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THE SOCIAL IDENTITY OF FOOTBALL SUPPORTERS IN PROVIDING SPORTIVE SUPPORT TO AREMA PLAYER (A PHENOMENOLOGY STUDY TO SUPPORTER OF AREMANIA IN MALANG). Rumi Iqbal Doewes1, Slamet Riyadi2 Department Sport Coacing Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Sebelas Maret University, , 57126,

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: Aremania is a supporters group for Arema Malang Club. Aremania is a group of highly complex phenomenon. Social identity Aremania as a group or community to make them different from other supporters groups in Indonesia. Aremania formed in the mid 90s in the harsh social context because of the presence of youth gangs that time. However, Aremania finally able to get public sympathy in Malang and Indonesia as supporters who have an image of manners and sportsmanship in expressing support, is evidenced by the title of the best fans in 2005, 2006 and 2013. Aremania also arise in the context of the institutionalization political culture fans, but once again Aremania answer with culturally-based groups with no institutional. This study carried to know the construction of social identity in the context of the history. In addition, this study aims to know how the Aremania supporters represents sportsmanship to athletes. This study used qualitative methods. The approach used was phenomenology.

Keywords : Social identity, supporters, football, sportive, Aremania

1. INTRODUCTION They are willing to take the time to work, Football is a type of people sport. study time, family time just to support their Everyone loves to this sport, because it is not team. expensive for the equipment. Just a ball and Need observed behavioral psychology the field then it can be played by anyone, fanatical football fans or supporters. In social anytime. There are several elements that psychology book, Robert A. Baron and Don support the achievement of a goal a game, Byrne (2003: 156) defines social psychology there is: the player as the main perpetrator of as a science that seeks to understand the the game, coach, official, referee, the organizer origins and causes of individual behavior and of the game and supporters. Every professional thinking in the social behavior context. In view football clubs have specific support group that of social psychology, there are several factors even has a specific name to show their identity, that led to the emergence of social behavior such as the phenomenon supporters in and thought, which include factors behavior Indonesia at the beginning of the 1990s began and character of others, cognitive factors, to busy talking to people since the start of the environmental variables (physical professional Ligina by PSSI (Football environmental factors), biology and of course Association of Indonesia). Not only as cultural factors. advocates, they also touted as the spirit of the In football match, team containing 11 club game and serve as the 12th player by each players each took part in this match. They tried club. Call it The Jackmania (Persija ), to kick the ball trying to control and the Aremania (Arema Malang), Bonek opponent's area goal and try to maintain his (Persebaya), Viking (), own goal in order not to concede the ball. Tim Pasoepati (Persis Solo). Every game whether who make the most scored twice within 45 it's home or away, supporters of the club will minutes, they will be the team that wins the not miss to always support their club on the match. Football is something that is common match. In this occasion, the author will discuss among people with diverse backgrounds and about the Aremania phenomenon that lately different breeds, a bridge that connects the more viscous in the hearts of Malang people. levels of economic, political, cultural, and | 718

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religious. Known as the "football" almost all of mutually showing playing techniques are over the world, football is a national sport in good, each group consisted of eleven persons, almost all countries in Asia, Africa, Europe two groups will endeavor put the ball into the and South America (Luxbacher 1997: 1) opponent's goal as much as possible so that the "Aremania, REGARD FOR ONE group that put the ball at the most will win the SOUL" (united irrespective of differences that game. The game of football has various exist), that's the word they always remember regulations led by a referee and two linesmen when they will support during the AREMA as referee maid of environmental regulations MALANG will be playing at home or away. and policies are held by the organization of Arema Indonesia is a football club which is football is where the international level are located in Malang, , Indonesia. called FIFA (Federation International Football Arema founded on August 11th 1987, Arema Association), while the Highest organization in has the nickname "Singo Edan". They played Indonesia called PSSI (Football Association of at the Stadium Kanjuruhan and Gajayana Indonesia). Stadium. Arema Indonesia have supporters or 2.2. Supporters fans team nicknamed Aremania. Aremania not 2.2.3. Football Supporters Organization only be in Malang, but has spread in Indonesia According Chols, the word and the world. They have fanaticism and —supporters“, comes from the verb in English loyalty in providing motivation to his team. to support and suffix -er. To support means Aremania also an important part as media support, while the suffix -er shows the promotion, as well as potential business perpetrator. Supporters can be defined as the development. Aremania also uphold person who gave the endorsement or support. sportsmanship, to be crowned as the best The supporters would really want supporters group in Indonesia by PSSI their football team wins, for that they are (Football Association of Indonesia). Aremania willing to provide support to the team to see including most loyal supporters in indonesia.di the match his team directly. During the match every game either in poor or outside the city of the fans is often difficult to control his poor, aremania always support their team. No emotions resulting acts of violence between matter even their team win or lose, as long as supporters and some may injure others, even to they support their favorite team in a way that is the destruction of public facilities roughly that fair, attractive, sympathetic. leads to anarchy. The factors that influence the 2. THE REVIEW OF THE behavior of football fans, namely: LITERATURE 1) Leadership referee, the referee led the 2.1. Sports Football game is often highlighted as a trigger for Football is a sport that is most in the aggressive behavior of football fans demand by the entire community in the world, that can harm many people. Issues of because this sport is a sport that involves a lot referees not only in Malang but has of people with a few of money and not too become a national problem. Referees are complicated implementation compared to other often equivocal and hesitant in taking sports. Today football is growing rapidly decisions, this is what causes teams fans worldwide, almost all countries conduct feel upset and dissatisfied as an outlet of training at an early age, including in our the referee's decision is equivocal. country. 2) Rough playing from the opposing team, a Football is a simply sport which has 17 football match will be enjoyed if both official rules FIFA international standards and teams showed a beautiful game, the spirit, is used in all international matches (Luxbacher and thoroughly enjoyable. Football fans 1997: 2), the rules of the game can be modified will be upset if the teams who compete to for the implementation of the game that play rough, as dissatisfaction with the players under the age of 16 years, women's supporters began to behave actively football, veteran football (above 35 years) and pelted players who play rough (especially the disabled player (PSSI, 2005: 2), then the opposing player) with a mineral water football is a sport game played by two groups bottle or with a variety of derision.

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3) Defeat team which supported, supporters when they face violent situations, either with a especially in Indonesia are generally not group of other supporters and the security mature enough to accept the reality that is officers. The main objective is to improve their happening in the field. Supporters will hooligan peasing confrontation. Each side tried feel satisfied and happy when teams were to work on opponents by occupying and successful. Football fans will attacking the opponent, knocking them, forcing disappointed, dissatisfied and feel insulted them to retreat or pursue them. if their teams are supported defeat. This is Based on these opinions showed that, one of the disadvantages of football fans the negative side of football supporters with in Indonesia in general are still unable to the term hooligan in principle wants to make accept the fact that their teams was defeat. trouble or damage while watching a football 4) Overacting of security officers. Security match. By doing unrest or mischief they get officers actually is secured if there are satisfaction. The negative side is deliberately football supporters who perform acts that wanted to make the audience uncomfortable harm both parties teams competing. situation. However, in reality many events that b. Positive Side Football (Entertainment and caused a security officer, full of creative, Solidarity) and creativity shown by football fans was The positive side of football later banned by a rude manner and use a supporters, is supporters come to watch stick. Officers believe that football football matches for entertainment or to supporters as enemies, in case if this view experience the event to take part in a match changed with the thought that football that can be experience or history in important fans were friends as well as the officer events. Spectators and supporters, particularly may direct them, necessarily intertwined in Europe continental does not just come to the good cooperation between security stadium to watch a football match alone, but officers and supporters. come to experience the event, to take part in a 5) Fanatical supporters who have a narrow collective events. view of the football team who loved and The opinion suggests that the positive was enthusiastic or excited high to side of football supporters that come to watch support his favorite football team, and football games for entertainment. In addition, was shown to behave irrationally when also, the fans came to provide support and their team insulted or defeat. Supporters encouragement for their favorite team by doing will are acting very emotional and the attractions and songs to rekindle the spirit mission, practically knows no boundaries. of the players who were playing. On the other When their team is win the game, fans hand, other viewers will feel comforted and experienced a tremendous sense of obtain better spectacle football games and excitement and euphoria soluble. attractions for the supporters. 6) Based on the activities carried out at the 2.3. Supporters Football Fanaticism sight of a group of supporters of football There are also identifies sports matches there are two sides in it, namely fanaticism exist everywhere and take various as entertainment and as a source of unrest. forms. More than that, this is a historical Football fans can viewed from two sides, justification. Guttmann (Nathan, 1999) (1) the negative side (hooliganism) and revealed that in the Sports Spectators, many (2) the positive side (as entertainment and people already identifies themselves one social solidarity) ". For more details side generation to the next. The sports which they football fans briefly described as follows: see and read. Additionally as knowledge of the a. Negative side (hooliganism) family and religious traditions, sports Generally hooligans identified as a fanaticism is often passed on from one person or group of people who often make generation to the next. trouble or unrest. In the high-risk sport, 2.4. Solidarity for Football Supporters enjoyment face social danger can be obtained. a. The sense of social solidarity. According to Also in football, hooligans will feel pleasure Atlas Mahfud Anshori (2012: 8), social

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solidarity is referring to a state between personal identity with the identity of the group individuals or groups based on feelings and that will be chosen. beliefs held jointly reinforced by a shared 2.6. Theory of Identity: Personal emotional experience. Identity and Social Identity b. Types of social solidarity. There are According to Jackson and Smith several types of social solidarity according (1999: 64), social identity can be best to Atlas Mahfud Anshori (2012: 10) says conceptualized in four dimensions: perception there are two fundamental types of social in the context of inter-group, the appeal of in- solidarity, they are: group, inter-related beliefs and i. based on equality, cohesion arising from depersonalization. They claimed that a sense of racial equality, relatives, language, place of security and insecurity are two basic types of residence, beliefs, politics, religion, and identity that underlies the four dimensions mechanical experience. Type of solidarity above. While which role played in social is important for small isolated groups of identity in the relationship between groups is homogenous and static. dependent on the dimensions of which are just ii. Based on the difference as less independent in time. Individuals tend to evaluate out-group various sections of society, this type of with a better, more open itself and even fewer solidarity by Durkheim called organic refraction when comparing in-group and out- solidarity. This solidarity is based on the group identity safe when degrees higher than difference. the identity insecure, and instead. 2.5. Social identity for Football Identity theory can we describe Supporters through three important components,: socio- According to Hogg and Abram (in psychological component, system Nuraeini, 2005: 154) describes a social identity components, and the societal component. as a sense of belonging, caring, proud to come Social identity theory emphasizes that any from a person's knowledge in a variety of behavior of the individual is a reflection of social membership category with the other the behavior of individual units greater or members, even without the need to have a society. This process occurs in the structure close personal relationship. Psychologically, of society as a group, organization, culture Identity groups influence the behavior of its and an average identification of each members. There is a sense of pride and a sense individual with the collective unit as this will of excitement with its identity. High social guide us on the structures and processes that identity will be spawned attitude conformity to occur therein. Social identity can be defined the group. According Zillmann and other in as a feeling, thought and art owned by the Jacobson (2003: 187) Creates a sense of group, institution, or culture. Social identity friendship and solidarity between members of gives allowance on cognition individuals to the group. At certain situations, this can cause participate in shaping the social rules. negative effects, that is aggressive behavior 2.7. Sportsmanship and Fair Play such as unrest among supporters a musical Fair play means that all participants group or between supporters of the ball. Every have a fair chance to pursue victory in individual has an identity, both personally and competitive sports, has the ability to win socially. When an individual will join a group, through the elegant and sporty attitude on their inherent personal identity and when he (Armando, 2010). Fair play requires that all has become a member of a group, then it will contestants understand and adhere not only to identify to the group, which led to personal the formal rules of the matches but also the identity neglected and will melt or covered by unwritten rules (Shields & Bredemeier, 1995) social identity (Vugt and Hart, 2004: 132 ). in the Robert S. Weinberg, Daniel Gould However, the relationship between personal (2007). Meanwhile, according to Amansyah, identity with social identity is very close, in the (2010) fair play is a mental attitude that shows sense of personal identity can penetrate social the dignity of knight in sports. Fair play values identity group. in addition, in memililih group, underlying attitude formation, and subsequent someone will consider the similarities between attitudes form the basis of behavior. It

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concluded that fair play is giving the same reflection and awareness. This is not a relation chance to win the two teams that competed. on the level of recognition, but rather on the Entirely must uphold the regulations and keep level of existence. So there is an expression in the friendship in the middle of the magnitude phenomenology that "there may be something of the spirit of competition, therefore, in the that is visible without being seen, and I might view of society that would have a high value. not otherwise see without being seen", which 3. METHOD OF RESEARCH means the deed (observation) interlocked with As the field research, this study was the principal to see the object he saw. designed using a qualitative approach. Therefore, the attention of the observer's Qualitative research is a certain tradition in the attention is not only devoted to the objects social sciences that is fundamentally dependent observed but experienced observers object on the observation of the human being in its observed. To see something in phenomenology own region and connect with others in need forward to awareness of the object seen languages and terminologies. In this paradigm or called intentionality. Intentionality is not a social reality is seen as a holistic / whole, coincidence, but it is an act that is essential to complex, dynamic and full of meaning. David the realization that without kemengarahan deed William (1995: 124) writes that qualitative experiencing will not occur. This means that research is the collection of data on a natural the involvement of observers in deed observers background, using natural methods and subject to the object that appeared. Therefore, conducted by researchers who are interested in what is revealed by observers watched deed is nature. not a personal opinion, but it is a mere Phenomenology is a description of the "radiance" conjecture of the object. That is, in data (literally called the givens: on direct phenomenology would happen interaction two experience). Phenomenology attempts to direction or dialogue between subjects with the understand and not explain the symptoms. In object experienced. the experience of phenomenology sometimes b. The Constitution seen as a complementary method for every In intentionality, interaction in the science, since science began by observing what research will be two way communication or is experienced directly. dialogue between subjects with the object Of the various philosophical basis of experienced. Researchers as subjects who the above, phenomenology can be defined as: experience against experienced on the subject 1) the subjective experience or experience mean doing an activity called the constitution. fenomenologikal; 2) a study of consciousness The following illustration of the use as expressed by Husserl (1999: 85) view of constitution in phenomenology; in front of me thought that emphasizes the focus on there was a book. And I say "I saw a book". subjective human experiences and Did I see a book ?. I see not the "whole" book, interpretations of the world. I only see from one side; only from the front, To achieve such acceleration, the rear, top or bottom. I see only the name of the research is based on the phenomenological author of the book and the cover. But I do not approach needs to describe four essential hesitate to say that; "I saw a book". In things : observing the phenomenon of a book that is in a. Intentionality front of me, I can immediately see that it was a Intentionality in exposure book. This is because of the my consciousness phenomenology begins to observer activities that allows a book it seems to me. consciousness for the object. While Maurice 3.1. Measures Research in Merleau-Ponty the French phenomenologist Phenomenology Approach (2005: 96) says that "intentionality" (deep In this study, researchers used a few understanding Husserl used to show the steps phenomenological research methodology relationship of consciousness to its object, as used by Moustakas (1994: 96), the epoche, especially in the context of the introduction) phenomenological reduction, a variety serves to describe links that are subject to the imagination and synthesis. world of pre-reflective. That is, precedes all

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a. Epoche, according to the performance of i. Case studies can provide important the phenomenological epoche is the first information about the relationships between stage of process data into a field with a the variables and processes that require descriptive form of research reports, not clarification and greater understanding. analytic / exploratory. Researchers divided ii. The case study provides an opportunity to two stages of research data description,: the gain insight into the basic concepts of first is to describe the interesting themes human behavior. Through intensive found in the interview or field notes (the investigation researchers can discover the game, get-togethers, etc.) and secondary characteristics and relationships that may be data in the form of documentation. The unexpected / unforeseen second is to describe the main points iii. Case studies can present the data and the aremania subjective experience which findings are very useful as a basis for became the subject of research. building the background problems for b. Phenomenological reduction, an analytical planning larger studies and in-depth. program to obtain the essence of While the life-history approach is psychological symptoms from the field used to explore the experience of Denzin data so that it can distinguish which and Lincoln (2009: 578). In this case the elements are most important to know and researchers will be involved in the process discard unimportant elements of an outer reflective experience of relations between appearance of a symptom. the turn, convey, restart, and bring back c. Variety imagination. This stage includes the story of the journey of life (life story). the discussion in order to obtain a pure As researchers we will turn the story knowledge. According Moustakas (1994: experience, submit it, and modify it to 98) common tasks from a variety deliver over and turn it on again. The imagination is essential to describe the participants involved here is the same, structures of a phenomenon d. Synthesis, is they turn, deliver, restart and re-submit the final step in this study that sought to their stories. unify the meaning and essence of the The use of life-history approach in this experience. Synthesis in this study is study is also based on the consideration that intended as a conclusion of what has been with this approach is that researchers can gained in the study investigators. uncover the phenomenon of Arema supporters If it‘s measured by the research to give sportive endorsement for football team approach by scientists, rationalists and in Malang. materialists, the results of a study using 3.2. Data analysis technique phenomenological approach does not have the The data collected in this study will be level of confidence at all. Because the study analyzed by reductive phenomenological and using phenomenological approach can not be editable during data collection took place. proven sensory observation. Therefore Activities include: reducing the data, phenomenological approach has its own presenting data, draw conclusions and carry criteria for measuring the validity of research out the verification. Data reduction is the data results called postulate adequacy postulates from the field made the report and the report is adequacy set of criteria that the description and reduced, summarized, and have been important analysis provided by the researcher human in accordance with the research problem. Draw actions are required in tune with the opinion of conclusions and verification carried out since the perpetrator or the opinions of others (the the beginning of the data obtained, According results of similar studies earlier and expert to Lincoln (1985: 95) to test the validity of the opinion ). data is necessary to: (1) extension of the According Bungin (2010: 23) as a engagement, (2) persistence of observation, (3) method, a case study is unique or distinct triangulation among the sources, methods, advantage. Detailed case studies suggests the investigators and theories, ( 4) checks the following advantages: respondent and (5) extracting data on other agents. For longer engagement conducted by

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researchers with participatory observation held response to something new. They also have for four months. This is done by observing the high confidence and adherence to customs serious and diligent in order to observe the (value), which is the previous generation. phenomenon. Because without any extension While external factors that shape of involvement and keen observation to note in Aremania‘s social identity is a culture, politics, the diary, then the data is "grounded" will not economics and the existence of other supporter be achieved. Triangulation is done by groups (both inside and outside the country). conducting checking of the observed data by Culture of violence in football at the time, is conducting in-depth interviews about one indicator of Malang society prefer to be reductions while. Triangulation goal is to Aremania than Ngalamania, although the obtain the data that really eviden, not situation was contrary the political and imaginary researcher or the respondent. economic situation at the time when most Adequacy postulates developed based on people in Indonesia select a club run by the five factors, they are: municipality / region. a The distinction between human action With its status as a new supporter, (action, handeling) with gestures, behavior Aremania have the determination to eliminate (behavior, gedraging). Human actions are the image of violence in football. The considered a meaningful and well-planned determination then gave birth to a culture that so that personal behavior can not be is completely new and different from any ignored in the description. This description supporter groups in Indonesia, the anti must be understood, recognized and formalization supporter agency. While the acknowledged by it‘s self. relationship with other supporters, Aremania b Human action is too complex to be has "historically opposed" as a Malang society captured in the overall meaning, because to Surabaya supporter. This rivalry refer to as adrift in space and time that happened and "historically opposed" because most Aremania the life plan, so it is able to be arrested an individual who used direct influence on the simply "construct" it. history of the rivalry Malang-Surabaya where c Preparation of constructs instead of the full Aremania still (considered and considers) authority of scientists personal opinion Bonek as opposed to in-group intended. From because therein recorded the involvement rivalry Aremania- Bonek later emerged a kind of private actors who do so actively, of two big lines of supporters in Indonesia planned, aligned with the situation and life which intersect. plan. External factors and internal groups of d Commensense very rarely appear in the the above, dynamically affect the formation of variety and essentially uniform. Eg social identity on Aremania. From this then movement of people who are waiting to be appeared values in the internal group which is able to directly read anyone who saw it. then referred to as a prototype. Developing the e Basis in interpreting and compiling entire value that distinguishes Aremania with fictitious constructs not private other supporters, including persistence investigators, as knowledge (experience) Aremania not to become an official supporter researchers in interpreting obtained from institute is one prototype Aremania. Over time, social life. Aremania always improve as an established 4. CONCLUSIONS social group in solidarity and unity. Aremania Viewing from the initial appearance, not hesitate to adopt the habit or culture of the formation of Aremania social identity other groups (average supporter of Europe and strongly influenced by internal and external Latin America) feels good and can Malang factors. Internal factors that affect the accepted by society. From this and later born formation of identity is the character of the prototype- new prototype as a result changes of community Aremania "kejawatimuran" which social groups. is famous for violence and tenacity to never Arising of new value (prototype) is then give up under any circumstances. Poor a proof that Aremania able to combine internal community is also known for his creativity in with external factors that exist. It also became

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