator: Prof. Giuseppe Carlo Calafiore Prof. Pietro Laface kp This page is intentionally left blank Dedicato a mio Padre... Al tuo modo ruvido di trasmettere le emozioni. Al tuo senso del dovere ed al tuo altruismo. Ai tuoi modi di fare che da piccolo non capivo e oggi sono parte del mio essere. A tutti i pensieri e le parole che vorrei averti detto e che sono rimasti solo nella mia testa. A te che mi hai sempre trattato come un adulto. A te che te ne sei andato prima che adulto lo potessi diventare davvero. opokp This page is intentionally left blank Index INDEX Index .................................................................................................................................................5 -
SPACE SUIT DEVELOPMENT STATUS by Richard S
NASA TECHNICAL NOTE NASA TN D-3291 -_ -_ c-- * a/ A KI R -1- i SPACE SUIT DEVELOPMENT STATUS by Richard S. Johnston, James V. Correale, and Matthew I. Radnofsky Manned Spacecraft Center Hozcston, Texas N AT10 N A 1 AERO N AUT1CS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. FEBRUARY 1966 n TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM , Illllll 11111 Illlll I llllllllll Ill1111 i 00797BL NASA 'I"D-3291 SPACE SUIT DEVELOPMENT STATUS By Richard S. Johnston, James V. Correale, and Matthew I. Radnofsky Manned Spacecraft Center Houston, Texas NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - Price $1.00 ABSTRACT Space suit development, starting with the Mercury program, has progressed to its present sta tus as a result of the changing goals of each manned spacecraft mission. The first space suits were de signed primarily for protection of flight crews against the possibility of cabin pressure failure. Longer flights and extravehicular activities required design philosophies to change drastically, particularly in the areas of comfort, mobility, reliability, and life- sustaining systems. Future mission goals will re quire new design objectives and requirements. ii SPACE SUIT DEVELOPMENT STATUS By Richard S. Johnston, James V. Correale, and Matthew I. Radnofsky Manned Spacecraft Center SUMMARY Space suits for the Mercury missions were designed primarily for pro tection of flight crews against the possibility of cabin pressure failure. How ever, goals of the Gemini program, particularly extravehicular activities, caused space suit design philosophies to change drastically. The suit had-to sustain life. A basic design was selected to satisfy all mission requirements. -
Intelligent Protection
CATALOGUE 8 ACCREDITATIONS AND TESTIMONIALS 2015 Testimonials “I received the trousers this morning and everything has fi nally come together! All three fi t wonderfully and are exactly what I was looking for! Th ank you for the expedited shipping and the help with the orders... I will defi nitely be ordering from you in the future and will recom- mend your company to anyone looking for a top quality product and customer service. Th anks again, Danny” “I just received my order and tried on the jacket and trousers. I want you to know that I am very thoroughly pleased and impressed with the quality of the jacket/trouser set. Th ey fi t perfectly and look very professional. You truly deliver a solid product. Th ank you very much. I will be sure to make more orders in the future and I am positive me wearing this jacket/trouser set will market itself for you in the off shore oil & gas industry here in Th ailand. Have a great day! Regards, Ryan” “To whom it may concern. I’m lucky enough to work with an organization that supplies me with Sisley Uniforms. Originally I scoff ed at the initial price of the Sisley gear, however over the years have come to appreciate the quality. I’ve spent a lifetime wearing emergency services uniforms in a few diff erent continents, and have yet to fi nd any that are harder wearing or more comfortable. Recently my two piece fl ight suit, which may I say I had been wearing for nearly four years, spent over six months being hand washed in a third-world country, and has endured the abuse very well. -
Apollo Space Suit
APOLLO SPACE S UIT 1962–1974 Frederica, Delaware A HISTORIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LANDMARK SEPTEMBER 20, 2013 DelMarVa Subsection Histor y of the Apollo Space Suit This model would be used on Apollo 7 through Apollo 14 including the first lunar mission of Neil Armstrong and Buzz International Latex Corporation (ILC) was founded in Aldrin on Apollo 11. Further design improvements were made to Dover, Delaware in 1937 by Abram Nathanial Spanel. Mr. Spanel improve mobility for astronauts on Apollo 15 through 17 who was an inventor who became proficient at dipping latex material needed to sit in the lunar rovers and perform more advanced to form bathing caps and other commercial products. He became mobility exercises on the lunar surface. This suit was known as famous for ladies apparel made under the brand name of Playtex the model A7LB. A slightly modified ILC Apollo suit would also go that today is known worldwide. Throughout WWII, Spanel drove on to support the Skylab program and finally the American-Soyuz the development and manufacture of military rubberized products Test Program (ASTP) which concluded in 1975. During the entire to help our troops. In 1947, Spanel used the small group known time the Apollo suit was produced, manufacturing was performed as the Metals Division to develop military products including at both the ILC plant on Pear Street in Dover, Delaware, as well as several popular pressure helmets for the U.S. Air Force. the ILC facility in Frederica, Delaware. In 1975, the Dover facility Based upon the success of the pressure helmets, the Metals was closed and all operations were moved to the Frederica plant. -
Complex Garment Systems to Survive in Outer Space
Volume 7, Issue 2, Fall 2011 Complex Garment Systems to Survive in Outer Space Debi Prasad Gon, Assistant Professor, Textile Technology, Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology, Pattikalyana, Samalkha, Panipat, Haryana, INDIA [email protected] Palash Paul, Assistant Professor, Textile Technology, Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology, Pattikalyana, Samalkha, Panipat, Haryana, INDIA ABSTRACT The success of astronauts in performing Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) is highly dependent on the performance of the spacesuit they are wearing. Since the beginning of the Space Shuttle Program, one basic suit design has been evolving. The Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) is a waist entry suit consisting of a hard upper torso (HUT) and soft fabric mobility joints. The EMU was designed specifically for zero gravity operations. With a new emphasis on planetary exploration, a new EVA spacesuit design is required. Now the research scientists are working hard and striving for the new, lightweight and modular designs. Thus they have reached to the Red surface of Mars. And sooner or later the astronauts will reach the other planets too. This paper is a review of various types of spacesuits and the different fabrics required for the manufacturing of the same. The detailed construction of EMU and space suit for Mars is discussed here, along with certain concepts of Biosuit- Mechanical Counter pressure Suit. Keywords: Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA), spacesuits, Biosuit-Mechanical Counter pressure Suit Tissues (skin, heart, -
U.S. Spacesuit Knowledge Capture Accomplishments in Fiscal Year 2016
47th International Conference on Environmental Systems ICES-2017-47 16-20 July 2017, Charleston, SC U.S. Spacesuit Knowledge Capture Accomplishments in Fiscal Year 2016 Cinda Chullen 1 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, 77058 and Vladenka R. Oliva2 Jacobs Engineering Technology, Houston, Texas, 77058 As our nation focuses on its goal to visit Mars by the 2030s, the NASA U.S. Spacesuit Knowledge Capture (SKC) Program continues to serve the spacesuit community with a collection of spacesuit-related knowledge. Since its 2007 inception, the SKC Program has been collecting and archiving significant spacesuit-related knowledge and sharing it with various technical staff, along with invested and interested entities. The program has sponsored and recorded more than 80 events, and continues to build an electronic library of spacesuit knowledge. By the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2016, 60 of these events were processed and uploaded to a publically accessible NASA Web site where viewers can broaden their knowledge about the spacesuit’s evolution, known capabilities, and lessons learned. Sharing this knowledge with entities beyond NASA, such as space partners and academia, provides a tremendous opportunity to expand and retain the knowledge of space. This valuable SKC Program now serves as an optimum means of archiving NASA’s spacesuit legacy from the Apollo era to the pursuit of Mars. This paper focuses on the FY 2016 SKC events, the release and accessibility of the approved events, and the program’s future plans. Nomenclature ARM = Asteroid -
Physiology of Decompressive Stress
CHAPTER 3 Physiology of Decompressive Stress Jan Stepanek and James T. Webb ... upon the withdrawing of air ...the little bubbles generated upon the absence of air in the blood juices, and soft parts of the body, may by their vast numbers, and their conspiring distension, variously streighten in some places and stretch in others, the vessels, especially the smaller ones, that convey the blood and nourishment: and so by choaking up some passages, ... disturb or hinder the circulation of the blouod? Not to mention the pains that such distensions may cause in some nerves and membranous parts.. —Sir Robert Boyle, 1670, Philosophical transactions Since Robert Boyle made his astute observations in the Chapter 2, for details on the operational space environment 17th century, humans have ventured into the highest levels and the potential problems with decompressive stress see of the atmosphere and beyond and have encountered Chapter 10, and for diving related problems the reader problems that have their basis in the physics that govern this is encouraged to consult diving and hyperbaric medicine environment, in particular the gas laws. The main problems monographs. that humans face when going at altitude are changes in the gas volume within body cavities (Boyle’s law) with changes in ambient pressure, as well as clinical phenomena THE ATMOSPHERE secondary to formation of bubbles in body tissues (Henry’s law) secondary to significant decreases in ambient pressure. Introduction In the operational aerospace setting, these circumstances are Variations in Earthbound environmental conditions place of concern in high-altitude flight (nonpressurized aircraft limits and requirements on our activities. -
Extravehicular Activity Operations and Advancements
Extravehicular A dramatic expansion in extravehicular activity (EVA)—or “spacewalkin g”—capability occurred during the Space Shuttle Activity Program; this capability will tremendously benefit future space Operations and exploration. Walking in space became almost a routine event during the program—a far cry from the extraordinary occurrence it had been. Advancements Engineers had to accommodate a new cadre of astronauts that included women, and the tasks these spacewalkers were asked to do proved Nancy Patrick significantly more challenging than before. Spacewalkers would be Joseph Kosmo charged with building and repairing the International Space Station. James Locke Luis Trevino Most of the early shuttle missions helped prepare astronauts, engineers, Robert Trevino and flight controllers to tackle this series of complicated missions while also contributing to the success of many significant national resources—most notably the Hubble Space Telescope. Shuttle spacewalkers manipulated elements up to 9,000 kg (20,000 pounds), relocated and installed large replacement parts, captured and repaired failed satellites, and performed surgical-like repairs of delicate solar arrays, rotating joints, and sensitive Orbiter Thermal Protection System components. These new tasks presented unique challenges for the engineers and flight controllers charged with making EVAs happen. The Space Shuttle Program matured the EVA capability with advances in operational techniques, suit and tool versatility and function, training techniques and venues, and physiological protocols to protect astronauts while providing better operational efficiency. Many of these advances were due to the sheer number of EVAs performed. Prior to the start of the program, 38 EVAs had been performed by all prior US spaceflights combined. -
Photographs Written Historical and Descriptive
CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION, INDUSTRIAL AREA, HABS FL-583-D HANGAR S HABS FL-583-D (John F. Kennedy Space Center) Cape Canaveral Brevard County Florida PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY SOUTHEAST REGIONAL OFFICE National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 100 Alabama St. NW Atlanta, GA 30303 HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION, INDUSTRIAL AREA HANGAR S HABS NO. FL-583-D Location: Building 1726, Hangar Road, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) Industrial Area. USGS Cape Canaveral, Florida, Quadrangle, Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates E 540530 N 3151415 Zone 17, NAD 1983 Present Owner: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Present Use: Vacant Significance: Hangar S served as the home of NASA’s Pre-Flight Operations Division of Project Mercury from 1959-1963. In Hangar S, the Mercury spacecraft capsules were received, tested, and prepared for flight. The hangar housed astronauts’ pre-flight training and preparation, including capsule simulator training, flight pressure suit tests, flight plan development, and communications training. The astronaut crew quarters were located on the second floor of the hangar’s south wing. Hangar S is directly associated with events that led to the first U.S. manned sub-orbital space flight of Alan B. Shepard in 1961 and the orbital flight of John Glenn in 1962. Hangar S was determined eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) at the national level of significance under Criterion A in the area of Space Exploration. Hangar S is also NRHP eligible under Criterion B for association with the training activities of the original Mercury Seven astronauts, including Alan B. -
AIAA-95-1 062 the Suitport's Progress M. Cohen NASA Ames Research
NASA-TM-111836 /t/ .' I I AIAA-95-1 062 The Suitport's Progress M. Cohen NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA Life Sciences and Space Medicine Conference April 3-5, 1995 / Houston, TX For permission to copy or republish, contact the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 370 L'Enfant Promenade, SOW., Washington, D.C. 20024 AIAA-95-106; THE SUITPORT'S PROGRESS Marc M. Cohen* NASA-Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California Abstract Origins of the Suitport NASA-Ames Research Center developed The Suitport Extravehicular Access Facility the Suitport as an advanced space suit originated during the early phase of the airlock to support a Space Station suit, Space Station Advanced Development based on the AX-5 hard suit. Several third Program. It grew from a recognition that the parties proposed their own variations the construction and operation of Space Station Suitport on the moon and Mars. The Freedom (SSF) would require several Suitport recently found its first practical use thousand hours of EVA time (This finding as a terrestrial application in the NASA- has not changed much for the new design Ames Hazmat vehicle for the clean-up of for "Space Station Alpha." To make the best hazardous and toxic materials. In the Hazmat use of SSF crew time, it will become application, the Suitport offers substantial necessary to make the entire space suit improvements over conventional hazard donning and doffing, and airlock suits, by eliminating the necessicty to egress/ingress as safe, rapid, and efficient decontaminate before doffing the suit. as possible. Definitions The Space Shuttle EMU suit and airlock AX-5 Ames Experimental Suit 5 systems pose several potential CCPS Command/Control Pressure Suit disadvantages for frequent and routine EMU Extra-Vehicular Mobility Unit Space Station operations. -
Benefits of a Single-Person Spacecraft for Weightless Operations (Stop Walking and Start Flying)
42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems AIAA 2012-3630 15 - 19 July 2012, San Diego, California Benefits of a Single-Person Spacecraft for Weightless Operations (Stop Walking and Start Flying) Brand N. Griffin1 Gray Research, Engineering, Science, and Technical Services Contract, 655 Discovery Drive Ste. 300, Huntsville, AL 35806 U.S.A Historically, less than 20 percent of crew time related to extravehicular activity (EVA) is spent on productive external work. For planetary operations space suits are still the logical choice; however, for safe and rapid access to the weightless environment, spacecraft offer compelling advantages. FlexCraft, a concept for a single-person spacecraft, enables any- time access to space for short or long excursions by different astronauts. For the International Space Station (ISS), going outside is time-consuming, requiring pre-breathing, donning a fitted space suit, and pumping down an airlock. For each ISS EVA this is between 12.5 and 16 hours. FlexCraft provides immediate access to space because it operates with the same cabin atmosphere as its host. Furthermore, compared to the space suit pure oxygen environment, a mixed gas atmosphere lowers the fire risk and allows use of conventional materials and systems. For getting to the worksite, integral propulsion replaces hand-over- hand translation or having another crew member operate the robotic arm. This means less physical exertion and more time at the work site. Possibly more important, in case of an emergency, FlexCraft can return from the most distant point on ISS in less than a minute. The one-size-fits-all FlexCraft means no on-orbit inventory of parts or crew time required to fit all astronauts.