Part Four: Practice Tests I rrz
Practice Test 1
Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions Time:55 Minutes 80 Questions
Directions: Choose the best answer choice for the questions below.
l. Four people were killed and eleven wounded Which of the following statements best at Kent State Universityin Ohio when describes the importance of the Virginia House of Burgesses? (A) protests grew violent, leading to clashes with federal troops (A) It failed miserably in establishing colo- (B) Nixon ordered all local police depart- nial rule ments to crush student anti-war protests (B) It was abolished immediately by King (C) male students fought with Iames I campus feminists (C) It set the standard for more colonial leg- (D) National Guardsmen fired into a crowd islative bodies that would follow of students at an antiwar protest (D) It established Puritanism as the official (E) students protested the admittance of a religion black student into the university (E) It controlled the economy of all English colonies
The wealthiest colonists on the eve of the .t.A American Revolution were The population of the Southern United States (A) doctors and lawyers increased dramaticallybetween 1810 and 1860 due to (B) merchants (A) (C) farmers the Louisiana Purchase (B) the (D) clergymen natural birth rate of African slaves (C) (E) skilled artisans an increase in the number of imported slaves (D) Indian Removal policies (E) the advent of the Lowell System
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5. Advocates for peace such as ]ane Addams won 9. In the presidential election of 1984, Ronald a temporary victory with the Reagan
(A) American entrance into (A) barely escaped losing to Walter Mondale the League of Nations (B) won the election in a landslide (B) ratification of the Tieaty of Versailles by (C) lost votes from women and youth the United States (D) struggled to maintain his hold after the (C) annexation of Hawaii Iran-Contra Scandal (D) Destroyers-for-Bases deal (E) gained a large following of African (E) signing of the Kellogg-Briand Pact American voters
6. The best example of rising sectional tensions 10. President Lyndon Johnson struggled to keep caused by westward expansion in antebellum his Great Society program afloat due to America can be seen in (A) his desire to reduce voting rights for (A) the Tieaty of Guadalupe-Hildago African Americans (B) the Bear Flag revolt (B) Congressional opposition (C) the Clayton-Bulwer Tieaty to a withdrawal from Vietnam (D) the Wilmot Proviso (C) government spending to keep missiles out of Cuba (E) the failure to annex Texas (D) increased protections of the environment 7. The Compromise of 1820 (Missouri (E) his failure to increase taxes to offset the Compromise) provided for cost of war and his programs (A) the end of slavery in the District of Columbia 11. The North American Free Trade Aqreement (B) admission of Maine as a free state (NAFTA) and Missouri as a slave state (A) stipulated that Mexico and Canada agree (C) gradual emancipation of slaves to buy goods exclusively from the United south of the 36'30' line States (D) slavery to be decided (B) set "most-favored-nation status" with by popular sovereignty China (E) the balance of power in the Senate to (C) began the development of a unified favor the South economic community like the European Union 8. War Hawks in 1810 usually hailed from (D) attempted to lift most tariffs on goods sold across the international borders of (A) the South and West the United States, Mexico, and Canada (B) New England (E) was highly praised by organized labor in (C) elite Federalist families the United States (D) Middle states. (E) the Deep South
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12. The debate between the Federalists and the 15. Hamilton's financial plan was designed Anti-Federalists concerning the ratification of primarilyto the Constitution mainly concerned (A) prepare the new nation for a possible (A) allegiance to European allies war with Britain (B) power of the states over power of a cen- (B) help protect the wealthy tral government (C) improve the nation's credit standing and (C) slavery in the new nation financial stability (D) judicial review (D) find ways to export more products from (E) a Bank of the United States the South (E) increase the country's industrial capacity
13. U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War was 16. By the end (A) approved by the UN Security Council ofthe seventeenth century, the rise in the African slave trade could be attributed (B) designed to root out Soviets in Asia to (C) based on decisions by Republican presi- dents (A) the number of indentured servants who had served their contracted time and (D) born from a sense of responsibility stem- were now free ming from the Truman Doctrine (B) the low cost of African slaves as com- (E) officially declared.a war by the Gulf of pared to white servants Tonkin resolution (C) revolts. in Haiti and the Dominican Republic t4. In the 1950s, the recording industry (D) the decline in the plantation economy experienced massive growth because of (E) the rise of cotton as a cash crop (A) crooners such as Frank Sinatra and Bing Crosby 17. Large numbers of Mexican immigrants were (B) Holll.wood musicals forced to return home during the (C) the advent of FM radio (A) 1860s (D) transistor radios (B) 1880s (E) rock and roll (C) 1910s (D) 1930s (E) 1960s
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i8. The Great Awakening had all of the following 2t. United States' foreign policy in the years effects on American colonial society EXCEPT following World War II sought to
(A) increased respect for traditional (A) cool down tensions between the United ministers States and the Soviet Union (B) construction of universities (B) contain communism where it currently to train clergy existed (C) establi'shment of new Protestant sects (C) appease Stalin by giving into small (D) greater emotion in church services demands (E) common religious experiences in various (D) provoke the Soviets into limited war colonies situations (E) negotiate for the eventual Soviet take over of Eastern Europe 19. The Puritans believed that their purpose in the colonies was to 22. "I have the honor to state that I have carefully (A) become an example of faith for the world considered, in communication with my to see colleagues, the proposal . . . that a declaration (B) create a democracy that would model should be made by foreign powers claiming ancient Greece "spheres of interest" in China as to their (C) abide by the rules of the Church of intentions in regard to the treatment of foreign England trade and interest therein." (D) earn riches to send back to the mother -British Foreign Minister, 1899 country The statement above was prompted by the (E) forge an alliance with natives in order to (A) issuance of the Open Door Policy gain power for England (B) annexation of the Philippines by the United States 20. In response to the Great Depression, Franklin (C) U.S. involvement in the Boxer Rebellion D. Roosevelt's initial policy for the agricultural (D) restatement of the Monroe Doctrine sector aimed to (E) signing of the Ostend Manifesto (A) keep agricultural goods priced low to encourage consumer purchase 23. The approval by California voters in 1994 of (B) paying stimulate farm production by for Proposition 187 signaled new equipment (A) public outrage over high property taxes (C) encourage farmers to destroy their crops in order to increase prices (B) concern of Californians to provide med- ical care for the poor (D) artificially stabilize prices with price ceil- ings and floors (C) underlying tensions between whites and immigrants in the state (E) cut federal aid to farmers in the Dust Bowl (D) a desire to provide all immigrants with state services (E) the necessity of reforming urban ghettos to calm racial tensions ry9 Part Four: Practice Tests | ,*, Practice Test I I
24. As a result of heary debts left from the French 27. Laissezfaire economic policies of the late- and Indian War, Parliament decided to nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries encouraged (A) remove all British military posts in the colonies (A) high tariffs (B) hand Canada and Louisiana to the (B) powerful labor unions French (C) tighter monetary policy (C) shift their attention to a war with the (D) horizontal and vertical integration Netherlands (E) fair trade and labor practices (D) force the colonists to pay for the protec- tion they had been provided 28. (E) remove heavy tariffs on imported goods The Carter administration faced its greatest to stimulate the economy policy challenges in the realm of (A) energyconservation
25. Which of the following statements best (B) social programs describes the reaction ofthe Kennedy (C) economic issues administration to the Freedom Rides? (D) Latin American affairs (A) It tried to remain noncommittal as (E) relations between Egypt and Israel the vote on the Civil Rights Act was approaching. 29. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the (B) Kennedy risked his political career by result of public pressure inspired by authorizing the use of force against violators of the Fifteenth Amendment. (A) the Sherman Anti-Tiust Act (C) At the urging of his brother Robert, (B) the Wagner Act President Kennedy finally sent federal (C) How the Other Half Lites troops to end the violence. (D) food poisoning of American soldiers in (D) It denounced the freedom rides as a Cuba publicity stunt and asked for them to (E) The |ungle stop.
(E) Kennedy personally greeted the riders as they completed their last stop. 30. The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was designed to
(A) place tribes back federally 26. The fight for "bread and butter" economic on granted reservations issues was organized by (B) protect the culture and traditions of (A) the Populists Native Americans (B) the Republican party (C) force the assimilation of Native (C) the Knights of Labor Americans into'American" society (D) the American Federation of Labor (D) end the protective relationship between (E) the Women's Christian Temperance the federal government and the tribes Union (E) sever the ties between warring tribes to promote peace I D:rt Fnr 11 P126f16,r Taerc>r) tr f,42 | lo't jf"'_t'cLLrLE I Pracflce tesrs I
All of the following were proponents of 34. ]ohn Foster Dulles is most closely associated "manifest destiny" EXCEPT with which of the following
(A) voters for fames K. Polk (A) MAD (MutuallyAssured Destruction) (B) Whig party members during the (B) massive retaliation Mexican War (C) the Bay of Pigs Invasion (C) Southern slave owners (D) containment (D) Northern Democrats fE) d6tente (E) supporters of the Treaty of Paris (1898) which ended the Spanish-American War 35. Throughout the 1970s, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States JL. Which of the following statements BEST (A) grew dramatically reflects President Eisenhower's stance on civil (B) stagnated rights in the 1950s? (C) declined rapidly (A) He invited Martin Luther King, ir. (D) diversified new to the White House to strengthen the with innovations connection between government and (E) outpaced that of fapan and Germany civil rights leaders.
(B) He publicly stated that he thought 36. Americans who were most likely to approve of segregation should be protected. the Articles of Confederation were (C) He made it a point to place civil rights (A) wary of a central government wielding issues high on his presidential agenda. too much power (D) He reluctantly sent in federal troops to (B) against strong states'rights integrate a high school in Little Rock. (C) New England merchants (E) He asked the Supreme Court to take a more active role in deciding civil rights (D) enlightened members of the Northern cases. elite 33. The Pentagon Papers were (E) anti-slave Quakers
(A) a series of articles written by two young Washington Post reporters regarding the 37. The Employment Act of 1946 was significant Watergate break-in in that it (B) the blueprints for the design of the (A) protected the rights of union members Pentagon building to bargain collectively (C) classified Vietnam War-related (B) outlawed child labor Daniel Ellsberg documents leaked by (C) prevented discriminatory hiring the New York Times to practices based on race (D) to the coup transcripts linking the CIA (D) established the federal goal of full Ngo Diem overthrowing Dinh employment (E) plans for the invasion of Cuba (E) formed the ]ob Corp
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38. All of the following statements correctly 41, The main purpose of Black Codes was to characterize the United States in the 1920s (A) ensure justice EXCEPT for freemen (B) guarantee emancipation for slaves (A) There was a rebirth of African American (C) provide free public education to literature, art, and culture. freedmen (B) The Volstead Act was followed by all (D) grant land and Americans. a mules to ex-slaves (E) limit the ability of ex-slaves to integrate (C) The average American saw an increase in into Southern society standard of living. (D) American agriculture was faring far better than before World War I. The World Wide Web
(E) Mass consumption of consumer goods (A) had been in use by governments all over by the middle class increased dramati- the world since the 1960s cally. (B) was the brainchild of Bill Gates (C) was invented by Al Gore when he served 39. The settlement of the ]amestown Colony in in Congress Virginia survived as a result of (D) originated in 1989 as a method to (A) adherence to a strict Puritan work ethic connect the computers of physics researchers (B) the planting oftobacco as a cash crop (E) was the predecessor of the Internet (C) the ability of the settlers to avoid confrontation with Native Americans (D) the leadership of |onathan Edwards 43. Writings that encouraged individualism and a (E) financial assistance from Ensland connection to nature were most evident in the works of (A) George Whitefield 40. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine sought to (B) Elizabeth Cady Stanton (C) Washington Irving (A) maintain U.S. influence over the affairs of Latin American countries (D) Henry David Thoreau (B) keep China open to foreign trade (E) Booker T. Washington markets (C) force the Spanish to leave the Philippines (D) end the Russo-fapanese War (E) establish a U.S. presence in the building of the Panama Canal
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44. The Triangular Trade network of the 47. European contact with Native Americans eighteenth century sought to between 1500 and 1700 did all of the following EXCEPT (A) cut out the middleman in trade transactions (A) encouraged the use of European farming (B) increase the reliance of the French on techniques American goods (B) led to the formation of new tribes (C) circumvent the Navigation Acts by (C) forced once large native settlements to engaging in illegal trade disband (D) provide protection for Spanish gold run- (D) lethal as new diseases were introduced ners in the Caribbean into the population (E) halt the importation of African slaves (E) led to the extensive enslavement of natives for work on plantations
45. The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) provided for 48. The 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board ofEducation, Topeka, Kansas (A) a balance of power between the states overturned and the federal government (B) checks and balances among the three (A) Plessy v. Ferguson branches of government (B) Marbury v. Madison (C) complete abandonment of the Articles of (C) Dred Scott v. Sandford Confederation (D) Worcester v. Georgia (D) a plan for apportionment of congressio- (E) Sweatt v. Painter nal representatives (E) the levying of income taxes 49. As a result of the advancements in transportation in the 1820s 46. The period of high inflation and high (A) agriculture overtook industry in the unemployment in the 1970s was commonly North referred to as (B) once viable cities along the Erie Canal (A) depression became ghost towns (B) recession (C) regional specialization developed in the (C) a trough United States (D) supply-side economics (D) the federal government became more (E) stagflation involved in funding internal improve- ments (E) transport of cotton to New England became more viable on canals
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City and Rural Dwellers 1860-1920
Year City Rural
1860 6 )16 \19, 25,226,803 t870 9,902,36I 28,656,010 1880 I4,129,735 36,059,474 1890 22,106,265 40,873,501 1900 30,214,832 45,997,336 1910 42,064,001 50,I64,495 r920 54,253,292 51,768,255
50. Which of the following statements is supported by the information provided in the chart above?
(A) The Civil War had a major impact on population growth. (B) Immigration quotas helped to stem the growth of urban areas. (C) Western states did not experience as rnuch growth as the North. (D) The rise of industry did much to fuel the move from the farm to the city. (E) City growth significantly slowed after World War I.
5 l. "You can not possibly have a broader basis for 52. Operation Desert Storm in 1991 began after government than that which includes all the (A) Libyan militants attacked a discotheque people, with all their rights in their hands, and in Lebanon killing 283 U.S. Marines with an equal power to maintain their rightsi' (B) the United Nations Security Council -William Lloyd Garrison authorized the use of force against the These words would most likely have come Iraqi invasion of Kuwait from (C) American hostages were taken by Iranian (A) the Free Soil Party platform revolutionaries at the U.S. Embassy (B) sermons of the Second Great Awakening (D) Congress declared war against Iraq and (C) the abolitionist paper The Liberator Saddam Hussein (D) the book Cannibals AII (E) terrorists bombed the USS Cole in Yemen (E) Reconstruction Congressional records
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53. The clearest reason why the United States 56. All of the following occurred during the entered World War I was Second World War EXCEPT
(A) the failure of European colonies (A) a dramatic increase of married women (B) the Central Powers capture of Poland entering the paid work force (C) to ensure adherence to the Monroe (B) the forced relocation of |apanese- Doctiine Americans from the West Coast to camps in the interior (D) to protect Britain so she could pay her war debts (C) the prohibition of interstate travel without government permission (E) continued violations of U.S. neutrality by German U-Boats (D) the federal rationing of gasoline and sugar (E) an increase in African American worked to convince many 54. Shays'Rebellion immigration to urban areas Americans that
(A) excise taxes should be lowered 57. All of the following were provisions of Henry (B) the United States needed to have a Clay's American System EXCEPT stronger relationship with France (A) high protective tariffs (C) frontier settlers should arm themselves against British troops in the West (B) the building of a national road (D) the central government of the United (C) federal subsidies to Southern farmers States should be stronger (D) the recharter of the Bank of the United (E) Native American tribes could not be States trusted (E) federally financed internal improvements
55. An important factor contributing to the Great Depression in the United States in the 1930s 58. All of the following were factors in the failure was the of the United States to join the League of Nations after the First World War EXCEPT (A) large military expenditure in the 1920s (B) decline in farm prosperity during the (A) fear of further involvement in foreign 1920s wars (C) redistribution of wealth due to stock (B) personal and political rivalries between market successes President Woodrow Wilson and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (D) increased importation of foreign goods (c) President Wilson's illness (E) increase in population due to immigration (D) a group of United States senators who opposed American participation on any terms (E) the influence of the Soviet Union within the League
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59. Cherokee Indians who had been told to move 62. Which of the following led to the Soviet from their homelands found significant cancellation of peace talks with President support from Eisenhower in 1960?
(A) settlers of the Great Plains (A) the Kitchen Debate (B) abolitionists such as Garrison (B) the U-2 incident (C) the Supreme Court (C) the launch of Sputnik (D) the executive branch (D) the creation of NASA (E) the legislative branch (E) the end of d6tente
60. The Salem Witch Trials in 1692were 63. The Equal Rights Amendmenr (ERA)
(A) a product of poisoning of the colonists (A) was a new amendment proposed in 1970 by native tribes by Betty Friedan and NOW (B) indicative of social and economic ten- (B) was pocket vetoed by President sions among colonists Eisenhower (C) a phenomena isolated to Salem (C) split the feminist movement with mod- (D) attacks by elite women on poorer citi- erates and radicals disagreeing over the zens scope of the provisions (E) isolated to the hunting of female victims (D) was passed and ratified in 1986 (E) was passed in 1972 but failed to get the number of states to become an 6t. The "Revolution of 1800" was significant Amendment because
(A) power was peacefully passed from the Federalists to the Democratic 64. All of the following correctly describe the Republicans Lend-Lease program ofthe early 1940s EXCEPT (B) the United States finally ended the threar of Native Americans in the west (A) It was welcomed and accepted bv all Americans. (C) |efferson was elected by popular vote (D) American foreign policy strengthened (B) It was a public agreement rather than a towards Britain secretive pre-war deal. (C) (E) Southerners successfully defended their It was intended to send a strong message right to hold slaves to the Axis powers. (D) It signaled the end of American neutral- ity. (E) It started the real mobilization effort in American industry.
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65. The Stock Market Crash of 1929 was 68. Presidentt Reagan's use of supply-side precipitated by economics presupposed that
(A) a rapid rise in unemployment (A) wealth needed to be redistributed to (B) plunging farm prices close the poverty gap (C) a decrease in buying on credit (B) the first priority should be to balance the federal budget (D) a drop in the standard of living (C) increased government spending was (E) decreased supplies of large consumer needed to stimulate the economy goods (D) tax cuts to middle and high income Americans would stimulate investment The treatment of native populations by 66. (E) the government needed to lower interest and Spanish explorers in current-day Mexico rates the American Southwest is best described as
(A) congenial and helpful 69. The tariffcontroversy that began in 1828 (B) purely driven by Christian motives rekindled the (C) harsh and unprincipled (A) discussion of a federal income tax (D) open to the possibility of cohabitation (B) fight over the reelection of Martin Van (E) curious and analytical Buren (C) spirit of open trade between the United 67. Originally, the convention that led to the States and Britain drafting of the Constitution was called to (D) argument over federal involvement into (A) scrap the Articles and begin anew internal improvements (B) establish more stringent foreign policy (E) controversy over the doctrine of nullification (C) create a system to handle disputes with Native Americans (D) finalize the independence of the nation 70. The Emancipation Proclamation had the from Britain immediate impact of (E) revise the Articles of Confederation (A) weakening the morale of troops in the Confederacy (B) shifting the purpose of the war into a moral fight (C) turning more would-be Democrats into Republicans in the Border States (D) declining Union desertions of troops (E) abolitionists celebrating the success of immediate emancipation
ry9 t I
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1t 71. Despite a surge in popularity due to the President Truman furthered the cause of Civil success of Operation Desert Storm, President Rights by George Bush's momentum suffered from (A) authorizing Jackie Robinson to play (A) a lack of attention to domestic issues baseball in the Major Leagues (B) a resurgence of Communist aggression (B) integrating public schools (C) failure to sign SAI| II (C) desegregating the armed forces
(D) embarrassment over the failure of an (D) ordering the desegregation of a1i public invasion of Panama faciiities
(E) the hostage crisis in Iran (E) demanding the resignation of Huey P. Long
72. After the Civil War, the railroad industry boomed because of 75. Native American tribes experienced a cultural shift before Columbus landed in the New (A) mass immigration of Chinese to the lVorid r,vhen West (B) vertical integration (A) domesticated horses were introduced (C) the rise in the cost of capital goods (B) intricate irrigation systems were created (D) the success of the Interstate Commerce (C) outbreaks of smallpox ravaged the Commission continent (E) massive government land grants (D) contact with Asians brought firearrns to the continent (E) knowledge of the growing of corn 73" Tension and fighting between Britain and moved up from Mesoamerica France spilled over to North America during the 76. In the (A) War of Polish Succession late-nineteenth century, various groups of Americans responded to the influx of large (B) Metacom's War numbers of "newimmigrants" by (C) Seven Years'War (A) opening better processing centers at (D) Anglo-Franco lVar ports of entry (E) French Wars of Religion (B) offering opportunities for immigrants who were seeking jobs (C) establishing strict "quota" laws which limited immigration (D) allowing for a speedy gain of U.S. LrLrztrll5r1IP^i+i-^- ^L:* (E) welcoming lews and Catholics more than in previous times in history
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77. Nativists were primarily interested in
(A) decreasing taxes and tariffs (B) protecting the rights of organized labor (C) lifting immigration restrictions on Asia (D) rights for former slaves (E) restricting privileges for immigrants JOIN, or DIE. 78. In the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade it was ruled that 79. The cartoon shown above was drawn by (A) there are no protections of a woman's Benjamin Franklin in1756 to gain support for right to abortion in the Constitution (A) the Declaration of Independence (B) have the right to ban all methods states (B) the Albany Plan of Union of abortion (C) the Hartford Convention (C) the Constitution protects a woman's (D) the Stamp Act Congress right to privacy in the matter of abortion (E) the RevolutionaryWar (D) states cannot regulate the distribution of contraceptives by doctors and clinics (E) states have no right to set laws prohibit- 80. The Ma1'flower Compact is best described as ing the sale of pornographic material (A) an intricate framework of central gov- ernment (B) a royal charter (C) a declaration of freedom from the bonds of England (D) a foundation for self-government (E) an allegiance to the Church of England
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ANSWERS AN D EXPIANATIONS 5.E The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 was an agreement Murlplr CHolce of 62 participating nations to make illegal the use 1.D of offensive warfare. Unfortunately the pad did not have any provisions for enforcement or punishment An othenruise peaceful rally became bloody when for offenders. The United States never entered the National Cuardsmen fired upon student protesters League of Nations, nor did it ever ratify the Treaty of and passers-by at Kent State University in 1970. As Versailles. The annexation of Hawaii in I896 and the they marched to protest the newly discovered secret Destroyers-for-Bases deal in l94O would not have bombings of Cambodia, nervous National Cuards pleased Addams or other peace advocates. stood watch and someone fired a shot. lt is still not clear who fired. In the end, four young college 6.D students died. As the United States spread westward adding new territories, tension rose over the balance between 2. B. free and slave states in Congress. The Wilmol Proviso Men who dealt in the buying and selling of dramatically contributed to those rising tensions when manufactured goods were by far the most revered it propoSed that slavery should be banned from all and moneyed in the colonies by 1715. Doctors of the territories gained from the Mexican Cession. and lawyers had little to no schooling, and many Although the Wilmot Proviso did not pass the Senate- considered them to be crooks and liars. Even as the Southern states successfully engineered its though percent 90 of all colonists were involved in defeat-it nonetheless stood as a dangerous symbol agriculture, very few were actually making any sizable in the eyes of Southerners that Northerners sought amount of money from it. Skilled artisans such as to tip the sectional balance in favor of the free states. carpenters and cobblers relied on merchants to get The Treaty of Cuadalupe-Hildago ended the Mexican their goods to market, often losing profits along the War, but did not stipulate any language regarding way. slavery. The Bear Flag revolt was a small coup staged 3.C by American settlers in California in 1846 where they successfully drove the Mexican governor from Following the lead of the House of Burgesses, many the region. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was the first more small legislative bodies formed to establisn attempt by the United States to secure the building some form of "self-rule." While not fully in control of of a canal through the lsthmus of panama. Texas was .l845. their own destiny, the House of Burgesses did allow successfully annexed bythe United States in for colonials to establish some law and order thar resembled a sovereign nation. 7.B 4.B When Missouri petitioned for admission as a slave state in I B I 9, tensions ran high as the delicate The African slave population in the United States balance of power between North and South was more than tripled in the time period between tBt0 about to tip in the South's favor. Congressman James and l860 due to natural birth rates. The Louisiana Tallmadge crafted a two-part compromise that would Purchase did not add manv new citizens. but rather allow for the admission of two states (one free and land and the Native Americans living on that land. one slave) to maintain the balance, as well as the Slave importation actually dropped in the time period prohibition of slavery north of the i6'30' line. While mentioned. The Lowell System was in New England slavery was ended in the District of Columbia as a and concerned textile industry. result of the Civil War, the slave trade in the nation,s capital and popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession were instituted by the Compromise of lB5O. I Part For rr Practice Tests 558 | i,,.Ji.. t"tit'i
8.A 12. B Those who wished to defend American rights, gain Federalists, led by men such as Ceorge Washingon more territory and rid the nation of the Native and James Madison, were quick to point out the American threat mostly lived in the West and South. necessity of a strong central government. The Anti- War Hawks demanded a response to the continued Federalists, led by Ceorge Mason and Patrick Henry violations of U.S. neutrality and arming of natives were fearJul that a strong central power would on the frontier by the British. New Englanders and diminish the rights of men that Americans had won Federalists were among the most ardent opponents in the American Revolution. Problems with European to war, as they stood to lose valuable trade allies became an issue very soon for the new nation. relationships with Britain if war occurred. The Middle The slavery debate had been temporarily settled and Deep South states were divided in their opinions in the drafting of the original Constitution with the over a oossible war. Three-fifths Compromise and the agreement to abolish the slave trade in I808. Judicial review and 9.8 the development of the Bank of the United States President Reagan was running high by the time the were issues deah with after the ratification of the .l984 election of rolled around. He handily defeated LOnST|TUTIOn tn | /Uv. former Vice President Mondale by maintaining his hold on votes from conservatives, women, and the t3. D you,ng. News of the lran-Contra Affair did not break It was the Truman Doctrine that set Cold War foreign until 1986. African American voters were largely not policy with regard to communism. By pledging to fond of President Reagan. intervene on behalf of any country under threat of communist take-over, the United States became the 10. E world's policeman for democracy. The aim in Vietnam President Lyndon Johnson struggled with his passion was not to remove Soviets, but to prevent the regime for improving American society and his refusal to of Ho Chi Minh from influencing South Vietnam. The let Vietnam to fall to the Communists. Upon taking blame for the war can be placed on both Republicans office after the assassination of John Kennedy, (Eisenhower and Nixon) as well as Democrats Johnson passed through a massive income tax cut (Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson). The Vietnam War that would severely limit the government's ability to was never declared an official war by Congress. fund both a war on poverty at home and a war on ideology overseas. He decided to focus on the war in 14. E Vietnam by further escalating U.S. involvement, which A form of music that came from African American eventually led to inflation and a premature end to jazz and blues, with some country style mixed in for many of Johnson's Creat Society dreams. good measure, rock and roll created a sound that made parents across the nation shake their heads in t1. D distaste. The baby boomers were becoming teenagers President Clinton had a tough time selling NAFIA to during the 1950s and flooded to local record shops to conservative Republicans, moderate Democrats, and pick up the latest singles from ElVis Presley or Buddy 'Holly. organized labor during the 1990s. The agreement, FM and transistor radios did not gain popular .l994, finally ratified in sought to create a tariff-free zone use until the i960s and t9z0s. on the North American continent. lt was not an attemPt at an "EU" type system, in that the three participating ts. c countries still had autonomv over their own currencies While Alexander Hamilton was a friend of industry and
a nd economic systems. "Most-favored-nation" status the wealthy, his main goal was to get the new nation or "Normal Trade Relations" has been granted to China on its feet financially. He believed that no nation could under a special presidential waiver since l9BO. be successful if it did not have a firm economy.
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16. A 21. B Wealthy landowners had to find new sources of labor Soviet expert and advisor to President Truman, when white indentured servants ended their time of Ceorge Kennan, insisted on a policy that would keep service and became free. While African slaves were communism contained within its existing areas of not cheap, they were easier to manage than white Europe. His hope was that eventually the Communists servants, who felt superior simply due to the color of would have to back away from their aggressive goal of their skin. As the plantation economy grew, so did the world domination and that democracv would prevail. need for more and more labor. 22. A 17. D Secretary of State John Hay issued the Open Door Mexican immigrants had flooded California's San Policy to protect regions of China falling victim to Joaquin Valley in order to help pick the bumper crops European and Japanese colonization. He was arso of the 1920s. Unfortunately, as the number of white concerned in the protection of American trade with migrants, or "Okies," increased during the Dust Bowl China. Technically, the United States never annexed years of the l93Os, many Mexicans were forcibly the Philippines, but ruled it instead as a protectorate. removed from the American West and Southwest to The United States was involved in the rescue effort maKe room. duringthe Boxer Rebellion, which occurred in l9OO. The Monroe Doctrine was not applicable to Asia. 18. A The Ostend Manifesto (1854) dealt with the United The Creat Awakening served to deteriorate the States' insistence that Cuba was better off in their respect of traditional ministers also known as "Old hands rather than left on their own. Lights.' "New Lights" such as Jonathan Edwards and Ceorge Whitefield preached a different religious 23. C view that encouraged the expression of emotion and Proposition l87 was passed in 1994 to keep illegal united colonists in the common religious experience. immigrants from using state public services sucn as Universities such as Harvard and Yale were public schools, medical care, and welfare. The raw established to train the large number of new clergy served to outline the fears of whites and conservatives demanded. in California of becoming a minority in their state. The law was challenged in court immediately and was A 19. eventually repealed by Covernor Cray Davis. John Winthrop's views for the Puritans to build "CiW on a Hill" (outlined inhis Model of Christion Chority) 24. D best described goals the of the Puritans as thev ser ln order to shoulder the war debts left from the Seven g;1, sail for the Massachusetts a;;;.;;; ;;;:". Years'and French and Indian Wars, Britain needed of hope, faith, and Codliness was the number one the colonists to pay their fair share of the burden. goal for the Puritans. The French surrendered all territorial claims in North America in the peace settlement that ended the war. 20. c The Netherlands was not a concern of the British ' The Agricultural Adjustment Act (,l933) worked to in the l75Os. Tariffs would actually be increased to encourage farmers to plow under surplus crops to further bleed revenue from the colonies. cause a supply dip which would signal an increase in the price of goods. Farmers were paid subsidies to 25. C supplement the difference between the loss of crops Much like his Democratic predecessors, Kennedy prices. and market desperately needed the Southern vote to secure many of his proposals for social and political reform. Therefore, he was reluctant at first to become
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involved in the civil rights debate. After violence that were struck with food poisoning while fighting the left many injured, some critically, Robert Kennedy Spanish American War in Cuba, but it did not lead urged his brother to act. lt was at that point that the to any legislation. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was Kennedy White House was no longer noncommittal designed to end the stranglehold of monopolies on with regard to civil rights. the American economy. The Wagner Act was not passed until the New Deal administration of Franklin 26. D D. Roosevelt and dealt with organized labor. How the Samuel Compers, founder and leader of the Other Holf Lives was a piece of muckraking by Danish American Federation of Labor, prided himself in the immigrant and photojournalist Jacob Riis that dealt union's goal of fighting for shorter working hours, with poverty and immigration. better pay, and safer work places, or what he called "bread and butte/' issues. The Knights of Labor had 30. c become a bit more radical in their bid for recognition The main goal of the Dawes Act was to forcibly by asking for change that sounded more socialist assimilate Native Americans into white society by than most Americans were comfortable with. The removing them from their reservations and opening Republican Party was not a friend of organized labor, up schools to teach them typical American etiquette. rather they traditionally protected big business. As a result. manv native cultures and traditions were The Populists were involved in agricultural issues, destroyed. By this time in history there were few while the WCTU focused on alcohol prohibition and tribes left to be at "warl' women's rights. 31. B 27. D Whigs, who largely opposed manifest destiny, claimed Integration of American businesses led to the huge that the Mexican War was being waged purely to trusts and monopolies of the I BBOs and 1900s. protect the interests of slave expansionists. Those The hands-off policy of the federal government who voted for Polk in 1844 wanted a oresident who encouraged men such as Carnegie and Rockefellerto would expand the borders of the country. Southern grow their fortunes unfettered. slave owners and Northern Democrats both believed that expansion would be good for the economy. The 28. C Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish-American The Carter administration never got itself out War, extended manifest destiny overseas with many from under the horrible economic recession that island acouisitions. had begun during the Nixon/Ford years. Some of President Carter's lasting contributions were the 32. D Department of Energy, Social Security reforms, and lntegrating Central High School was the first nationally the Camp David Accords, which calmed relations recognized test of the Supreme Court ruling in Brown between Egypt and lsrael. v. Boord (1954). When it looked as if violence would erupt in the face of integration, President Eisenhower 29. E reluctantly ordered federal troops to protect and Upton Sinclair's muckraking expose of the personally escort the nine African American students meatpacking industry sent Americans reeling and to their classes. In all other cases, Eisenhower avoided demanding government intervention to protect the civil rights issue and even remarked ihat his their health. President Roosevelt worked between appointment of Earl Warren to the Supreme Court lawmakers and the meatpacking industry to craft had been "the biggest damn fool mistake I ever the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. Soldiers madel'
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33. C bargaining was protected with the Wagner Act of Former Department of Defense employee Daniel 1935, and Job Corp was part of Johnson's Creat Ellsberg leaked the Pentagon Papers to the New york Society program. Times in l97l . President Nixon sought to prevent them from being published, but was overruled by the 58. B Supreme Court.'The release of the papers increased The Volstead Act was the legislation passed to the credibility gap in the eyes of the American public, enforce the Eighteenth Amendment, or prohibition. as it was discovered that the Johnson administration Most Americans simply ignored prohibition .l960s and in the had lied with regard to American drank alcohol they made themselves or bought from intentions in Vietnam. "bootleggers.'The Harlem Renaissance was the scene of a dramatic increase in African American culture in 34. B the l92Os. The average American family did see a nse Brinksmanship, the "New Look" military and massive in its standard of living, and as a consequence was retaliation were all hallmarks of Dulles'foreign policy able to purchase consumer goods at a rate not seen during the Eisenhower administration and were before. Unfortunately for America's farmers, these designed to deal directly with the communist threat. financial rewards would not come their way. They MAD was largely formulated during the 1960s by suffered under the weight of a depressed worldwide Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. The Bay market and massive debt. of Pigs invasion is most commonly attributed to President Kennedy. Containment lies with Truman 39. B and d6tente with Nixon. Through the leadership of Captain John Smith anc the planting of tobacco as a viable cash crop, tne 3s. B Jamestown colony was able to escape the fate of the The 1970s would be known for "stagflation," a period earlier Roanoke colony, which disappeared. of high unemployment and high inflation that the government was virtually powerless to control. 40. A Many Latin American countries were deeD in debt to 36. A European nations at the beginning of the hruentieth Southern representatives to the Second Continental century. As nations such as Creat Britain began Congress held fast to the notion of preserving strong sending military force to collect these debts, president states' rights and a weak central government. New Theodore Roosevelt intervened on behalf of Latin Englanders were not so sure that a weak centrar American countries, declaring that European force to government was most effective, but opted to collect debts was a violation of the Monroe Doctrine. compromise in order to start the nation off on the Thus, the United States would occupy these Latin right foot. Slavery was very much a states' rights issue, American countries until the debts were paid. The and one that Quakers would be against. other issues all involved Theodore Roosevelt, but were not connected to the Roosevelt Corollarv. 37. D 41. E By firmly establishing the goal of federal government fiscal policy to be that of maintaining full employment, Black Codes, passed during Reconstruction, were the Employment Act of 1946 more or less enacted by Southern legislatures to inhibit the ability of "depression proofed" the American economy. former slaves to gain socio-economically in the South. Child labor was banned in tgiB by the Fair Labor The Black Codes were designed to keep a low-cost, Standards AcL Discriminatory hiring practices were not stable work force to care for cash crops. The other addressed until the Civil Rights Act of 1965. Collective answer choices were goals of the Freedmen's Bureau.
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42. D of Connecticut to have equal representation in the upper house (the Senate) and proportional Invented by Timothy Berners-Lee to aid in the representation in the lower chamber (the House of connection of computers for a physics research team, Representatives). Checks and balances within the the World Wide Web rapidly became the industry government and between states had been remedied standard and was in use by I 991 . The precursor in the drafting of the Constitution. The Articles had to the Internet and World Wide Web was ARPANEI already been abandoned wholly with the drafting of which was designed for academic and government .l969. the Constitution. Income taxes did not become an use in Bill Cates revolutionized the computer official fixture in the United States until the ratification world with his MS-DOS operating system that ,l9.l3. of the Sixteenth Amendment in separated individual computers from a mainframe. ln the earlv'90s, Al Core started a feruor when he said 46. E that he was instrumental in the development of the for Americans, high prices and high lnternet, which some took to mean he was claiming Unfortunately coupled to bring America its first to have invented the technologY. unemployment bout with stagflation. The usual tools government 43. D employed to combat inflation, cut taxes, and increase government spending did nothing to offset the Henry David Thoreau and his contemporaries, massive rise in prices for energy and consumer goods. such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, were known as Transcendentalists who believed in the power of 47. E the individual human spirit and the undeniable ranks as connection between man and nature. Stanton was Europeans brought silent killers among their Diseases such as small a women's rights activist of the antebellum era. they anived in the New World. have any lrving was a member of the Knickerbockers of New pox decimated native tribes, as they did not Yor( who began writing truly American literature. immunity against the viruses. The Spanish attempted Whitefield was a minister of the First Creat Awakening. to enslave natives, but soon found that they were not Washingon would have written about individualism hardy enough to work under these conditions. as an abolitionist, but not of nature. 48. A 44. C The I896 Supreme Court decision of Plessy v. seParate After the British Parliament began to enforce the old Ferguson set the precedent of allowing was Navigation Acts in an attempt to regain control over public facilities for whites and blacks. This case their colonies, colonial merchants began devising overturned by the 1 954 Brown decision, which ways to get around the laws. By trading rum and sugar determined that separate schools were inherently '|803 for slaves, the trade network that formed a triangle unequal. Morbury rz Madison was decided in judicial from the American south to the Caribbean to the west and set the precedent of review. The Dred determined coast of Africa successfully operated under the noses Scoff case, heard by the court in I856, not citizens. Worcester v. Ceorgio, of the British government. that slaves were decided in I832, determined that the Cherokee state of 45. D Nation was exempt from the laws of the Ceorgia. Finally, Sweott v. Pointer in 1950 allowed A great discussion ensued between large and small the admission of a black student to the all-white states over the reDresentation to the two houses University of Texas. of the legislative branch. lt was finally decided to accept the compromise drafted by Roger Sherman
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49. C .as U.S. warplanes attacked Baghdad and othertargets The country began to experience separation, as canals around the Persian Culf. The disco attack, carried .l986, and railroads divided the regions geographically. out by Libyan extremists, occurred in Berlin in Northern states were known for manufacturing, the killing two American servicemen. The hostage crisis in South for agriculture, while the West a mixed bag. lran occurred in 1979. Congress never declared war Agriculture always remained second to industry in the against lraq or Saddam Hussein. The USS Cole was North, and canals worked to make cities along the attacked in 20OO by Al Qaeda operatives. Erie much more viable. The federal government did not become involved in internal improvements until 53. E well after the Civil War. Cerman U-Boats had sunk a number of American merchant and passenger liners between l9l4 and .l9,l7. 50. D Cermany's policy of unrestricted submarine Because of the rise of plentiful factory jobs available warfare and the subsequent sinking of U.S. ships in in big cities, many Americans fled their farms and early 1 91 7 prompted Wilson to ask for a declaration immigrants flocked to American shores in search of war. Wilson had attempted to negotiate with of better opportunity. The Civil War, which ended in the Cermans to stop the carnage, but after the I865, did little to impact population growth. Some interception of the Zimmerman note, all negotiations immigration restrictions were put in place as early were dead. as I BB0, but most did not take effect until l92O and beyond. Western states did experience growth 54. D due to the influx of Asian immigrants looking for the Daniel Shays and his band of followers stormea "mountain of goldl' City growth increased rapidly after the Springfield arsenal in 1787 to protest what they World War l, as veterans and blacks moved to cities believed to be excessive taxes and the imprisonment for more opportunity. of debtors. While the insurrection lasted only a few days, it did much to frighten local elites of the sl. c possibility of a popular uprising if a stronger central William Lloyd Carrison published his abolitionist government was not put in place to regulate such a paper The Liberotor from t Si t to 1865, before large nation. France had all but been removed as a Reconstruction, to demand the immediate threat in North America due to the Treaty of paris that emancipation of slaves on the basis of the ended the French and Indian War, and British troops Constitution. Free Soilers were interested in preventing in the West did not attack American settlers (although the extension of slavery into the West. While they did help to arm native tribes, some of whom abolitionism was prompted by the Second Creat attacked wh ite frontier settlements). Awakening, sermons given during this time period would not be concerned with African American rights. 55. B Connibols Allwas written by slave apologist Ceorge The signs of economic collapse were all evident Fitzhugh, who justified slavery as a necessary evil. before the Creat Depression hit in the 1930s. Farmers struggled throughout the inter-war years 52. B due to worldwide depression and the inability to pay In November 1990, the UN Security Councilvoted for goods on credit. Military expenditures actually to authorize the use of military force against lraq for fell during the 1920s. Wealth was not significantly their unauthorized invasion of the tiny, oil-rich country redistributed, as the gap between riih and poor of Kuwait. Operation Desert Storm, later called the widened. lmport of foreign goods and immigration Persian Culf War, was launched on January I 6, l99l both slowed during the t 92Os. I Part Fnr rr Prar-tice Tests 564 | i,r..il." r"tir'i s6. c has made his decision. Now let him enforce iti' just gaining ground Married women entered the work force in resDonse Abolitionists were at this time and not get involved Native American affairs. The to the massive "Rosie the Riveter" campaign, which did in encouraged women to do their part to support the legislative branch was basically at the will of President had war effort. Women also had to endure rationing Jackson and did not intervene. ln fact, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1930. of staple goods such as butter and sugar, as well as gasoline and silk (used for stockings). People 60. B of Japanese ancestry were forcibly relocated to internment camps by Executive Order 9066. Finally, Accusers were usually young women living in Salem's African Americans moved in great numbers to urban inner "town" while the accused were typically older centers in the North and the West to find factory jobs widowers living in Salem's outer "countrysideJ' lt vacated by men leaving to serve overseas. was clear from the start that there were social and gconomic tensions that brought on the accusations 57. C and wild behaviors of the witch trials. Henry Clay hoped to improve the economy just as 6I. A Hamilton did before him by protecting infant American "Revolution" industry with high tariffs and improving the country's The election of I BO0 is known as a infrastructure with a national road and other federally simply because it was now clear that power could funded projects. Like many Federalists of an earlier be oassed from one faction to another withbut era, Clay did not see the need to provide assistance to violence. Thomas Jefferson was chosen by the House agriculture, which was ignored in his plan. of Representatives as president after there was a tie between his running mate, Aaron Burr and Jefferson. 58. E The Native American threat did not end until well into Russia (the Soviet Union) was conspicuously absent the late l8OOs. Southerners would continue to fight from the meetings at Versailles to discuss post-World for their right to continue to hold slaves until the Civil War. American relations with Britain did not imorove War I Europe. The country had backed out ofthe ,l8,l2. war earlier due to domestic issues. Americans feared until after the War of becoming too connected to European affairs and 62. B the consequence of being pulled into another world crisis. Wilson and Senator Lodge never saw eye to eye U-2 spy planes had been flying routine missions over on the issue of the League. Wilson's seven month the Soviet Union since 1955, but at an altitude that absence due to his stroke had a negative impad was undetectable to Soviet radar until May 1960. lt on those who supported his position as they lacked was then that an American U-2 spy plane flown by leadership. The "lrreconcilables" refused to accept the Francis Cary Powers was shot down flying over Soviet treaty with the provision for the League of Nations. airspace. Powers was captured and Moscow was angry at this 'war effortl' Khrushchev immediately s9. c called off oeace talks amid Eisenhowe/s insistence that he had no knowledge of such spy missions. The Supreme Court actually ruled on the side of the The so-called Kitchen Debate occurred between Cherokee tribe in their bid for maintain jurisdiction Vice President Nixon and Khrushchev at the World's on their homeland. ln Worcester v. Georgio (1832), .l957 Fair in 1959. Sputnikwas launched in and John Marshall and the Court ruled that the laws of the .l958 impacted American policy. NASA was created in state did not apply within the Cherokee territory as it was an independent nation. This prompted President in response to the launch of Sputnik. D6tente ended Andrew Jackson to have allegedly said 'John Marshall with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.
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65. E foreign, and Native American policies developed A staggering defeat for the feminist movemen! ERA throughout the post-Revolutionary period througn was passed by Congress but failed to garner the various political dealings with France, Britain, and necessary three-fourths of state ratifications to finally Native American tribes. Independence from Britain become an Amendment to the Constitution. lt finally had been declared and finalized in 1176. died in l982 when the requisite number of states failed to ratify the Amendment. 68. D Supply-side or, as Reagan called it, "Trickle-Down" 64. A economics, provided deep tax cuts for the middle and lsolationists such as Chades Lindbergh were not upper classes to stimulate investment that would 'trickle pleased with the Lend-Lease program, because it down" to the poor. Economists today disagree on signaled the end of neutrality and the beginning of whether Reagan's tax cuts actually helped improve the mobilization for war. Enacted as a measure to warn economy, or if the real cause was the massive increase the Axis powers of U.S. intentions, lend-lease helped of government spending in the defense industry. Britain get back on her feet after the Battle of Britain. Shrinking the poverty gap and balancing the federal The United States remained politically neutral as a budget were not priorities of the Reagan administration. non-belligerent but Lend-Lease was tantamount to an Increasing government spending is connected more economic declaration of war against the Axis powers. with demand-side or Keynesian economics. The government cannot influence interest rates; only the 55. B Federal Reserve can manipulate monetary policies. Signs of economic trouble were evident in the years 69. E prior to the Crash of 1929. The American farmer was struggling under the weight of falling agricultural John C. Calhoun secretly penned the document that prices and rising debts. Unemployment did not take a led his home state of South Carolina to protest agatnsr significant dip until the early t 93Os. Other reasons for the "tariff of abominations," othenruise known as the the economic collapse that would soon follow the crash Tariff of I828. By nullifying federal law, the state of were the massive increases in business inventories South Carolina refused to comply, driving president for large consumer goods, an increase in the amount Jackson to threaten the use of military force to enacr Americans were purchasing on credit, and a relative the law. Nullification was not a new idea as Thomas increase in the standard of living over the past decade. Jefferson in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of
66. C 70. B Spanish conquistadores were known for their brutal The Emancipation Proclamation had the immediate and exploitative treatment of native populations, effect of turning the war into a moral fight rather driving many to extinction. On their quest for "Cod, than purely an offensive war to save the Union. The gold and glory" European explorers exploited Proclamation actually strengthened the resolve of "uncivilized" natives for riches and power. Confederate troops as they fought to preserue their way of life. Democrats in the Border States were angered 67. E by the Proclamation, as it endangered their ability to keep slaves. The The Founding Fathers met at the Philadelphia Union Army actually experienced more desertions convention to discuss revisions of the existing Articles after the issuance of the Proclamation, because many of Confederation. Due to lateness on the part of many soldiers who had been willing to fight delegates, however, Virginians and other dignitaries for preserving the Union were now unwilling to grve their lives were able to draft a new document prior to the arrival for the abolitionist cause. Meanwhile. manv of the rest of the attendees. This new document abolitionists complained that the president had not gone would become the new Constitution. American. far enough when he issued the Proclamation.
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71. A 74. C President Ceorge H. W. Bush was haunted by By executive order 99Bl in 1947, President Truman a campaign promise he made in the l9BB desegregated the armed forces and added a spark to election*"Read my lips. No new taxesl' Faced with the fledgling civil rights movement. Jackie Robinson a government bail out of failed savings and loan did not need presidential approval to play for the institutions and an increase in the national debt, Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, which broke the color line President Bush had to accept a congressional tax in professional sports. lt was not until the 1954 ruling hike, thus alienating many Republican voters. This, in Brown v. Boord that public schools were integrated. coupled with an impending recession and questions Public facilities would not be integrated until 1965. sunounding the nomination of Clarence Thomas as Huey P. Long was assassinated in 1935. The Civil a Supreme Court justice. further damaged Bush's Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public chances at reelection in 1992. The third-party facilities. campaign of billionaire Ross Perot split the Republican vote, enabling Bill Clinton to win the presidenry with 75. E only 45 percent of the popular vote. The nutrition of Native American tribes vastly improved with the spread of information regarding the 72, E cultivation of corn as a staple crop. Mesoamericans Due to massive land grants by the federal in cunent-day Central America had long depended government, the railroad industry exploded after the on the versatile crop, and shared that knowledge Civil War. Chinese immigration had been steadily on with their neighbors to the north through the trade the rise since the discovery of gold in California in neh,vorks that existed along the Mississippi River. 1849, but did little to fuel the groMh of the railroad industry. Andrew Carnegie is best known for his use 76. C of vertical integration in amassing a significant market Unfortunately, many of the so-called "new share in his industry, Capital goods actually dropped immigrants" coming to the United States after in price as inventions such as the Bessemer process IBBO were not greeted by a welcome mat as they made the manufacture of steel cheap and fast. The disembarked from their arduous journeys. Americans Interstate Commerce Act sought to end unfair pricing restricted immigration from southern and Eastern practices by the railroads, but lacked enforcement European countries by establishing "quotas" and mechanisms to be effective. The Interstate rigorous entry requirements of all immigrants. This Commerce Commission was not successful in curbing new wave of people seeking refuge were mostly monopolies until the early twentieth century. Eastern European Jews fleeing persecution or southern European Catholics seeking a better life. 73. C Citizenship was not something readily handed out by The Seven Years' War was known as ihe French the U.S. government. and lndian War in North America, as colonists allied with British militia to fight against the latter. The War 77. E of Polish Succession was a continental European Nativism first began in the late I B4Os with the fight that lasted behr'reen 1733-1738. Metacom's American or Know-Nothing Party, which resented the War (also known as King Philip's War) was a Native increase in immigrants from Cermany'and lreland. American insurrection that occurred behrueen 1675- These feelings resurfaced at the turn of the twentieth 1676. The French Wars of Religion were fought in that century and into the I920s, as Americans turned country in the late sixteenth century. There were a against the large number of "new" immigrants from series of Anglo-French Wars; the Seven Years' War was southern and eastern Europe entering the country the last and the only one fought in North America. before and after the First World War. The other answer choices have nothing to do with nativism.
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78. C 80. D
The Court ruled that a woman's decision to have an The Mayflower Compact, penned by separatists abortion was protected by the Constitution up to the Pilgrims and non-Pilgrims as they landed at plymouth last three months of pregnancy. Neither the federal Bay, held the cornerstone of colonial self-rule. Far government nor states can outlaw all methods of from a constitution or a declaration of independence, abortion. The court decided in 1965 that states did the Compact bound the citizens of Plymouth Colony not have the authority to prohibit the sale or use together under rule of law of contraceptives. The Court has left the issue of decency up to states to regulate.
79. B As the editor of the Pennsylvonio Cozette and the sponsor of a plan to unite the colonies in a common defense duringthe French and Indian War, Franklin used his muscle of the press to try and persuade colonists to agree to the Albany Plan of Union. The Declaration of Independence, Stamp Act Congress, and Revolutionary War all occuned in the years after the French and Indian War;the Hartford Convention did not occur until the War of I B 12.
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