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Life-Based Design. a Holistic Approach to Designing Human

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Life-Based Design. a Holistic Approach to Designing Human VTT PUBLICATIONS 726 Jaana Leikas Life-Based Design A holistic approach to designing human- technology interaction VTT PUBLICATIONS 726 Life-Based Design A holistic approach to designing human-technology interaction Jaana Leikas ISBN 978-951-38-7374-5 (soft back ed.) ISSN 1235-0621 (soft back ed.) ISBN 978-951-38-7375-2 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) ISSN 1455-0849 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) Copyright © VTT 2009 JULKAISIJA – UTGIVARE – PUBLISHER VTT, Vuorimiehentie 5, PL 1000, 02044 VTT puh. vaihde 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 4374 VTT, Bergsmansvägen 5, PB 1000, 02044 VTT tel. växel 020 722 111, fax 020 722 4374 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland phone internat. +358 20 722 111, fax + 358 20 722 4374 Technical editing Mirjami Pullinen Illustrations Tiina Kymäläinen, Jaana Leikas & VTT Edita Prima Oy, Helsinki 2009 Jaana Leikas. Life-Based Design. A holistic approach to designing human-technology interaction [Elämälähtöinen suunnittelu – kokonaisvaltainen lähestymistapa ihmisen ja teknologian vuorovaiku- tussuunnitteluun]. Espoo 2009. VTT Publications 726. 240 p. Keywords human-technology interaction, life-based design, design, holistic design, form of life, human-centred design, gerontechnology Abstract We need a multidimensional and holistic approach to human-technology interac- tion (HTI) design in order to understand what technology could really offer for people and in what forms and on what terms it would be welcomed and adopted. To answer this challenge, a new holistic design paradigm Life-Based Design is introduced in this book. The design of HTI should consider the additional value that technology brings to users. Technology should exist not for itself, but rather for bringing added value to the everyday of people, thus improving the quality of people’s life. Therefore the aim of HTI should be to consider the human-technology interac- tion in a much larger context than within the context of using technology. In addition to physical usage environment, the impact of, for example, psychologi- cal and social environments of the users should also be taken into account in the design. This calls for a holistic consideration of the problem at hand, without necessarily getting off the ground with technology first in mind as the primary solution. As the grounds for the design should be in a richer and more comprehensive appreciation of human-technology interaction, the starting point of the design should be in comprehension of people’s lives. This is especially important now as technology development is focusing more and more on developing services besides technologies. Design of service concepts, if any, has to be carried out with a much broader design approach than what the traditional approaches to human-technology design can offer. Mere investigation of the elements of life is not enough to guarantee success- ful design outcomes. We need to have well-grounded methods and tools for the design which can utilise our investigations of life and implement this knowledge into the design work. The basic concept in Life-Based Design paradigm is ‘form of life’. With this concept it is meant any systems of rule-following actions in 3 people’s lives. Forms of life offer a simple but very usable approach to examine life in all kinds of situations. They define what people do by defining their rule- following actions and attributes in a context. With the construction of a descrip- tion of a form of life it is possible to get an idea about what ICT-designers can do to improve the lives of the people sharing that particular form of life. Defining components of a form of life is a critical step in the design. It allows designers to understand how people could be supported in their pursuit towards the goals they have in participating in a particular form of life. Following the paradigm introduced, the rule-following actions and design-relevant attributes can be explicated and configured to technology-supported actions (TSAs). Cre- ating the descriptions of TSAs enables designers to define problems accurately and to concentrate on designing solutions for them. The holistic perspective to ICT design is discussed in this book in a context of older adults and gerontechnology by reviewing the main ideas and findings of the field. This material provides us with a concrete conception of how forms of life can be investigated to direct the development of new technologies. The aim of Life-Based Design is the use of vital understanding about people’s life as the basis of the creation of design ideas and concept design, to guide the whole development process of products and services. It is thus the kind of activ- ity which should be carried out first in the development process. It will produce decisive information for further phases in the development process. This book is a synopsis of an academic dissertation: Leikas, J. (2009). Life- Based Design. Form of life as a foundation for ICT design for older adults. Jy- väskylä studies in computing 105. Jyväskylä: Jyväskylä University Printing House. 4 Tiivistelmä Tarvitsemme moniulotteista ja kokonaisvaltaista näkökulmaa ihmisen ja tekno- logian välisen vuorovaikutuksen kehittämiseen. Sen avulla voimme ymmärtää, mitä teknologia todella voisi tarjota ihmisille sekä missä muodossa ja millä eh- doilla sitä oltaisiin halukkaita käyttämään. Tässä kirjassa esitellään uusi holisti- nen suunnittelunäkökulma, elämälähtöinen suunnittelu (Life-Based Design). Teknologian tehtävänä on tukea ja parantaa ihmisten elämänlaatua. Hankim- me ja käytämme teknologiaa aina tietystä syystä, saavuttaaksemme tiettyjä pää- määriä, joita asetamme itsellemme jokapäiväisessä elämässämme. Teknologian tulisi olla tukemassa toimintaamme näiden päämäärien tavoittelussa. Tämä on mahdollista vain, jos tuotteiden ja palveluiden suunnittelun keskiössä on ihmi- nen eikä itse teknologia. Motivaatio tämän kirjan tekemiseen on noussut teknologian kyvyttömyydestä huomioida riittävästi ihmisten elämänmuodon ominaispiirteitä. Perinteinen käyt- täjäkeskeisen suunnittelun prosessinäkemys (human-centred design, HCD) on keskittynyt enemmän tekniseen näkökulmaan kuin teknologian rooliin ihmisten elämässä. Tämän kansainvälisiin standardeihin nojautuvan suunnittelunäkemyk- sen lähtökohtana on jo olemassa oleva visio toteutettavasta tuotteesta ja käytet- tävästä teknologiasta. Näkemyksessä suunnittelu alkaa siten jo aikeesta kehittää juuri tietty tuote tai sovellus. Se ei kerro, miten tarve juuri tämän tuotteen kehit- tämiseen on ymmärretty – toisin sanoen miten on voitu varmistua siitä, että suunnittelu tulee ylipäätään tuottamaan käyttäjien elämän kannalta mielekkään, tarpeellisen ja halutun tuotteen. 5 Kuva 1. Suunnitteluideoiden johtaminen elämänmuodosta käsin elämälähtöisessä suun- nittelussa. Hyvin suunniteltu tieto- ja viestintäteknologia palvelee arkipäivän elämäämme. Mutta mistä saada eväitä suunnitteluun, jonka myötä teknologia voisi tämän tehtävänsä täyttää? Jotta teknologia parantaisi elämänlaatuamme, tulee sen kehit- tämisen lähtökohtana olla näkemys ihmisten elämästä. Tässä kirjassa esitellään elämälähtöisen suunnittelun kokonaisvaltainen suunnitteluparadigma (Kuva 1), joka perustuu elämän käsitteelliselle tarkastelulle. Suunnittelu saa alkunsa aina ideasta. Elämälähtöisessä suunnittelussa ideat johdetaan elämän tarkastelusta. Elämän tarkastelun peruslähtökohtana on elä- mänmuodon käsite (form of life, FoL). Elämänmuodolla tarkoitetaan mitä tahan- sa säännönmukaista toimintaa, jota ihmiset toteuttavat elämässään. Elämänmuo- to tarjoaa yksinkertaisen ja tehokkaan tavan tarkastella elämää erilaisissa tilan- teissa ja ymmärtää ihmisten toimintaa tietyssä kontekstissa. Elämänmuoto koostuu toisiaan tukevista sääntöjä seuraavien toimintojen jär- jestelmistä (rule-following actions, RFA), joita ihmiset arkipäivässään toteutta- vat. Näiden toimintojen taustalla vaikuttavat elämänmuodon attribuutit. Näitä attribuutteja ovat ensiksikin tiettyyn elämänmuotoon liittyvät faktat, kuten käyt- 6 täjien ikä, tietotekniikkataidot ja näkökykyyn, kuuloon, muistitoimintoihin ja motoriikkaan liittyvät tekijät. Toiseksi ihmisten sääntöjä seuraavaan toimintaan liittyvät tietyssä kontekstissa arvot ja normit. Niitä voivat olla esimerkiksi tarve sosiaaliseen kanssakäymiseen ja itsenäiseen suoriutumiseen sekä yksinäisyyden tunteen lieventäminen. Näin ollen suunnittelun lähtökohtana toimivat sääntöjä seuraavien toimintojen, faktojen ja arvojen kautta ihmisten tarpeet. Tämä on ”käyttäjätarpeiden määrittelyä” laajempi ja syvällisempi näkökulma, eikä sitä tule erottaa ihmisten arkipäivän kokonaisuuden tarkastelusta. Yleisesti ottaen inhimillisen toiminnan taustalla on tietoisuus omista tarpeista ja suunnitelmista näiden tarpeiden toteuttamiseksi. Tarpeet liittyvät tunteisiin ja määrittelevät yhdessä tunteiden kanssa sen henkilökohtaisen lisäarvon, jonka ihmiset asettavat tuotteille ja tavaroille. Täten tunteet, tarpeet ja motiivit avaavat elämänmuodon ohella uuden näkökulman suunnitteluun. Siksi elämälähtöisessä suunnittelussa kysytäänkin ensin, mihin teknologiaa ylipäätään tarvitaan. Tämän jälkeen voidaan tarkastella, miten teknologia voisi kyseisessä kontekstissa tukea ihmisten toimintaa heille tärkeiden päämäärien saavuttamiseksi. Tietyn elämänmuodon sääntöjä seuraavien toimintojen järjestelmien sekä nii- den taustalla vaikuttavien faktojen ja arvojen analyysin pohjalta voidaan määrit- tää suunnittelua ohjaavat attribuutit (design-relevant attributes) käsillä olevalle
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