DOCSLIB.ORG

Dissertation Explorative Design Methodology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dissertation Explorative Design Methodology DISSERTATION EXPLORATIVE DESIGN METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES Submitted by Kurt L. Barth Department of Mechanical Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Spring, 2016 Doctoral Committee Advisor: Wade Troxell Co-Advisor: W. S. Sampath Louis Bjostad Gearold Johnson ii Copyright by Kurt L. Barth 2016 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT EXPLORATIVE DESIGN METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES Design is a fundamental aspect of engineering. In contrast to its importance, the understanding and the teaching of a formalized theory of design is not a focus of the engineering discipline. Therefore, developing a more rigorous understanding of the actual design process is beneficial. This study of design presents the opportunity to improve the design process and to develop a common language that facilitates communication. A variety of different theories have been developed in an attempt to model design processes. Because many are either observational or model design as a search process, they inadequately account for knowledge generation and innovation development. The design as exploration (DAE) theory accounts for knowledge generation, provides explicit terminology, and offers a promising approach to expanding the understanding of design. However, the capabilities of the DAE theory have not been broadly researched, particularly for innovative design, for design environments that are heavily constrained as found in early stage technology companies, or for the development of sustainable products. A thin film solar photovoltaic (PV) module packaging technology was developed and commercialized by the startup company Abound Solar. Approximately one million modules were manufactured and sold in the US, Asia and Europe. The design activity was started as a research effort at CSU and then advanced to large-scale production. It was conducted without a clear design predecessor and with limited available starting knowledge. The early stage company environment with limited resources and funding and a compressed schedule further impacted the design efforts. This module design effort is used to analyze the application of the DAE theory and its utility for early stage technologies and design environments that require innovation. ii Key outcomes of this research are the further development of DAE theory, including expanding the understanding of knowledge generation within DAE during real world design. For early stage companies and for innovative designs, the generation of new knowledge is needed before the development of credible problem statements and requirements can be developed. The requirements imposed by sustainable design and iterative product design cycles are also researched thus enabling the extension of the theory's applicability. By investigating cradle-to- cradle sustainable design and iterative product design cycles, a forward-looking, anticipatory component to the DAE process was developed. An updated graphical representation of the DAE theory is presented. It shows the expanded opportunities for knowledge transfer, incorporates knowledge levels, refines the role of R&D and prototype development, and accounts for multiple design cycles. Details of the module product realization including the materials, construction and manufacturing processes are described. The results of the development included a nearly 6 times reduction in capital costs, reduction in cycle time from 13.5 minutes (currently industry standard) to 30 seconds and significantly improved module durability to moisture ingress (the dominant failure mechanism). The new architecture and associated manufacturing technology can enable lower cost modules with higher reliability and durability which will help to achieve the near term DOE cost goals of 6 cents/kWh and ultimately 3 cents/kWh for solar generated electricity. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I offer my special thanks to Wade Troxell. I have truly enjoyed the breadth and content of our conversations. I have appreciated your encouragement to investigate new intellectual avenues. Your understanding of design theory as applied to engineering and research has been very insightful. Thank you for the opportunity to explore these avenues of thought. I sincerely appreciate my 25-year friendship with W. S. Sampath. We have partnered on a truly vast array of successful projects, including the founding of Abound Solar. I look forward to new challenges as we work to make solar electricity an energy solution. My committee members, Louis Bjostad and Gearold Johnson have provided meaningful insights and I am thankful for that input derived from their rich experience. I want to acknowledge the contributions of the Abound Solar product development team who helped bring the module designs described here to commercial fruition. I want also acknowledge my colleagues and collaborators with the Next Generation PV Center at CSU and Direct Solar. Lastly, I offer my love and appreciation to my friends and to my family who have been the source of endless encouragement and support. Kurt L. Barth iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................ iv 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Thesis Topic Overview ........................................................................................................... 2 2. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Solar Photovoltaics ............................................................................................................................ 4 2.2 PV Module Architecture .......................................................................................................... 6 2.3 PV Costs and the Impact of Reliability ................................................................................... 7 2.4 Abound Solar and Business Environments ............................................................................ 9 3. DESIGN THEORY .................................................................................................................. 12 3.1 Motivation to Study Design ................................................................................................... 12 3.2 Design as Search ................................................................................................................. 13 3.3 C-K theory ............................................................................................................................ 13 3.4 Design as Exploration ........................................................................................................... 14 4 RESULTS / DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 17 4.1 Thesis Statement.................................................................................................................. 17 4.2 Overarching Constraints Encountered During the Design Efforts ......................................... 17 4.3 DAE Applied to an Early Stage Company ............................................................................. 19 4.3.1 Startup Company Environment .............................................................................. 19 4.3.2 DAE to Understand the Impact Of the Startup Constraints .................................... 21 4.3.3 Insights to Knowledge Use in DAE ......................................................................... 23 4.3.4 Knowledge Levels in the DKR ................................................................................ 25 4.3.5 Documentation ...................................................................................................... 28 4.4 DAE Applied to Innovation .................................................................................................... 30 4.4.1 Innovation Opportunities for CdTe PV Modules ..................................................... 30 4.4.2 Knowledge Development, Routine Through Innovative Design ………..………….. 32 4.4.3 Exploration Process with Innovation ...................................................................... 35 4.4.4 Examples of Expanding Knowledge to Drive Design ............................................. 36 4.4.5 Establishing Innovation Level ................................................................................ 38 4.4.6 Role Of Prototypes and Targeted R&D .................................................................. 38 4.5 DAE and Sustainability ......................................................................................................... 40 4.5.1 Impacts of Sustainability ........................................................................................ 40 4.5.2 Increase In Documentation Requirements ............................................................. 41 4.5.3 Expansion Of The Design
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Planning Curriculum in Art and Design
    Planning Curriculum in Art and Design Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction Planning Curriculum in Art and Design Melvin F. Pontious (retired) Fine Arts Consultant Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction Tony Evers, PhD, State Superintendent Madison, Wisconsin This publication is available from: Content and Learning Team Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction 125 South Webster Street Madison, WI 53703 608/261-7494 cal.dpi.wi.gov/files/cal/pdf/art.design.guide.pdf © December 2013 Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction The Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction does not discriminate on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, creed, age, national origin, ancestry, pregnancy, marital status or parental status, sexual orientation, or disability. Foreword Art and design education are part of a comprehensive Pre-K-12 education for all students. The Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction continues its efforts to support the skill and knowledge development for our students across the state in all content areas. This guide is meant to support this work as well as foster additional reflection on the instructional framework that will most effectively support students’ learning in art and design through creative practices. This document represents a new direction for art education, identifying a more in-depth review of art and design education. The most substantial change involves the definition of art and design education as the study of visual thinking – including design, visual communications, visual culture, and fine/studio art. The guide provides local, statewide, and national examples in each of these areas to the reader. The overall framework offered suggests practice beyond traditional modes and instead promotes a more constructivist approach to learning.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 2, Issue 3, Autumn 2018
    The Journal of Dress History Volume 2, Issue 3, Autumn 2018 Front Cover Image: Textile Detail of an Evening Dress, circa 1950s, Maker Unknown, Middlesex University Fashion Collection, London, England, F2021AB. The Middlesex University Fashion Collection comprises approximately 450 garments for women and men, textiles, accessories including hats, shoes, gloves, and more, plus hundreds of haberdashery items including buttons and trimmings, from the nineteenth century to the present day. Browse the Middlesex University Fashion Collection at https://tinyurl.com/middlesex-fashion. The Journal of Dress History Volume 2, Issue 3, Autumn 2018 Editor–in–Chief Jennifer Daley Editor Scott Hughes Myerly Proofreader Georgina Chappell Published by The Association of Dress Historians [email protected] www.dresshistorians.org The Journal of Dress History Volume 2, Issue 3, Autumn 2018 [email protected] www.dresshistorians.org Copyright © 2018 The Association of Dress Historians ISSN 2515–0995 Online Computer Library Centre (OCLC) accession #988749854 The Journal of Dress History is the academic publication of The Association of Dress Historians through which scholars can articulate original research in a constructive, interdisciplinary, and peer reviewed environment. The Association of Dress Historians supports and promotes the advancement of public knowledge and education in the history of dress and textiles. The Association of Dress Historians (ADH) is Registered Charity #1014876 of The Charity Commission for England and Wales. The Journal of Dress History is copyrighted by the publisher, The Association of Dress Historians, while each published author within the journal holds the copyright to their individual article. The Journal of Dress History is circulated solely for educational purposes, completely free of charge, and not for sale or profit.
    [Show full text]
  • Liz Falletta ______
    Liz Falletta _____________________________________________________________________________________ CONTACT University of Southern California Phone: (213) 740 - 3267 INFORMATION Price School of Public Policy Mobile: (323) 683 - 6355 Ralph and Goldy Lewis Hall, 240 Email: [email protected] Los Angeles, CA 90089-0626 Date: January 2015 TEACHING University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA APPOINTMENTS Price School of Public Policy Associate Professor (Teaching), July 2014 – present Assistant Professor (Teaching), January 2009 – May 2014 Clinical Assistant Professor, July 2007 – December 2008 Lecturer, June 2004 – June 2007 Iowa State University, Ames, IA College of Design, Department of Architecture Visiting Lecturer, January 2003 – May 2003 University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA School of Architecture and Urban Design Co-Instructor (with Mark Mack), October 2002 – December 2002 Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), Los Angeles, CA Instructor, August 2000 – December 2000 Associate Instructor, June 2000 – August 2000 EDUCATION University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA Master of Real Estate Development, 2004 Southern California Institute of Architecture, Los Angeles, CA Master of Architecture, 2000 Washington University, St. Louis, MO Bachelor of Arts in Architecture, Philosophy Minor, magna cum laude, 1993 COURSES University of Southern California TAUGHT Price School of Public Policy Design History and Criticism (RED 573), Summer 2004 – present Community Development and Site Planning (PPD
    [Show full text]
  • Phd and Supervisors Guide to Welcome to Arcintexetn
    PhD and Supervisors Guide to Welcome to ArcInTexETN This guide to the ArcInTexETN gives an overview of the research program of the training network, the impact promised in our application and also an overview of major network wide training activities as well as the work packages structure of the network. For contact information, news and up-to-date information please check the ArcInTexETN web at www.arcintexetn.eu We look forward to work with all of you to develop cross-disciplinary research and research education in the areas of architecture, textiles, fashion and interaction design. Lars Hallnäs – Network Coordinator Agneta Nordlund Andersson – Network Manager Delia Dumitrescu – Director of Studies Content I. The ArcInTexETN research program................................... 5 II. Impact of the ArcInTexETN............................................... 12 III. Work packages 2-4.......................................................... 15 IV. Summer schools, courses and workshops........................ 16 V. Secondment..................................................................... 18 VI. Exploitation, dissemination and communication............... 21 VII. Overview ESR:s.............................................................. 23 VIII. Activities by year and month.......................................... 24 IX. Legal guide......................................................................26 I. ArcInTexETN and technical development into the design of new forms of living that will research program provide the foundations
    [Show full text]
  • Facility Service Life Requirements
    Whole Building Design Guide Federal Green Construction Guide for Specifiers This is a guidance document with sample specification language intended to be inserted into project specifications on this subject as appropriate to the agency's environmental goals. Certain provisions, where indicated, are required for U.S. federal agency projects. Sample specification language is numbered to clearly distinguish it from advisory or discussion material. Each sample is preceded by identification of the typical location in a specification section where it would appear using the SectionFormatTM of the Construction Specifications Institute; the six digit section number cited is per CSI MasterformatTM 2004 and the five digit section number cited parenthetically is per CSI MasterformatTM 1995. SECTION 01 81 10 (SECTION 01120) – FACILITY SERVICE LIFE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFIER NOTE: Sustainable Federal Facilities: A Guide to Integrating Value Engineering, Life-Cycle Costing, and Sustainable Development, Federal Facilities Council Technical Report No.142; 2001 http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/SUSFFC/fedsus.pdf , states that the total cost of facility ownership, which includes all costs an owner will make over the course of the building’s service lifetime, are dominated by operation and maintenance costs. On average, design and construction expenditures, “first costs” of a facility, will account for 5-10 % of the total life-cycle costs. Land acquisition, conceptual planning, renewal or revitalization, and disposal will account for 5-35 % of the total life-cycle costs. However, operation and maintenance will account for 60-85 % of the total life-cycle costs. Service life planning can improve the economic and environmental impacts of the building. It manages the most costly portion of a building’s life cycle costs, the operation and maintenance stage.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction One way to understand the ongoing amplification and extension of design is to see how it is being driven by market and societal demand. With a public that is familiar with design thinking and social design, there is a kind of design renaissance today where those who are not necessarily from within the design community see its value. This “pull” that design currently enjoys is evident in several ways: those working in consultancies are adding a more Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/desi/article-pdf/36/2/1/1716215/desi_e_00584.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 balanced approach to traditional business-heavy perspectives at the request of more sophisticated clients; those in corporations are building in-house design capabilities to meet the needs of their internal constituents; and those working in and for non-profits are translating and facilitating authentic insights regarding the underserved who desire to be engaged in more humane and equi- table ways. There is another way that design continues to expand and it is through its own “push” mechanism. It is a healthy sign when a discipline—not seeking to rest on its own laurels—takes on a con- tinuous and collective reflection-in-action. Like the concept of a learning organization, designers are busy pushing beyond their own set of boundaries, approaching design itself as a learning dis- cipline where action and course correction are constantly at play. The authors in this issue, adopting the latter approach to developing design, push themselves and the discipline beyond the status quo. Though they use different terms to describe the idea of incompleteness and the opportunity to expand, their message is uniform: design is but one dimension in our complex world and yet it serves an important function in the shaping of larger wholes.
    [Show full text]
  • Narrative Problems of Graphic Design History
    233 Victor Margolin Narrative Problems of Graphic Design History The problem of method in the construction of narratives is particularly acute in the field of graphic design history. Various publications have brought attention to the subject of graphic design history, but have not marked a course for the full explanation of how graphic design developed as a practice. Three major texts by Philip Meggs, Enric Satue and Richard Hollis address the history of graphic design, but each raises questions about what material to include, as well as how graphic design is both related to and distinct from other visual practices such as typography, art direction and illustra­ Victor Margolin is associate professor tion. The author calls for a narrative strategy that is of design history at the University of Illinois, Chicago. He is editor of more attentive to these distinctions and probes more Design Discourse: History, Theory, deeply into the way that graphic design has evolved . Criticism, author ofThe American Poster Renaissance and co-editor of Discovering Design : Explorations in Design Studies (forthcoming). Professor Margolin is also a founding editor of the journal Design Issues. University of Ill inois, Chicago School of Art and Design m/c 036 Chicago Illinois 60680 Visible Language, 28:3 Victor Margolin, 233·243 © Visible Language, 1994 Rhode Island School of Design Providence Rhode Island 02903 234 Visible Language 28.3 Narrativity becomes a problem only when we wish to give real events the form of a story.' Introduction In recent years scholars have devoted considerable attention to the study of narrative structures in history and fiction.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Architecture & Ideology: Modernism As a Political Tool in Sweden and the Soviet Union
    Momentum Volume 5 Issue 1 Article 6 2018 Modern Architecture & Ideology: Modernism as a Political Tool in Sweden and the Soviet Union Robert Levine University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/momentum Recommended Citation Levine, Robert (2018) "Modern Architecture & Ideology: Modernism as a Political Tool in Sweden and the Soviet Union," Momentum: Vol. 5 : Iss. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/momentum/vol5/iss1/6 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/momentum/vol5/iss1/6 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modern Architecture & Ideology: Modernism as a Political Tool in Sweden and the Soviet Union Abstract This paper examines the role of architecture in the promotion of political ideologies through the study of modern architecture in the 20th century. First, it historicizes the development of modern architecture and establishes the style as a tool to convey progressive thought; following this perspective, the paper examines Swedish Functionalism and Constructivism in the Soviet Union as two case studies exploring how politicians react to modern architecture and the ideas that it promotes. In Sweden, Modernism’s ideals of moving past “tradition,” embracing modernity, and striving to improve life were in lock step with the folkhemmet, unleashing the nation from its past and ushering it into the future. In the Soviet Union, on the other hand, these ideals represented an ideological threat to Stalin’s totalitarian state. This thesis or dissertation is available in Momentum: https://repository.upenn.edu/momentum/vol5/iss1/6 Levine: Modern Architecture & Ideology Modern Architecture & Ideology Modernism as a Political Tool in Sweden and the Soviet Union Robert Levine, University of Pennsylvania C'17 Abstract This paper examines the role of architecture in the promotion of political ideologies through the study of modern architecture in the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Tony-Fry-Design-Futuring-Sustainability-Ethics-And-New-Practice.Pdf
    WuV!Burv. NEWPRAC ICE · 4illll TONYFRY 11 [ I) (l \\ � 11 l I ) SUSTAINABILITY, ETHICS AND NEW PRACTICE Tony Fry �BERG Oxford • New York EnAJish edition First published in 2009 by Berg Editorial oflices: First Floor, Angel Court, 81 St Clement.<> Street, Oxford OX4 lAW, UK 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY10010, USA © Tony Fry 2009 All rights reserved. 1o part of this publication may bereproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of Berg. Berg is the imprint of Oxford International Publishers Ltd. Libraryof Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fry, Tony. Design futuring : sustainability, ethics, and new practice I Tony Fry.-English ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84788-218-9 (cloth )-ISBN 978-1-84788-217-2 (pbk.) 1. Design. I. Title. NK1510.F77 2008 745.2-dc22 2008035114 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978 l. 84788 218 9 (Cloth) 978 1 84788 217 2 (Paper) Typeset by JS Typesetting Ltd, Porthcawl, .Mid Glamorgan Printed in the United Kingdom by Biddies Ltd, King's Lyon Contents Preface vii Introduction 1 Part l Rethinking the Context and Practice of Design 1 Understanding the Nature of Practice 21 2 Understanding the Directional Nature of Design 29 3 The Imperative and Redirection 41 4 Design as a Redirec tive Practice 53 5 Reviewing 1\vo Key Redirective Practices 71 6 Futuring, Rcdirective Practice, Development and Culture 91 Part li Strategic Design Thinking 7 Unpacking Futuring- The
    [Show full text]
  • Controlling Capital Costs in High Performance Office Buildings: 15 Best Practices for Overcoming Cost Barriers in Project Acquisition, Design, and Construction
    Controlling Capital Costs in High Performance Office Buildings: 15 Best Practices for Overcoming Cost Barriers in Project Acquisition, Design, and Construction Shanti Pless, Paul Torcellini: NREL Commercial Buildings Research Group Phil Macey: Haselden Construction Executive Summary First costs, or capital costs, for energy efficiency strategies in office buildings often present a significant barrier to realizing high-performance buildings with 50% or greater energy savings over the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers 90.1-2004 Standard. Historically, the industry has been unable to achieve deep energy savings because it has relied on energy cost savings and simple payback analysis alone to justify investments. A more comprehensive and integrated cost justification and capital cost control approach is needed. First cost barriers can be overcome by implementing innovative procurement and delivery strategies, integrated design principles and cost tradeoffs, life cycle cost justifications, and streamlined construction methods. It is now possible to build marketable, high-performance office buildings that achieve LEED Platinum, save more than $1/ft2 annually in energy costs, and reach net zero energy goals at competitive whole-building first costs. This is illustrated by the U.S. Department of Energy’s and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s latest high-performance office building, the Research Support Facility (RSF) on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s campus in Golden, Colorado. The RSF is a 220,000-ft2 headquarters and administrative office building with a corporate-scale data center. The RSF reached its energy goals while maintaining a firm fixed price budget at competitive whole-building capital construction costs (move-in ready) of $259/ft2.
    [Show full text]
  • Teasley, Sarah. "“Methods of Reasoning and Imagination
    Teasley, Sarah. "“Methods of Reasoning and Imagination”: History’s Failures and Capacities in Anglophone Design Research." Theories of History: History Read across the Humanities. By Michael J. Kelly and Arthur Rose. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. 183–206. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 25 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474271332.ch-010>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 25 September 2021, 02:53 UTC. Copyright © Michael J. Kelly, Arthur Rose, and Contributors 2018. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 10 “Methods of Reasoning and Imagination”: History’s Failures and Capacities in Anglophone Design Research Sarah Teasley This chapter critically explores the place of history as concept and practice within the field of design research, past and present. Design, today, refers to a spectrum of practices varying widely in medium, scale, and application. Alongside famil- iar forms such as architecture, fashion, interiors, graphic, product, industrial, textile, engineering, and systems design and urban planning, practices such as interaction design, service design, social design, and speculative critical design have emerged in the past decade, alongside new forms of technology, new inter- faces, new economic and political landscapes, and new ideas about the roles that design can play in society and the economy.1 In its expanded practice, design shapes, creates, and implements material and immaterial artefacts, not only the buildings, chairs, and garments familiar to us as “design” but public policy, cor- porate strategy, and social behavior.2 On a more abstract level, design is both verb and noun, both action and the product of action.
    [Show full text]
  • FC 1-300-09N Navy and Marine Corps Design Procedures
    FC 1-300-09N 1 May 2014 FACILITIES CRITERIA (FC) NAVY AND MARINE CORPS DESIGN PROCEDURES CANCELLED APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED FC 1-300-09N 1 May 2014 FACILITIES CRITERIA (FC) NAVY AND MARINE CORPS DESIGN PROCEDURES Any copyrighted material included in this FC is identified at its point of use. Use of the copyrighted material apart from this FC must have the permission of the copyright holder. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND (Preparing Activity) AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER CENTER Record of Changes (changes are indicated by \1\ ... /1/) Change No. Date Location CANCELLED This FC supersedes UFC 1-300-09N, dated 25 May 2005, with Changes 1-9. FC 1-300-09N 1 May 2014 FOREWORD Facilities Criteria (FC) provide functional requirements (i.e., defined by users and operational needs of a particular facility type) for specific DoD Component(s), and are intended for use with unified technical requirements published in DoD Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC). FC are applicable only to the DoD Component(s) indicated in the title, and do not represent unified DoD requirements. Differences in functional requirements between DoD Components may exist due to differences in policies and operational needs. All construction outside of the United States is also governed by Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA), Host Nation Funded Construction Agreements (HNFA), and in some instances, Bilateral Infrastructure Agreements (BIA.) Therefore, the acquisition team must ensure compliance with the most stringent of the UFC (replace w/ FC), the SOFA, the HNFA, and the BIA, as applicable. Because FC are coordinated with unified DoD technical requirements, they form an element of the DoD UFC system applicable to specific facility types.
    [Show full text]