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Efficient Load Rating and Quantification of Life-Cycle Damage of Indiana Bridges Due to Overweight Loads (Joint Transportation Research Program Publication No

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Efficient Load Rating and Quantification of Life-Cycle Damage of Indiana Bridges Due to Overweight Loads (Joint Transportation Research Program Publication No JOINT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PROGRAM INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND PURDUE UNIVERSITY Effi cient Load Rating and Quantifi cation of Life-Cycle Damage of Indiana Bridges Due to Overweight Loads Hun Cha, Boyuan Liu, Arun Prakash, Amit H. Varma SPR-3630 • Report Number: FHWA/IN/JTRP-2016/06 • DOI: 10.5703/1288284316329 RECOMMENDED CITATION Cha, H., Liu, B., Prakash, A., & Varma, A. H. (2016). Efficient load rating and quantification of life-cycle damage of Indiana bridges due to overweight loads (Joint Transportation Research Program Publication No. FHWA/IN/JTRP- 2016/06). West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University. http://dx.doi.org /10.5703/1288284316329 AUTHORS Hun Cha Boyuan Liu Graduate Research Assistants Lyles School of Civil Engineering Purdue University Arun Prakash Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Lyles School of Civil Engineering Purdue University (765) 494-6696 [email protected] Corresponding Author Amit H. Varma Professor of Civil Engineering Lyles School of Civil Engineering Purdue University ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the Joint Transportation Research Program (JTRP) administered by the Indiana Depart- ment of Transportation (INDOT) and Purdue University. The authors would like to thank all individuals associated with both of these organizations for making this research possible. The authors would also like to express their gratitude to all of the members of the Study Advisory Committee: Merril Dougherty, Timothy Wells, Anne Rearick, George Snyder, Bill Dittrich, Raju Iyer, Badar Khan, Samy Noureldin, Guy Boruff, Donna Anderson, Dick Hayworth, Keith Hoernsche- meyer, and Karen Stippich, as well as former SAC members Victor Hong, Edward Pollack, Ronald McCaslin, Autumn Young, and senior personnel Samuel Labi and Robert Connor for their guidance and assisting with data collection. JOINT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PROGRAM The Joint Transportation Research Program serves as a vehicle for INDOT collaboration with higher education institutions and industry in Indiana to facilitate innovation that results in continuous improvement in the planning, https://engineering.purdue.edu/JTRP/index_html design, construction, operation, management and economic efficiency of the Indiana transportation infrastructure. Published reports of the Joint Transportation Research Program are available at http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/. NOTICE DepartmentThe contents of of Transportation this report reflect or the the Federal views of Highway the authors, Administration. who are responsible The report for does the not facts constitute and the accuracya standard, of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views and policies of the Indiana specification, or regulation. COPYRIGHT Copyright 2016 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Print ISBN: 978-1-62260-386-2 ePUB ISBN:978-1-62260-387-9 TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA/IN/JTRP-2016/06 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date February 2016 Efficient Load Rating and Quantification of Life-Cycle Damage of Indiana Bridges due to Overweight Loads 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Hun Cha, Boyuan Liu, Arun Prakash, Amit H. Varma FHWA/IN/JTRP-2016/06 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Joint Transportation Research Program Purdue University 550 Stadium Mall Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051 11. Contract or Grant No. SPR-3630 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Indiana Department of Transportation State Office Building Final Report 100 North Senate Avenue Indianapolis, IN 46204 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration. 16. Abstract In this study, a computational approach for conducting durability analysis of bridges using detailed finite element models is developed. The underlying approach adopted is based on the hypothesis that the two main factors affecting the life of a bridge structure are the level of repetitive loading it sustains and the natural condition of the bridge that may be thought of as a combined effect of both, physical processes in the environment that cause deterioration and any maintenance activity undertaken to thwart such processes. Detailed finite element models of representative bridges are developed and subjected to a set of representative traffic loads repeatedly. Finite element model updation is used to characterize the evolution of damage over the lifetime of a bridge and real-life data from inspection reports of bridges is used to calibrate the durability models developed. The results of this approach may be used to evaluate the permit fee structure for overweight trucks and make informed decisions for asset management of the bridges in INDOT’s inventory. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement durability, bridges, damage, deterioration, overweight trucks, No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the load rating National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 94 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-69) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY reinforced concrete (RC), pre-stressed concrete (PSC), and steel. The bridges were first classified into 25 different classes according EFFICIENT LOAD RATING AND to 5 different levels of loading conditions and 5 different levels of QUANTIFICATION OF LIFE-CYCLE natural conditions. Then, using historical condition rating data DAMAGE OF INDIANA BRIDGES DUE from 1994 to 2014 for each of these bridges, a rate of deterioration TO OVERWEIGHT LOADS corresponding to the 25 different classes of bridges was deter- mined. An empirical equation to characterize the variation of these deterioration rates with loading and natural factors was Introduction postulated and calibrated with actual data. The relative impor- tance of load-related and natural factors in terms of their effect on Over the lifetime of a bridge, traffic loads cause numerous the durability of bridge structures was also determined for stress-strain cycles within bridge components, which in turn lead different bridge types. to the slow accumulation of damage. The rate of progression of A limitation of the current approach for calibration of this damage is affected by several human-induced and natural durability models is that annual daily traffic is taken to represent factors, such as volume and type of traffic loads, environmental the level of loading on a bridge. This is usually insufficient since conditions, and maintenance practices. Traffic volume and truck the loading experienced by a bridge is characterized not only the weights have been steadily increasing with the growth and total number of vehicles, but also by the axle configurations and technical development of the freight industry. Because further axle loads of each of those vehicles. Unless historical traffic data increased truck weight limits are anticipated in the future, this with vehicle weights and axle configurations is available for all research focused on the potential detrimental effects of such bridges being investigated, a precise calibration of the load-related increases on the durability of bridges, especially due to overweight damage in durability model may not be possible. Another trucks. limitation of the calibration approach adopted is that location A computational approach to assess the effect of different load- (latitude) of a bridge is taken to reflect its natural condition. This related and environmental factors on the durability of bridge does not account for local environmental conditions and components is presented in this report. Detailed finite element maintenance practices that may affect the durability of bridges models calibrated using data from inspection reports of real significantly. bridges were used for this study. The basic idea behind the durability model developed here is that repetitive loading and Implementation natural conditions cause damage to the bridge structure. Damage is represented as a degradation of the material properties of each Action items from this research include implementing measures and every point in a structure based on the level of stresses at that to collect more detailed vehicular data, possibly with the use of point resulting from repetitive traffic loading. In addition, an weigh-in-motion stations, across all major highways to allow a empirical relationship was used to represent degradation due to better characterization of the loads incurred by bridge structures. natural processes. Thus the finite element model of a representa- Further, it is recommended that during bridge inspections the tive bridge was subjected to a set of different vehicle loads to environmental conditions affecting durability be characterized on quantify the stresses (and hence the damage) at all the material a scale similar to that presented in Chapter 6 of this study. It is points in the bridge. This damage was scaled by the annual daily also recommended that a more detailed component-wise record of traffic for each vehicle class to account for damage occurring over condition ratings be undertaken during bridge inspections. Not a year, and the finite element model updated to reflect this damage only will this reduce the subjectivity in the determination of these within
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