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Junior Canadian Army Officers, Leadership and the Second World War

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Junior Canadian Army Officers, Leadership and the Second World War CENTRE FOR MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES Calgary Papers in Military and Strategic Studies Occasional Paper Number 6, 2012 New Perspectives on Canada in the Second World War edited by Christine E. Leppard and Abraham M. Roof Calgary Papers in Military and Strategic Studies ISSN 1911-799X Editor Dr. JOhN FErrIS Managing Editor: Nancy Pearson Mackie Cover: Washington, D.C. The honorable MacKenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada. Library of Congress reproduction Number: LC-USW3-028151-D (b&w film neg.) Call Number: LC-USW3-028151-D [P&P] New Perspectives on Canada in the Second World War Occasional Paper Number 6, 2012 ISBN 978-1-55238-711-5 Centre for Military and Strategic Studies MacKimmie Library Tower 701 University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Tel: 403.220.4030 / Fax: 403.282.0594 www.cmss.ucalgary.ca / [email protected] Copyright © Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, 2012 Permission policies are outlined on our website: http://cmss.ucalgary.ca/publications/calgarypapers Calgary Papers Volume 1 (2007): Canada in Kandahar Volume 2 (2007): Canadian Defence Policy Volume 1 (2008): Strategic Studies Volume 2 (2008): Military Studies and History Volume 3 (2008): Civil Military Coordination: Challenges and Opportunities in Afghanistan Occasional Papers Number 1 (2008) Lock Stock and Icebergs? Defining Canadian Sovereignty from Mackenzie King to Stephen Harper Adam Lajeunesse Number 2 (2008) Equipment Procurement in Canada and the Civil Military Relationship: Past and Present Dr. Aaron Plamondon Number 3 (2009) Censorship, the Canadian News Media and Afghanistan: A Historical Comparison with Case Studies Dr. robert Bergen Number 4 (2011) Canadian Arctic Sovereignty and Security: Historical Perspectives edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer Number 5 (2012) Inuit Art and the Quest for Canada’s Arctic Sovereignty Patrick Lennox Forthcoming Occasional Paper Number 7 (2013) America’s Pivot to the Pacific: Selective Primacy, Operational Access, and China’s A2/AD Challenge David S. McDonough CENTRE FOR MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES The Centre for Military and Strategic Studies at the University of Calgary promotes excellence in military and strategic studies. Its members work in areas including military history, Canadian defence policy, and international strategic and security issues. Calgary Papers in Military and Strategic Studies presents their research to the public. ABSTRACT: This volume offers a first step toward the unification of many disparate threads in Canada’s history of the Second World War and new perspectives on Canada’s political and operational wars. What emerges is both unsurprising, and surprisingly new. Canada at war was a young nation increasingly, and sometimes cheekily, pursuing its national interests—at the level of policy. Although historians have overlooked Canada’s assertive role, through its joint defence measures and alliances Canada largely defined itself as a country, and combined close defence relationships with sover- eignty. Operationally, in training, and in civil affairs Canada’s inexperience resulted in a steep learning curve. Nonetheless, battlefield experience pro- vided important lessons that, in most key areas, were willingly learned. CENTRE FOR MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES CENTRE FOR MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES MacKimmie Library Tower 701 University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Tel. 403.220.4038 / Fax 403.282.0594 www.cmss.ucalgary.ca / [email protected] Calgary Papers in Military and Strategic Studies New Perspectives on Canada in the Second World War Edited by Christine E. Leppard and Abraham M. Roof Contents Contributors............................................................................................. iii Introduction . christine.e..leppard.and.abraham.m..roof..........................................1 Is.There.More.to.Be.Said?.Examining.the.History.of.. Canada’s.Alliances.in.the.Second.World.War. galen.roger.perras..................................................................................7 The.Acid.Test.of.Sovereignty:.Canada,.the.United.States,.. and.the.Command.of.Control.of.Combined.Forces.for.. Continental.Defence,.1940-1945. richard.goette........................................................................................23 North.American.Exceptionalism.in.Wartime:.Media. Representation.of.the.First.Special.Service.Force. james.wood...............................................................................................45 Cherbourg.Peninsula.Revisited:.A.Model.of.U.S... Combined.Operations.for.the.Canadian.Army. alexander.w.g..herd...............................................................................67 Mechanization,.Mountains.and.Mules:.A.Reassessment.of. Canadian.Participation.in.the.Italian.Campaign. william.pratt..........................................................................................81 i Task.Forces:.Making.Canadian.Armour.Operationally.. Effective.in.Italy,.1943-1944. christine.e..leppard..............................................................................107 Weighty.and.Hefty.Responsibilities:.Junior.Canadian.. Army.Officers,.Leadership.and.the.Second.World.War. craig.leslie.mantle..............................................................................127 Trained.to.the.Nines?Readying.the.South.Saskatchewan.. Regiment.for.War. russ.benneweis.......................................................................................153 Unsung.Heroes:.Canadian.Civil.Affairs.in.Northern.France. david.borys.............................................................................................179 ii Contributors D. Russ Benneweis.is.a.PhD..Candidate.in.Canadian.History.at.the.University. of.Calgary.under.the.supervision.of.Dr..David.Bercuson..His.dissertation.is. a.comparative.study.of.the.3rd.Canadian.and.29th.U.S..Infantry.Divisions. during.the.Second.World.War. David Borys. is. currently. finishing. his. PhD. at. the. University. of. New. Brunswick.under.the.guidance.of.Dr..Marc.Milner..His.dissertation.is.an.ex- ploration.of.several.significant.Canadian.Civil.Affairs.operations.in.France,. Belgium.and.the.Netherlands,.1944-1945. Dr. Richard Goette is.an.air.force.historian.specializing.in.command.and. control,.leadership,.maritime.air.power.and.air.defence.issues..He.completed. his. graduate. work. at. Queen’s. University. in. Kingston,. and. currently. does. contract.work.for.the.Canadian.Forces.Aerospace.Warfare.Centre.in.addition. to.teaching.at.the.Royal.Military.College.of.Canada.and.the.Canadian.Forces. College. Dr..Alexander W.G. Herd.is.Project.Manager,.The.Memory.Project.Archives. at.the.Historica-Dominion.Institute.in.Toronto..He.holds.a.PhD.in.Canadian. Military.History.from.the.University.of.Calgary.(2011).and.a.Master.of.Arts. in.History.from.Kansas.State.University.(2005).. Christine E. Leppard.is.a.PhD.Candidate.at.the.University.of.Calgary..Her. dissertation. examines. how. Canada. worked. to. advance. its. national. inter- est.while.fighting.as.a.junior.partner.in.a.coalition.war,.by.studying.the.I. Canadian.Corps.in.the.Italian.Campaign,.1943-1944..In.2009.she.co-chaired. with.Abraham.Roof.the.conference.“Seventy.Years.On:.New.Perspectives.on. the.Second.World.War”.in.Lake.Louise,.AB. Craig Leslie Mantle. is. a. Research. Officer. with. the. Canadian. Forces. Leadership.Institute.in.Kingston,.Ontario..He.is.also.a.Ph.D..Candidate.at. the.University.of.Calgary.where.he.is.investigating.leader-follower.relations. in.the.Canadian.Expeditionary.Force.during.the.First.World.War..His.earlier. publications.discuss.unit.and.sub-unit.leadership,.using.most.periods.from. the.South.African.War.to.Afghanistan.as.context. iii Dr. Galen Perras is. an. Associate. Professor. of. American. History. in. the. Department. of. History. at. the. University. of. Ottawa.. He. is. the. author. of. Franklin Roosevelt and the Origins of the Canadian-American Security Alliance, 1933-1945: Necessary but Not Necessary Enough. (1998). and. numerous. other. scholarly.articles.and.books. William J. Pratt.is.a.PhD.student.at.the.University.of.Calgary.where.he.is. studying. Canadian. combat. motivation. in. the. Second. World. War.. In. 2010,. he. completed. his. Master. of. Arts. in. History. from. the. University. of. New. Brunswick,.where.he.wrote.his.thesis.on.1.Canadian.Armoured.Brigade.and. the.Battle.of.Lake.Trasimene. Abraham M. Roof is.a.PhD.Candidate.in.British.history.at.the.University.of. Calgary..His.dissertation.examines.the.role.of.economics.on.British.Imperial. grand.strategy.during.the.Second.World.War..In.2009.he.co-chaired.with. Christine.Leppard.the.conference.“Seventy.Years.On:.New.Perspectives.on. the.Second.World.War”.in.Lake.Louise,.AB. Dr. Jim Wood.is.a.SSHRC.Post-Doctoral.Fellow.in.the.Department.of.History. at. the. University. of. Victoria.. He. is. the. author. of. We Move Only Forward: Canada, the United States, and the First Special Service Force, 1942-44 (2006).and. Militia Myths: Ideas of the Canadian Citizen Soldier, 1896-1921.(UBC.Press,.2010). iv Calgary Papers in Military and Strategic Studies, Occasional Paper No. 6, 2012 New Perspectives on Canada in the Second World War Pages 1–6 Introduction Christine E. Leppard and Abraham M. Roof unior partners in a coalition war must balance their commitment and contribution to an alliance with their need to pursue their own national Jinterests. These aims become problematic when, as often happens, par- ticular aims of the junior partner do not perfectly align with those of the greater
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