NICKEL MAGAZINE THE MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO NICKEL AND ITS APPLICATIONS

NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020

Architecture, building and construction Nickel’s supporting role Design standards for Stainless steel Wind Tree structural stainless steel for curtain walls rebirth of a sculpture CASE STUDY 18 BANK OF COMMUNICATIONS, SUZHOU

Curtain walls give external stability and internal elegance to buildings.

China’s Suzhou branch building of the Bank of Communications takes full Trans- advantage of the unique properties of stainless steel, delivering long-term portation value in cost and maintenance while providing a beautiful exterior reflecting 23% the image of rigour, safety and reliability required of a bank. Curtain wall designers and engineers claddings are fabricated from 2.0 mm for the Bank of Communications thick brush pattern stainless steel and GLOBAL ALLIANCE FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS FOR ALLIANCE GLOBAL project, Zhang Jun and Xiong Duokui the awning system is suspended with of Suzhou Gold Mantis Curtain Wall stainless steel cables. The primary Co., looked to examples like the and secondary joists of the awning Chrysler Building in the U.S. built are clad with 1.5 mm stainless steel in 1930, the Burj Khalifa Tower in sheets, with the bottom of the awning Dubai and the Ping International decorated with 30 × 50 mm stainless

XIONG DUOKUI, ZHANG JUN, SUZHOU GOLD MANTIS CURTAIN WALL CO., LTD. CO., WALL CURTAIN MANTIS GOLD SUZHOU JUN, ZHANG DUOKUI, XIONG Finance Centre in China. All have steel rectangular tubes. And 1.5 mm used nickel-containing Type 316L thick mirror stainless steel clad (UNS S31603) stainless steel to great columns used at the roof balconies effect, without wear or replacement. Designers on this project believe that rise to 3.3 m. The Type 316L stainless steel selected among all materials used in building Inspired by traditional Suzhou for extensive use in the 25 storey curtain walls, stainless steel is the building has a design life of over gardens, the concept of “Suzhou decorative material with the longest 100 years. A stainless steel curtain garden gate” is introduced into useful life, the highest value and the wall rises to over 106 m and mirror- the overall layout of the building. best end-of-life recovery rate. finish stainless steel decorative round The end result is an intelligent and tubes, 2.0 mm thick with a diameter striking-looking office building, and of 150 mm, are used in all the façade an important landmark in Suzhou unit systems of the tower. Inter-floor Industrial Park.

2 | NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020 EDITORIAL: FORM AND FUNCTION

Beautiful stainless steel façades adorn the most iconic high-rise buildings in the world, and have done so for more than 90 years. But underlying the elegant exteriors is serious technology and advantages to improve efficiency, appearance and sustainability.

Global CO2 emissions by sector Buildings and their construction generate 36% of global energy use Other 6% | and almost 40% of greenhouse gas Building emissions. Urbanisation of much operations Trans- 28% of the world’s population will see portation 230 billion square metres of buildings 23% (equivalent to the entire current stock —Building

materials & of buildings) added by 2060. HOUSKA CATHERINE Industry construction 32% 11% Careful materials selection and

GLOBAL ALLIANCE FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS FOR ALLIANCE GLOBAL design can make all the difference Globally, constructing high- in environmental burden. And performance buildings and per- incorporating functional façades like curtain walls is a smart approach. Curtain forming deep energy renovations walls protect the building and its inhabitants from weather, heat, noise, light of existing building envelopes, and glare and have a big impact on energy efficiency. Unsurprisingly they are which include curtain walls, growing in appeal. represent a huge energy savings potential. The International Architects have choices for curtain wall materials. Nickel-containing stainless Energy Agency estimates this to steel offers low thermal conductivity and is an ideal material for structures be more than all the final energy in corrosive environments or for architecturally exposed structural steel consumed by the G20 countries in applications. And they have an excellent life-cycle cost track record. 2015, or around 330 EJ (one This edition of Nickel features beautiful examples of façades which add to exajoule = 10 18 joules) in cumula- the catalogue of iconic stainless steel clad buildings. Think of the Chrysler tive energy savings to 2060. Building, a feature of the New York skyline since 1930. Proof that nickel- www.iea.org/etp/ containing stainless steel is more than just a pretty façade.

Clare Richardson Editor, Nickel magazine

NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020 | 3 CONTENTS

02 Case study no. 18 Bank of Communications, Suzhou NOTABLES

03 Editorial Form and function NICKEL

04 Nickel notables

06 Standards development for structural stainless steel

08 Transforming façades with stainless steel

11 Wind Tree restored Corrosion-resistant stainless steel Tesla’s stellar Cybertruck 12 Ni-resist Tesla’s futuristic electric Cybertruck looks more like a space rover than Alloys for specialised applications a truck. The eye-catching exoskeleton is made from ultra-hard 30X 14 Technical Q&A cold-rolled stainless steel for superior strength and endurance. The Low carbon and weldability Cybertruck – available in 2022 – will be made from the same stainless steel alloy Type 301 (UNS S30100) that Elon Musk’s other company 15 New publications SpaceX is using on its Starship spaceship. Type 301 was chosen for its cost and effectiveness, and its ability to withstand and shed high heat. 15 UNS details For driving on Earth, it resists dents, damage and long-term corrosion 16 Vessel at Hudson Yards while providing passengers with maximum protection. The tri-motor New York’s new landmark version of the truck can accelerate to 60 mph (96.6 km/hr) in 2.9 seconds.

It is also able to tow up to 6,500 kgs. TESLA

Nickel magazine is published by Nickel Institute

www.nickelinstitute.org

Dr. Hudson Bates, President Clare Richardson, Editor

[email protected] YACHTS MANSION

Contributors: Nancy Baddoo, Gary Coates, Catherine Houska, Christine Li, Richard Matheson, Bruce McKean, Geir Moe, Kim Oakes, Odette Ziezold

Design: Constructive Communications ROYAL CANADIAN MINT CANADIAN ROYAL

Material has been prepared for the general information of the reader and should not be used or relied upon for speci c applications without rst securing competent advice. While the material is believed to be technically correct, Nickel Institute, its members, sta and consultants do not represent or warrant its suitability for any general or speci c use and assume no liability or responsibility of any kind in connection with the information herein.

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Stock image credits: Cover: ©David Churchill/arcaid.co.uk pg. 4 iStock©gchutka; pg. 9 iStock©dynasoar; pg.10 iStock©Vera Tikhonova; pg 11. ID 123688539 ©Hoywaii | Dreamstime.com ; pg 12. iStock©MPKphoto

4 | NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020 Elastocaloric cooling material The cooling technology used in the multi-billion dollar a year refrigeration and HVAC industry is about to take a big leap forward thanks to a novel

elastocaloric cooling material – a shape memory alloy that is highly UNIVERSITY MARYLAND OF TAKEUCHI, ICHIRO efficient, eco-friendly and can be easily scaled-up for use in large devices. Developed by an international team led by Professor Ichiro Takeuchi and the University of Maryland, the new cooling material is a nickel-titanium Greener, alloy that was sculpted using additive technology (3-D printing). It has the potential to be more efficient than vapour compression cooling, which has cheaper dominated the market for over 150 years and uses chemical refrigerants which impact global-warming. The new cooling material is entirely green. hydrogen fuel Professor Takeuchi has been working on this innovative technology for nearly a decade, and it is now on the verge of commercialisation.

In a study published in Nature Communications, scientists in Australia demonstrated that it’s possible to use only water, iron, and nickel to create hydrogen fuel. It’s less expensive and more ecologically friendly than traditional ‘water-splitting’ methods. The team from Swinburne University

TESLA of Technology (UNSW) and Griffith University, was able to split hydrogen from oxygen in water, speed up the chemical reaction process while requiring

MANSION YACHTS MANSION less energy to do so. UNSW School of Chemistry’s Professor Chuan Zha says, we “coat the electrodes A fl oating fi rst with our catalyst to reduce energy ROYAL CANADIAN MINT CANADIAN ROYAL It’s the world’s first yacht to be made entirely out of stainless steel. consumption. On this catalyst, Named Mansion Yacht, its sharp design and striking alloy fi nish created there is a tiny nano-scale interface a buzz at the 60th annual Fort Lauderdale International Boat Show. where the iron and nickel meet at Measuring 25.6 m in length and 12.2 m across, the 840 m2 base model can the atomic level, which becomes accommodate 149 people. Four 5.5 m hydraulic legs that have a lifting an active site for splitting water. capacity of 500,000 kg each, enable it to stand up in the water giving it This is where hydrogen can be split a futuristic overwater bungalow look. Seventy-two solar panels provide from oxygen and captured as fuel, green power. The stainless steel advantage? “It is actually 25% of the and the oxygen can be released as maintenance cost of a fi breglass boat,” Bruno Edwards from Mansion an environmentally-friendly waste.” Yachts says.

NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020 | 5 DEVELOPING AND UPDATING DESIGN STANDARDS FOR STRUCTURAL STAINLESS STEEL

Engineers use design standards to verify the adequacy of a structure before it’s built and hence demonstrate compliance with national building regulations. As interest grows in the use of stainless steel for structure, the need for comprehensive and economic structural design rules increases and this HOBHOUSE JACK year sees an unprecedented surge of activity in writing international design standards. Stainless steel design standards are closely aligned to the existing carbon steel design standards, which vary around the world in terms of philosophy, design models, organisation, and presentation. In Europe, all construction must The UK’s Steel Construction Institute comply with the design rules in the has been responsible for preparing Eurocodes. The Second Generation the drafts, based on contributions version of the stainless steel Eurocode from researchers and practitioners is under preparation, and will contain in Europe, China and the U.S. STANTON WILLIAMS C SEELE C WILLIAMS STANTON a number of significant developments, At the same time, the American including rules which exploit the Society of Civil Engineers’ ASCE benefit of strain hardening and the 8-02: Specification for theDesign of JACK HOBHOUSE JACK introduction of two strength classes Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural to simplify the process of grade Members is also undergoing an selection. In addition, the design rules extensive revision – the scope is for stainless steel in fire have been being broadened to include duplex New revised design standards comprehensively revised. stainless steels and the design rules are being developed to The Nickel Institute has played a key being updated. The new version is help engineers harness the role in supporting standards devel- expected to be published in 2021. benefits of structural stainless opment work for stainless steel in the There is also activity on standards steel with confidence. U.S. The American Institute of Steel writing in China – in 2015, the first Construction (AISC) decided that the Chinese design standard for structural interest in structural stainless steel stainless steel was published as in the U.S. merited the preparation CECS 410. A revision is now underway of a full standalone design standard focussing on developing more com- with work starting on AISC 370, prehensive design rules for welded Specification for Structural Stainless and bolted joints, and also seismic Steel Buildings, due for issue in 2021. design rules.

6 | NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020 JACK HOBHOUSE JACK Raising the standards on the London

Underground SEELE C WILLIAMS STANTON

An example of recent stainless steel structures are the two crystal-like entrances to the redeveloped JACK HOBHOUSE JACK Tottenham Court Road and new Designed by architects Stanton Crossrail underground stations. sections. In selecting the stainless steel alloy, structural strength require- Williams, the glass structures The larger south entrance is 15 m tall draw daylight into the station ments, weldability and the ability to and was completed in 2015, with below and are illuminated fabricate minimum radius edges were at night, creating a dramatic the 9.5 m tall north entrance being all-important considerations. Duplex and secure environment. The opened two years later. Structural Type 2205 (UNS S32205) was used for two entrance structures are engineers, Expedition, worked closely the structural members in the taller separated by a diagonal strip with specialist glass contractor Seele entrance due to its superior strength, of glazing in the pavement, which also allows daylight to to develop the design with primary which is twice that of Type 316L reach the ticket hall below. framing of glass and stainless steel (S31603). Type 316L was used for the composite beams and columns. north entrance because its strength The structures include 1,100 m2 of was sufficient for the applied loading laminated safety glass, supported and fabrication is easier. The flashings by 650 m of stainless steel structural to both entrances were Type 316L.

NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020 | 7 STAINLESS STEELS TRANSFORMING BUILDING FAÇADES

Among the materials applied extensively to building façades, stainless steel is a relative newcomer. Nickel-containing stainless steels have been used from the beginning – think of the Chrysler Building in New York (1930) using Type 302 (UNS S30200) – and have been performing exceptionally well ever since. Leading architects, Pelli Clarke become London’s new financial Pelli Architects, Inc. (PCPA) has centre. The design team selected been designing stainless steel into Type 316L (S31603) stainless steel with building façades for the past 30 years. an embossed linen finish, later known “Stainless steel building façades are as Cambric. One Canada Square full of visual impact and add an excit- pioneered the use of embossed ing luster, remaining like new over finishes on a super high-rise building. time,” explains architect Jie Zhang, Cambric has ensured a highly stable who leads PCPA’s Shanghai office. flatness, gloss and reflection direc- “However, the successful application tionality of panels to reinforce the of stainless steel in building façades architectural design. Beyond the relies on having an adequate budget, curtain walls, stainless steel is also rigorous detailing and specification applied to the tower lobby, awnings, selection, as well as refined manu- overhangs and other public spaces. facturing and construction quality.” Today, after nearly 30 years, the tower A range of PCPA’s projects, having has become one of London’s best- employed different applications of known landmarks. stainless steel in building façades The Petronas Towers in Kuala reflecting on the opportunities and Lumpur, built in the same period, challenges in working with stainless One Canada Square pioneered were once the tallest twin towers steel are presented here. the use of embossed finishes on in the world. This building is the a super high-rise building London’s first skyscraper at 235 m core element of the city centre. In façade. and the centerpiece of Canary Wharf, order to create a uniquely Malaysian One Canada Square stands as a design, the team drew inspiration simple square prism terminating with from Islamic culture, Kuala Lumpur’s a pyramidal top. Completed in 1992, climate and traditional Malaysian arts. this tower has a clear and powerful The plan of the twin towers is gener- form, and is the founding landmark ated from two overlapping squares of the new urban area which has that form an eight-pointed star, a

8 | NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020 The design of the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur pays tribute to traditional Malaysian architectural style.

pattern frequently found in Islamic mitigate the large sun angle of the crafts. As the buildings rise, they step region. In addition, stainless steel back six times, and at each setback is applied in the spandrel panel, as the walls tip outward slightly. This structural column enclosures at the complex technique is used to pay tower top, providing enduring luster tribute to the traditional Malaysian and vitality to the building. architectural style. The façade design The Cheung Kong Center completed needed to show both modernity and an enduring charm. The body of in 1999 illustrates a wonderful dialogue the twin towers is wrapped by glass between architectural massing curtain walls and Type 316 (S31600) (shape, form and size) and detailing. stainless steel panels and members, The building stands out from its which softly reflect sunlight. Stainless neighbours, taking the simple form of steel is used in the sunshade devices a tall and well-proportioned square as part of the sustainable design to prism. The curtain wall is reflective

NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020 | 9 10 |NICKEL, VOL.35,Nº1, 2020 wrapped in Typewrapped 316L panels – Steel Group Baowu of new headquarters The stainless of steel. grid awrapping by modulated glass reflective wall is curtain –The Kong Centre Cheung The to right: Left luster and high durability. high luster and both the to façades provide on steel extensively used is Polished stainless embossed and Tower Plaza Baodi The – sunscreens. and glass performance with high “soft shell” of high-performance glass. glass. of shell” high-performance “soft The buildingThe had akey role rede in the of headquarters new The differenton finishes Three Type 316L The The steel raw material for the stainless The velopment and to needed area of this design during times of festivities. of festivities. times during design of Steel Baowu Group. enclosure The area. buildings in this one of tallest the the on of integrated light fixtures steel. pattern Adense of stainless China, a first architectural applicationarchitectural China, afirst buildings wrapped of the all is edge a fine No. 4, and glass bead blasted. bead a fineblasted. No.and glass 4, amenities and the rounded of and the corners amenities features, Special and sun screens. glass modulated by grid glass awrapping project features Typeproject features 316L stainless – emphasises of Baosteel headquarters produced was by in panels Baosteel glass high-performance with panels for Group. the façade of the pattern allows the in a “hard shell” of shell” linenin a“hard Type 316L characteristics corporate the illustrate night, with changing colour changing and with night, two types of curtain walls. The street street The walls. of curtain types two the buildings have a more open, glassy buildingsthe have amore open, glassy Shanghai headquarters building, this building, this headquarters Shanghai simplicity and elegance. As with its simplicity its and elegance. with As for building each feature systems site World of Shanghai the is Expo, Cambric, used, were steel stainless at to glow steel grid softly stainless Steel Group Steel Baodi Plaza Baodi , located at the former , located former at the Guangzhou tower Guangzhou –the Baowu Baowu

- And nickel-containing stainless steels steels stainless nickel-containing And Jie Zhang adds. “In the practice adds. “InJie the of Zhang vertical and horizontal grid, two two grid, and horizontal vertical with a bold aspiration for abold future.” the aspiration with client, the worked sup with closely deep respect for aproject’sdeep respect environ for panel productiondous challenges flat and the methods, treatment detail of adifferent façade diversity design, extensively to on façades the provide ensure the long the lifeensure of building. the Timeless project success. ensuring client, the and a cooperation with Baosteel as one of the largest steel one of largest the as Baosteel PCPA should design believes great that and embossed stainless steel is used used steel is stainless and embossed architecture arises from a deep adeep from arises architecture complementary to are in other each to building steel stainless applying team design The and construction. and concise brought façades tremen producers in the world. Through use producers world. in use the Through pliers and the contractor and the pliers to develop façade design, all steps from concep from steps façade all design, understanding of the past combined of past the understanding joists. backing using in expression is added. is Polished in expression in grain directionality, filletin grain extreme both luster durability. and high both The not be constrained by a signature by asignature not be constrained mental, economic and social content. content. social and economic mental, radius at folds and fixation methods radius at folds methods and fixation tual design to material implementation design tual steel façades, reflecting the status of status the reflecting steel façades, style, but rather born of the close of close but the born style, rather nuancessolutions such for as details - - - -

© 2020 PELLI CLARKE PELLI ARCHITECTS © 2020 PELLI CLARKE PELLI ARCHITECTS restored, and public ensured. restored, safety decided Wind that Tree should be Auckland joints. Council truss out on several were carried repairs weld and temporary were serious weld and corrosionThe cracking fatigue. corrosion-assisted the chloridecorrosive aided ions that the provided which environment, severe as a marine classified is location Tree’sWind waterfront fatigue. corrosion-assisted with factors which associated tinting, are weld and residual damage heat corrosion striations, fatigue of face presence the fracture revealed of corroded examination the Further Typefrom 316 (S31600). fabricated joints of welded the truss problemrosion cracking on several In 2014 showed inspection acor an reflected below lightup throughpool thesculpture. Auckland in 2011. harbour in once the wind swung while again the trusses Its in 1977 Zealand New to moved anew Quarter, home by was in and Wynyard Michio Ihara’s Tree Wind in Auckland, Park, Elizabeth in installed Queen was REBIRTH OFASCULPTURE WIND TREE -

it as a “rebirth for sculpture”. the a“rebirth it as replaced in 2019. described has Ihara were trusses 39 remaining The found. or was corrosion no cracking and examined was truss redesigned the of months service six After fabricated Type from 316L (S31603). replaced in 2018 new the design with was severely attacked truss most The surface finish. grit to a600 polished heat tint and mechanically were to chemically cleaned remove 1554:6:2012. welds The in AS/NZS FA Category weld to fabricated were gas) welds on new the joint design (tungsten TIG sculpture. the The inert change the artistic characteristics of not bydid sculptorit to ensure Ihara reviewed was selected design and the wereVarious assessed, joint designs future. into the corrosion-free and sound will remain the artwork ensure Type 316L similarly available. will stainless steelgrade commonly ‘L’in made steelmaking has Advancements steel in structures. Type 316Llow-carbon stainless 1977In common not to use it was NICKEL, VOL. 35,Nº1,2020 |11

PATRICK REYNOLDS NI-RESIST SUPERIOR CORROSION RESISTANCE FOR SPECIALISED APPLICATIONS

Only 9% of nickel production is used in alloy steels and castings but these materials are significant in delivering specific characteristics for specialised and often critical applications. One such material is Ni-Resist cast The austenitic structure provides irons, with up to 36% nickel. Their improved heat and corrosion- superior corrosion resistance and resistant properties in comparison toughness, in comparison to grey cast to unalloyed and low-alloy grey and iron, makes them an important mate- ductile cast irons. Castability of rial in various types of pumps, and Ni-Resists are comparable to that of their superior oxidation resistance grey and ductile cast irons and they are readily machined and welded. and high temperature strength makes These benefits are described in them an ideal material as piston ring further detail in Table 1. The family inserts. is divided into two types – flake Nickel is responsible for producing graphite (FG) alloys and the ductile a stable austenitic microstructure spheroidal graphite (SG) alloys. Both like that of austenitic stainless steel. types are similar in composition

Table 1: Beneficial properties of Ni-Resist alloys Corrosion In salt solutions, seawater, mild acid, alkalies and oil field liquids, both resistance sweet and sour, Ni-Resist alloys possess corrosion resistance superior to that of normal and low alloy cast irons. Wear Cylinder liners, pistons, wear rings and sleeves, bearings, glands and other resistance metal-to-metal rubbing parts are cast in Ni-Resist alloys. Their galling resistance is excellent. Erosion Fluids with entrained solids, such as slurries, are extremely erosive to most resistance metals. Ni-Resist alloys offer a combination of corrosion-erosion resistance which is superior to grey cast iron, ductile irons and steel. Toughness Ni-Resist alloys are much superior to grey cast iron, particularly at low temperatures. Heat SG alloys are used up to 1050 °C (1930 °F) because of superior elevated properties resistance relative to FG alloys. FG alloys are seldom used above 315 °C (600 °F). All Ni-Resist alloys have relatively low rates of oxidation in air. The resulting oxides adhere tenaciously, further reducing oxidation with time.

12 | NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020 Table 2: Nominal composition of some notable Ni-Resist alloys Tensile Compressive C strength strength Elongation Type UNS Ni Cr Si Cu Mn max MPa (ksi) MPa (ksi) % Flake graphite Ni-Resist alloys (ASTM A436) 170-210 700-840 1 F41000 15.5 2 2 6.5 1 3.0 (24-30) (100-120) 2 0.5 170-210 700-840 2 F41002 20 2 2 max 1 3.0 (24-30) (100-120) 2 0.1 0.5 120-180 560-700 5 F41006 35 max 2 max 1 3.0 (17-26) (80-100) 2 Tensile Yield Cu C strength strength Elongation Type UNS Ni Cr Si max Mn max MPa (ksi) MPa (ksi) % Spheroidal graphite Ni-Resist alloys (ASTM A439) 370-480 210-250 D-2B F43001 20 3 2 0.5 1 3.0 (53-69) (30-36) 7-20 440-480 210-240 D-2M - 21 0.1 2 0.5 4 2.6 (63-69) (30-34) 13-18 1.0 370-500 200-290 D-5S - 36 2 5.2 0.5 max 3.0 (53-71) (29-41) 10-20 except for a small magnesium addi- shown in Figures 1 and 2. tion, which converts the graphite to Figure 1 Typical microstructure The composition of some of the most the spheroidal form in the SG alloys, of fl ake graphite Ni-Resist alloys notable grades are shown in Table 2 providing higher strength, ductility and specifi c benefi cial properties are and elevated temperature properties. identifi ed inTable 3. However, the fl ake grades with lower cost, fewer foundry problems and As their name suggests, Ni-Resist better machinability still fi nd appli- alloys are excellent perfomers in the cation. Typical microstructures are most demanding applications.

Figure 2 Typical microstructure of Table 3: Notable Ni-Resist alloys spheroidal graphite Ni-Resist alloys Ni-Resist 1 Good corrosion resistance with good moderate temperature and wear resistance. Used in pumps, valves and particularly piston ring inserts and products where wear resistance is required.

Ni-Resist 2 Higher nickel content makes this alloy more corrosion resistant in alkaline Discharge elbow for triple-effect environments for applications handling soap, rayon and plastics. evaporators for the potash industry Ni-Resist 5 Lowest coeffi cient of thermal expansion of Ni-Resist alloys. Provides dimensional made from ASTM A436 Grade 2b stability for machine tool parts, forming dies, instruments and expansion joints. (2900 kg) D-2B Good resistance to corrosion, corrosion-erosion and frictional wear and used at temperatures up to 760 °C (1400 °F). Applications include pumps, compressors, turbocharger housings and exhaust gas manifolds. D-2M Maintains ambient temperature mechanical properties down to -170 °C (-275 °F). This is achieved by its manganese addition. Major uses are for refrigeration and cryogenic equipment. D-5S Low coefficient of thermal expansion with good thermal shock resistance with excellent resistance to growth and oxidation resistance up to 1050 °C (1925 °F). Used in gas turbines, turbocharger housings and exhaust manifolds. HIGHLAND FOUNDRY LTD. FOUNDRY HIGHLAND

NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020 | 13 ASK AN EXPERT FAQ FROM THE NICKEL INSTITUTE TECHNICAL ADVICE LINE

Q: Does the low carbon present in “L” grade austenitic stainless steels, such as 304L or 316L, improve weldability? QA: No, the low carbon in “L” grade leads to the assumption that the low (<0.03%) is to prevent the formation carbon of “L” grade also infl uences of a detrimental amount of chromium the weldability of nickel-containing carbides during welding. These austenitic stainless steel. The nickel in carbides can bind considerable austenitic stainless steels stabilises quantities of chromium, thereby the microstructure at all temperatures, Geir Moe P.Eng. is the Technical Adepleting chromium along the grain thus there is no microstructural Inquiry Service Coordinator at boundaries, potentially impairing change in the weld area as a result the Nickel Institute. Along with corrosion resistance, which can result of welding. other material specialists situated in intergranular corrosion (IGC), as around the world, Geir helps Visit: inquiries.nickelinstitute.org indicated in Figure 1. Low carbon con- end-users and specifi ers of nickel- tents are typical of all stainless steels containing materials seeking for corrosion service and thus IGC technical support. The team is on of stainless steel, due to welding, is hand to provide technical advice free of charge on a wide range rarely observed. Whether the carbon content is above or below 0.03% has

of applications such as stainless ONLINE steel, nickel alloys and nickel no impact on weldability. NICKEL WWW.NICKELINSTITUTE.ORG plating to enable nickel to be used In contrast, carbon steel weldability is with confi dence. infl uenced by carbon content. Carbon SUBSCRIBE to Nickel magazine free of charge and receive a printed copy or an e-mail notice when a https://inquiries.nickelinstitute.org/ steel experiences a microstructural new issue is published. www.nickelinstitute.org change with temperature. At temper- Temperature °C atures above ~727 °C (1340 °F) the READ Nickel magazine online in several languages. C = 0.08 www.nickelinstitute.org/nickel-magazine/ 900 equilibrium microstructure is austen- C = 0.06 ite, while below this temperature the SEARCH BACK ISSUES of Nickel magazine from our 800 online archive, going back to 2009. C = 0.05 C = 0.03 equilibrium microstructure is ferrite. www.nickelinstitute.org/nickel-magazine/ 700 However, if austenite is cooled rapidly C = 0.02 FOLLOW US on Twitter @NickelInstitute a less ductile microstructure called 600 1 h 10 h martensite is created. Carbon content JOIN US on LinkedIn – (AVESTA SHEFFIELD CORROSION HANDBOOK, 8TH EDITION) 8TH HANDBOOK, CORROSION SHEFFIELD (AVESTA 0.2 0.5 1.0 5 10 50 100 500 10000 >0.30% in carbon steels are especially visit the Nickel Institute’s page Time, minutes Figure 1: The time needed to form problematic requiring preheat to WATCH nickel-related videos on detrimental amounts of chromium lower the cooling rate to mitigate the Nickel Institute YouTube channel www.youtube.com/user/NickelInstitute carbides is much longer for the “L” martensite formation. It is this con- grades, which contain 0.03% C. cern with carbon steel welding that

14 | NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020 NEW PUBLICATIONS

Alloy selection for service About 75% of nitric acid produced is in nitric acid (10075) reviews the used in the production of nitrate corrosive effect of nitric acid at all fertiliser. concentrations. It discusses the most This fully revised technical common process for nitric acid publication from the Nickel Institute production, the corrosion resistance provides a useful guide for materials of various nickel-containing metals engineers. and other metals to nitric acid, as Available to download free from well as some industrial applications. www.nickelinstitute.org

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DESIGN GUIDELINES CORROSION and AISI’s FOR THE SELECTIONCORROSION Updated technical publications Compounds Design RESISTANCECORROSION OF AND USERESISTANCE OF OF STAINLESSSTAINLESSNICKEL RESISTANCEAND STEEL STEEL NICKEL- OF STAINLESSNICKEL STEELS AND NICKEL- The Nickel Institute has updated 30 Guidelines for the Selection and Use MEMBRANEMEMBRANECONTAININGNICKEL ROOF ROOFAND ALLOYS NICKEL- A DESIGNERS’CONTAINING HANDBOOK SERIES ALLOYS A DESIGNERS’CONTAININGIN HANDBOOK HYDROCHLORIC SERIES ALLOYS A DESIGNERS’IN HANDBOOK HYDROCHLORICNO 9014 SERIES ACID,IN HYDROCHLORIC NHYDROGENO 9034 ACID, HYDROGENO signifi cant historical technical of Stainless Steels provide relevant ACID,CHLORIDEN HYDROGEN 9034 AND CHLORIDE AND CHLORINECHLORIDE (CEB-3) AND CHLORINECHLORINE (CEB-3) (CEB-3) publications originally produced by technical information for engineers A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE USE A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE USE OF ANICKEL-CONTAINING PRACTICAL GUIDE TO ALLOYS THE USE OF NICKEL-CONTAINING ALLOYS OF NICKEL-CONTAININGNO ALLOYS279 NO 279 INCO and American Iron and Steel and end-users. The digital quality of NO 279 Institute (AISI). Popular titles, such the guides has been improved and Produced by Distributed by AMERICANProduced IRON by DistributedNICKEL by ANDAMERICAN STEELProduced INSTITUTE IRON by INSTITUTEDistributedNICKEL by ANDAMERICAN STEEL INSTITUTE IRON INSTITUTENICKEL as INCO’s The Corrosion Resistance all publications are searchable. AND STEEL INSTITUTE INSTITUTE of Nickel-Containing Alloys in Available to download free from Distributed by Produced by DistributedNICKEL by INCOProduced by INSTITUTEDistributedNICKEL by INCOProduced by INSTITUTENICKEL Sulphuric Acid and Related www.nickelinstitute.org INCO INSTITUTE

Chemical compositions (% by weight) of the alloys and stainless steels UNS DETAILS mentioned in this issue of Nickel. UNS C Cr Fe Mn Mo N Ni P S Si

S30100 0.15 16.0- 2.00 0.10 6.0- 0.045 0.030 1.00 bal. - p. 4 max. 18.0 max. max. 8.0 max. max. max.

S30200 0.15 17.0- 2.00 0.10 8.0- 0.045 0.030 1.00 bal. - p. 8 max. 19.0 max. max. 10.0 max. max. max.

S30403 0.03 18.0- 2.00 8.0- 0.045 0.030 1.00 bal. - - p. 14 max. 20.0 max. 12.0 max. max. max.

S31600 0.08 16.0- 2.00 2.00- 10.0- 0.045 0.030 1.00 bal. - p. 9, 11 max. 18.0 max. 3.00 14.0 max. max. max.

S31603 0.03 16.0- 2.00 2.00- 10.0- 0.045 0.030 1.00 bal. - p. 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16 max. 18.0 max. 3.00 14.0 max. max. max.

S32205 0.030 22.0- 2.00 3.00- 0.14- 4.50- 0.030 0.020 1.00 bal. p. 7, 16 max. 23.0 max. 3.50 0.20 6.50 max. max. max.

NICKEL, VOL. 35, Nº 1, 2020 | 15 THE VESSEL AT HUDSON YARDS New York City’s Hudson Yards is the largest private real estate development in the United States by area. The fi rst phase opened in 2019 with a spectacular interactive sculpture, the Vessel, as its focal point. Designed by Thomas Heatherwick and Heatherwick Studio, this extraordinary 46 m (150 ft) tall new landmark was meant to be climbed and provides fascinating views of the city. The red bronze look of the exterior was obtained by applying a highly

PHOTOGRAPHY IS BY MICHAEL MORAN FOR RELATED COMPANIES. RELATED FOR MORAN MICHAEL BY IS PHOTOGRAPHY customised PVD coating to over 45 tonnes of mirror-polished, Type 316L (S31603) nickel-containing stainless steel. While the appearance of the sculpture’s requirements. The hollow balusters interior is reminiscent of M.C. Escher’s allow for discreet evening lighting The Vessel minimises its continuous staircase, the Vessel’s and are made from about 80 tonnes footprint by being small at the 154 intricately interconnecting fl ights of high-strength nickel-containing bottom. As it grows vertically of stairs with 80 landings do allow Type 2205 (S32205) stainless steel its width increases. visitors to climb to the top. It was with an abrasive blasted finish. important for the staircase to retain For the mobility impaired, there its beauty over time and appear is a curvilinear stainless steel and lightweight while meeting structural glass elevator.

16 NICKEL,| NICKEL, VOL. VOL. 35, 35, Nº Nº 1, 1, 2020 2020