)
NOTE
This is a preliminary narrative and should not be regarded as authoritati ve . It has not been checked for accuracy in all aspects , and its interpretations are not necessarily those of the Historical Section as a whole.
Ce texte est preliminaire et n'a aucun caract~re officiel . On n'a pas verifie son exactitude et l es interpretations qu'il contient ne sont pas necessairement celles du Service hi storique.
Directorate of History National Defence Headquarters Ottawa , Canada KlA OK2
July 1986 • I c t-Ati 0 i4T1 ~ ·" Authority. OHO ~3 R~~ bvo~ t: ...QG.1-1\,...... :~L-11.M..l~-"""'---, ·• Jot NDHO
R E P 0 R T ~O . 16 HisrQHICAL SECTION ( G. S. )
ARMY HEADQ.UARTERS
7 Jan 53
The Canadiati. Army Pacific Force, 1944-1945
AMEJID!.tENT NO. 1
Cancel Addendum No. 1 dated 2 Jun 52 and substitute the attached, to be in serted between paragraphs 43 and 44.
r- k·~'~ ~ ( C .P. Stacey) Colonel ~ Director Historical Section D I C t ·A I I ~~I I • , Authority: OHO 3-3 ~' MULE CONDUCTING PARTIES TO I NDIA by fut OHist NOHQ Dete: -;}CT 1 5 1986
43a. On 1 Feb 44 N. D.H. Q. received a telegr am f r om the Canadian Military Attache in Washington stati ng that the British Army Staff were initiating shipments of mules on behalf of the Indian Government . The Attache/passed to Ottawa the British request for the loan of Canadian llrCJ.Y personnel to conduct two shiploads of mules from Hew York to Kar achi . The British had obtained U.S. personnel for earlier shipment s but wer e reluctant to ask the Americans f or f urther hel p. A shipload of mules numbered approximately 400 and required an escort of one conducting officer, one veterinary, three cooks, four veter inar y attendants and roughly 28 gener al duty raen , i . e. , a remount t r oop (R . Q. C. 8932- 1, vol 3: Tel M.A. 771, Mawash to Defensor, 1 Feb 44) N. D. E.Q. agr eed to provide the conducting parties and wired · Washington accor dingly ~ ibid: Tel Org 987, Defensor to Mawash , 9 Feb 44). To eliminate clerical work, the "muleteers" were to be attached to the British Ar my Staff as individuals and not as a unit or det achment. They were to be loaned for a maximum of si x months. · ( (H. S. ) 112 . 382009 (Dl 85) : Minutes of Meeting, 1 M~ r 44) From the time of the original r equest to the end of the war, four conducting par ties wer e sent. 43b. The difficulties of procuring sufficient mules led to a reduction of the original request from two parti es to one (H . Q. .C . 8932- 1, vol 3: Tel M. A. 1332, Mawash to· A.. G., 26 Feb 44) . This first party concentr ated at St. Johns, P.Q., and left for i~ew Yor k on 18 Mar 44. It consisted of Maj T.A. G. Moore , C. FI . of O. (conducting officer), Capt R.G . Livermor e, Can Fus (veterinary), and 43 other ranks of the Veterans Gua r d ,of Canada ( i bid, vol 6: Moore to Secretary D.H. D., 20 Jul 44). wnile considerable effort was made to ensure that the draft was smart and soldierly in appeSiranco, it was not specified that the men choson should be experienced in handling animals ( (P. . S. ) 163.009 (D21) : A.G. to D. Os.c. • , 23 Feb 44 ) . Co nsequently, the Cana dia ns had to call upon U. S. Remount personnel to help them. load the ship. Some 476 mules were placed a board the S. S . Empire Tr ail ; 40 of these were sick a nd during the f irs't night tv.o died . (B .Q. C. 89}2-l, vol 6: Moore to Secretar y D. N. D., 20 Jul 44) The ship sailed from New York and joined its convoy (U. G. S. 37) at Hampton Roads , near Nor folk, Virginia, leaving there on 24 Mar 44. The convoy contained two other ships carr ying mules ; the animals in these ships and in two other s (which had sailed earlier on 23 Feb a nd 4 Mnr r espectively} were conducted by U.S. personnel. (Ibid, vol 5: Tel, B.A.S . , \Jc.!. shington to Embarkation Bomba y , 25 Mar 44) 43c. The convoy route was Gibraltar - Suez (Port Tewfik) - Aden - Karachi , with stops at Suez and ~den . Off Algiers, the ships were attacked by enemy air craft and at least one plane was shot down in flames. This delighted the old warriors of the Veterans Guard , who had vol unttiri ly manned the ship's guns. Off Crete, they were attacked by Gerrran sub.marines . The ship - 2 - directly astern of the Empire Tr ail was hit and its steering gear damaged. The merchantman to starboard was also hit and in this case set afir e. The convoy had to sail on, leaving both vessels drifting helplessly.: In Aden, the stokehold gang mutinied and had to be re placed by a crew of Somalis ~ Despite these incidents, the Empire Trail arrived at Karachi on 7 May 44 with all animals in good health. After unloading their ship, the Cara di an c onducting j:6rty took a train to Bombay and sailed from there on 2 Jun. After a stopover in Mel bourne, they a rrived at San redro, California, on 2 Jul and were back in Tor onto on 15 Jul. (Ibid , vol 6: t'1Qore t o Secretary D. N.D., 20 Jul 44. See also Report by Sgt . J. tucCabe, 10 Aug 44) 43d. In August 1943 the British requested Canada t o prov ide t\w:> mo re 111ule conducting parties i n India. This time each group was to have an additional medical ott icer. (Ibid, vol 7: Q,.1L G. to A. G. , 3 Aug 44) - 43e. Maj Moore was again in cht:trge of detail Ho . 1 and two men v:ho had been on the original voyage were included in his 43 0 . Il . of the Veterans Guard of Canada . Some 421 mules, including 26 sick, were loaded at Hoboken aboard the ~ . §_~Empi r e Symbol which sailed on 10 Dec 44. About midnight it r an into a full gale. Loose lumber smashed several pens a nd a number of mules broke loose in the blackout. Rough weather continued as far as Port Said, where a stop was ma.de, but eventually 1':9raoh1 was reached on 19 Jan 45 and all 419 mules disembarked in good health. This time the conducting party r ema ined on the sC:iCD.e ship as far as Bombay and took another ship to Gourock, Scotland. After five days leav e in the United Kingdom the detail r e- embarked on 30 Mar for r eturn to Canada. {I bid , vol 10: lldoore to Secretary D.N.D., 24 May 45) 43f. The second of these two later parties (Group i~o . 3) embarked o.t IJew York on the S . 8 . Ocean Vista on 5 Jan 45, having loaded 319 mules . ·(some 51 mul es had been c asualties en route to the port, ) {Ibid, vol 9: B. A. S. Ottawa to AG , 19 Jan 45) Maj R. G. Betts was in charge , assisted by Capt C.H. rarker R.C. A. M. C. and Ca pt R.G. Liveroore (the veterinary who had been on the original voyage). One man also was c1.ak ing his second trip. This party had 42 O. R. of the Veterans Gua r d of Canada plus a se~geant of the Permanent Force who had been a farrier (ibid, vol 10: D. Adm to D. Or g , 10 Nov 44) .
*One ship sank and the other was towed to Alexandria, but subsequently had t o be written off as a t otal loss. (B . R. 137 . British and Foreign Merchant Vessels , L~st and Dama ed b Eoe Ac tion Dur in the Second ·,.forld liar , London, 1945 , p . 130. This is d publication of the Royal lluvy hold by the R. C. N. historian) - 3 -
43g. The third British request for mule es- corts arrived at N.D . H .~v · on 21 Feb 45 (ibid, vol 8: B.A.S. Ottawa to A.G., 21 Feb 45). ~ The director of the Veterans Guard of 0-anada felt that his Veterans could not provide the required personnel and attend to their increased responsibilities for prisoners of wax (ibid: D. V. G. C. to D. Adm, 27 Feb 45). It was therefore decided to employ low category G. S. members of No . 2 General Empl oyment Company (ibid : A.G. to the Minister, 7 1.~r 45). Accordingly, a party of three officers and 45 other r anks in charge of Capt R. Harris , C.A.C., arrived in New York on 2 April and sailed a board the ~-· s.. Empire Mauritius on 6 Apr 4 5. The voyage was uneventful except when one of the escorts, Pte C.E . Smith, was stricken with appendicitis. The surgeon of a U. S. destroyer was sent over by breeches buoy to assist t he Canadian M.O. in a successful operation. Smith was dropped off S;Gibraltar and the Empire Mauritius proceeded via Por t Said and Aden without further incident. The mules were unloaded at Karachi on 15 rv!ay , the party then going over to Bombay. to take ship for Gr eenoch. After 13 days leave, the I detail boarded the Duchess of Bedford at Liverpool, and on 27 Jul 45 arrived at Halifax. (Ibid, vol 11: Harris to A.G., 16 Aug 45) 43h. Thus it was that Canada supplied four parties to c envoy approxi.1!lately 1600 mules from the United States to India. The Canadian personnel engaged totalled nine officers and 170 other ranks, excluding the sick man left in Gibraltar and counting only once the two officers and three other ranks who made the voyage twice . *
*These appear to be the m.ost accurate figures avail able according to the nominal rolls, ahthough they do not agree with those arrived at previously (H . Q.C. 1915-75/ 58: D. Records t o D. E .S. , 13 Jun 47 , and memo for file, 20 Jun 52) Nominal r olls for all f our conducting pirties are on file H.Q. C. 8932- 1 , vol 12. ...
REP 0 RT NO . 16 HigrQRIC ~\L SECTION {G . S . }
7 Jan 53
The Canadian Army Pacific Force..J..._J.2111. - 194~
AMENDMENT NO . 2
1. Pages 32.::.2..§. Delete paragraphs 35- 38 inclu' i _,e ·. -~ sub sti~utc the attached:
2. Page 39 . last line Del ete 32 and ~ bs:t_i t~l.tfJ. c:G.
ti-( ~·1-~ rf---""- (C . P . Stacey) Colonel / ~) recto= Historical Secti on ..
ATT1-1.CF.MENTS IN TfiE PACIFIC THEATRE
35. Because warfare conditions in tho Pacific differ so widely from European battlefields, which until the present have been the main school of Canadian battle experience abroad , it was recognized during the course of the war that spe:ial study in that area would be invaluable. Maj- Gen Maurice Pope, Commander of the Canadian ii..rmy Staff, \/asnington, took a leading part in urging action in that r egard. ~t.s early as May 1943, on hear ing Mr Churchill pledge to the United States Congress full United Kingdom support in future operations against Japan following the defeat of I: itler, General Pope susBested to Ottawa tha t Canada send "a fully representat ive nwnber of observers to serve with Austr alian and 1'lew Zealand land forces". He went on to observe that "the despatch of a gr oup of observers to the South Seas would put us in possession of first- hand knowledge of fighting conditions in un a r ea in which some day we may be called upon to fight", and he concluded by pointing out the value of demonstrating to Australia a nd New Zealand that Canada showed some concern with their problems. (W.D., Gener al Pope , 23 May 43) 36. . Although General Fope mentioned the matter off- the- r ecord t o Lt- Gen V.A .H. Sturdee , Head of the Austr alian Military iliission t o Washington, no further action Vias t uken at th.it time by Ottawa ( ibid , 27 :May 43) . That summer , however , the British appointed a Joint Service Mission headed by Mci. j - Gen J.S. Lethbridge t o investigate at fir st hand the types of equipment and most suita ble organizution of units a nd formations r equired for full- scale opera tions against Japan. ((H. S.) 314 . 009 (D377): Tel COS (W) 644, (British) Chie fs of Staff to Joint Staff Mission ('.iashington), 18 Jun 43) On hearing of this, Gener al Pope a t once suggested the attachment of Canadian service officers . (Ibid: Tel JS 159, C.J . S. to c.o .s., and Tel CA1.I 441, 1-ope to C.G.S ., 25 Jun 43) as a result, Lt-Col J . E. Cumming, R.C. Sigs, and Lt Col C.J. Bermingham, R.C.E., of the Canadian Army Overseas joined the Lethbridge Mission. * (C . M.H.Q.. file l/Missions/ 5: Tel GS 795, Defensor to Canmilitry, 14 Jul 43) They spent several months in the Pucific Theatre a nd in I ndia, and lutcr assisted in the prepurotion of a voluminous document known us the "220 Mili t.ary Mission Report" . (C . M.H. Q. . file l /Missions/5 conta ins a copy of the Table of Contents. (H. S. ) 952 . 053 (D2) c ontains a copy of Ch~pt cr 16) 37. Gener etl Lethbridge's visit to Ottawa en r oute to the Far l!!ust provoked consider able interest in jungle warfur e . ** AS a r usul t, N. D.H. Q. . so ught to send
*The R.C . A.F. und United St ates Services a lso appointed r epresenta tives. **P~cific Com.round, for cxrun.plc , set up various ad hoc schools to t e~ ch jungle wGrfurc ((£. 3. ) 322 . 009 (D67TT. ---- - 2 -
two of its officers to visit a ppropriate Ar.lerica n training centres. (li. Q. S. 7375- 2, vol 1: Tel G. S . 897, Defensor to C. J . S. (W), 26 Aug 43) The Viar Department thereupon offer ed tvlO vucanc ies :it the Runger School at Hawaii, which wer e allotted to Fncific Command (ibid: Tels Trg 5744 and 5813, C. G.S . to G. O. C. - in- C. Facific Comd, 8 and 9 Oc t 43) . The two infantry officers selected, Lt V. H. ZalJ and Lt F .K. Trites, completed the course in 1943. On their return they were s e nt to the United Kingdom, later joining a party of Canadian officers sent from there to Sou th East Asia Cor!lGland *. Lt Trites was wounded on 8 Oct 44 while in Bu r ma . (Ii. Q, .C. 6- T-426) 38 . lJeanVlhile, General Pope continued to press for the despatch of Canadian observers to the Pa6ific. In November 1943 he proposed tLat a group be attached to U.S. Forces in the Central Pacific for future operations (H .Q..S. 7375- 2, vol 1 : ~ope to C.G.S., 5 ~ov 43). The following month he suggested that Canadians be sent to the Australian Army School of Jungle Fif hting (W . D., General Pope, 18 Dec 43) . N. D. Ii . Q. . w1:1s already following up his proposals, and early in 1944 the ' far Committee of the Cabinet approved the selection and attachment of Canadian personnel ~ o united h.ingdom and other CoMmonwealth Forces and to United States rorces in the Pacific and Asiatic area, "it being understood tha t no decision would be implied thereby as to the nature and extent of Canad.ian participa tion in these theatres" (E. Q, . S. 7375-2, vol 1: \laters to C.G. S ., 14 J a n 44) . 38a. Arrangements were made at once with the War Office to attuch twenty officers of the Canadian AmJy Overseas to South ~st Asia Command based on India ( ~: Tel GS 30, Defensor to Carunilitry, 18 Jan 44) .
Headed by Lt- Col G.I:. Spencer, fi.C .E . 1 the officers selected r epresented all arms as well as the medical and 1::1. r my service corps. *"' Their tour of duty, which extended from 11 Jul 44 to 17 Jan 45, included the following: (a) Three weeks visiting training units and training esta blishmentB.
(b) Four months in Bur.na with formations of the Fourteenth Army a nd 15th Indian Corps.
*See paragraph 38a of this Report. **A nominal role is attached as Appendix "A" . Note that the twenty officers later were joined in India by three other s . Details concerning the attachment of these officers to S. E.A. C. are contained in C. M.H. Q. files 1/ ~ttach FE/l and 1/2 and l/Att~ch FE Reps/l. - 3 -
{c) Three weeks visiting units and military installations in India . {(E.S. ) 313 . 013 {DlO): Consolidated Report of Cdn Army Officers Attached to S. E.li..C . _, 12 ll,eb 45 . (H. S. ) 171.009 {D55) contains copies of their individual reports )
A number of these officers saw service with the ;th Indian Division during the period of operations on the Tiddum Road, Assam-Burma frontier, f ro r·1 28 .M.ug to 8 Dec 44 (H.Q. S. 7375 - 2, vol 5: C.M.H.Q. to D. ll.D. , 30 Apr 45) . On their return to the United Kin~dom , the r egiraental officers were sent to Canada for instructional duties while the fivo staff officers first completed an attachment within First Canadian Army in Horth- \'lest Europe before being returned to Camda (~, 15 Mar 45) . 38b. In Februory 1944, N. D.H.Q . instructed General !:-'ope to arr ange with tho U . S . 1.;ar Dopertment and the Australian and J;ew Zealand .r.Iili tary 6'iissions in Washington respectively for twenty Canadian officers to be attached. "for a period of' instruction and training in the special conditions to be met in the Pacific Theatre and their subsequent employment witt formations or units in the theatres of operations". They were to be attached as follows: 10 to United States Forces 8 to Australian Forces 2 to Now Zealand Forces {B . Q.S. 7375- 2, vol 1: C.G . &. to Comd, C .A .S ., Washington, 5 Feb 44) . With the exception of one r epresentative of N. D.H. Q, (Major E.~ . Benjaminl, all these officers were selected from Pacific Command {ibid: C.G. S . to tho Minister, 6 Mar 44) . 38c. The ton officers for attachment to the U. S. Forces left first, flying f roin San Francisco to Honolulu on 27 Feb 44 (ibid: Tel PCO 7715, Comd Pacific t o Defensor, 3 Mar 44). There they were to be attached for approximately t hree months to a U. S. Army division undergoing amphibious training {P . C.S. 504-1-10- 8, vol 1: C.G.S. to Comd Pacific, 23 Feb 44) Most of them accompanied this 27th U. S. Infantry Division when it sailed from Pearl Harbor to support the U. S. Marines in assaulting the Mariana Islands in June 1944, landing on Saipan (ibid: "Saipan" ( Cdn Report), 12 Sep 44 ). There Capt K. G. Russell contr acted dengue fever and was invalided to Canada, Capt J . L. Cotter r eturning with him while the other officers proceeded to the South \lest Pacific Area for further duty (ibid: V! ild to G.O .C.-in-C . Pacific Comd, 25 Jul 44). On arrival in New Guinea they were attached to Alamo Force i~ the Ai tape area , where mopping up operations were taking
11 11 *A nominal roll is attached as Appendix B • - 4 - pl ace to establish fixed defences a round a beachhead (P.C. S. 509- 1- 10- 8 , vol 1: Report of Cdn 0ffrs a ttach ed to U. S. Forces in lieVJ Guinea). i'.Iajors B.I . McGreevy, R. J . Wild, a.nd D. 1i1 . Rar.isay l ater were a ttached for a f ew days in Jtugust to the ~1st U·. S. Di vision on Biak Island, Schoute n Islan&J which had bden taken from the Japanese in Juno. During their stay there a small amphibious oper ation took place a t V/arsa Bay. (Ibid: Report on Atta c~nt to 41 Div, 23 - 28 .Aug 44J hic !:::.l. nwhilo, Capt A. L. Rogers, who had r omained an extr a month on &lipttn, ~s attached to the 14th A.Oti- Ai.rcraft Command in lfo\1 Guinaa and observed the l anding operations at Mor otai , Ao lucca Islanda, on 15 Sep ( ~: Report on t he wor otai Operation). Later he r eported to t he 32nd Anti- aircra ft Brisade in L.oll andia , Dutch New Guinea , a nd took purt in the l anding at Leyte in October 1944 (ibid, v ol 2: iteport on .tLn. Employed in the Loyte Oper a tion) . Ho eventually r eturned to Canada in Junue ry 1945 , the last of his g roup to r eturn home (ibid: Rogers to .Pac ific Comd, 19 Ja.o 45). 38d. The two observers sent to the New Zea land For c os , L.fa jor J .R . Boul
*ca pt T. E. Baylis wa s injure d in u jeep a ccident there and returned to Can:.1da . - 5 - training with the 6th ci. nd 9th .r1.ustr-i li:in Div is ions u.nd then were given c. n opportunity to g..iin b uttle experience with U.S. Forces (ibid, No .. 3)· On reporting to Eeadquurters Tradewind T~sk Force ut rlitupe in September, they were assigned to ope rationa l units of the 3rd U. S. Inf'.llltry Division for the Horotu i expedition, subscque.ntly returning to Hollundid (ibid: Heport on i1Iorota i Op er u tion, Can ci. dinn and AUstr nliunC5b'Servers). They a rrived ba ck in Cdllada in November i9t.Lr (r~.Q..S . 7375- 2, vol 4: G. O. • C.-in- C. Pucific Comd to N.D.E. Q,., 18 Nov 4tr) • 38f. Lt - Col Cotton' s ~J rty w~ s a ccompanied to Australia by three Cunsdia n intelligence officers, who toured v ~ rious schools there . Ca pt M.M. Perrault/la ter joined the s t nff of the Gu ru:.. dL1n .~ I ili t ~i ry Attuche c:t t Chungking, Chi na . (H.Q..C. 7375- 2 , vol 4: D. Pers to D. M.. O.• & P., July 1944) The other t wo spent six weeks in Hew Guinei.1 , following which Cupt R.M. Baldwin proceeded . to South East Asia C~nd while Ctipt R .\:. Ar chi ba~d. -·' ~ ( - r eturned home (H . Q._. . 0 3?..r-12-63, vol 2 :_ !1¥.E.orJ~_of V~~.l:r.~ , ,.. ~ oLQdn Offrs to s. ·.1 .•F:Jl. L 22 Oct 4"4). d-.-3 9~ 5 ~ 38g. Among Canadian officers sent out as r;J!iL.. individuals., Major R.F . Houth flew from San Francisco on 30 May 44 for an at tach.m.ent to ti1e South ·vfest Pacific Area. There he visited Austra lian and nmerican parachute training centres 1:1.nd joined the Cyclone Ta sk ~"' orce of the Sixth U . S. J\rmy for the a ssault on Noemfoor Island, one of the 3chouten Islands in Du tch Now. Guinea, 2 Jul 44. In tl1at operation he saw pa ra·chutists bei ng brou.ght in as reinforcements. Later he wa s attuched to South East rlSia Comm.and and saw parachutist training in India. having been wounded in Burma on 25 rlUgust, lle returned to Canada in October for a lecture t our. (P. C. S. 508-1- 10- 8, vol 1: Report of Liaison Tour of S. ~{ . P .. A. a nd S. E. 1-1. . C. by iviaj or R .F. Hou th.) 38h. Another Cana dian officer, Lt- Col W.11. . Bean, on g~ining distinction at the U. S . JU'my and Navy t>taff Col lege, was reconmended by the U. S. J o int Chiefs of Staff for an assignment of six months on the staff of a joint comm.and of the Commander- in-Chief Pacific Ocea n .cU'eas (Fleet Admiral Chester '~ : . Nimitz {. He t hus served with the 1st U_. S .. Marine Division i n t h e assault landing on P eleliu Island, Falau Isla nds, ea st of t 11e Philippines, on 15 Sep 44. ((Ii.S.) 171.009 (D49): Opera tions Against :Palau Islands, Report by Lt- Col ~ l . A . Bean) 38i. In lJovember 1944, when Canada had definitely decided t o pa rtic i pate in t h e Pacific Viar in co- operation with U. S . Force s, N. D.E. Q, . proposed to send thirty additiona l offic e r s on atta chment to the U.S. Forces in the Pacifi c f o r one month with an operational unit in trai ning a nd two mo nths with forma tions or units actively engaged in operdtions . There were to be three groups of ten, e ach consisting of a lieutenant- 6 colonel and nine majors or captains representing all arms and services.* Together with the original twenty and t hose sent by the Canadian Army Overseas to 3 . ~.A.C. , they would then be available to f orm a nucleus of officers with first - hand experience in the training and operat ional requirewents of ·.varfare in the ?ac1fic. (H .
*See Appendix ·'C" to t his Amendment .
**Among these, 1-!aj A . J. Brunet, R. c .A . tr. . C . , and Capt .3.J· . SiL10ns , R . C . E . /... were wounded during the later fighting on Okinawa (li . ~ . c . 0932 - 4, vol 2: ·3iwons to secty D.N.D., 4 I:ay 45) . - 7 - while on the rit;ht the XXIV Corps landed the 7th and 96th U.3. Infantry Divisions on the south shore. To this Corps Lt-Col Reade and nine other Canadian observers were attached. ( (:~:. 3. ) 171. 009 (D43): Canadian Observers' Report on Okinawa Operations, Parts l, 2 and 3. See also (D38), Re)ort by •.aj D. '! . Cunnington ; and (D40), Report by Capt :1.R . Lawson.) 1.1ajor R . R . i:unro and Captains R. S. Richards and R . D. hurray , on the other hand, were assigned t o a division which had the task of carrying out fei nt landings off the south- east coast . T~1is 2nd l"iarine Div ision practised off Tinian Island during i~a rch before sailing from aaipan to arrive off Okinav;a w1 th the rest of t~1e Tenth Aruy on D Day (1 Apr 4.5). There a suicide bomber struck capt Richard ' s ship and he was forced to transfer to anotLer. .n.s tile campaign went well in its early stages, however, the 2nd Earine Division was withdrawn from arJ.:1.y reserve on 11 April and sailed back to .3aipan \d thout actually having landed . JJ... or some time it remained on 24- hour notice, but eventually the three Canadian obe ervars were returned to Eawaii without seeing further act ion. ( (H . ~. ) 1 71. 009 (Dl37) : Report by l'.aj R.R. 1iw1ro . 3ee also (D37): Report by Capt R . S . Richards.) 381 . In April 1945 the ;.;inister of National Defence a1F>roved the attachment of a further fifteen Canadian officers to U.S. Forces in the ?acific Theatre of O!)erations for a period of approximately three months . The first ~iv a uare to be staff officers, followed by a group of tan regiraental of .1.'ic ors. (E. ·~ . 5 . 8932- 4, vol 2: C.G. 3. to tje :inister, 6 hpr, approv~d 10 Apr 45J 38ru. The five staff ol'ficcrs, forming Group i\:o . 4 and led by i.aj R. G. Ieingstone, R.C . .a . , r each Ok inav1a in : :ay 194.5 wllile fighting was continuing there . They visited a variety of formations and compi led very det ailed reports of U . :>. staff procedure ( (E . s. ) 171. 009 (D42) : Report by Laj R.G . Kingstone and Capt J.·:. J t awart. see a.Lso (H. S. ) 218Ul0. 013 (D22) : Report by i:aj ::) . Kanee and (Dl) : Report by Capt ·,; . .; , .Sstcy,) 38n. The tun regimental officers, forming the fifth and final g r oup and led by Lt- Col de L. !i.1.i. Panet, R . C.A . , r oacn Okinawa in June, They at once joined units of the Tenth Army engaged in active operations there . On 21 Jun one of these officers, capt J .E. Lilliker, c. Int C. , was wounded wllile with a party attempting to cap ture a Japanese general and bis staff. (H.Q, .C. 8932- 3 , vol 3 : Report by Lt-Col de L. panet; and vol 3: Report by Haj J .B. Robin son. see also (H.3.) 171.009 (D39) : Report by Capt . J . E. Eilliker; {D44): Roport by Lt-Col ll. Gagnon and l.iaj A • • Cond:r; {D4.5) :' Report by Capt R. E . Ivl. Cross; (D52 ) : Report by Capt L . W. Garen.) Appendix 11 A11 to Amendment No.2 , Report No . 16
OFFICJ:R3 OF ~ CANADIAN ARl.iY OVERSEAS ATTACHED TO SOUTF: :;!!.<;. :lr a SIA CO?•il .AUD 11 JUL 44 - 17 JAN 45
Lt-Col G.H. Spencer R. C.E. Lt- Col P'. R. Bingham C.I . C. *Maj C.H. Cook c. I. c. II A.A. Duncanson C.I.C. II VI. Braml e Y-1..i oo re R.C .A.i!.C . II C.P . Keeley C.I. C. II H.D .P. Tighe, Vi. C. C . I.O . II J.s. Mulholland C. I.C . II E.G.F. Anderson R. C. C. S . II H.A. Farthing R. C.A. II C.V. B. Corbet C.I. C. Capt J . G. ·.:r. Turney R.C.C.S. It F.J. Henderson R.C.A . ~ . C . 11 A. P. Boswell C.I.C . " J. ; i . Patton, G.C . R. C.E. II P.A. Ballachy a c.r.c. E .II.A. Carson R.C.A . ti W.A .H. Law 11 C .A .C. G.P. Knifton C.I . C. II V.f . R. Berwick c.r .c. II i:.N. Bow c.r.c. >',c:t;cLt F.K. Trites V. H. Zala C. I. C. (wounded) ** II c .r.c.
( (H . 3.) 312 . 013 (DlO) : Consolidated Report of Cdn Army officers Attached t o 3.E .A.C. , 12 Feb 45)
*Arrived India 14 Nov 44 - tour concluded approximately 15 Apr 45 . This officer had returned to Canada in Harch 1943 and had been serving in pacific command.
~ Appx 11 B 11 to Amendment No . 2 , Report No. 16 ATTACI~:Et?r OF CAEADIAN OFFICERS TO TJ:E PACIFIC THEATRE, 1944 U.S. Ji'orces I:ajor B. I . l\.icGreevy R.R .C. r!ajor R .J. -.!ild P .A. Vol Major D . ~ . Ram.say 31 Alta Reece Re gt Capt F. Fulton R . ~i . Rang Capt X:,G . Russell 6 Div Si gs Capt c. Vermeulen 25 Fd Regt capt L. Cotter -:.1 . L. I. Capt fuL. Rogers R.C .A . capt J.G. Leuty Mid R. -, ~ .... capt ,, .~. Watt ~ · Ste H. & SUd R. 'Australian Forces Lt- Col H.P . Cotton W.L... I. Capt J .R. Hudson 28 Fd .Amb Capt A. Fortier R. de I-Iull Capt T.P . Baylis K.O . R. of C. Capt ti. G. Kneale R.C .A . Capt G.J. Piggott Kent R. M:ajor S.F. Turner R. R.C . ~t·Major R. -N. Benjamin 30 Reece Regt (Essex R. ) N .Z. Forces Capt R. •J,Iurdoek c. scot R. Major. J . R. Belange·r Fus de St. L. (R.~.s. 7375 -2, vol 3: D. Pers Serv to D. i..;. O. & P., undated. This is a revised list) >:it~ .D. li . Q . officer • - 2 - 4th Group - pacific ocean Arca Major R.G. Kings tone R.C .A. ~Iajor s. Kance R.C .A. capt ,.., . ' .~ . Coward R.C.A.s.c . Capt J. VI . Stewart c.r .c. Capt -,il.Z. Estey C.I.C . (Ibid, vol 3: C.G.S. Memo to Officers Proceeding on Attachment to U. S. Forces in the Pacific Theatre, 25 Apr 45) 5th Group - Pacific Ocean Area Lt- Col de L.E.E. Pan et R.C .A. Lt-Col r~ . E .P. Garneau, D. 3 .o. c.r.c. Major J . B. Robinson C.A.C . Major A. Condy, M. B.E. c.I.c. !11ajor "./. F . Sharon, I:i. C . R.C.E. capt L. ·,J . Garen R.C .A.S.C. Capt K. G. Martin R.C. Sigs Capt D.C. Bews R.C.A.H.C. Capt R.E . M. Cross c.r.c. capt J . E. Hilliker C. Int C. (wounded) (Ibid: A.G. to G.O . C.-in-c. Pacific Command, 23 May 45) Appendix 11 C:r to Amendiiient l·;o . 2, Report No . 16 ATTACIDi:ZNT OF CANADIAN OFFIC~R3 TO U . 3 . ARLY IN T?:b PACIFIC THEATRE, 1945 lst Group - south './est Pacific Area Lt- Col V. de B. Oland R.C.A. Hajor B.E. Miller R. C.A .M.C. Major H.V. Flett R.C.E .M.E. f.lajor F . T. Hace R. C.O.C. Capt J.B. Lind R . C.A. s .c . Capt I . B. Shaw R.C .A. Capt I. D. Public over R.C.E. Capt D.S. liacLennan C.I.C. Capt ii.T. i-icConnell C.A . C . Capt J.R . Streater R. C. 3igs 2nd Group - pacific ocean Areas Lt- Col J. G. a.. Charlebois R. 22e R. Major R.R . . Liunroe C . A.C . Major A.J. Brunet R. C .A .r.: . C. (wounded) Major L. D. McBride R. C.E.11.E . Capt W. L. Lawson N. Shore R. Capt S. J. Simons R.C.E. (wounded) Capt D.B. Dawson R. C .A. capt F.B. Palmer R. C . 3igs Capt E.C. Purdy C.D.C . Capt J.A. Edmon stone R.C .A . 3.C . 3rd Group - Pacific Ocean Aroa Lt-Col E.G. Reade C.A . C. Major C.A. sabourin R . C.A. Hajor D. '·!. Cunnington R.C .E. Eajor G.A . Rheaume R. de i lai s I:ajor R .T . Bogle R . C. E . : i. E . CaJt R. S . Richards R .C .R. ca1)t R . D. i.:urray R.C . O.C. ca,t G.P . Eligh R . C .A. S .C . capt A . C. S&Uart R. C . 3igs capt 3 . ·.1 . D. Hart R .C.A.!;. c. (H . ~ . c . 8932 -4, vol 1 : D.... T. to D.C .G. '3. (B) , 9 Feb 45) I SECR E T R E F 0 R T N 0. 1 6: HISTORICAL SECTIOH ('t .S. ) Affi.~y ff~ W~UART ERS 1:5 Jul 47 The Canadian Army Pacific Force 1944 - 45 CONT:UJTS Paras Page Intr oduction 1 l The Canadian Decision to Pa rticipate 2 - 6 1 (a) D.M .O. & P . Ap~reciation 2 1 ( b) Consultation ·nth the Bnited Kingdon 3 - 5 2 (c) Cabinet Decision 6 5 Acceptance by the United States 7 - 12 5 (a) Canadian Proposals 7 - 9 5 (b) Fublic Announceoe~t 10 8 (c) Agreement in Frinciple 11 - 12 9 The Plan for ~he C.A.P .F. 13 - 16 11 Recruiting for t he C.A .P. F. 17 - 25 15 (a) Volunteer B~sis 17 - 18 15 (b) The Response 19 - 21 17 (c) Special Campeign f3y 22 - 23 19 {d) Limitations to Recruitin ~ 24 - 25 22 Organization 26 - 34 23 (a) Selecti on of 6 Cdn Div 26 23 (b) Naming the Force and its Units 27 - 28 27 (c) Senior Appointments ,29 - 31 30 (d) 2nd Echelon and Base Headquarters 32 - 34 31 Attachments in the Iacific Tc~atre 35 - 43 33 (a) Pacific Cbservers with U.S . Forces 36 - 38 34 (b) Attachments to Australian Forces 39 - 41 36 (c) Results -of Attac ~lll!ents 42 - ~3 39 Training 44 - 53 40 (a) Gener al Plan for T rainin~ 44 40 (b) Training in Canada 4.5 49 41 (c) Tr aining in U.3 .A. 50 - .53 .16 DisbandmF-nt of the C. A. F . l' . 54 - 64 50 (a) 3urrender of Japan 54 50 (b) Pr oposed Cor::ir1onHe3ltt Forces 55 - 57 50 (c) Canada Withdravs the C.A.? .F . 5P - 59 53 (d) Nil Stren5th 60 - 64 56 'far Sxpend i tur e A5ainst Japan 65 - 66 .59 APP:E!:ND ICES Appendix "AII: S~ary to ~ Jar Comrn.i ttee of the Cabinet, 20 Nov 44. Appendix 11311 : Canadian Planning Taam Draft Gutline Plan - Extracts from Fart Cne. Appendix "0": Canadian Pl anning Tean Draft Cutline Plan - Extr acts fron Part Three . Appendix ''D It : Composition of Canadian Army Pacific Force , 11 Jul 45. w ..., 11 • Appendix .w • Summary of C.A. P .F. ~lectors . Appendix "F" : Comparison of Male El ectors in ~!ost Select Group with Requirements of C.A.f .F . ... - SECRET R E P 0 R T N ff. l! 6 HISTORICAL SECTION (G .S. ) AfilIT HEAD'),UARTERS 1.5 Jul 47 The Canad i an Army Pa cific Force 1944- 45 1 . The object of this Report is to present a brief authentic outline of the history of the Canadian Army Pacific Force , 1944- 45 . Although this Force never took the field (the "'Br vri th Japan having· ter minated befor e its organi zation and t r aining had been completed), the project for it is nevertheless a matter of considerable historical importance , involv ing questions of national policy different from those r aised by any aspect of Canadian par ticipation in the war in Europe. It is particularly interesting in that the Canadian Army ' s cont r ibution to the proposed cam paign against the Japanese home islands was to take the form of an expeditionary f or ce organized on United States lines and conforming to U.S. establish ments . K THE CAN.ADI.AN D~CISION TO PARTICIFATE (a) D.M. O. & P . Appr eciation 2. "It is desirable that Canada should par tic- ipate in the war with Japan l:>y sea , land and air. n This basic statement appears in an appreciation pre par ed for Lt- Gen J .C. ~ 11 urchie, C .B. , C .B . ~ ., Chief of the General Staff, b7 t he Dir ector of Military Operations and Plans at Otta\"3 in Januar y 1944 (H. Q. .8 . 9131, vol 1 : Appreciation of . P~n~d ian Participation in the Pacific Theatre of War, uprs 181- T, by Col J.H . Jenkins, ·E.D . , revised l Feb 44 . The original draft was sent by D.M.O. l: F . to C.G.S . on 25 Jan 44 but does not appear on this file, which contains 1st , 2nd, 3rd, and 4th revisions). The document was f or warded for comment t o naj- GPn hLA . Fope , C.B. , t ~ . c ., Chairman, Canadian Joint Staff Mi ssion, Washington, who had observed indications that "the question of Canadian coll abor ation with the U.S . forces in t he Pacific theatre was beginning to be mooted 11 in the .American capital { ~ . D . , Gener al Pope , 25 and 27 Jan 44 ) . His main K Cf 'Phe Canadian Participation in the Kiska Operations," His.torJ.'cai-& ection {G . S. ). To provide the Canadian component in the Gr eenli gbt (Kiska) Force 13th Canadian I n ~antry Brigade f ollowed as closely as possible the organization of the corresponding United States :{egimental Gr oup and Brigade Headquarters was reorganized on th ~ U.S . staff system. Units of the br igade , however , re tained their Canaaian establishments and , wtth certain erceptions, their Canadian we apons . - 2 - criticism of the appreciation was that "there s eems to be a good deal of political flavour to the pudding", which he felt should be avoided in a purely military paper (1.£i£, 9 Feb 44) . In the light of his suggestions it was therefore r edrafted (2 Mar 44) and in the summary of the revised version appear ed for the first time these fundar.lental statr:;!i1ents : (a) The decision as to whether or not Canada should participate is political and moral rather than strategical . (b) In the event that it is decided to participate two main courses are open: - ( i) To co- operate with the British attacking throuBh Burma and/or Malaya, (ii) To co- operate with the United States in their att3ck across the racific Islands. (Ibid : Oprs 181- T, £E. cit, 2 Mar 44) .. (b) Consultation with the United Kingdom 3. The appreciation remained within the Depart- ment of National Defence until April 1944 (Ibid: C.G . S. to the Minister (Hon J .L. Ralston), 15 Apr 44"}," when it was forwarded for the use of Mr. Mackenzie King at a conference of Prime Ministers in London whose agenda contained "questions arising from the conduct of the wa r against Japan, including the provision of for ces from the British Commonwealth for that purpose " (ill£: Heeney to Ralston, 14 Apr 44. Mr . A.D.P. Heeney held the dual position of Clerk of the Privy Council and Secretary to the War Committee of the Cabinet). By then its argument had been expanded to become pr actical ly all-inclusive . The reasons for CG~adian participation are based on ~i lit a ry, political and moral, and commercial ~rounds. (Ibid: 0prs 181- T, £J2 cit, 25 Apr 44) Co- operation with British or U.S . attacking forces remained as alternatives, and proposals regarding the extent of the land forc es t o b~ employed were left in general terms . From the .:~r_my_J)y_~E_s. .eas A minimum of one division is sug3ested as a basi s for discussion as Canada's contribution to the Pacific war. From the Army in CR}lad_.?_ The Pacific war contribution might be considered as whatever number of Brigade gr oups that can be secured from the forces available . - 3 - 4 . In London the matter VTe s discussed by senior Officers et "an off the r ecor d meeting" of the Canadian Joint Stsff Mission K with t he British Chiefs of Staff on 19 May 44, when It was a greed that a COUIIllun ication from Government to Gover nment wss necessary in order t o find out the views of the Cdn Govt i n respect of the part it wa s to pl ay . .. (Ibid: Tel C. 0 .3. 93 , Stuart to Eu rch i e , 19 r.laj· 44 } With r egard to the discussi ons at t be Prime ~!inist ~ rs' meetings there, Mr . King l ate ...• r ecorood ''no definite proposals were advanced as t o possible r ol es for the various Comn.onwealth forces in t h- final phases against Japan" (Ibid: Tel 10? , Pr ime t!ini.s te. r t o Prine riinister, 27 Jun 4~ On returning to 0tt:w13 hi? t her e fore cabled Mr . Chur·chill: .The @aaj Ca binet Wa r CoI!lJ'Tl ittee has r ec ::;ntly considered with our Chi ~ f s of Staff thA matt er of Canadian par t ici p~ ti o n and feels that the attention of the Uni ted Kingdom government should be drewn to certa in special con siderations which a pply , in this respect , to the position of CanadA. . . (Ibid) The telegram proceeded to indicat e that Canada's place as a member of the Commonweal t h facing t ti.e Pacific yet closely connected with t he Un i t ed States stressed the desirability both from oper ationa l a nd logistic stand points of basing her f or ces on Wes t e rn Canada for close co- oper9tion with U.S . f orces , ~spe cially as operations in the North Pacific would enhs n ~e the i~portance of North-Wester n Canada as a bas ... . Th ose considerations were duly examined by t he United Kingdom War Cabinet Joint Plsnning Staf f, who drafteG a r e ply in the form of an aide ~emoire sug3es ting~ From the strategi c poi nt of view, there would be little advanta ge i n moving Canadian land forces direct from Europe t o the South West Pacific or the Bay of Banga l. Having regard to movement, maintenance , end training c on sider ations, it wou: a be desirsbl e for Can~dian l and for ces to be MO VGd t o C3nada as e3rly as practic="hl"'" , whe r e t b : y 'vil l be available for ope ratiO"~ in tho Far East, the area for the ir use to ba d ~ cid e d as t t e situ9tion deve l ops. * Members were the t hr ee Canadia n service chiefs in London: Vice-Ad n iral P .W. Ne lles , Air t ~rshal L.S. Breedner , D.S . C., Lt - Gsn J( . Studrt, C.B., D.S.O., M.C ~ - 4 - Allowing for a measure of demobilization after the defeat of Germany , it is suggestad that three divisions would be a r easonable contribution by Canada , of which two would be employ .~ d in the war ~ gainst Japa·n , and one in the occupation of Europe . (Ibid : A:iA.~_- 1,l emoire on the Employ m~ of Can3dian li'orce s after the Defeat· -ofGerm?-11.Y , t he War Cabinet Joint Planning Staff, 24 Jul 44) .5. On reviewing this aide rnemoire , the Canadian Chiefs of Staff recommend ed tn lirn ir Ministers 6 Si:;p 44 : . . . we consi der tha~ C~nada's contribution should be based on Canadian capabilities and pro portionate to the continuine effort of the United Kingdom and th,; Un:i.ted States . It is considered rn0st :mportant that , should a major war e ffort be inauguratad against , .. Japan by ·way of t£.c !JoJ.~th Pacific, either through H3waii or -C '.10 ,~ lcutians, Canada be rcpresentod in tht.: fir1dl assault on the Japanese homoland . This· is 9 most important consideration ~s a means of avenging Hong Kong , saving face in the East, and r estoring Canadian military pr esti ge . The North Pacific area is ono of part ic\: lar i rnportanct; to Canada both geograrhic3lly and politicslly. Insofar as the sizG of thA contribution to thG war against Jspan is concerned, there is no indication as yet of the total forces that wil l be required. It docs ap~car, however, that the Canadian con~ ribution will in any event be only a sq3ll proportion of the total forces angage.J . In these circur.i.stances it is consid er ed thnt the Canadian forces must opsrate as part of a larger for ce of either the U. K. or U. S . The North Pacific is an Amarican strategic a rea and thus our forces would be under klrnrican comma nd . In order to overcome supply difficulties, our fore es shoulCI be prov :.ci ed With American type eq uipr.ient . .. Subject to the u.s . m o ~ing 9VGil3ble the neccsti::iry J ":!~ - ~.L-- - ·· ~" · · , t.llG J....:.,y.y contribution can be made r eady for o ~ erat ions about eight months after the d e;eat of Germany, on the basis t hat personl1G l ,.:i ll be brought back to Canada for r a - orga ni z a~ ion and r e-equipping . It is r ecommend ed t hat the Canadian plans be based upon the premisG that the Canadian Army operate in the North or Central Fa cific area in order to takG part in th~ final assault against the J3panesc home land . . .~mployin ~ one division with nocnssary ancillary troops . (Ibid : Submission by Chiefs of Staff Com."'1i ttee to The ~H nist ers , 6 Sep 44) - 5 - (c) Cabinet Decision 6. That same duto thG Ca~gdi a n Cabinet as a whola consider Jd t ho mat t0r thorou3tl y and re a ch ~ d an a g r c~me nt upon g~ ne r R l policy . The Prime t.:inistcr ~r:i d:; r :: f cr .:nce- t o thG meeting t o b ~ held i n Que bec , i n the ~~ diate future , be t wGon Mr . Churchill and Fr2sident Roos.:;vclt, 3nd the Combin::d Chiefs of Staff' ... No fin9l decision could b ~ tak0n until aft0r tho Queboc maa ting , uhcn it P~ S oxpn ctcd th3t en over-al l Al lied str ~ t cjy Fould b: det cmin; d, but Canad i an rcp r cs~nt:: t i v c s shoul a b. in a position t o s tnt~ , a~ ~ue b oc , 3n asr e~d ~ov c rn msnt viaw upon the n:'.l t ur ~ 3nd ::x tr·mt of the C9nadi3n c ontribution . The Cabinet , afte r extP. !'lded discussion , a~reed that , 3t thB end of the wa r in Europe , Canadian military f orcr s sh ould participate in the "~r ag9inst Japa n in operational · theatres of dire ct i ~t e r A st to Canad3 as a Nor th American na t i on, for example in the North or Central Pac ific , rather than in more remote are as such as Southeast Asia, th9t government policy with r esp'9ct to employ::1ent of Canadian f orce s should b e based on this principle and t ha t thF f or n a nd extent of par ticipation by the three Services should be determined following the forthcoming meeting at (iuebeo . (Ibid: "Cabin.:; t Conclusion 11 of • 6 Sep 44, enclosea with letter Heeney t o Ralston, e 53p ~ 4) Before present9tion of the case t he re , the War Committee of the Cabinet r.ieeting at Q;uebc c on 13 Sep .14 concur red in the above conc l u~ ions (Ibid_: Hcr,n ey to Lr: cki e , 15 Sep 44 . Air Marshal Rober t L:.;c k ie wc s Chairman of the Canadian Chiefs of St aff Comnit t ~e ). They t hus provided the basis f or Ca nae i an poli cv a t the int rrustional c on ference of war l ea6ors th?n in rr o~~e s s s ~ th~ Ctateau Frontenac . ACCEI'Tf'J-TCE BY TE:"'.: Uia T 'i!.1) STATES (a) Canadian Pr oposals 7. At the Queb:c Conference the Chie f of the General Staff first outlined th€ Can9c ian propos~ls to the British Chiefs of St9f f on 14 Sep 44 . Lieutenant -Genor s l ~:urch i t: said that considerat ion was be ing giv~n t o tho provision of one Can~di9n division t o participata in the Iacific wa r. Canada was most int c r.sted in ops rations in the Central raci fic or in its Northr:rn 1/ing, if an attac Y. shoul d bG 1ounted in that area. - 6 - This intcrsst was basod on geographical con siderations and not because the Central area contained the main U.S . effort. It would , however, be some tirie before the Canadian division would be ready, since it would have to ~e reformed from units withdrawn from Europe . (Ibid : Minutes of a aeeting of the Canadian and British Chiefs of Staff , 14 Sep 44) · The same day, at a meeting of th° Canadian Cabinet War Committee with Mr . Churchill and the British Chiefs of Staff , Mr . King suggestRd that t te Csnadi9n Chiefs of Staff might confer with the Ame rican Cbiefs of Staff regarding the role which Canadian forces might play in the Pacific (Ibid : Cof'y of memo bv General Pope , 16 Sep 44. General Pope was at this time Military S~cret ary to the Canadian 1!/ar Cabinet Committee). The next day Mr. King held further conversations with l~r . Churc hill and Pr esident Roosevelt . The C.G.S. thereafter was author.i.zed by the Minister of' National Defence (Hon J.L. Ralston), with the ap ~ roval of the Prime Minister , to meet with the U.S. Chief of Staff , General Marshall , "to indicate what the Canadian Army were doing for purposes of planning, without corcrn.itment, and to discuss methods whe reby mutual planning could be worked out to 11 integrate Canadian Army component ( Ibip : Note for file, (sgd) J . L. Ralston, 16 Sep 44)-:---G"eneral Marshall gave the C. rr. S . and General Pope, who accompanied hin1 , a very cordial reception . "He sB id at once he could see no obstacle in the way of ~eeting the Canadian Government ' s wishes in th~.s mattPr (Ibid: r.t emo by General Pope, £2. cit, 16 Sep 44). At his request they left him.an aide memoire indicatin ~ in 3eneral terms the desires of the Canadian authorit5.es (Ibid) . sam~.~ I a. The way had thus been prepared, and the policy was continued when orv 'f= Nov 44 General A.G .L . .,,,:, .,,~N"""" McNaughton , C.B., C.U.rr. , D .S.0., r eplaced Hon J .L . ~~f'r" Ralston as Minister of Nation3l Defence. On 20 Nov 44 the War Cornni ttee of tbe CabinAt fon~ally ap:r_;roved a submission by the c.~.s. statin~: (a) The Canadi3n Force to comprisP- one division with ancillary troops us required, up to a total of 30,000 . ]\:'. ------4.. _ ------·------* Previously, on 8 Sep 44 , the Canadian Cabinet had authorized: ... as a basis for planning, but without any com mitment, one division and ancillary troops (approx imately 25 , 000) as Army participation in the Pacific war, subject to SBtisfactory arrangements regarding the particula r theatre of operations and the comm.and with which the force would be associated . (Ibid: Ralston to Reeney, 11 Sep 44) - 7 - (b) This force to operate in the Central Pacific Area under the higher command of United States Forc ~ s and to be reor~anized and re-equipped in accordance with United States tables of organ ization. (Ibid : General Staff submission , Oprs 19 2- M, 2C Nov 44. See Appx "A" to this Report) Subsequently, Maj- Gen E.F .G. Letson, C. B.E. , M. C., E.D. , who had succeeded S.eneral Pope as Coranander, Canadian Army Staff, Washington, was authorized to put forv1ard the outline of the C~nadian pronosals to ~eneral Marshall (Ibid, vol 2: Aide Memo ire for ~en0 r al Letson, 27 Nov 44). This he did by letter on 9 Dec 44 (Ibid: Letson to Marshall, 9 Dec 44), to which AdtrliralWilliam D. Leahy replied on behalf of the U. S.: . .. the Joint Chie fs of .3taf f accept the proposal that a Canadia ~ Army Force of one division with such ancillary troors as may . ~e ~equired will participate in the wa r against Japan under th ~ higher command of the United States f orcos , '"i th the understanding that this force v•iil be available for use in any of the operations ~ ounted in the Facific. The d esirsbility or ddvancing planning measures for this project is recognized. How ever, present uncertainty a s t o the date the Canadian troops can be mad € r eady for operations precludes de.cision at this time as to their exact employment. (Ibid: Le ahy to Letson, 21 Dec 44} 9. During March 1945 a Joint Planning Sub- Cornr.ii ttee of the Canadian ChiAfs of Staff revie•.. 1 red. the entire situation and reported in favour of the proposed co- operative effort. It is concluded . .. that without a greatly in creased commitment of all three Services and the creation of a separate Canadian logistic organization, participation on a self- con tained basis is impossible .. . In the light of the above, it is recommended that the a pproved ccntributions of the R.C.N. and the Canadian Army ahould b~ employed with the R.N. and the U.S . Army as planned. (Ibid: t~inutes of N:eet ing of the Joint Planning Sub-Committee , 15 Mar 45) Acceptance of this report by the i·rar Com.mi ttee of the Cabinet on 22 Niar 45 confirmed the proposals for Canadian Army participation, and at once the C. G.S . instructed the Commander , Canad:i,an Army Staff, Hashington, to obtain certain further information. - p - You will there~or ~ ini'tiate discussions "Ii th UJli t~c States 3uthori ties wi tt a view to clarif¥in3 f or ~lan:1in3 pu r~ os e s (a ) Probable area i:i "'hich Cdn division is to be eraployFd . ( b) Type of org9nization to be adopted . ( c ) Type and mP. thOd of its eauipment . (Ibid: Tel CJ'r.S . 140 , ~ : urchie to Letson, 23 f'!a:r 4.5) (b) Public Announcement 10. Meanwhile, it 111s s d ee!!led ad visabli::. that the public should be ecquaintaf w it ~ sener al plans for the Pacific . This was cone in tt.e c0urse of a some•·•hat lengthy statement b·' the Pri"'?e t :.nist .., r in the House of Coomons on 4 Arr 45 durin1.; cc..-siceration of the War A~Jru .' tL . tiu.:i.. ~ill . As r ~g3 rds the .\rny, it is propos-ac to provide a force t o opers~e ·rith t~~ Uniter Stat~s army . This force , .. ill be conccntratr-6 in Canada for o r ganizatio~ and training prior to dispptct to th ~ fecif ic theatre of operations .. . No one serving in the European theatre will pr oc eed to the Pacific without fir st having had the opportunity of CD '1 in i:-~ home . . . The men to make up wha tever ,ilitar y force is to be enployod ag~inst Japan ~111 b- cLosen frora those v1ho •)lcct to S ·:> r v e 111 tre Pacific theatre . (DE'bat rs of :-Ious:; of Conrions (Canada) , 4 Apr d5, ~r 4~4 - 5) No imclediate parlianentar·· reb.Jl:- on th-s- points "'nsu0d oth:r thac a brief eYc~an$~ ) - t1~ n th~ Lra~~r of ~he Opi;.osi ti on and the I rim- i:in.:. c;tr ..t cnphasizin3 tte policy r egarding voluntsers . Mr. GRA'. ..'"D GN : . .. I take it frOM ti.c I riI!le Minister ' s language that tha forces will not be r aised on a compul~'>ry or "lide ly dis tributed basis 9cr oss Can.ad a, but will con sist of thosa rho arc prcpar(;d to serv~ against Japan alth ou~1 they may heve already borne the heat and brunt of the battle overs eas in Europe . Woul6 the T ri ~c hlinistar indicatG the governne nt ' s polic•r in that resps ct? Mr . ~CJCI:ZIE KINI} : Hy hon friend in his concluding words said that s ome wuulG have to serve notwithstandi~3 their havin; borne the brU!lt· Of the battle ove=s eas in Europe . There will be no conpulsi o~ in conn;ction "Tith the service against ;araj. - 9 - Mr. Gfil:.'DvN: i~y point \''35 this . S~ebody has to bear ttc brunt of the .:ra::an .... s :; ··10r , a:ic I wantcc to point oi:t t o the T rir-:e : ·i:list ~ r that und ~r tis pol-::-·· ..i. t n1a .. 'b.: tt.:..a"t those who hav :; Silrv ~,. 'n t .·.? C. at ... f 'battle ov~r seas in Europe r:ia:· fine t~.at in ora~~ r -chat tho n~ c a ssar~,. -:·orc·s ra~· b· rais ~d they ·•ill have to volunt:--r a:~ carr~' th ... battle a~ainst Japan also . Hr. K ..\C:3tIZIE !;I.:'J.: Gn ly thoss who elect to ser ve wil 1 br incl ucl ··a in th·: f orc-:s us::- d against Jal')an . (Ibid ) (c) Agreement in Iri~cinle 11 . \lhile n ~~ot iatio ns '"ith s:nior U. S . offic,.,rs were still in pro3res~ , the C r, . S . and the Ad .)ut3~t Gener3l H-!aj- Gen A. "?. . ;alford, C.3 . ...:: . , _ . ~· ., :~ . D . ) recommended that the main com ~onent of the ~rojecteQ force should be armour . We are of the opinion th9t there would be definite ad vantage if a .:;reemant c 1.uld be reached to emplo:{ an Armoured r ather than an Infantry division ... By reducing the inf entry r e ouirement from three to one brigade we li·'l i t the nurll.bers needed f r om thi: arm f Gr wtict,. it ca n be expect CC thEH 9 1 •ill bi::• the ~_: reat es t d iff icul ty in securing v olunteer s . . . . the en!"lloynent 01' ar Arnuu:-er Di vision would give a c ornposi t i on Mor~ ne 9r ly represent ative of the arms and services prPsently eroploye~ in the Canad i 9n Arr.i .. <.,verseas from whoa we must obtain the ~ajo r nroportion of our trainee anc b3ttle · ror t :· nersoarnl . (i~ . ':' . 3 . 9131, vol 2 : c.r. . 3 . to t~e ~i~ist"r, F Arr 45) Al though the U.S . Joint Staff Flanne r~ wer r- i!l s•-:'lsral a .~ re errient with Canadian rrop vs~ls (Ibid: Tel C.A::. 18.1., Letson to Gibson (V . C. l} .S . ) , A. t'sv 15), they took the opposite view on this ~3Tticular roint . It is be lieved that tti" :crce should consist or an infantrv division , ""'Oss ibly reinforcec with armor, and inclucin~ a ~ r oportion of service and supporting t r oous , rather than an 3rnorea division . It ap ~a r s that General Ma c_-\rthur would prefFr such a unit and that it would recaiva much nor ~ainful e"lployr.:r-nt . It is alsp preferable fra1 a standpoint of supnly and !"laintenance . (Ibid: U. S . .To int Chiefs of Staff to Chie f of th0 Canaaian Joint Staff 1:is~ion, 15 :·a" 45, q_uotc cl in tel C.A.".'. 213, Letson to '1i bson , 15 r:ay 4 5) ' I - 10 - Accordingly , this alone of the Canadian proposals was r ajectoa when, closelv following the cna of the war in Europe' tho u. s . Joint Chiefs Of Staff on 1.5 r.I ay 4 .5 approved the f ollo\1ring COillfluni cation to General Lets on : ... the Joint Chiefs of Staff suggest as a suitable basis for initiating planning that the Canadian Army Force, whose particip ation in the war against Japan was aereed to in their lett ~ r to you of 21 December 19f4 lliee para r abov~ should :- (a) Consist of an infantry division, possibly reinforced with armor , with a propor tion of service and supporting troops. (b) :Se employed as a follow- up unit in the main operation. (c) Use United States army equipnent and maintenance , except for uniforms . ~(d) Be r eorganized along United States Army lines (unless f urther exa~inaticn in dic9tes such action will delay eoploy ment) . (e) Be trained in the United States under the over- all supervision of the United · States ,\rmy Ground Forces . (f j Be supplied as a normal United Stat~s Di vision and be b'.1 se0 i n accordance with operational plans . ( g) Be returned to North .Wierica after cessation of host ilities in a priority consistent with that applied to other forces enga ,: ~eG. in the Fae ific Wa r . Satisfied with these c onditi ons of employment , the Canadian Cabinet readily agreec to their acceptance . At meeting of Pri vy Council held on 17 May 194.5 these proposals we r e approved in principle by the Cabinet upon a report by A/ Mi~i ster of the financial comrni tmeuts involved . Specific approval was recorded in respect of the ar flourec element . (Ibid: Military Secretary (Col H.L. Cameron, 0 . B . ~ . ) to C . ~ . S . and A.G. , 1 8 Vlay 4.5) 12. This meant , in effect, authorization to proceed with plans to r ecruit, train and despatch a Canadian Army racif'ic Force consisting of an infantr y division and a tank battalion to ~ ether with necessar y ancillaries , the initial f orce t o total approximately 30, 000 troops . Gn this basis it · ~as estimated that up - 11 - to 31 Mar 46 t he C.A.P .F. would r equir e the following e xpenditures : Cost of despatch t o the United States and of embarkation leave ~ 4 , 500 , 000 Cost of training in the Unit~a States (incl all Fay and Allowances) $29 , 366 , 000 Cost of initial equipnent ~23,763,000 Cost of Despatch Overseas ~12 , 576 , 620 Total ~ 70 , 205 , 620 (Ibid: C.G.S . to the ~i nis te r , 17 May 45) THE PLAN FOR TEE C. A. .f .F . 1 3 . · With these principles adopted by both parties, the next step was t o despatch to iNashingt on 19 ~~ay 45 a Canaaian Planning Team . At i t s head was Col ~ . A . Bean of A.G . Branch, who po ss es s ,~o outstanding qualific ations by both training and 0 xr~rien ce: He is a .gr ad uate: of our orri1 3toff Course , I ntermediate Win-"; , RY. C. ; he was on attach ment to the Eighth Ar;:-1y in Horth Africa; he took t he U.S . Army and r-Yavy Staff Course at Washington and Orlando . . . and for the past six months ( prior to December 1944) h3s been on attachment ',\rith the U.S . forc es in the South- We st P3cific and took part in the o.perations aga i 11st r aulu . (Ibid , vol 3 D. C.G.S.(B) to D.C.G .S.(C) 11 Dec 44 . Cf Report No. 95 , Hist 0ff r, C.r.:.E .Q. , wh ich deals at length with Col Bean ' s experiences as senior officer of the first gr0up of Ca nadians attached t o First British Army in North Africa· ) Other memb ers were: Col A.J. Cr e i ghton, .E .D . , Director of Militar y Tr aining , Lt- Col B.H. Dsrwin of the Directorate of Staff Duties , and Lt- Co l C .E. · rrynn representing Q,.M .G. and ~.G . O . (Ibid , vol 2 : Ex tract from Minister's Morning Confere!'lce , ~i1ay 45) . Their instr uctions were : [Y_ou ar~ to deter;:iine i n collaboration with U.S . War Department Planning Staff the organizat ional and administrativs implications involved in integrating a Cana6ian force within a U.S . force operating in the Pacific theatre and to recom mend to N . D.H . ~ . arr ropriate plans and procedurR which will mee t the joint U.S . - Cdn requirements . - 12 - You will operate under the direct surerv1s1on of the Commander, Canadian Army Staff , Wa shi ngt on ... In gener al your planning will follovr the basis pr oposed by the U.S . Joint Chiefs of Staff and no·1 concurred in by War Committee of the Cabinet . .. Pr ovision from Ca~~dian sources of portions of American units should ~e avoided . The additional units sel~cted should be those v~ich will continue to \rork in association \vi th and in sup J~ort of the Canadian In- f ant ry division . The Canadian Governr.,r-nt hJve azreed to the provision of one Tark battali on . (E.~ . s . 9131 - 4, vol 1: C.G.S . to Bean , etc , 19 I ay 4 5 ) 14 . Wor king with U. S . planners in Washington, they produced an outline plan to GOVern the C.A.P .F . in its initial stages of orsanization and training. This plan contained : Par t One - The organization, t r aining and ma intenance of the force (including three months replacements) prior to departur e f r om No r th America . Part Three - The organization for t r aining , accounting end despatcr of replacements beyond those to acco~pany the force . ( fi . Q, .S. 9131 , vol 6: Canadian Pl an in~ Team Draft Lu~ line Flan for Canadian Arny Pacific Force (As amended 21'- l.uT 15) . Copies are also on filP \'Ti th the I:istvrical Section ( G. C . ) at r.rr.i-- nead0uerters . Ex t r acts a::e Given in Ap:pendices n311 and 11 C" of th is :tei::.ort) The published draf~ did no~ c&3l witb the n~thod of or ganizing the force in Canad 9, -;:_ans f or \•1!..ich ··re re prepared by N.D .E.i . , nor did it i~clude : Part Two - The organization, o~e ration and maintenance of the f ~rc? i, t~e the3tre . 15 . During consideration of this outline plan a number of amendments to the cor.oosition of the for ce wer e proposed (Ibid , vol 5: D . S~D . to D. Or g , 13 Jul 45 . The troop l ist indicatin~ the strengths to \'lhich units we r e allowed to mobilize is given in Appendix ''D " to this Report) . Specific advic~ on a number of points in this regar d w s sought in June 1945 by the United - 13 - States Adjutant- General from General Douglas A. Ma cArthur, Commander- in- Chief, Army Forces in the Pacific . It is desirable that you review the troop list and make definite proposals as to any adjustments required in the use of the balance of the personnel ceiling so as better to meet theatre requirements or balance the Canadian Force. (Ibid: Unsi ~ ne d and undated enclosure ,Ni th copy of letter from C. - in- C. U.S . Army Forces, Pacific, to A.G ., 'Va sh ingt on , 22 Jul 4 5) To this and related requests Gener al Ma cArthur r aplied 22 Jul 45 : .• . it is believed that the followins units §h~uld be added to the Service Sup~ort elements , in the proposed Troop list of the Canadian Facific Force: Unit Strength 1 Med Clr Co 112 1 Med Coll Co 101 1 Ord M.M. Co 162 1 Ord Am Co 179 1 Ord Bomb Disp Sqcn 7 1 Q.M. Serv Co 212 1 0, .M. • Truck Co (w/dr i v ~r aug) 134 1 ti: •p . Co P . C. & s . 101 •rotal l OOf: * The following units appear to be excess and might be de let oa : 1 Band 29 *"'* 2 Spec Serv Flats 50 1£3Hf Total 79 n: These are U.S . Army abbre"iations for: Medical Clearing Company Medical Collectin3 Company Ordnance Medium Hsintenance CONpany Ordnance Am.rluni t i on Company Ordnance Bomb Disposal S0uaC.ron Quartermaster Service Company Q,u·artermastc;r Truck Comp£iny (with driver augmentation) Mi litary Police Comrany Fer sonnel Control and Security *K A f ootnote to the Troop List in Section 3 of the Draft Outline Plan stat-s t tat one of the two bands in the inf'antry division and one of the two bands in the rear area ~ ill be pi pe hands . ¥.UE Special Service rJ.atoons J.'':lr f orm functions handled normally by Canaaian auxiliary services . - 14 - (b) An extra platoon is desired for the Clearing Company in the Meaical Battalion and should be an organic part thereof .. . (g) A Canadian Section at Theatre Head quarters primarily interested in admin istrative matte rs is desirable . (h) It is believed that the installation of direct communication from the theatre to Ottawa should be discoura1;ed and that a;; a matter of policy, all com.."71.unications should be dispatched to Washington for redispatch to Can ~ ~a when necessary. If this is not ac~eptable, however , no object ion will be Offered to a direct line of ca sua 1 ty cor:ir.1Unicat ion. ( i) A Japanese langua;:e team shot1ld be furnish ed ~ .. a total of 5 office~s and 14 enlisted men . _(j) A visit by the Cam:idian Force comr.1ander and a snall st3ff will be desirabl.e when operational pl anning has been further developed . (Ibid: C. - in- C. U.S. Army Forces, Pacific , to .:'\. . ~ ., 1 ·1ashingto~ , 22 Jul 45) These proposals were present ~~ to N.D .H.1. by a group of U.S . Army Ground Forces of~ic e r s , who visit ~d Ottawa for that purpose. At the same tine they r ecommended certain changes of dates t~e effect of ~~ich would be to require more m~ n to be train~a in the ea r l i er stages . . . . the movement of the C.A.F.F . to the United States will b~ as folJows : First Advance Farty (500 all ranks) 20- 25 Aug Second Advance Party (1000 all ranks) 3-8 Sep Main Body C . ~ . f . F . 17- 22 Sep ... P . O.M. ~re pa~ation for overseas movementj will comr;1enc o 17 D~ c j_. e . a bout throe months in advance of pr evj ous date . .. (Ibid: Agf.N1a of :meetint::. at N .D .H .Q,., lb"3(}.h t'S, 2 An~ A 5 ) 16 . C.G . S. r ecommendatic•ns r,o the ~~inist e r , which the latter approved 6 Aug 45, ,., ;:- re to neet the new target dates but not to depa:.:t :t .~ om "the basic concept ion in the organization of C. A.F.F. that we supply an infantry division plus a tank battalion, together llVith those units required f or particular Canadian needs 11 (Ibid : C .G .S. to the Ministr· r (sgd) R.B. Gibson, t\f.aj Gen, August 1945) (a) Because it is asscntial to cor.iply with the operational r ~ nuiTen€nts of the U.S . Forces with wb o!"l v•J are to co- operate , I consider .we raust a~ree with the dates - 15 - now proposed, r~cognizing that un toward steps may be necessary to ensure the adequacy of tha roplacemant pool, and ~. (b) I consider ~e should not accept the Theatre Comr.1ander's suggestion to add the non-divisional units totalling 1008 nor his suggestion to delete the Band and two Special Service Platoons, but we should provide the additional medical platoon and the Japanese Lan guage Team. "Particular Canadian needs 11 we re thus maintai11ed as the basis for selection of C.A.f .F. units, and operational necessity dictated that the for ce should depart earlier than anticipated. Both these fgctors served to stress the urgency of providing adequate recruits, a problem which continued to present diffj r11lties and disappoint ments. RECRUITING FCR TI: :c~ C.A.P .F . (a) Volunteer Basis 17 . Regarding the method of r aising the force , the C .G. S. in December 1944 initially informed C . ~~ .H .o . by cable: Desirable that battle experienced troops should be used in participation with United States forces. Because of this and as sufficient trained personnel not available in Canada, necessar~' that bulk of the fore e be selected from those now serving overseas. Selection of necPssary personnel will be made before proceeding to Canada for reorganization. Personnel should be f ot111d: ( i) from those who express pref ere nee to un:lertake this duty and are prepared to forego their priority in demobilization and whos e training and experience are acceptable; (ii) by detailing , if ne cessary, those in the lower brackets of the priority sea.le of de mobilization; (iii) by completing where necessary with specialists even though in the higher priority brackets . ( E . ~ .s. 9131, vol 1: Tel G.S. O. 844 , Murchie to ~ .iont.ague, 8 Dec 44) - lb - This agreed with the recommendations re g~ rding man power approved by the War Committee of the Cabinet 20 Nov 44 (See Appendix nA 11 to this Report) . Some what divergent views we re expressed, however , 'by Gener al H.D.G. Crerar, C.B. , D.S.0. (G .0 .C .-in- C., First Canadian Army) . As "conscription for overseas n has now been adopted, within ce rtain limitations as regards numbers, by the Cdn Government , this pol icy should be continued in respect of can Far East contingent to the extent necessary. Volunteer (sic) officers and Warrant Officers and N. C.Os ., also othc.r rank trac.esmen (to the number r equired) aPd private soldiers , from ove ~seas formations, should have first priority. Any deficiencies should be mad e up by N .R .I<. A. :rnon- vol unteers". (Ibid, vol 7 : Letter summarizing views of G.C . C.-in- C. , First Cdn .. Army, Montague to Murchi e , 13 Jan 4-5) 18 . On 4- Apr 45 Lt- Gen Hon F . J . Montague , C.B . C.M.G. , D. s .o M.C. , V.D. (Chief of Staff , C.M.H.Q.) , informed the C. G.S . that recruiting difficultie s were to r.0 expected . Crerar and I are conv inced that v.re will be v:: ry unlikely to obtain sufficient volunteers overseas . (Ibid : Tel C.0.S. 306, ~on ta gue to ~"'urchie , 4 Apr 45) That same a ay' however , the rrime ~·! inist0r in his i nitial announcement to the f_~ous.;:, of Ccmnons stated that onl y volunteers would r'. ~ nmployred (See para 10 above) . Upon r eceiving this advicn , S-en c: ral ~1ontague cabled again to N.D.H.Q. Crerar states t hat his infm indicates that onl y a sr.iall proportion of t~1e quota from First Cdn Army will be vc.lunteers a ~1 d that the remainder will r.::.q1i i r:" t o be detailad from all fmns and units of the can Army in accordance with a policy yet to be conununicatcd by Defensor (r~ .D .H .1, ~ (Ibid_: Tel G.8 . 886, Montague to Murchie , 6 Apr 45) The Cabinet War Conn ittce, however, abided by the volunteer principle for t he Arny contingent to fight Japan . Those who meet the r ·::;quiremcnts will be retained in the nti.mbers needed, from those who elect to s erve , priority being given to speciall y qualified personnel and to personnel who hav -, not had an opportunity of serving overs eas . - 17 - (Ibid : Extract from "Cabinet War Committee t.iemorandu.r1 on Armed Fore es Reallocation Ret:1atr iation a·na De mobilization after European ~:fa r " quoted in t e l Ad gen 90 , V!alf or d to ~on t ag ue, 24 Apr 45) In replying to c . ~.: . r; . Q . the C. 'J. .S . Glade this point ver y clear . Cabinet d ecision t hat cuntin.;ent quote will be chosen from thoot~ ''':.o clnct to serve in the Pacific T~eatr~ 2r.ouote. ( Ioid : Tel C .0 .S . 191 , r:urcbie to r.:onta:;uo, 25 \ r.r 4.5) (b) The Response 19 . Recr uiting ther efore proceeded along these lines . However, prior to issuin g a 0enc ral call for vol unteer.s for C . A.r .F. as w,~1 1 as f or t:roops to occupy Ge rmany after her surrender, i.t was n"lc0ssar y to acouaint them with the terms of service . To this end C . ~!.E . I . drafted thi:- paHphlet After Victory in Eurone , which stated : - - · · - - - The Canadian Far East .?o rce 11ill be ch osen only f r om those wh o VvLUUT~:IB f or s ~rv i ce i n t h e war against Japan . Pr efer ence so far as possible will be give11 to those who are unde r 35 years of 3~e . Those uho volunt esr a:id a rr: accc0t -a f e r ser vice in the Facific will be g~ven the highest priority f or r e t ur n to Canada , where they will receive thirty clear d9ys 7 l 3ave at h ome before undertaking any further service. 0n the conclusion ~ f t~eir le3ve the~r \:rill be ora erl'.?'5 t o concentrate for or ganization es a Force . Sol dier s v1ho v olunteer and are accepted f or continued active service with the Far East Force will r etain their acting or confirmed r ank and/or trades pay and be posted to an establishment in "'hich t1'H~r6 is 3 vacancv permitting of such rank and/or trad ~ ' inisterial authority for its i s s ue was p;i v3n at once : "Contents entirely satisfactory a nd :Jp,nrov :.:o d for imPlediate releaso over seas and in Canad o:1 (i- ; . ~ .s . 9131 , vol 7: - 18 - Reply of the Minister, 7 May 45, quoted in ~ . s . to A.G., 8 May 45) . Thereupon simultan.3ous r e lease was arranged for 11 May 45 , using The Ma ple Leaf and Canadian Pr ess News over seas for initial publication (~ : Tel c.o.s. 411 , Montague to Walford, 10 May 45 ) . 20 . IDlJllediately following the ~erman surrender questionnaires were rapidly circ:ulated ar:1ong a~l Canadian troops in ord8r t~at th ~y n ight ~ndicate their preferenc~ for con~inuinG service or discharge . In compiling returns listinG e lectors for c . ~ . P . F ., special attention was paid t o those fallin.:; into the "Host Select Gr oup". These we-re volunteers with PUIHEMS profile 1112221 born :>ctween the years 1912 and 1926 with single status in the casi: of personnel oversees but married or single if in Canada . . The first report from C. M.H . I), . "based on a.!)""rox 90 pe:rcent returns of quest ionnair es as of 27 May:i showed ovP.rseas totals of 2, 540 officers and 21,764 othor rank volunteers for C. A.P .F . , of ''rhich 1,404 :md 14, 0 09 respectively vrere in N<... rth- W>st Europe . The Host Select Group, how~vcr, comprised only 1 , 333 officers and 13,892 other ranks {Ibid, vol 2: Tel C. O.S. 503 , Montague to Gibson and Walford, 30 May d.5. Thase totals included Nursing Sisters and C.''l. A .C . }. il .D.IL9 . com:lents d on this r e por t as follows: It is evident f r om information contained in your telegram that unJcss n~~b e rs of voluntPe rs particularly in inf and arty can be substanti ally increasQd it will be extr eme ly difficult to me6t specification for a trained experienced inf di v upon which plan~ing with U.S . War Dept is based . . . Continuinr:; op:n ortunity must be given for additional personnel to elect to ser ve with I-aci~ic Force . (Ibid: Tel C.~ . S . 293, Gibson and 1.'l!3l~ord tot urcr_ie and ~:ontague , 1 Jun 4..5) 21. The respon::; i; f ro-1 both s ic1 es of the Atlantic continued to be fnr from encoura;;ing as indicated by the foll owing report to the r1inis t.<" r sub1i1i tt -d, by the Adjutant- Gene ral O·'.aj- Gcn A. _! . ',/slford ); Up to 9 Jun 4.5, a total of 46 , 260 elections had been reco rd ~ d 30,124 overseos end 16 ,136 in Canada {incl ad:acent territories). These numbers inclunP electors both mals and female , of all azcs, catG;orias and qualific ations, many or -.-rhom wi 11 be of no use to the Force . Ana l ysis of overseas figur·es shows . .. the most select from the point of view of age and ~hysical fitness 1027 offrs and 18 ,254 O.R. ~ ingle ma lo ~. - 19 - There are 598 officers and 6 , 103 O. R. in the most select group in Canad~ . The proportion of electors who are single is not known in the case of ~e rs onnel from Canada nor is it available without' a ~ reat deal of v·ork at the Records office . . . Requirements of the force are taken at 30, 000 (incl contin3e~cy reserve of 1111) to move to U.S .A., and 33 ,600 to be placed in training t o maintain the f orce until 30 Sep 46 . The r esults to date indicate t hat early con sider ation will have to be ~iven to renuster ing . .. It is ~.1y intf) ntion that personnel who have seen service i n any arn or service will not be remust~rec to another arm and that in gener a l remusterin ~ '.Jill bo r estricted to personnel who have not been in combat .• . With the exception of the Arty and the Inf , we have a good prosric ct of completing the original force fro!': pr csant volunteers . These •two arms can only be co•"Jrl"et 90 if furthiJr volunteers offer in s u bst;rntial numbers . ~.re have , hovrevcr , to date, virtually no reserves to meet replaccmenc requirements . (Ibid , vol 6 : A .(} . toth5 t•iniste r , 13JUn 45) This conclusion is confirm~d by •cports dated 17 Jul 45, which are the latest statistics ai:, hand. * With mobil ization of C .A. F . F . about to tak(; place, the total number of volunteers then stood et 9,943 officers and 68 , 25 6 other ranl-:. s . C;f these, ho1·1c: ver , only 2 , 796 officers and 36 , 386 'other rani:s ,., .r0 m.eles i n the most select .:;r oup . The r .~ quir0nents of the force including reinforcements for t!':e 1 irst ~· ist t ~onths "'ere sGt at 3,17f male officc:s and 56,170 oth~r ranks ; ther~fore d~f i ciencies totallac 3~2 of~icer5 and 19 , ?r4 other r anks . The artillery hed reached its quota of othi:? r ranks but still soulht 47 mor0 officers . Electors for the infantry, however, totalled b(3rr;ly half the 1, 831 officer s and 39, 114 ~thor ranks demanded . 'This gr ave deficiency of P35 of~ic ers and 20,775 other rank infantr y volunteers rcmaincc th outstandi~~ r~cruiting ~roblem of C.A.f .F . (c) Special Campaign Pay 22. In addition to 30 days1 di 3 ~mbarkation leave gr anted all personn·J l r c-tnrni n~ tc.. Can3da , i:.crms Of service for C.A.T .F. incluced ~~~ nruvision of additional ------* H. Q, .S . 9131 , vol 7, contains we~.k ly sunmaries of electors and co~parisons of the 1ost select ~r oup with the r eauirenGnts of th~ force . :Drtracts from the latest of these 9rz ta o ulat ~ a in A-pend i ces "E" and 11F " to thj_s nepor t . - 20 - pay . Ear ly in May 1945 Gb~vr al Mqnt.:isu'"' had• wttitt vr. f r om London : It will be 3ssumed by tps that pay C.F .E . F . will be same or better ttan p~esent rates and I fee l sure that detail such as nature of f or ce or slightly higher pay 'Vill have no substantial influence on tps consider ing vo l unteerin ~ for Fa r ::~as t service. (Ibid , vol 7: Tel C. O.S . 383\ t.~ontai:;ue to 1l!e lford, 6 May 45 J That same month , however , the ~ -i n ist e r ap'!.)roved the proposal for special caMraign pav and r ~led : The "theatre i· oav t ~ bi=-co:ne eff~cti ve on leaving Caneca ~ithe r, (i) to carry out tr3inin; out o: Cd a, or (ii) to enter the tces -~ e . .. (Ibid , vol 2 : Notes on Discus sion - Mi nister and A.G. at Indian Head , Sask, 10 ~~ay 4.5) Ther eupon increases in pay were :Juthorized by the Cabinet on the following grounds : l( a ) The Gover nments of the United Kingdom ·and t he United States of Am erica have provi ded a d di t~ onal pay for service in the Fa r Eastern Theatre of war . (b) It is now dee~ed expedient to provide additional pay for those members of the force who will servP witl t ~e C3narian racific Force in recognition o:' t!'!~ extr a hazards peculiar to that ttea::·e o~ 1a r and to place th~ gen0ral sc3le of Cqn~cian pav for ~r.e Japanes? Carap91gn 0•1 ~ norf' favvur 3ble ccmparat::.ve basis ... L.L ~ri ~ish anC! American scales Of pay for fe~S~O~Cl snrvi ng ~n the Pacific theatre Of w3r . 2 . The estiri:ltPd cost 0f the fora:~oing pr oposal for seven months of 19~5 - 46 anounts $2 , 207 , l SP . OO of rprurring expenditure . (H.1 .s . 9131- 22: Copy of a Mi nute of a Meeting of the Privy Council appr oved by his ~x cellency the Gove r nor- Ge ner al on 17 Msy 45) Financial Regulations and InsLr uctions (Canada) were accor dingly amended effoc.t.ive 1 J·un 45 'by adding a new Par t XVI : - 21 - Pacif i c Theatre of Oper ations Article : 400 Japanese Campaign Pay (1 ) A member of the Canadian Pa cific Force shall upon date of departure f r om Canada and while serving in thie Pacific thegtre of operations and elsewher e beyond the territorial boundaries of Canada be granted extra pay as fol lows : Dail y Rate Other than C . W. A. C • C .'1T• A • C • Officer s of the r ank of - Ma j or and alJo ve $ 1 . 00 . 80 Captain • 90 .70 Lieutenant and 2nd/Lieut .75 .60 Othe'r r anks - Wa rrant Officer, Class I .65 .50 Wa r rant Off icer, Class II ,55 .45 Squadr on, Battery, or Company Q,uarterrilaster Sergeant . 50 . 40 dtaf f Ser geant . 50 . 40 Ser geant • 4 5 . 35 Lance- Sergeant, Corporal and Lance- Corporal . 35 .30 Private Soldier . 30 • 25 ( 2) The above rates of extra pay shall be payabl e in addition to the regimental or special r ate of pay, tradesmen ' s rates or any other extr ;:i pay to which a member of the Force is entitled under these r egulations. (c . A. R. O. 5729 J?Ublished 30 Hay 45 : F. R. & I . (Cds) Amendments(No 138)) 23. It should be noted that this Special Campaign Pay was restr icted rigidly to actual members of C.A.P . F ., namely those few who left th~ country to train in the United Stat es , despite determined efforts to extend its benefits to other Canadians ·who had m~t the enemy - . Pacific obs·ervers , pri soners of wa r in Japanese hands , ships ' dentists , etc . The question as to 1·:rhether this extra pay should be extended t o members of 11 C" For ee @ong Kongl and also to other personnel who although ~ot members of the Canad i an Army Pacific Force served iD vario· s Pacific Areas , was submitted for cons:i.deration but not favourably r Gceived . · (H .q.s . 9131- 22 : Reply t o Enquiry of the ~~inistry - ~ : r . Black (Cumberland ) 10 Hay 46 prepared by :Sri.r:;ad i ;.; r F . K2lly , Iayriast ~ r - Gcneral) \ - 22 - (d) Limitations to Re crui ting 24. Despite these and other 9ids , r e cruiting r emained pr obably the srcstcst problem of C.A.P . F . As indicated above (paras 20 and 21) approximately half the electors failed to meet the a~e and medical standards required f or the most select. 3roup. Ver" apy;arently a great many volunteered in the full knowledge that they coula not be acc epted even for non - c~1b9ttant r oles . In this regard N.D.H.q, . rulec b·r the !"liddle of June 1945 : It has novr been decicec th9t all personnel with PUilili'MS below 3333321 and/or-·:1bo have attained the age of 45 years , cannot be accepted for service i n the Canadian .Army Pacific Force . {H . rl . 5- 0- 5 3: Ore; e15 dated 14 Jun 45) Hany volunteers were above the maximu!ll age: others had not attained the i11inimur1 even to be despatched to the U.S . A. f o~ training . Resulations stated that personnel ·. volunteer ing for C.A.I' .F. were not eligible to ser ve outside of Canado until the~· had r P-sched a_;e s as f ollows : Officer s 20th Birthday Other ranks 19th Birthday C.W. A. C. 21st' Birthday (C.A.F .F . - Policy, Wastage , Trg, etc : Org 793 dated 2 Jun 45 . This f i le is held by Hi stor ical Section (G .S . ) ) ~c dical instr uctions called for a vory thorough check of all applicants regardle~s of previous service . Personnel from E . 1.:ss . wi.11 be exanined prior to wi t hd ra·.•1al fron tr.ie i r present Uni ts . Personnel f ro:n oversoas ·vill be examinPd upon arrival at the concentr ation a~eas . . . All \ Xa~inati o ns must be compl0ted at the earliest possible date ane in any case bef ore Oespatch ~o U.S.A. (~.~ . s . 9131 - 4 , vol 2: Org 834 aated 21 Jun 45) .. . a complete physicRl ex~~ination will be made of all personnel f~r the C.A. P.F ., in cluding x- ray examination of tha chest, if such has not already been done during the previous six ~onths . . . fulhems ~refiles will be a ssignec , con!'i rm~c or cha n3~d . ( I~id: D .G. t.·: . S . to Comnand , District, and Senior tliJ<.'lical Officers, 27 Jun 45) - 23 - The Director- General of J~edical Services, O:a jor- General C.P . Fenwick) actins upon reports received from the U.S . Forces in the South Pacific, v1arned his medical officers that peculiar care should be taken in the selection of personnel for service i r: a tropical theatre . Skin diseases, car ~ ful psychiat ric screening, 11 11 dyspepsias , emotional instabili t··, eczenas , signs of chronic malari3 or dysenter~,. v ere cited an on~ other examples (Ibid) . 25 . Re s t r ictions other than age or medical included a unique depar ture from traditional Canadian .6,,rm.y policy . In order to conform to U.S . custo-i, it was found necessar y to impose a colour b3r a~ainst negroes . Previous expe rie~ce has i ~dicated that certain difficulties are expe rjenced in the despatch of coloured ~ersonnel with units or drafts proceeding throu~ and to certain States of the U. S .A. i:n view of the above, and in ore er not to · eobarrass the Unitec States authorities and/or the soldiers concerned, you are requested to ensure that no colourPd soldiers are included in units or drafts p~ 0~eeding to the U.S .A. for despatch to C.A.P .F., or for training or duty within the U.S .A. (l~ . Q . 5- 0- 53 : Org 922 dated 30 Jul 45 ) Recruiting, therefore, involved !1any problems , which became most apparent at the time when concentration of the C. A.F . F . began. (a) Selection of 6 Cdn Div 26 . In or ganizing C.A .P .? . one of the most difficult problems was to decide upon the nomination of the division which was to f orm its basic nert . The c .r- .s. strongly favour ed use of th0 pre ~ i e r Canadian division overseas . In regard to the Japan"'se war, it is considered that t he 1st Division is the for mation better sui tea for this role for the foll ov·ring r easons : (a) All of the for~er FerManont Force units are in the divisi nn . . . (b) The division is t he nost representative of all parts of Cgnada . (c) The division has had the longest per iod of battle experience ... - 24 - (d) I t is the senior Canadian formation . ( e } . . . it may be nore quickly disengaged i n preparation f or its new r ole . (H .Q. S . 9131, vol 1 : C.G.S . to the ~inister , 1 Sep 44) 1 Cdn I nf Div was then on active oper at i ons in I taly , however, and can paiens there and in North-Hest Eur ope continued to engage all five Canadian divisions over seas . Towards the end of 1944, ther efore , "tt:e C .G. 3 . cab1 ed C • ~; •H . t:), • as f o 110\·1s : Considered that after rele::i se from operational r ol e the selection a nd ieallocation of per sonnel to co~ pris e the for ce should take place ove=seas , preferably in the theatre of oper ations, to the greatest extent possible . Subject to t r ansportation ar r3ngernents the for ce would then be concentratea in the United Ki ngdom pr ior to depa rture· for Canada . Af ter •one month7s leave in Canada the for ce will be r eassembled in an apr ropriate a r ea in Canada · f or r eor ganization , refitting and t r aini ng prior t o depar tur e . .. Request that the for P~oing infor mation be communic~ted to the Array Commander so that hf' m9y give c onsider ation t o selection of d ivi sj on wh ich will ultimatel y c o~p r is e the nucleus of the Canadian Force . (Ibid, vol 7: rrel G.S . O. -844 , Murchie tOlJrontague , f D ~ c 44 ) Gene r al Cr er ar' s views , cC'llilil1un i cat 1;1 d in suri.r.:e r y form b:; letter f r om C.M.H.Q. , we r e definitely op~o sed to s uch or ganizati on being carr i Gd out op tho Continent or even in the United Ki n.; dom . The or ganization of tho Canac i an Far East c ontingent is 9 mattar which TP~Uires to be handled by !LD .H . Q . and done in Canada . Re sponsibility of the Cdn An~r Ove~seas should be limit ea to fur nis: i l; "l:>on3 fide 11 volunteers . .. 1 Cdn I nf Div t o be th~ selected basic formation . To be br ought up to strcn~th by volunteer s frora other Cdn f or r-ati ons overseas , and, if Gover I12lent pclicy 9ccepts , by l~ . R . ~LA . personnel 11 in "other ranks • • • Apart from other reasons , it h as a s antim~ nt al , if not ~oral , right to be the fir st forr·1ation to retur n to Canada . (Ibid : ront3gua to C.n .s ., 13 Jan 45} A month pr ior to the GerPl?n surrPndc:r , these views of Gener al Cr er a r we r e sgain r aportee with added emphasis by GenBral Montague . • . . mobilization Far East Force should be under taken i n Canada 3nd resnonsibilitv of H.1. First Cdn Army be li-'i tee to coll e ction· or g and - 25 - despatch to U.K. f or first priority return to Cana da of the quota of p ~ rs on11e-l r equir ed frQn First Cdn Army for this force . This quota to be indicatf d by D ~ fensor . Crer a r is quite firm on this , pointing out that personnel f or thG f or ce will b !..~ drawn not only from First Cdn Arnii• but also from approv ~ d c at .:; ~o ri : s now in U . !~ . and also in Canad'l . . . The point is that he f cels very strongly that he cannot "r c ln:rne 11 t he sele cted fmn . . . if this expression me:rns t hat '!:he fmn as no•·r composed is to r etur n on vor•r 1 i r st priority to Canada . Buch action wouid cut across the basic principles of r eallocation of ~9Ppowa r as w~ understand those principloo. vn the other h~nd . .. he is strongly opposed to r econstituting 1 Cdn Inf Div O'\•e r S ~ 3S in accord 3:1 CG v1 ith these or any other r ri nci~l c s Of r 39llocetion. Such action would r ~ sult in th. n~c; ssity of transferring the grert; bulk of th ~ nc rs onnel now in 1 Cdn Inf Div t o oth ~ r fmns and units reriaining longe:r in the theatre . Ee is vr ru d e finit ~ in St3ting that any such proc .. durs would b strongly opposed by such pcrsonn ~ l and would cause bitter f~ e line and ~uch trouble . (Ibid: Tel G .s . 8P6, i!ont ague to ~u r chi ~ , 6 Afr 45) The vi ews of the M inist ~ r of Derartmont of National Defence , on the other hand , w3r c r ecorded in notes made by 'the Ad jutant- G.:; ncr3l following a private discussion they held at Indian Head, Saskatchew::rn , im.!llediately after the collapse of Garmany . The ~-!ini s t e r i::onsider s s election and ·1ith dr9nral Of a C0i11ple t ..:: D~v impractica l . The Force must b ~ ge ographically r~p r 0s c ntative of C9nada , subj -ct to wh ich cond ition s e lection of Units should be left to the Army Coma . The Div is to bs d :ni ,., .at0d 6 Cdn Div and to have a f or m3ti ~ n na~ch (to be used bf the Force as '3 wh ol ;; ) s:; h -:-aJ On of sui table size comprising six 0qu9l segment s , one of each of the Div colours , i n clock'J ise succession, and the sixth bl ack to ro~~ a s ant the inc cp Arnd Bdcs ... (Ibid, vol 2: ; .G. to C.G.S ., 11 May 45 } Against this plan G.J !1er3l Cr,,r ar stood firm in r:-iaintai:iing as bef or e that he could not l111n i:: ,..t-=i'ko selection of the units . . .. tho r 3sponsibility for the org of the Cdn Far East For ce must b~ J D.N.D. r ~ sponsibi litv and cannot bG undertake n ovcrsc: 9s in vir:. 1 ·1 of commitments ropa t occur fore ·~ den ob :tc .. . personnel cannot bG r e turned as units but only as dr3fts ond in 9cco rd anc ~ with procecd ure and a rran~emc.nts laid d 0 1·1n in pal!lphlet - 26 - quote After Victory in Europe unquote ... (Ibid , vol 7: Tel C. 0 .S. 452, l1 ~on ta guc; t o Mur chie , 17 r··.ay 45) To ensur e full discussion of the mattGr, the C.G .S . 9t the expr ess wish of tho lvi j.nist ~~ r c ::.~o ss ~ a t he Atlantic to confc; r with the Army Cor1111:1:md or ~ nd the Chhf of St::iff , C.M.H.Q.., on this and r elat ed m f ( c ) Drafts C9n bo made up by districts with per sonnel onrmerk·-=: d for uni ts and con centr9tion 3r eas . Para 2. Arn convinced no pr3ctical advant~ge to be obtained from unit s •~ l o ctions . Th0r0- f ore ·work is now con1I!1£ ncing to pr e pa r ~~ and despatch Can8da Drafts ~sin l(c) ... Para 5 . In out lin ~; the plan for porsonnel is that 2 Ech se l ect ' e l ectors' for C.F. 2 .F . according to requirem3nts post them to Canada Draft for home district Flnd earmark them for specific unit and concentration ar ea to which they r eport on oxpiration of leave . This avoids return to depot . Parg 6. In sddition to unit requirements will return e3rma rked f or e a ch unit r fts to extent volunteers av8ilable c ~ lculated at 3 months U.S . rates for battle and non- bgttle combined . (Ibid, vol 2: Tel C.G. S. Dl , Hurchie to Gibson, 22 May 45) Committed to the adoption of this system of rep3triation, N.D . H.Q . in the end desire d it t o be 9pplied to all acceptable C.A.P .F. volunteers . Concur your plon but you will understand we expect to have returned all suit3ble personnel who elect even though in excess of unit establishments and their three months rft requirer ments in order provide for wastage and org bnlance of Force. (Ibid, vol 7: Tel C.G.S . 267 , Gibson to r.:u·;· ci.i.ie repe.3t dontague, 25 May 4 5) - 27 - (b) Naming the Force and Its Units 27 . Decision of the Minister to create a new 6th C9n9dian Division pr eceded ~0option of a sinGle name to indic.i:lte the entire C9n::di an Army Force to be employed eg~inst J~p~u . Hitherto a v:: riety of desi~nqt ions h9d been employed for t~3t pur pose . C.f\1.fi .Q. . are using the words "C.F .E .F. 11 ond v'3rious other titl es are also beconing in comm on use suc.h ss 11 C .. \.P .F . ", "C .P .F. 11 and 11 11 11 "Pac Force • The c .r . :.:- . hJ:-dly seems appr opriJte ss the the~tre is not in f3ct 11Tbe F:.r jast." ins of-, r JS C;_inada is concerned . (E . Q, .S . 9131, vol (, : D.C.G.S.(A) (BrigJdier L . ~. Chesley) to C.G.S . , 11 Jun 45) Necess3ry st'3nd 3rd iza-r;ion '"1S fi n'.lll:-/ br'.1u5ht about by a meeting at N . D.H . ~ . which 11h9v!nc in nind Cdn naval and Air Fcmce comr!litments in the PRcific Theatre ac;r eed to recommend 'C9nadisn Army Pac i f i c Force' (abbrevi ated C. A.F.F . ) as the official design3tion for the Army component " (Ibid: l.iinut~s of .i Co- ordin<.ltin5 M\:)eting 11 Jun 45). ... . 2r. There were many ch~nses, howevAr, bPfore setisf~cto ry titles were f inJll:· author ized for the princip91 units within 6 Cdn Div . Co~plications arose over a fund!lmental dtfference betvrnen U.S . and British Army custom, C9n9da havine hitherto tollowed the latter very closely. It is difficult to rrconcile completely the American pr actice whic~ considers the regt 3S the par ent unit es ~g3inst the emphssis which is given to t.he bn :;s tha r.1ain unit under Cdn pr9ctice . A comp l ct~ ,dopticn of the Ame rican practice of numbering bns has become :.ilmost impossible if we are to continue to emph9size the bn as the main unit and to stress its special territori9l affili3tions . (Ibid, vol 2: D.C.G.S . (A) to C.G. S. , 3C5""1lay 4 5 ) A pr ess release of 11 Jun 45 gn~ ~ uncod that the tel'rl "Brigade" would be dropped in fgvour of its Americ3n equi Valent 1 "!'egiment II 1 into r•1}">j C'b infantry botta liOilS would ba gr ouped . Artillerv b3t-.er ie::s vmuld be gr ouped into field artillery b'3ttalions, not regiments . The announcement continued: Infantry batt'3lions ln the Force will be organizad on 3 territorial b~sis, with e3ch unit representative of· :i , "ilita r y District and the app ropri ~te ~uaericel designation - 28 - will be a llotted to each. Each batt3lion will carry its geogrsphical identification in its title . For instance, one battalion will be the First Canadian Infantry Battalion (Western Ontario). Other units will be sim ilarly representativ9 of thP various Mi litary Districts and IrovincGs . As far as possible personnel will be yostad to units representing their particul a r territori al a ffiliation. (H.Q. 1- 0- 9 : Fr oss rele3se , P .N. 463- 45, issued 11 Jun 45) Although there were to be only r..i ne infantry battalions , this system resulted in titles such as "13th Canadian Infantry Battalion (Alberta ) n. Doubts we r e r:Ji9ed , however, over the likelihood of co:ifusion arising f rom this deviation from -~1c·r ica n s. t a:r' f proceedure, ·which numbered regiments and battalions cons ~cu tivel y . Re conciliation of the two systems wa s finally achieved by Maj - Gen B.M. Ho ffmeister, C.B .E., D.8.0 . , E .D., on his arriv?l in Canada to comri.3nd C.A . r . F. r:is r ecom mendations we re: . .. that we should a cl opt numerical designations for the Battalions and Regiments comprising the 6th Division s o a s to conform exactly to .American practice, but that each Infantry Battalion should be gi ven a r~ g imental affiliation, 3fter its name, conforming to the title s of the major units co~prising the 1st Division . The 1st Infantry R e~imen t "rill r ( flect the composition of the 1st Infantry Bri; ade (Central Canada) . The units of the 2nd Infantry Brigade will be perpetuated in the 2nd Infantry Regiment .:overing Western Canada , and the 3rd Infantry Bri ~ ade will be perpet uated in the 3rd Infantr r Regir;1ent covering Eastern Canada . (H .Q,.3. 9131, vol 4: Hemo stating proposals of Maj - Gen Ho ffmeiste r, C.G.S . to t he ~ inister, 16 Jun 45) With adoption of this soJution, the titles finally selected for the principal figi.• tj ng units of C.A.7 . F. were: 1st Canadian InfantTy Re giment 1st Canadian Infantry Eattalion (The Royai Canadian Regiment? 2nd Can3dian Infantry Bottalion (The Eastings and Pr ince Edvl9rd Regi r;1a nt) 3rd Canadian Infantry Bg ttalion (42th Highlanders of Canada) - 29 - 2nd Canadian Infantry Regiment 1st Canadian Infantr~r Batt9lion (Princess Patricia ' s Can3di::m Light Infantry) 2nd Canadian Infantry !bt.t?lion (The Seaforth High landers of Canada) 3rd Canadian Infantry Battalion (The Loya 1 Edmc•nton Regiment) 3rd Canodian Infantry Re3inent 1st Canqdi.an Infantry Battalion (Roy9l 22e Regiment) 2nd C.an.adi3n Infantry S:ttalio~ (The Carleton end York Regimcmt) 3r d Canadian Infantry Batt3lion (The n0st Nov9 Scotia Reginent) Cannon Co!'lpany, 1st C9nadinn Inf3ntry Regi11er.t (The Saskatoon Light ~ Infantry ( ~ . G . ) ·• 22nd Canedian T~nlc Battalion (Th~ Canadian Grenadier Gua rds) C ._\ .C . 6th Canadian Infantr y Divisior. Reconna issance Troop ' (The Royal ~ont real Regiment) (See Appx ''D a to ~his Report) The advantages of this arrLn~~. ~~: w2ro set forth in the press release announcing the unit s designated as Canada ' s representatives . The decision t o adopt t~e titles of regiments with long r ecords of service in the European theatre will enable the Division to wear dis tinctive regimental badges anc flashes which have been r eco3nized by Canadian fighting men throughout the war . The selection provides for a Canada ,~ride reprc sentati OLi , each tiili tsry District being represented . It is also possible to make provisior. for t ··0 Scot+, ish units in keeping with esta~lishec Canadian Array custom. ------.. - '""·------ Cannon Companies of the 2nd ~n1 3ra Canadian In fantry Regiments s~ilarly wc:re dGsignateC: 11The 1 Saskatoon Light Infantry (•· .G. ) :. At an A.G.'s con fersnce on ~ Aug 45 , ho,·1ev '" r, it w13s rr.commended : "that Cannon Coys b~ dPSi£;!.at~d as follows: 'Cannon Company , R.C.A. - Canadian T~ff 1 ~ ry Regiment (The Saskatoon Light Infantry)' .. . It was further decided that personnel in these coys should wear Sask l . I . cap badges and shoulder flashes ~ith , in addition, the R. C. A. flash on the shoulder strap, it being confirmed that this personnel must continue to be R.C.A. " (H . Q. .S . 9131- Ll, yol 2: D.S .D. (Col "2 .G. Fullen) to D.C .G.S . (A), 10 Aug 45) . ~ ...... - 30 - As previously announced the American system of numerical design?.tion will also bP. used to a void confusion in operational orders and planning. (H .Q. 1- 0- 9 : r ress r al ease , P.H. 48 2-45, is su~d 20 Jun 45) (c) Senior Appointments 29. In cor;parison with the salE:c tion of uni"t.s and their titles, the :problcn of appointments to coI!lrland and staff appears to have been much le>s difficult . The general policy cornmunicat:;d by 1; .D.H.Q. . to c . ~LE . O.. in M3y 1945 was as follows: Minister has i nstructrJ that he wisbos personally to decid : o:-i the Fo:·cc Corad fron among thr sc nominatio!'s '''i th supporting reasons by Army Co~d . Bdo Conds and staff offrs to be seloctrd by Force Coma. Unit O. Cs . to be appointed by Army Coma . This ~ action in first priority . (E.; .s . 9131 , vol 7: Tel C . ~ . S . 240 , r·urchie to .. 01.~ague , 15 Mey '1.5) N .D. H . ~ . emphasized this later by stating: "Confirm we do NvT rep ~at NOT r e serve any appointments in Div and Tank Bn" (Ibid: Tel C.(} . S . 267, Gibson to 't11urchie r ep~a t Montague , 2.5 May 4.5 ) 30. Command Of C.A. P .F. W$ 5 00sto".rad upon ~aj - Gen B. E . F.i.offmeistor, c . .a :~. ' 'J . S . 0 . I 3 .D ., a former N . P.A . ~~ . officer who had demonstrated decided ability in active operations i n Itely and North- ''.'os t Europe. Appointed O.C . The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada 11 Oct 42, Commander 2 Cdn I i.1f Ede 1 Nov 4 3, a!1d G. 0 . C. .5 Cd n Arr:id Div 20 Ma r 44, he asst1.1aa t.is nc·•; corunand at the age of thirty- eight . Brig H.A . SparlinJ, D.S.D. , was chosen to comnand t he Divisional .\.rtill..'.;ry, and the following were appointed I nf on t r / Regiricn- sl Connantlcrs : Brig J .D . :S . Smith , C.D . .!: . , D.S . 0 . ; B:.ig J .P .Z . B;rnatchez, D.$ .0 .; and Brig J . ?! . Hockin~her, D.S . 0 . (F . Q. .S . 9131- 5- 1- 2: Appx "A" to letter Eof fr:leist.:: r t ...· A.G. , 15 Jun 4.5) . In keeping with Canadian Army r.r:i ct i ~G , th~:; se last r e; tainGd their r ank although the Am -: r i\~Jn rountcr part would be colonel . Other s0nior 3pnoi~ ~m .nt s included: Bri~ W.P. Gilbride , D.s .o., 0 .13 . s ., to '..,c De::-uty Conr1ander; Col H.A. Bean, E .D., .to be L.I.C . 1st z;cl -. 1011 , with thi: actin3; rank of brisadior; and Col A.J. Cr6i~hton ~ E . D., t o be Commander, Replacement Group, w ~th tho acting rank of brigadier (H .Q.S . 9131 , vol 6: Record of Conference held 16 Jun 45) . 31 . Difficulties natur3ll } arose over differ ences between Cdn and U.S . r anks for : quivalcnt posts , but by May 1945 a satisfactor y formula had beGn f ound . ... it was agr ~ed th~t th ~ gcn~ ral principl e should ba that a p9nadi3n soldf ~ r should not be - 31 - asked to serve at a lower rank than the .American soldier performing sinilar duties . In effect, it would appear that this principle would call for a 0r9~u3l scaling up in N. C. 0 . and '!larraqt ranks and a gradual do·vn- grading in Officer ranks . (H .1 .s . 9131- 4-1: Extract fro~ t ~ inist e r 1 s ~ or .1ing Conference , 15 i ' a'- 45) In some instances it ''as fourid ne cessary t c allow alternative ranks as a te~por~ry e xp ~ cient . In setting up Tabl es ~~ C ~3a ni - at ior. and Equipner.t f or t he C1 n ' .... i;!1 rr.:"ly !'acific Force, it has 3ee~ c o ,s ice_~r o~si r ab ~ tc meke provision f or souadron, b9tterv n.:id co.::ipany co::nmanders as 11 'ajcrs " r C'=\ ptains:• and ex 1 ecutive officers as ' Ca ""t 3 ins or lieuts ;i •• • it being th~ int e n~ io~ t hat the altern3tive senior rank of (!a j o,.. in the case of Cocrpany 'Commander and Cantoin ~~ the case of £xecutive Officer is provided t o per mit of the enployment of trained and q ual i f i o,; r ~a j ors and Ca pt a ins initially in the settins up of this Force, but that in subse~u e nt appointments of officers to fill these a:)pointn1<.rnts the alternative senior r ank will not ~c construed as an avenue of promotion . I n other wo rd s Captains will be 3ppoint1'd t o c om.t tana companies and Lieuts as Executi vr; Of 1'ic ~ rs, and will be required to remain in quch renks ,~en filling these appointments. (IbiG : Director of rerson3l Se rvices (Col R.s . Care:·) t o O. I .C. 2nd Echelon fs c i ~ i Force , 22 Jun 45) ( d) 2nd Echelon and oase H . 1, . 32. The syst.em f or t ~e r,.~ t t• r :i to Canada of volunteers from overseas , whic~ had t a~ e r s r l ong t o decide upon (see para 26 above), ev~ntually -r o c n ed~c a long the following lines bs ginnin-; i:i Tun 1945 : C. A.P.F. personnel :a re b.J in ~ s :; l cctoc in N.'l.3 . by Can 2 ~ch 21 Arnv Group . s ~ 1 e ction is be ing made down to indi vi duel appointme nts on 1 /ar Establishments ... Personnel will be f orm : d in drafts by Distr ict.s described a s C.D. s ~ ~1~1s Drafts will be up to 260 all r cnYs end'~ill contain draft admin staff c ons isti ng of C.O., Adjt , 'i, . ~- ., etc . (H .Q. S . 9131- 4, vol 2: ~eno No 1 , Cdn 2nd Eche lon, F c i fic Force , 19 Jun 45) - 32 - 1 At the ex piration of the ir 30 dc1 .. s leave , thay ware t o report t o de signated conce:itr ; tion a r eas , where the actual formation of units was t0 take place . These locations were : Debert, N. S.; S •ssex , N. B.; Brandon, Man ; end Brockvillc , Barr:i.0fic ld, Cel'1.p Borden , and Petai•1aVTa, Cnt (!; . Q. . S . ?131 , vol 3 : S.D. 1 Chart 708 d a ted 19 Jun 45 ) . The p:-inciple is tt.3 t ! . D.H.i. ~nd tte °9i3trict o rganiza tio~ in Ca~ 3j9 is ~cspons i ble f or supplying ~rnd C.t: li7c:-L1G :;:>..;r-sonnrl ~o tile new uni ts an~ it t!:.:~ · -~C~·.. c; t.Z:....; 7't.s:'n~si!>i:.it.v of unit c · v~1tr1~:_d~ :::- s "n ·>rocce; 1 33. Cantr e~ o-: pcrs0·u1~ \•·· :> ~;.::G rci s~d b7 Ccnridian 2nd Eche lon Poci1.:.c 7Y~ce , .::i•1V ., ~ - ..;?. :3ff~C!tivo 1 r··ay 4 5 with a strength o~ 3~ off ic.e::.. ~ !J- '- 301 otr,.er :-acks (Ibid : C .G.S . to A.G . , Q . ~ : . f} . acd :; . ."; . C . 30 r~-3Y 45) . To carry out its func t;ions, the: " . I. C. ~o ss cssr·d authority to h3vc; dire ct channels of c o.-.rn.A·.i cation eith:r by lett2r or personal visit with :J.1) .H.9 . and u!1its of both fighting troops end services of ~ .A . F . F. (E . ~ . S . 9131- 4- 2A: A.G. to D. 0 . C. M.D. 3, 31 May 45) . The unjt ba gan to function on 4 Jun 45 at ConnaugJ.1:.. Rans:€s , nea:i:- Ottawa , but on 25 Jun 45 mov ed to Bro~i 1 The us ~ of pt1.nc : c ·~1 · ·... a1°>t •lat inJ ma ch i.ne8 in the field had ")COr1 dav :.ay, 1 C. ~-y th·_ lJ.S . _\:i·m,r and hod b~en l.~ rov .:n ov ·r 3 :pGriod oi' y\. ars, und e r bett l~ con di t~0n · , JS thL rnos t c ffici ~ nt means of procurin.r; ~"vl .1(;ths ·:md str;itist '!.cs , et,c , f or usa by ::;cJ-i.-.1c· 3 9r_c r: . '.ls . Study of U.S . Ai'my r.iett.01.s ~:· C... "? A.rmy C.f~rs lt-··d to the adoption ~L e raobil: U"~· cf thcs- n achines for l!SC v·i.-:h t~c P-:ic i: ~,. Fo r ~c . Ano... her factor favou!'illg this d~ci.." · o:-i w3s tr_: !'l~cd for adoption of f'l)ciiir~ lT ~ . -::.et!io ('" .D . , J. Cei l') 1"· .... h~ rie R:! COrds Un it , ::;1 Jtm 45) 34 . At the end of July l94 r, , 2r.d Echelon C.A.P . F . was converted and r c<'les i gnatci:, .f :"activD 1 .Tu n 45 , to become Canad ian Ar~y Facific .•.:or, c Base !feadqua:rters , - 33 - abbreviated 11 C . A.P . F . B3se H. Q. ." (H . ~ . S . 9131 { vol 5 : C.G.S . to A'.G. , Q, .M.G., and M. G.0. , 31 Jul 45J . Despite an incr ease in authorize d parsonnel t o 120 officers and 46.5 other r ap'ks , it imr:~.:.dintcly found its ~~ lf ov-.?r taxGd with a flpoa of work arising froo abrupt ch3n~ o s in the Jap3 n as~ war picturv in Au ust 1945 . ATTACEt-~NTS I N Ti: Z PACI :.'IC TF...::ATRE 3.5 . Becaus e Pacific w:1ri'erc conditions d iff\ .: r :;o widely fron Europesn battlefi elds, which 17.avG hithe- Tto been t he ma i n s chool of Canadian fightin~ expc r i · -= n~:; abr oad , it wa s r e c ognized at an early st3~e that sp~ci~l study in t hat a r ea would be invaluable . General Fope , when Commande r, Canadien Arn~· Sta ff , "'3shin::;ton, too}: a leading part in ur ging action in this r .3ga rd . Ee r e cords in Fe br uary 1944: Lette r f r om Gibson t.:> the e ffect tha t H.D.H.0 . was n ow d :- sir ous of proceeding vrith t:ie · pr opos al to s r: nd obs·~ rvcrs into tlrn South and Sout hwest Pacific . I was glad to s (-e this for I had madG this pr opos al t J Stuart as lonG a~o as l a st May . ( W. D. , Gi nCr3l Pope , 9 Fr- b 44 . M~ j - Gen R. B. Gibson was t:len D. C.G. 3 . (A) Lt Gen K, Stuart h Dl d t he appointment of C.O.S . in May 1943) Gener al Pope now proceeded to nl 3ce tbe .natt(?r bef0re:; tho Austr alian and New Zealand missions tn Washington P.:id also bufor e t h e U .s . \'Ta r Departm;;n:, thr ou::;h General Marshall , whos e c o- ope ration was i:a.nediately a s sur ~d anc1 whose sugge stions we re most h elpful . Gener al Marshall said hG saw no reason vtr7 our request c ould not be mat . He added, hO~!vc r, that he thought 11c shot:ld d~ri ve .;reater vglue f r om off ice r s 01' th-. rFnk of Ca ptai!1 and ~!a jor than fro!'.!1 tbo sa of :":Or .:- Stl:tior r ank as plqcr-s could eesily l)e founc fol' the former within the cstablish.i:ients of un i~s . Lieut- Cols would bn har d : r to place . Ee s~id t~at the ~~st :::3 r rangr;m-- nt woulc h to d : noatc1 ths -r... u:' of off ice rs to !:..onclulu Yrttare the U .s . Army .'..Jave a big school of jun~le ~i~ting and tLe U S. Mavy a school of aP.lt'I1ibious warf :re . (Ibid , 10 Fob 44 : Te l C . A . ··1 . 73, Pope to C.G. S. , 10 Fe b 4' ) Negotiations r esulted in Austra lia agresing to accept e ight and the U. S . Army in the Facific ten Canadian Officer s ear ly i n 1944 (Ibid, 16 Feb 4L) . Two Canadian officers ''rerG a l so attacb.: d to t ho Now Zealand Expcdi t.ion ary For c e in the Facific , latGr joining tbc main party vii t h the Austr ali an Military For e 1s . ~breove r, Lt - Col W. A. Been was attached for six months to Headauertcrs ( C.-in- C. ) Pa c ific Aroe 3nd ~t - Col R .F . Routh.for thr ae months to !iGadquarta rs Alliod Command Scuth Facif ic Area - 36 - G- 1 Function in the U.S . Arny" , by Capt W'ill ard z. Estey, Sas k L.I . (~1.G . ) , May - Aue; 194.5). Another deals ver y thor oughly with artil lery methods eraployed in jungle wa r fare and s i mil ar ly indicates different principles requir ing emphas i s in t r ainin·s (Report of Artillery Obse!·ver - Ok i nawa , Mi:ljor S . Kanee, R.C . A. Conies of both these Reports arn in possession of Iiistorical Section ( G .S . )) . (b) Attachments to Austr alian Forces 39 . I n the same manne r, use ful experieno ~ ~~s gained by Canadian Arny personnel attached to Australian i-1.ili tar y Fore 0s . Le c1 b~r Lt- Col E. r ,. Cot ton , Winnipeg Light Infantr y , a ~roup of ei ~ht officers arrived in Melbourne O> i 26 Ar-r 44 and were attached to a noted br igade of the 6th Australi9n Divisi0n, then training in expect ation of an early Teturn to ection. Their report stated : "The 17 Aust Inf Bde ~tas probably seen more action than any other Bde in A. I.F. both in Middle E3st 11 and Ne 1N Guinea , and is considered one of the b'3st trained • ( F. C .s . .509;-"1 -10- 9 , vol 1 : "Interi m Report No. 1 , Csnad ian 11 Officer s Austr ali an Attachmc:-nt , May 44 , by Lt- Col H.P . Cotton). Rema i ning on exercisAs in North Queensland until the end of r11ay 1944, the 3roup then attended a G .H . t~ . Tacti cal School followed by a Jungl e lftarfar~ School (Ibid: "Inter im Report 1il'o. 2, 26 rt.ay - 30 Jun 44). Whi le in Austr alia they w·ere joined by ~!aj o r ,T.H . Boulanger, Fusi liers du St Laurent, and Capt R. Murdock, 11 District Depot, both of whor.'! had been attaclted to Eeadquarters 3r d New Zealand Division at Niss9n ( ~reen) Island since 9 Apr 4~- (F. C.S . 509 - 1- 10- 10: 11R8port on Obser vations of New Zeciland :!"!lxp0ditionar y Force in.the Pacific:' by Major J .R. Boulanger and Capt R. burdock). The party next pr oceeded by air to Now Guine9, wh er e they were attached to 5th Australi9n Division in the forward a r eg and had ample op port unity to study J ap.gnes e :fortifications and 11 11 defences (.F .c .s . .509 - 1- 10- 9, vol 1 : rnt.:::rir.i Re port No . 2 , £J2. ci t) . I n Jul y t he 5S r oup returnea t o Australia to be attached again to 6th Australian Division for training and then to 9th Austr alian Di vision for al!lphP>ious exe:rcises (Ibid : "Int er irn Report No . 3 n, September 1944 ), Finally, t o gain battl e experience the party proceed 26 via New Guinea to Hesdauarters Tr9dPwind T3 s k Force at Aitape , Now Guinea , and were assit;ne C. opr: n :it]. ona l duties v.ri th 3Js:, U.l i:t Gd States Infantry Division i n the capture of .Morotai , East Indies , S ~ pte mb c; r 19 ~- 4 (Ibid: Report on Morotai Operation; Can:.:idian and Australian obserV·'n-s). 40. During 1944 also Canod a se nt to Australia a detachment of highly skill ~ d r a d ~ r pe rsonnel to aid in ma i ntaining certain radar equiprwnt s us ed ·with anti air craft defence in Northern Australia , New Guinea , and the South Pacific Islands . These equipments w ·-:~ e of Canadian manufacture and design, and a r ~ quest was made by Australian authorities for suff icient Radar t 8chnical personnel to maintain these equipments , and also a small cadr3 for instructional duties at the Radar Wins of t he Austr alian School of - 37 - Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, N.S .W. This r equest for technical assistance W3S 3ranted by the Minister of National Defence , Hon J .L . Ralston .. . Authority 11ra s given b~'" the Adjutant- Genernl in o Disposal Order issued 23 May 19'1.4 ... The Can ~dian Radar Detachment on Loan to Australi3n ~ali t3rv Forces was assemb led at Lansdm"ne Park 3arr3ck::; , 17 June 1944, being f orned frorn Rad:::r tec'i:nicel personnel from all parts of Can3d9 9nd Hewfoundl~nd in order that the •rithdrawal of this considerable number of technicians would not c9use a shortage of trained personnel in any particular location. Replacements were made in the ma i n from the Radar Tr ainin~ Centre A- 36 at Bsrriefield , Ont. The draft cons is-':.e'· of tecblical personnel of Qoth R . C . ~. . and rt . C . : . r' . E. , with one ~i. C . O. ·from R.C . LF . C. for ray and administrat ion purposes as follows : R . C. A. 5 of ficer s 35 :~ . C . Os . 40 R . C . E . ~J . E . .1 officers 28 I'1 . C • Os . 32 R.C .A. F . C. 1 N.C . O. 1 Total all r anks 73 (Master File, Canad ian Radar Detachment on Loan t o Austr alian ~i litary Force s , July 19~4 to 1946 . This document is with rtistoric8l Section (~ . S . }) The party arrived in Australi9 i n September 1944 and a number were posted t o 0 Austrsli3n _\dvsncec1 'lor kshops at Modrebank, N .s . ~! . , to '''O r k on mop ifications and tropic alization (Ibid, 20 Sep 44) . Others were posted to Lli.Q. at Me l bourne (Ibid 6 Get 44 ) a nd some were loaned to the Allied Inteilicence Buref.lu at Brisbane (Ibid ) 16 Jan 4 5) . These r 9d ?.r F;Xpe rts later me re granted pennission to r emain to vror} 0!1 ni:ljor modific9tions and in oper ational workshops a•>.<':Jy from the n'.'3i nland ( '! .D., Gener al Letson, May 1945, Appendices ".A" and "G") and the following postings •re r e nade in .June 1945 : 2/ 1 Aust A .A. Re gt ( Co;ap) ,.. . /3 . , Borneo 6 2/2 " r:orotai 6 2/3 " Caboolture , V.d 6 2/13 " Borneo 6 Allied Int Bure9u 15 Serv Reec e Dept 7 Total 46 (~aster File , .£E cit, 21 Jun 45) - 38 - 41 . The largest p3rt~ of C3padians loaned to Australian Military Forces "ras No 1 Special Wireless Group, R . C . Sigs, with a Wa r Establishment of 12 officers and 277 other ranks * and an attached Intelligence Section of 6 officers and 39 other r anks , C. Int C. (l: . Q. S. 8932 , vol 3) . Under c om"."~apd Of Lt- Col E.D.:/. Wethey , the unit was formed in July 1944 for special employment in Australia and trained on Vancouver Islana prior to departure via 3an Francisco . The Special ·'lireless Group end its attached Intelligence Section consist almost wholly of specialists . . . This urit is a free gift on loan to the country in 1vh i ch it wi 11 operate . It is to a r rive corir.lete 9S to e'1UiP'Y"nt, !ay Service and Dental Service . (H .D . , ;{o 1 Canadi "!n opecial 'ir eless Group, R.C . Sigs, Gctober 1944, Appx "C II: 11/ethey t.) Eeadquarters ' racific Comand , 13 Get 44. !.fajor F .H. Rowland , R . C.A. P . C. , accoupanicd the unit, but the Australian ~!ili tary Forces furnished medical , dental , and chaplain s e r vices) Ar riving at Brisbgne 16 Fe"1 4 5 , the r;r oup proceedP-d to an isolated area near J)arwin , North Australia , where in May 1945 i t took over work f OrMerly car ried out by 51 Austr alian Sneci a l Wi r eless Section and a detachment of the u .s. Sienal Corps (Ibid, 3, 7, & 23 ~.~ar ·45) . On 21 Jun 45 "the ca ·1 Intel) i.gence Section ossuned c o:-iplete responsibility for the 11 I " work connncted with 1 Cdn Speci al \/ireless Gr oup" ond therenfter signall~d n daily Intelligence summa r:· al on·; 1 i th V3rious other reports (Ibid, 21 Jun 45) . Ten members of this saction were later attached t o Centr al Bure3u, Luzon, Philippine Islands, f or duties there (Ibid , 1 Aug 45) . The principal function of the unit was to intercept Japanese ·•1irelsss nesS3'3es froa ship to ship e r shore insta2.lCitions 11·i tt.in re sch . In add i,tion, its Interc oi;i'1unic 3tion 31?ction operstee a duplex r adio teletype circuit t o '} . E . ~ ., . ~ani la, 3 number of Sigcum "B " cipher n:achin-:-n. ttr;e line circuits to ·a-isbane and a wireless li~k also to 3~isbane (Ibid , 4 Jul 45) . The total eneny r1eSS9Bes int0rcepted by the station nea r Dar•1in durin'S th ~ nonth of July 1945 v13s 36 , 123, and a senior R . A. . A.F . officer wrote to the (fficer c:ommanding: The. Canadian Special ~·J i role ss Group at Darwin has b een doing a ma 3nificent j ob c onti nuousl y in a ll its contacts with us . They have in creased t he t ot9ls of t r a ffic copied , i mproved the standard of teletype service, and turr.ed in a much finer gr ede of trJffic than we have ever before rrceiv9e frGN any otter station . At the present tme they 9re sendin~ us b~tveen 1000 a!ld 1200 &:'lCSS"l-;es daily over the teletype and the quality of ttase is S l.!Ch (901,. accuracy) Increased in July 1945 to 13 officer~ 3nd 303 other ranks ...... - 39 - that results 3re about 201o bet ' er than those f r om any of our other ststions. (Ibid_, 6 Au, (c) Results of Attacbm~nts 42 . There were, in 3ddition, certain Canadian missions projected for th~ Iacific islands . After an ear lier proposal h3d been def erred bv the U. S. 'Var Deportment (E . Q, .s. 9131- 19: Tel C . A.:.: . l8t>, C.A.s . Washington to C . n.. S . , 7 l.a~7 A5), a small p~rty of Public Rel at ions officers left in late July 194 5 f or fiawa ii, Guam , Manila , and Australia . It~ membFrs were : Col R.S. 1'!c:llonc, Director of C:inadian Army Iublic Relations ; Commander P . MacRitchie, Seninr lJsv'.11 I .R.O .; and ~:~ sjor c . MacDougall , Canadian Army ~hoto~ra phic technician (Ibid: Application for Airline Frio::-itics for 22 Jul 45). Tent'9ti ve arrangements · rnre slso i n r rogr ess during the summer for · a small liason g r o~p of three C.~ . F . ? . of~icers to le3ve for Manila in mid- Au:;ust and for Genersl Hoff meister acconpanied by a s211ior officer from N.D.E.Q . to visit there in vctober 1945 (~ . ~.S . 9131 , vol 5: t:inutes of a meeting held at N.D.ii .Q. , 2 Aug 45). Events did not pernit the conpletion of these pl:Jns , bovmver, and the last two missions did not le::: ve tLe country . 43 . Because the loans to Australia for specigl radar, wireless a .1d intelligence 11rork "rere of a per manent nature , tbP.se personnel could not be released for instructional or st3ff dutiGs with C ..LF .F . At least tvrenty Canadian officers, hov1eve r, had been sent on staff courses related to o ne r ~t ions in ~he Pacific. These were held at tho f ollo· ~ns :rei~ing est3blishnents : Australian St ~ ff Colle ~0 , Canberrn 4 .7( U.S . Arr:ty t. Navy 3t~ff College 2 U. S . coma t St3ff Scheel 10 U.S . Marine t Staff School 4 All but five of the 3bovo ha d 3lso 1ttenaea a British staff course . A surve ~r of Ca n.1oi:in officers who h9d had exper ience with South-E9st Corw.3nd or with Austr3lian or U.S . Forces in the :Pacific Thi:Jtr'3 stowed thr: fallowing results: Staff 0ff icers S . :!: .A. C. 5 s . '1. Pacific The3tre Dnd :F:rnific Ocean Area 32 3Bi K One of those officers, Major J .L. Malkin, Seaforth of C. , was on the di r ectin~ staff there . *~ The majority of thesr ser vec with U. 3 . Forc ~ s, but at l east seven 3r e kno'vn to l! 3VC besn "'i th Austra lien f•!ilitary Forcas . I SECRET R E P 0 R T NO. 16 HISTORICAL SECTION (G.S . ) ARMY HEAD ~UARTERS 2 Jun 52 The Canadian Army Pacific Force, 1944-1945 ADDENDUM NO. l* MULE CONDUCTING PARTIES TO INDIA f ,1 /'/J-i. /A ~_;:;r- d , (C .P. Stacey) Colonel (Director Historical Seotion lfdl'o be inserted between ~phs 4.3 and 44 t>t a.e port No . 16. MULE CONDUCTING Pl\RTIES TO INDIA 43a. On 1 Feb 44 N .D . H . ~ . received a telegram from the Canadian Military Attache i n Washington stating that the British Army Staff were initiating shipments of mules on behalf of the Indian Government. The attache/passed to Ottawa the British request for the l oan of Canadian llrray personnel to conduo t two shiploads of mules from New York to Karachi . The British had obtained U. S . personnel for earlier shipments but were reluctant t o ask the Americans for further help. A shipload of mules numbered appr oximately 400 and required an escort of one conducting officer, one veterinary , three cooks, four vet er inar y attendants and roughly 28 general duty men, i . e., a r emount troop (H . ~ . c . 8932-1, vol 3: Tel M. A. 771, Mawash to Defensor, 1 Feb 44) N.D .H. Q,. agr eed to provide the c onducting parties and wired Washington accordingly ~ ibid: Tel Org 987, Defensor to Mawash, 9 Feb 44). To eliminate cl erical work, the "muleteers" were to be attached to the British army Staff as individuals and not as a unit or det achment. They were to b e loaned f or a maximum of six months • . ((H. S. ) 112. 382009 (Dl85) : Minutes of Meeting, 1 MHr 44) From the time of the original request to the end of the war, four conducting par ties wer e sent . 43b. The difficulties of procuring sufficient mules l e d to a reduction of the original request from two parti es t o one (H . ~ . c . 8932 - 1, vol 3: Tel M. A. 1332, Mawash to A. G. , 26 Feb 44) . This first par ty conc entr ated at St. Johns, P.Q,. , a nd loft for New York on 18 Mar 44. It consisted of Maj T.A. G. Moore, C.H. of O. (conducting officer), Capt R.G. Livermore , Can Fus (veterinary), and 43 other ranks of the Veterans Guard of Canada {ibid , vol 6: Moor e to Secretary D. N. D. , 20 Jul 44). Wbile considerable effor t was made to ensur e t hat the draft was smart and soldi er ly in appearance, it was not speci fied that the men chosen should be experienced in handling animals ((P. . S. ) 163.009 (021) : A.G. to D.Os.C., 23 Feb 44) . Consequently, the Can ~di a ns hnd to call upon U.S. Remount personnel to help them load the ship. Some 476 mu l es were placed a board the S.S. Empire Trail; 40 of these were sick a nd during the first night t"M'.:> died. (H.Q.C. 8932- 1, vol 6: Moore to Secr etary D.N.D. , 20 Jul 44) The ship sailed f r om New York and joined its convoy (U .G. S . 37) at Hampton Ro(tds, near Norfolk, Virginia , leaving there on 24 Uar 44. The c onvoy contained two other ships carrying mules; the a nimals in these ships and in two others (which hdd sailed earlier on 23 Feb and 4 Mar respectively) were conducted by U.S. personnel. (Ibid, vol 5: Tel, B.A.S., W~shington to Embarka tion Bombay , 25 Mar 44) 43c . The convoy r oute was Gibraltar - Suez {Port Tewfik) - Aden - Kar achi, with stops at Suez and dden. Off Al giers , the ships wer e attacked by enemy aircraft a nd at least one plane was shot down in flames . This delighted t he old warriors of the Veterans Guard, who had voluntar ily manned the ship's guns . Off Crete, they wer e attacked by Gerrmn submarines. The ship - 2 - directly astern of the Empire Trail was hit and its steering gear damaged. The merchantman to starboard was also hit and in this case set afire . The convoy had to sail on, leaving both vessels drifting helplessly.~ In Aden , the stokehold gang mutinied and had to be re pl aced by a crew of Somalis-. Despite these incidents, the Empire Trail arrived at _Karachi on 7 May 44 with all animals in good health. 1i.fter unloading their ship, the Caradia~ c....onducting party took a trC1.in to BCDmbay and sailed from there on 2 Jun. After a stopover in Mel bourne, they a rrived at San redro , California , on 2 Jul and were back in Toronto on 15 Jul. (Ibid, vol 6: ~~ore to Secretary D.N .D. , 20 Jul 44. See also Report by Sgt. J . McCabe, 10 Aug 44) 43d. In August 1943 the British requested Canada to provide tv.o more mule conducting parties in India. This time each group was to have an additional medical officer. (Ibid, vol 7: Q,. l·.'~ . G. to A.G . , 3 Aug 44) 43e. Maj Moore was again in charge of detail No. l and two men v:ho had been on the original voyage were includ~a in his 43 o.n . of the Veterans Guard of Canada. Some 421 mules, including 26 sick, were loaded at Hoboken aboard the 8 •.S~ :- Empire Symbol which sailed on 10 Dec 44. About midnight it ran into a full gale. Loose lumber smashed several pens and a number of mules broke loose in the blackout. Rough weather continued as far as Port Said, VJhere a stop was made, but eventuall y Karachi was reached on 19 Jan 45 and all 419 mules disembarked in good health. This time the conducting party remained on the so.me ship as far as Bombay and took another ship to Gourock, Scotland. After five days leave in the United Kingdom the detail re- embarked on 30 Mar for return to Canada. (Ibid , vol 10: Moore to Secretary D. N.D., 24 May 45) 43f. The second of these two later parties (Group i-.:o . 3) embarked ut Hew York on the S . S. Ocean Vista on 5 Jan 45, having loaded 319 mules . ·(some 51 mules had been c asualties en route to the port, ) (Ibid, vol 9: B.A.S. Ottawa to AG, 19 J an 45) Maj R.G. Betts was in charge, assisted by Capt C.H. Parker R.C . A. M.C. and Capt R.G. Livermore (the veterinary who had been on the original voyage). One man also was mak ing his second trtlp. This party had 42 0 .R. of the Veterans Guard of Canada plus a sergeant of tlle Per manent Force who had been a farrier (Jbid, vol 10: D. Adm to D. Org , 10 Nov 44). *one ship sank and the other was towed to Alexandria, but subsequently had to be written off as a total loss. (B.R. 137. British and Foreign Merchant Vessels, L~st and Dama ed b Enem Action Dur in the Second World Har, London, 1945 , p . 130. This is d publication of the Royal Havy hold by the R.C.N. historian) - 3 - 4}g.. The third British request for mule es- corts arrived at N..D. . H. Q,. on 21 Feb 45 (ibid., vol 8: B.A.S. Ottawa to A. G. , 21 Feb 45) . The director of the Veterans Guard of Canada felt tbat his Veterans could not pr ovide the required personnel and attend to their increased responsib111ties for prisoners of war (~: D.V.G. C. to D. Adm.., 27 Feb 45) . It was therefore decided to employ low category G. 8-. members of lJo .• 2 Gener al Employment Company (~: A.G. . t o the Minister, 7 1.~r 45) . Accor dingly, a party of three officers and 45 other ranks in charge of Capt R. Harr is , C .A. • C. • , arrived in New York on 2 April and sailed aboard the q. •s . Empire Mauritius on 6 Apr 4 5.. The voyage was uneventful except when one of the escorts., Pte C .E . Smith, was stricken with appendicitis.. The surgeon of a U. • S. destroyer was sent over by breeches buoy to assist the Canadian M. O. in a successful operation. Smith was dropped off B:.Gibraltar and the Empire Mauritius proceeded via F·ort Said and ~den without further incident. The mules were unloaded at Karachi on 15 1vfay , tlle party then going over to Bombay: to take ship for Greenoch. After 13 days l eave, the · detail bo ~rded t he Duchess of Bedford at Liverpool, and on 27 Jul 45 arr ived at Halifax4 (Ibid, vol 11: Harris to A.G., 16 Aug 45) 4}h . Thus it was that Canada supplied four par ties to convoy approximately 1600 mules from the United States to India. The Canadian personnel engaged totalled nine officers and 170 other ranks, excluding the sick man l eft in Gibr altar and counting only once the two officers and th.ree other r anks who made the voyage twice. * / *These appear to be the most accurata figur es avail able according to the nominal rolls, ahthough they do not agree with those arrived at previously (H . Q. C. 1915-75/ 58: D. Records to D.E.s., 13 Jun 47, and memo for file, 20 Jun 52) Nominal rolls for all four conducting p:lrties are on file H.Q.C. 8932 -1, vol 12 . - 40 - Regimental Officers S.E.A. C. 18 Australian Military Forces 13 Pacific Are9s (U.S. Forces) 31 (H.~ . S . 9131- 3, vol 1: Nominal rol ~ s 3ttachcd as Appendices "B" and "C" to Minutes of Ue r:: ting D. C.G.S. (B) and D.U.T . with Comd and Staff C.A. l' . F., 15 Jun 45) . These were the nuclous of Canadian .Army personnel ax perienced in Pacific warfare conditions av3ilablo for t he training and direction of C.A.F .F. TRAINING (a) Genera l Plan for Training 44. The plan for C.A.P .F . training was to divide it into three phases , with special courses for in st r uctor~ ·and cer tain officers . Phase 1 - The c oncent r !? tion of the Force at nine points in Cda wher ~ org on American lines will take place . In addition there will be : (a) O ;~ ient3tion in Japanese warfa re . (b) Demonstrations of 311 U.S. weapons by nine te3ms of U.S . 'Vc apon trg experts. (c} Range courses i n the Ml Rifle, the M2 Carbine 3nd 2 . 36- in Rocket Launcher (Bazooka) . Phase 2 - After the ~ove of the Force to the conccntr3tion area in t he U.S . at Camp Breckinridge, Ky , individual and unit trg will be carried out as f ollO\.'TS: Part I - 2 we eks t rg of tho individual soldier in subjects con~on to all arms . Part II - 2 weeks t r~ of t ha i ndividual to toke his place in a sub- unit of his own a I'!!l . Part III - 4 ''leeks unit trg up to Bn and equiv al ent l evel . Phase 3 - Combined ~rg of 2 we eks will follow phases 1 and 2 and "Jill consist of divisional exercises embodying a ll arras of the Force with such U .s .. supporting 9r111s , including sircraft, as are necessary to train the Force ad ~ ouately to take its pl3ce in an Ar.iorican fr:m . Instructional Cedras - In order t o implenent the trg pr ogramme outlined in Phases 2 and 3, a Cadre of instrs of all arms is bBing concentrated at Ba r riofield , Ont, whcrc thaJ' wi ll undergo a - 41 - short course in Technique of Instr. On comple tion of this course, the~r 'lill be despatched to U. S . Trg Ests where they will be trained as instrs in U.S. v1eapons , tactics , t ra d~sMen technique, etc . On the concentr3tion of the Force at Canp Br eckinridse , this personnel will join the C.A. r .F. Vlhere they will act as instrs con ducting Divisional Schools as necessary . Off r Trg - Special courses will be conducted at R .M. C., Kin ..~s t on , for Comas and Staffs before the Force proceeds to the U.S . These courses are designed to give a concentr ated orientation in U.S . staff proc0dure . . In addition , a large nunber of specialist offrs have been and will continue to be sent to s~ecial courses in the U.S. A. varying in length fron a few days to some months . r~an:· can Staff and Re:;t Cffr s have served ,.,ith the U .S . Forces in tt.e Fscific, and it is proposed to utilize their experience in t r g this Force . (J: .Q. .S . 9131- 3, vol 4: ~ieno dated 27 Jun 45 attached as Appx "A'' to letter D. C.G.S . (B) (Brig F..D . Graham) to D.C.G. & A. A. (Briz D.R. Agnew), 9 Jul 45) In brief, the general plan f ollowed the basic pr inciple r ecommended by Canadian and U. S. p l anner~ in Washington, namely : ''Basic training in Canada : all other training in U.S ." (Ibid , vol 1: Tel C.A.W. 293, Cdn Army Staff, Washington , to C .G.S ., 3 Jun 45) . (b) Training In Canada 45 . On considering the possibilities of giving pr eliminary t r aining overseas on U.S . weapons and org anization to C . ~\ . ? . F . volunteers aw3iting return to Canad a , C . ~LH . Q. . was faced with ~ l '3ck of inc:tructors , U.S. ··reapons and amnunitio,, aCl.:quate time, etc, 3Dd concluded : .•• anything we could do in th is way would be of a sketchy and very incomplete nature with risk that soldie1s mi3ht gain inpression they would get no more odequgte t r g bef or e ~o ing int o action. If such a r umour got abroad the effect would cle3rly b~ bad . Therefore do not propose attempt anything beyond possible issue of such pamphlets , posters, etc as we nay be abl e to get from U.S . :\rmy base . (Ibid: Tel G.S . 1362, ~ontague to Gibson, 6 Jun 45) - 42 - Training of these volunteers fron overseas was also a major pr oblen t o N.D.H. Q. . , who advised General Hoffmeister : The dates of concentration of Overseas volunteers on connletion of their emb9rkation leave will be vari~d !?nd will allow little or no tine for tr~ in Cd-1. It is consider ed there fore thut tt.e only t r~ , other ti.an physical conditioning, orientation, sma r tening up , etc , that can be carried out ~ill apply chiefly to volunteers from Cdn . (Ibid: c . ~.s . to G.o.c. , c . ~ . ~ . F ., 15 Jun 45} Instructions were issued to District Officers Comn ::rnding and Car.ip Command ants to eid C.A .P .F . training in every possible manner. Units and personnel of t .• e C.A . P . F . a:ce to be r elieved 35 f3r 9s possible of all adMinistr a- · tive r esponsibilities ond duties and thus be free to devote their entire tine to or ganization and trsining during the period of concentration. Units and personnel of the C.A.P . F . will be provided with accoJ11.rnodation and messing, nnd clothing, equipncnt anC. b3rr ack stores will be issued, in tte sJne wey as is done for personnel held in holdin~ estbblishments . How ever, due to th~ 3hort~ r,e of cooks in Canada whe r e necessary C.A. P . F . cooks , on arrange ments to be made v~th the O. C. of tee C.A.P . F . units concern-?d, '''ill be nrovided to help the units supplying the ' hotel service' . (H.1. 5- 0- 5} : Or~ 823 d3ted lf Jun 45) During the initi3l s~g:cs of this cone the E.Q. 6 Cdn Div will l~T be sufficiently org to supervise the t r g of the Force . H.q . Dists and Camps are therefore requested to render every advice and ;.issistance .. • Tho following subjects gre considered to be of speci3l importance durin~ this period : (a) Weapon Trg { b) Physical Tr~ & Obstacle Courses ( c ) Dismounted fclose order) drill ( d) 'Marching ( e ) ~ines lnd booby traps ( f) 8€.curity ( g) First .lid ( h) Or ient9tion ( j } Visual Trg ( k) Tabloid Spor ts (H .Q.S . 9131- 3, vol 4: C.G. S . to D. Os . C. ond Comds C::lfllp Bore en :md ::'ete\~3""J , 5 Jul 45) - .1.3 - 46. To familiarize corananders and senior officers with U.S . staff proceedure and or ganization, an or ientat ion course was held at the Royal I\!ilitary College, Kingston, 23-28 Jul 45 attended by 6 brigadiers, 7 colonels, 24 lieutenant- col onels, and a major (Ibid , vol 3: Roll of Officers Attending Ho 1 Orientation Course). A second course a rran~ ed for 27 Aug - 1 Sep 45 was cancelled (Ibid, vol 5: CoWila ndant , R . ~f.C ., to Director of M i~itary Training, 17 Aug 45) . 47. On 1 Aug 45 the hlinister formally approved the proposal to bring 9 U. S. Weapon Tr aining Teens to C.A.F .F. concentrations in Canada to denonstrate end assist in training for approximately 45 days . The estimated cost excluding pay and allo·wances and r e turn transpor tation was $47,740 of non- recurring expenditure (Ibid : Deputy Minister (A. Ross) to t:he t~ini ster, 3o'JuI 45). Each teao consisted of an offic er and 22 other ranks , all weapon training experts. They arrived at the Canadian Small Arns School at Long Branch, Ont , 3 Aug 45 and ·re re ordered to· be despatched to Ba rriefield, Dabert , Sussex , Shilo, Brand on , Petawawa , CaI!l!_) Bor d en ( 2 teams) , and Vernon respectively to arrive before 11 Aug 45 . Each teao will be completely equip"J:ed with necessary weapons , amn, eqpt and t r g aids for the purpose of carrying out their demonstrat ions . This eqpt will be under the control of the U.S. 0ffr i/c each team end must only be used as he dire cts . (Ibid , vol 8: Copy of letter (sgd) Lt- Col flLP . Johnston for C.G.S ., attached as Appx "E" to letter Rlajor F .N. rope to Financial Superintendent, 6 h~ a r 46 ) 48. To providP en or ganization to take care of infantry pers onnel f or C.A .F .F., the Pacific Infantry Training Brigade was formed at Ve r non B.C. effective 10 May 45. Commanded b~ Srigadier J .C. Jefferso~ , C.B.E . , D.S.0 . , E .D., it consisted of a Headquarters together with Nos 1, 2, and 3 Pacific Infantry Training Battalions r epresenting Centr al , Western, and Eastern Canada respectively. The original war establishment of this brigade totalled 90 officers end 702 other ranks to provide a t r aining capacity at any one time of 39 officers and 2007 other r anks . The a/m Inf Trg Bns are f ormed to provide facilities to hold and t rain Inf personnel who elect to serve in the ~acific Force, and who have complet ed Corps Trg, until they are posted to that Force . (R . Q . ~ . 9131- 1- 3: C.G .S . to A.G . , Q. .r" . G . , iLG . 0 . , 12 May 45) - 44 - It is intended that facific Trg Bd.e shall receive only fully trained inf soldiers who have been trained in the normal trg stream and then to conplete their low level collective trg in Pacific Trg Bde. It is NOT intended that this fmn shall undertake any form of refresher, basic , corps or conversion in dividual trg . ( R . '1. . S . 9131- 3- 3 : D . i:: . T . to D • Or g , le May .t5) In July 1945 , however, this organization w3s not con sidered adequate in view of the quickened tenpo of the war, and therefore plans had to be considerably revised . With the concentration of the C.A .I .F.• at presently desig~ated conceni:.ration pts in Cda, personnel now held in the P9cific Trg Bde will be desp9tched to i:.he vs rio1·s units in C.A.P. F. ' The trg of replac er.ients for C . A .P . F . is to begin on or about 1 Aug 45 . In order to meet the replacement connitnent, it is necessary to train 3, 800 soldiers :pa r nonth . This trg will consist of 8 1veeks basic trg to be the equiv alent of the U.S . Branch Ir.imaterial Trg, an~ in consequence will mean that 7,600 soldiers will ulti~at e ly be under tr~ at all times . It is r econrnended i~ order to carry out this trg that the Pacific Trg Bde be reorg on a sinilar est ptovision to that of the U.S . Trg Centre in ordor that t bs Cdn tr~inee can con plete his trg in the U. S . with continuity of trg unbroken ... The for~going org r asults in: (a) The fmn of an additional Trg Bn . (b) An increase of 119 off rs and 116 O.R . in H.W.Es . concerned . (c) An incre~sa of aoprox leoo in the trg capacity. As of 1 Sap 45, it is anticipated that the nur:ibcrs und er trt; will be increased by an adcitionJ31 3, 800 , making a total of 7, 600 under trg . The present plan envisaged to meet this re quirement is to fo:r.:i another four Trg Bns on the same basis as those outlined •. . above , and to move the complete Pacific Trg Bde consisting of a H. Q, . and 8 Trg Bns to Camp Petawawa . (H.1 .s. 9131-1-3: D.M.T . to D.S .D. , 10 Jul 45) - 45 - The intention w3s to or ganize battalions at four different points before effecting concentr3tion of tbe entire brigade . 1, 2 and 3 Pacific Trg Bns will be brought up to strength by 15 Au~ Jt Varnon . 4 Pacific Trg Bn will be formed at Vernon, the r equired personnel drawn from Trg Centres across Cda durin:-; woe:k 13 Aug to start trg 3 Sep . 5 and 6 Pacific Trg Bns Vlill b\1 formed frora H.W.E. Of 26 and 23 C.I .(B) T.Cs. urillia and Newma r ket respoctivsly by week of 20 Aug . 7 and 8 Pacific Trg Bns will be formed at Petawawa during vreok 27 Aug . Trg personnel will be drsnn fron present H.W.E. A.37 or other sourc E: s if nec0ss3ry . (E.~ . s . 9131- 3, vol 8 : D. ~ - . T. to .. D. C. G. S. ( B) , 7 .\ug 4 5 ) Action in this regard haa bar:=ly b"gun, hovrcver, when the events of Au~ust 1945 l ed to concellation of 311 plans . 49 . Canada was faced with e very real probl em concerning the pr ovision of interpreters with a comr·1 and of the Japanese language . A r eady sour ce of supply existed in several hundred Canadian Nisei (Japanese born away from their na tive land) , but thars were two obstacl~s to be overcone . Gna w3s the necossity for individual investigation to prove fidelity, the other arose from rublic ant3gonisrn towsrds Japanaso, particul3rly aI!lOng citizens of British Colunbia . Consequently, Aro.y authorities had to exar cisa extrcne caution, a s the following letter from the Adjutant- Ganeral dated 27 Jul 45 will illustrate : ( 1) Authority is gr!:rnted to enlist up to a :maximum of 250, in th.s Cdn Army , Cdn born citizens of Japanese origin (NISEI) (2) Authority at pres{;:it exists for the en listment o~ 100 of these NISEI as follows : ( i} 35 - under lJisposal vrder No 102 for service \¥i T.h th(: :Ori tish Arey - S .E .A. (Eave been despatched) . (ii) 3 - under Di~pos3l Crdcr No 103 for service with the Allied Political Warfar-e Committee . (Have baen dc:s patched) . (iii) 50 - und or Disposal Crd cr No 106 for service with the Australian Array . (Conplatin~ training in Cda) . - 46 - ( 3) This authority visuali.zes and provides f or the loan of NIS~I , as required, to U.S . ArnFd Forces . (4) Personnel sel3ct~d for enlist~~nt nust first be vetted by N . D . li . ~ . after in vestig3tion into their security is carried ou t . In this regard ev3ry sssist ance shoul d b~ given N.D .H. Q. r epresentative in f i:.ic ilitating the selection and enlist ment of these person~el . . . ( 6) There must be no oublici ty vrhatsoever Biven to the enlistnrnt of NIS~I into the an Army . ( sic ) (P .C.S . 504- 1- 7- 4: A.G . circular letter R 844(d) datod 27 Jul 45) After col"'lpleting basic training these Nis ei w11re sent to the Japan.e'"se Lanzuoge School , a unit of thE1 Canadi9n Arey established st Vancouver, B.C., under the cO!J.l'1and of Major A.P . HacKenzia , ~.!. C. This school began classes for whites in August 1943 end despatched the raajority of its ~raduates to the Br itish Arny f or service with S .Z .A.C. {P .C.S . 504- 22- J .L.S., vol 4: ~o ve~ent authority dated 27 Ma r 45 . See also~ . ~ ., Japanese Language School, 12 Oct 45 and 1 Fe b 46). By Au~ust 1945 the school had 114 students in training , of who;i 52 we r e Nisei (P .C.S. 504- 22- J .L.S . , vol 5: G.0 .C.-in- C. Pacific Coma· to Se cy D.N.D. , 31 Aug 45) . Their nanos ore f ound on the roll of 110 students and stal f occcpt )d for servic\ with C .A .P . F . (' ' .D., Japanese L3n::;usgG School, August 1945 : Fart 1 Ord er Ho . 54 datad 10 Au!; 45) . (c) Training in U.S.A. 50 . Regarding the trainin8 of C. A.r . F . volunteers in U.S.A., the 3r eatest pro;ress '7as m3de with Intelli gence personnel. In the surru1er of 1944 three Canadian officers we r e stt9ch~ d to U.S . Intelligence for duty and t r aining in order to t3ke 3 five months ' basic course in Japanese Order of Battle, org9nization, weapons and dispositions (~ . D ., General Latson , 10 Oct 44) . In Novembe r of t hat year Canada loaned the U.S . War Depart ment, at its r equest , t hr ee officers and three N. C. Os . who had just gr aduat0d from t ho J~pa n e se Language School, Pacific Command (Ibid , 11 vet and 27 Nov 44) . In Ma rch 1945 Genor a l LQtson r0ceivcd a r equest for additiona l linguists as well as clerks and typists for Intelligr:nce work in U.S .A., and wrote to N .D . [ . ~ . : I feel that such co- operation on our part will be rega rded by our Arle rican friends '.3S evidence of our detornination to pull our full share i n the Pacific wa r. The complete in tegr ation of a strong Ca nadian Intellisenco team into P .A.C. rLI .R.o . (pacific ?.filitary Intelligenc e Research S:rntion , which was engnged in s earching Ja9an0sc oocument ~ will a ls o be - 47 - of great value in ensuring that full in formation will be im:nediately avail3ble to N.D.H.Q. at ell times . (Ibid, March 1945, Appx "E"; Letson to ~u rchi e , 12 tier 4.5) 51 . Due to difficulties in mastering the langua£e and gener a 1 unfaniliari ty •aj_ th tl: e Orient, Canadians required very C9~eful pr~par3tion before they could be assigned to military intelli;ence duties . To this end the United States nade available its excellent facilities at Camp Ritchie, ~'iaryland, the centr e of U .s . Intelligence training . Camp Ritchie offers 2 courses : ( 9 ) 8 weeks basic int coursa for personnel without previous int trg or e~perience and ( b) 2 weeks advanced int col\!:ses for personnel redeployed from E .T .0. ~ur opean Theatre of Operationj for Facific Force .. . Commandant Camp Ritchie is willing to provide a special course for Canadians of say 4 weeks duration designed specifically to fill Cdn needs ... They are prep9r 3d to select 60 311 ranks on such a course . Personnel without int trg and experience should not be considered for this special c ours ~ . (H .Q.S. 9131- 3- Q: T ~ l C.A. 1. 346, C .A. S . 'V'ashington to D .M. I . OttS"wa , 19 Jun 45) N.D .H.Q. pointed out in reply that tr9ined and experienced Intelligence personnel were still overseas and there were none in Canada; theref or e they wished to select from Canada a group to t ake the 8 wocks ba sic course at once and in Septembe r 1945 s Gnd up to 60 overseas personnel for the special course su.g3csted . "Thus the two courses would supply pr3ctically tte entir e Int personnel of C .A •.P . F . all trained and sone croerienced " {Ibid : Tel c .s .r. 1136, n . i~ .r . to c . .t.. .s . Washington , 20 Jul 45). This plan the U.S . Wa r Depsrtm~nt accept ed (Ibid: C.A.S. Washington to D.H.T. Ottawa , 25 Jun 45) and 22 officers and 35 other ranks were d espatch~d fr o~ Canada for the basic 8 weeks course at Cacp Ritchie beginning 25 Jul 45 (Ibid: Nominal r oll) , Plans for the ad vanced course were late r cancellec . 52. Only a f eVI Canadi ::H?s '''Cr ... Go spatchec to other courses in the U.S.A. bcginnin; in Jul7 1945 . - 4? - Off rs 0 .R. Div c.w. 0f fr - Edgewood Arsenal , Md l Ground Liaison Offr - Meridi9n , Hiss 2 • • Climatic Cl othing & Eqpt - Ca~p LG ~ , Va 2 4 Order of B9ttle - Camp Ritchie , .1d 2 2 Total 7 6 (H . ~ . s . 9131-3, vol 5 : Location and Strnngtb State - Cdn P ~ rsonnel in U.S ., 17 Aug 45} Meanwhile the main body of C.A.P .F . instructors was ord e r~ d to assembl e ne9r Kin ~ ston, vntario. Approx 300 off rs and 1000 O.R. to form the I nstr Cad r e for C.A.P . F . will cone at BarrL·fiel d 20 .... Jul to undergo trg a nd adm ne cessar y prior to ~&v e to Trg Ests in t he U.S . approx 6-7 Aug . They will be joined on 5 Aug by approx 70 offrs snd 130 O.R. who have been air- lifted from U.K. for this pur pose. Fron thes e two groups the final selecti on of personnel to proceed to U.S . Trg Ests Will be oade. (Ibid , vol 4: D.C.G.S . (B) to D.C.G. & A~ 9 Jul 45) Movement of the I nstructional Cadre fron Barriefield to U.S . trai ni ng establishnents sc~t t er o d over a wide area wa s to take place in accordance with the f ollowing schedule : Arm 1st Part:L Destination 2nd Party Off r s O.R. Off r s 0 .R. C .A. C. 25 105 Fort Knox , Ky. 1 4 Arty 46 317 Fort Sill, Okl.3 18 14 R.C.E. 12 43 Fort Belvoir, Va 1 • • R. C. Sigs 3 46 Fort Cro\Mder, t~o 1 6 Inf 183 276 Fort Benning , Ga 7 8 Inf A/Tk Coy 3 29 Camp Hood , Texas . . Q. .M. Coy Inf Div 9 37 Car:J.p Lee , Va 3 5 R.C.A.M.C . 24 43 Carlisle Bks , Pa .. 6 Or d Mtce Coy 6 2f Aberdeen Proving 5 9 Ground , Abe r deen, Pa 311 924 36 52 (Ibid : Appendices "A" and 11B" tq letter· A~to n.o.c. t.: .D. 3 and o.r .c. 2nd Echelon C. A.P .F . , 20 Jul 45} The f i r s t party was due to reach destinations ·in the U. S . by 9 Aug 45 and t~e second party by 17 Aug 45 , but the l atter did not leave the country. In point of fact , just - 49 - over 1200 instructors were despatched , accor ding to a repor t by Br igadi er E .D. Gr aha~ (D.C.G .S . (B)) . I f ind that t he cadre requirements t ot B ll ~ d 1209 and in actual fact t !"J.e re were 1207 all rsnk s despatched to U.S . I find also that 9 total of 150 a ll r 9nks (inclcding 28 of ficer s) ~ere retur ned t o units for var ious r easons , displaced by a irlift p0rsonnel who we r e con sidered More suitsble, sickness, and in a sm9ll number of c~ s es bec ~ use ot' unsui tllbili t y . (Ibid ,· vol 5 : D. C.G.S . (B) to C.G.S . and .\.G., 10 Aue 45 ) In addition, two officers we r e sent to a FlaMethrower Course at F.dgewood Arse:ial , Md , '3nd a consider able body of cooks together with sm911 stJffs to adoinister them repor ted for courses beg innin ~ 13 Aug 45 : Off r s 0 .R . Camp Plauche, La 6 259 Camp Crowder, Mo 1 65 Camp Lee , Va 1 81 For t Belvoi r , Va 1 35 9 440 (Ibid: Loc ~ t i n n and Str ength State, ~cit) By 17 Aug 4.5 t he nunber Of C. LP . F . personnel attending courses in the United States to t ~ ll e d 34/ of ficer s and 1,391 other r anks (Ibid) . ' .53. t!eanvrhile, U. S . Forc ..? s •yere busy preporing the site selected for the final tr9ining cf C.A.r .F . pr ior t o depar ture for overse3s , A pr ~ss release of 8 Jul- 45 stat ed : Canp Br eckinridge , Knntucky, where Canadian s oldiers will be co:·"entr <:l ted for t raining before despatch to the P9cific , is one of the most modern n ilita r:; C-:\mps in North .Ar!le r ica •.. Du r ing the past f ew weeks the camp staff h9s been busy te3ring down the for nar N9zi fortific3tions and buildings used for training pur poses and er ecting in their place 3 complete Japanese village . {E . Q, . 1- 0 - 9 : i" r ess r ele3se P . N . 531- 45 issued ~ Jul 45) - 50 - DISB.!\NDMENT OF TEE C.A.P .F . (a} Surrender of J apan 54 . All plans for C. A .P .F. were halted , howeve r, when the dropping of an ator.tic bonb on liiroshima 6 Aug 45 and another on Nagasaki three days later hasten ed the conclusion of the 1var . On 14 Aug 45 Japan sought unconditional surrender. Allied Offensive operations against Japan's ::!lili t a ry and naval forces were ordered to be suspended that same date (H . ~ . s . 9131- 33 : Tel Circular D.1456, Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs , London, to Secret3ry of State for External Affairs, Canada , 15 Aug 45). On 16 Aug 45 Gene r al MacArthur r eceived a wireless rnessa !:;e from the Japanese jGover nment and Imperial Headquarters st9ting : His Majesty the Enperor issued ah imperial order at 1600 o 'clock on August 16th to the entire arned forces t o cease hostilities 1ml!lediately . • (Ibid: Message quoted in Tel J .S . 5~dn ~Toint Staff, Washington, to Chiefs of Staff Committee, Ottawa , 18 Aug 45) A few days elapsed befor8 t his order could reach troops in i:solated locations and before General MacArthur could pr esent to Japanese representatives his surrender re quirements, which he did at Manila on 20 Aug 45 . The formal surrender of Japen took place at Tokyo Bay, 2 Sep 45, with Col Moore Co!'>gr9ve , Canadian Military Repr esentative at Canberra, signing on behalf of the Dominion of Canada (Ibid : Instr u~ent of Japan' s Surrender). At the reoccupation of nong Kong the next day by a British Connonwealth ~orc e , including E.M .C.S . ''Prince Robert ", the Canadian Array vras r epresented by Brigadier O.M.M. Kay, Canadian Military Attache at Chungking, China, and a former Comnanding Officer of the Winnipeg Grenadiers. (b) Pr oposed Commonwealth Forces 55 ~ The war had now ended, but at this point it is necessary to turn back one ~ o nt h to consider certain proposals communicated by Mr Clement Attlee, who had replaced Mr Winston Churchill as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . As tee Japanese war entered its final stage, Mr Attlee directed to Mr Ma ckenzie King certain telegrams outlining tentative suggestions which, if adopted , would have considerably a ltered plans for C .A .P . F . The first, dated 31 Jul 4 .5 , stat ed , in ·part : I send you herewith, for your personal information, a summary of the major oper9tional decisions re9ched in Anglo- Araericen nilitsry discussions at Be rlin . . . It was a3reed in principle that a Co~onwea lth land force and, if possible, a small t9ctical air f orce should take part in t he final phase of the war against Japan, subject to the s9tisfactory resolution of logistical and other problems . - 51 - --- (H .Q.S. 9131 , vol 7: Tel Circular D.1330, Se cretary of State for Doo inion Aff~irs to Secretary of State for External Affairs , 31 Jul 45) A second telegram further explained this proposition. .· .• . Just before the Potsdam Conference~hich began 17 Jul 4iJ the Eritish Chiefs of Staff approached the U. S. Chiefs of Staff with a proposal for including in the assault on Japan a British Comm onwealth force of from 3 to 5 divisions. \~ had in mind at t hat time that, if you b ~ r ee d, we would include in force a Canadian division but, in as much as you already had 3 Canadian division being trained and equipped in the United States ready to serve under United States command , we did not think it advisable to suggest a .reorganization of your plans until the pro- posal had been accepted in principle by the .United States . I am to explain now , however, that at t he Potsdam conference the President and Mr Churchill * on the r ~comme ndation of the .. Combined Chiefs of Staff, accepted this proposal for the p ~~ tici pation of a British Commonwealth force in the aain operations against Japan, subject t o ~he resolution of operational and administrative problems .. • A plap of this kind would necessitate the re- equipping of the Br itish Commonwealth force with American equipment and t he provision by the United States of t he l ogist ic suppor ~ . I f t his t urns out to be the kind of plan prcposed, there would clearly be gr eat advant age in including the Canadian Civision which is already being re equipped wi t h American equipment. The United States Chiefs of Staff have , in fact , informed us that General Ma cArthur has already tert- tati vely suggAsted thitJ . \'le should probably recotnfilend es the other t wo di visions, one United KingdGn and one Austr a lian . •. (Ibid : Te ll ~~ ' Secretary. of State for D;:._:- ; nivit J--.:l'..,.j t'S to Se cretary of St,ate f or Externa l Affa irs, 4 Aug 46) 56 . In Canada th8 matter was r e f err.a d to the C .G. S. for military c onsideration , and in his report he re-· viewed pertinent factors such a s manpowe r, organization, training and e~uj ~~~nt, admi nistr ation and channels of command, concluding: K Mr . Attlee did not replace Mr . Churchill at Potsdam until 29 Jul 45. - 52 - For the foregoing reasons ·it is considered that the plans already nade for the organiz ation and training of the Canadian Force under United States direction have advanced to a stage where a coraplet e reorganizati9n of these plans would be milita rily undesirable . There is the further consideration that it will be a long term advanta3e to the Canadian Arny to operate closely with t he Unitod St3tes For ces in order to bocooe fully familiar with their methods . The experience already gained i n Europe With British Forces in combined operations has been of gr eat ad va~ts3e and Canadian officers ~av e alr eady hed the benefit of t his cooperstion. Accordingly, it is r ecommended from the · military point of view that the Canadian Force should continu6 its present programme of organization and training under United States direction rather than be diverted at this stage to part icipate in the formation of a British Common wealth Corps. Since however the pr opos ed British •Cot:D::lonwealth Corps and the Canadian Force will upon arrival in the theatre be oper ating under the overall cOf!leand of the United States Theatre Comoander , it may be quite feasibl e at a later date for the Canadian Division to be attached for operations to t he British Commonwealth Corps i f the operational situat ion and the Theatre Comma nder ' s plans so perm.it. (Ibid: Memo initialled R . B .G. ( IJa j Gen R.B . Gibson) for C . ~ . S . to the Minister, 6 Aug 45) In forwarding this memorandun to the PriBe Minist.ar the Minister of National Defence stated "I am in full agree me nt" 9nd added t Lis con:raent befor u ~land : I have had an oppor tunity to consider t he eff ect this change of plans would have on the arrangements for the organization of the Canadian Army Pacific Force which are now well advanced and developing satisfactorily in all respe cts <.r:cept for U :•3 ma.tter of t he r ecruitnent of r es erves . (Ibid: ticNau ~ht on to Mackenzie I~ing, 7 Aug 45) 57. With Japan's surrender i~ i ne nt at this stage, the Bri tish Government now requested the Dominions to consider the following in lieu of the original suggestion for an invasion force: A British Corw.onweelth force s hall take part in the occupation of Japan . We suggE'? st that it should be forned fro~ one brigade group each of Australian, British, British/Indian, - 53 - Canadian and New Ze9land troops with a tectical air force cont ingent. '·Ve hope t hat you wi l l agree with the proposal ... thst Canadian forces shall take part in the occupation of Japon . ~e will consult you furth~r on the detailed errsngements and should be glad of your sug3estions . ( E.~ . s . 9131 - 33: Tel No 170 , Secr etary of State for Dominion Affairs to Secret3r y of State for External Affairs, 13 Au3 45) The Special Cabinet Com..rnittee meeting in 0ttov1a on the day of Japan's surrender, however , ma de the following recon nendstion: .• . that Canadian Arr.i:· 3nd Air For ce uni ts should . not participete , whether ;s p3 rt of 3 C0!:1!lon wealth Force or otheMvise , in the occupation Of Japan or in other special duties in the •pacific theatre follo\'1ing Japsn t s surrender. (Ibid: Extract from a Memo r andun from the Special Cabinet Comr.ittee to the Cabinet , 14 Aug 45} Accordingly, Ottawa replied to London : We are not prepar ed t o furnish a brigade 3r oup for occupation or other special duties in the Pacific theatr e as you suggest .• . ''le now have conside r~ble occupation forces in E~ r9pe and we are not ready t o under take any f urther commitnent of this n3ture involvin0 either Army or Air Force units . (Ibid: Tel ~fo 18r , Secretary of State f or Zxternal Affairs to Secret9ry of State for Doninion Affsirs, 15 Aug 45) (c) Canada Withdr aws the C.A.P .F . 58 . From this decision naturally arose the question of the future dispositi on of C.A .P .F ., v~ich the Minister discussed with the Prime Minister on 16 Aug 45 , He then informed his service chiefs: .. . it had been agr eed that no action should be taken until the actual Peace Terms had been signed ... In the u1eantime it has been agreed that approach shoul d be nede to the U.S . Goverll!!lent to decide whether or not any further steps should be taken at this time in connection with the despatch of C.A.F.F . to the U.S . for training. I t was 9.gr eed tha t the method of appr oach should b6 decided by consultation by C .G .s . with Unde r- Secr etar y of State for - 54 - External Affairs ~11:r Nornsn A. Robertson J (H . Q, .S •. 9131, vol 6 : Extract from Minister's Morning Conference , 17 Aug 4.5) The C.G.S • . pr epared the followin; dr9ft telegram addr essed to Maj - Gen Letson in ,/Jashington: Para One - In view of cessation of hostilities against Japan we do no~ consider itl necs ssary to continue the present plans for training and equipping C.A. P .F. in United States. Para Two - We propose therefore imnediate cancellation of present plans for training and equipping this force in the United States and the subsequent cancellation of all moveBent of C. A.P.F. personnel frOfl Can3da to U. S. training areas • .ipara Three - On the assumption that U. s. 1'/ar ·nept agrees that there will be no reviva l of hostilities which would require use of C.A.P:F. in operations a 3ainst Japan you are author ized to inform U.S. War Dept of foregoing intention and make arran3ements accordingly . Para Four - Request e3rliest confirmation of U. S. agreeme11t with assunption in Par a Three. (Ibid: Draft tele1r am C.G .S . 417 , Murchie to Letson . The ori F~ inal draft bears the notation ".'U:1ended after Discussion with hlr. Robertsbn U.S . of 11 S . External (s3d) J.C . Murchie 17/8 • It is also st ~nped and initialled by the t1inis t or ''Dispatch approved ". ) After consultation between the C.G.S. and the Under s e cretary of State for Zxternal Af fairs, however, para 4 and the clause in para 3 "that U.S . Wa r Dept agrees" were delet.sd from t h o origi na l draft . (These deletions are underlined in the above quototion) . The telegram as amended was then despatched 17 Aug 4.5 . The next day General Letson replied : Content Of your C.n.S. 417 has been COI!'l.rlUnicated to Assistant Chief of Staff Operations and Plans Division. They concur in the action indicstod and will place i mn...~d iat G stop sign on all arrangements . It is expected that within the next ten d~ y s t he remote possibility of r esur.iption of hostilities will become clarified one way or the other. Atl that time "O .P .D. suggest that for purposes of the r ecord I should write forma lly to U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff informing ther.J. that in vicw of the end of the war our proposal to participate with them is now withdrawn. This will indicate fonnal -cancellation wh ereas present action is - 55 merely on a planning and administrative l evel thus l e9ving t he top l Gvel door open should we wish to r est.me s ctivity if W::l r continues . (Ibid : Te l 2140, Letson to Murchie , lbAug 45) 59 . Satisfiod t hat the U.S. approved ofl Canada's inten·t i ons, N .D .HJ). . i rYirrndiate:..::r i ssued thes e orders : Defer all i:1ov en::;nt t o linit ea Stat es of C .A.P .F . personne l ponding f uTthor instr uctions . No publicity to be gi ven ~h is i nstruction. Addsd Comd C.A.P .F . Brockv i l J. e r ptd Cond Cdn Army Staff 1fas hinst on . (H.Q.S . 91;1- 33 : Tel C.G.S . 419 , C . G • S • to r, nn( C • A • P . F . 9 nd Co md C . A • S • Was hi ngton , le Aug 45) When , towa•r ds the end of Augu ~ t 1945, it be c3me obvious that Japan's complete s urrenC. er ·.1ras 3ss ured , decisive · action r egarding the future of C. A.P.F. be came pos sible. * The C.G.S . t herefore dcspatchod ~ o Gener al Letson the following instruct5_ons , in whic.b Mr Rober tson concurr ed : .. . you ar e authorized t o i nform U.S. Joint Chie fs of Staff th!jt u9on e x e c utio~ of t erms of surrond or by Japan i t i s proposed to disband C.A.P .F . and t hat 1· 1i r ~ :.. 0 9o s a l to par t icipate with them i n the war a~ ai n st Japan is accord ingly wi t hdrav·n . ( H . ~ .S . 9131 , vol 6: T3l C.G .S . 434 , Foulkes . to Letson , 30 Aug 45) Gener al Letson at once wrote t o Admiral Le ::i hy a f orrilal letter in which he reviewed t te oct ting up of C.A.P. F. and concluded with thes6 r ema r ks: When it be cane e v i d e nt t hat v i.ctOI"J over Japan w9s i mr.1i nont -,na a f ter consul tat ion with th0 '/far D ep~rtm c nt ( O .? .D. ) , moveme nt of further Canadian t roops wg s suspended until such tine as the situeT, i on becane cl9rified . I have now been in stru~ t c a to inform the .U. S . Joint Chi efs o-; &taff that upon the execution of t he t e~m z of surrender by Japan i t is proposed to disband the Cana ~ ian Army Pacific Force. It i s 0esired at t .1is time By this tinw Gene ral McNa ught on had been r eplaced as ~ iniste r of National Der'ence by Eon Dougl as Abbott ( 21 Aug 45) and Lt- G-en Murchie a s C .G.S . by Lt- Gen C. Foulkes , C.B. > C.B.E . , D.S .0 . (w . e . f . 31 Jul 4 5) . / - 56 - on b~half of the Canadian Arny to convey to the U.S . ·wa r Dep9r tnent the th Jnks and appre ciation of the Canadian Army for the cordial and ev::; r r e3dy co- operation which wa s r e ceived on ev <:: r y hsnd and at ev<:; ry l eve l . We a r e at one with you i n giving t~anks t hat victory has been schicved but our thou ~ts a r e tinged with regret that circumstances have precluded us from se rving side· by side with the U.S. Army in f ig..~ti n g 03ainst our comm.on enemy in the Pacific. (Ibid : Letson t o Leahy quoted in t ol 2159, Letson to Foulkes , 31 Aug 45) (d) Nil Str engt h 60 . ~ea nwhile administr~ti ve action in Canada had necessarily been delayed until Japan's surrender becaoe a cer tainty. It was possible t o take only t entative raeasures, D f wh ict the f ollowing are exanples · • I n pr inciple all novs s to C.A.P .F . . concentration areas should continue. This will be subject to certain variations i n accordance with circunstances as t hey e rise •• . Fur ther intake into tbe Army , and electing for t he C.A.P .F . or to becnne G.S . has been s uspended und er the provisions of wire N.S .S . 171 dated 14 Aug 45 . (H .Q. 5- 0- 53 : Org 951 dated 20 Aug 45 . A copy of t he wire ref er red to has not been located ) Pending a fir.r.. decision as to the future of C.A.P . F., it is propos jd to hold in abeyance all promotions and ~>.p-· ·ra d ings of officers within the f or ce effact ive 15 Aug 45: ( H • Q. . S • 9131 ·· 5 : A . G. to Comd Base H.1 . C . A . r . ~ . ~ r ockvi ll e , 2 ~ Aug 45) 61. By 30 Au ~ 45, howevr:.· , the situation had become more definite and the A.G. dir c c~aa : Ef fective iIIlI!1ed i ately a ll ro.ov eoents into C .A .P . F. concentration areas will cease pending further inst r uctions STOP Personnel will be held in hOI!le districts unde ~ di strict arrangements . (H. Q. 5- 0-53: Org 60 dated 30 Aug 45) The next day the C.G. S . issued t h~ f ollowing instructions to Heads of Branches authorizing thee to take im.~ediate action: - 57 - In view of cessation of hostilities against Japan it has been decided th ~~ there is no longer any oper3tional r equiren ent for the Canadian Amy Pacific ll'orce and that in consequence: (a} All crover.1 ent of C.A.F.F. personnel from Canada to U.S . will be cancelled. (b) All plans and arrangements made for training and equipping C.A.F.F. in U.S . and for obtaining An erican equipment ~nd training assis tance in Canada 0ill be cancelled. · ( c ) The previously au thorized organization of No 5, 6, 7 and 8 Pacific Train~ng · Battalions, t he movement out o ~· I·etawawa of A-1 and A-5 Tr8ining Centre~ to provide accorn.rn. odati on therefore and all other special organizational arrangements for the training of C.A.P.F. reinforce .. ments in Canada wi ll NOT proceed unless in the opinion of the Adjutant- General they are required for the norr1al holding of such personnel pending other disposal . ( d) Uni ts of t he C ..\.. F .F. will revert to District control and will cease to be under command of Co::ir1ander C.A.P . F . effective 0001 hrs Tuesday 4 Sep 45 . * (e) Personnel of the C.A.P .F . become available to the Adjutant- General for demobilization or other employnent in accordance with approved plans applicable to the rest of the Army in Canada . (H.Q.S. 9131- 33 : c . ~ . s. toiA.G. , Q, .!.:. .G . and H .(L O.,, 1 S er. 45 1 62 . Action with r egard t o (a ) had a lresdy been taken (see para 59 above), and or ders were at once issued to recall those troops wh o had previously been despatched across the borde r. With exception of those engaged on cooks' training all C.A.P .F. pers in tra ining in U .S .A . togethe r \Vi t h t heir administrative increments will return to Canada as quickly as can be arraneed. (H.Q. 5- 0- 53 : Org 73 dated 4 Sep 45) ------* Commander C. A. P.F. had assumed command o'f the formations and units of the Force only with effect f r om 10 Au.g 45. He had formG rly acted mere l •r in a co- ordinating, liaison and planning capacity ' (H.Q.S. 9131, vol ·6: C.G. S . to A.G. , ~ . M .G . , and . M •G • O • , 9 Aug 4 5 ) . I - 58 - By 10 Oct 45 the novenent homewards had been completed . "All Canadian C.A.P.F . t rainees in U.S. have now re turned . The l ast of then (cooks ) scheduled to arrive at Petawawa this afternoon" ('1!.D. , Cdn Arny Staff, Washington, 10 Oct 45). Meanvihile , the nine U.S. Weapon Training Tear:is, which had arrived in Canada 3 Aug 45 , had entrainGd at Long 3r anch 20 Sep 45 for r eturn to Fort Benning, Georgia (Ibid, 20 Sep 45} . 63 . Within Canada , howevo::: , it was quite a difficult task to sort out personnel and a=range for their disposal. The situation ~ s ~ t 31 Aug 45 was as follows: 1963 offrs and 22,058 O.R. had been posted to C.A.P .F. units . Of these , 1,536 offrs and 20,238 O.R. were from over seas and 427 of frs and l,P20 G.R. we re fro!) units in Canada . (Historical Materinl, Cdn Sec 2nd • Echelon, C. A. F.F . : Report entitled Investigatio.q C· !-·R.:F .. Documents, Capt W.B. uou~ts , H Oct 45 . ~h i s is in possession of Historical Section (G .S. ) at Army Headquarters) Unfortunately, however, instructions issued after the freezing order of 30 Aug 45 permitted mov ement within Districts or Commands to assembl"i areas, thus I adding to t he difficulties of control . ~'.iob ilization was far from complete, and consider able confusion ezisted over the exact location of personnel . According to estir.1ates nade, based on leave expiry dates and t he i~sue of moveir.ent orders, appr oximately 849 offr ~ and 13,397 O.R ... should have reached Asseribly Areas . It must be appreciated that the f actors me ntioned .•. i . e . leave extensions , hospitalization, A.W .Ls . , and changes ot hooe cepots , all decreased this figure . The remaining 1114 off':•s and 8 , 661 O.R. were in District Depots 01• still on Special Leave . This failure to complete conc ~ nt ~ 3tton ultimately brought about , in the \'!Ords of en inv 64 . .. Demobilization of C.A.) .F . volunteers h3d to be dovetaiaea into demobilization of other European veterans, most of whom we r e y .::t overseas , and of troops who had s een service only in C3u. :a . The Adjutant- General proposed that the principle to be kept in mind was to - .59 - give no preference in demobilization to personnel by reason of the fact that they volunteered for the Pacific (H . Q, .S . 9131 , vol 6: Extract from Morning Conference, '30 Aug 4.5). An announcef:lent to t:tte press stated that: I In g3neral, the plan is to disband C.A.P.F. units by releasing those who are eligible to return to civil life and by placing other personnel in eraployment with units already existing wit.bin the various Military D.istricts . (H.Q, . .5 - 0-.53 : Press release, P . N. 719 - 4.5 issued 4 Sep 4.5) Retaining only future Active Force units required for the peacetime army, N .D .H.Q, . arranged for th.e complete disposal of C.A.P.F. in September 1945 . All units of the C.A.P .F. ere now being reduced to NIL str by the A.G . except : • • 1 Cdn F.A. Bn . 1 Cdn Inf Bn (R . C.R.) 1 Cdn Inf Bn (P.P.C.L.I . ) 1 Cdn Inf Bn (R . 22e R.) Nos 7 and 8 Pacific Inf Trg Bns, when no longer required by the A.G . for holding roles, will be reduced to nil str. Paras l(b), 3 and 4 of S.D . 1 letter 2723 are hereby can ·celled , thus abrogating the fmn of Nos 5 and 6 Pacific Inf Trg Bns which were to be ·formed from Nos 23 and 26 C.I . (B) T.Cs . The latter two units will therefore continue and be available es sortation units . H. Q, . Pacific Trg Bde and Nos 1, 2, 3 and 4 Pacific Inf Trg Ens are hereby placed at the disposal of the A.G . for reduction to NIL str when no l onger requi.red . (H.Q, .S. 9131 , vol 7: C.G .S. to A.G., Q,.M .G, and M.G.0., 19 Sep 4.5) Formal disbandment of C.A .P .F. units was accomplished by General Order 42.5, effective 1 Nov 4.5. I WAR EXPEI'HHTUR::I: AGAINST JAP.~ 65. Before concluding t he story of C.A.P.F., it is interesting to note an estimate of Army costs to the Dominion ·of Canada attributable to the war against Japan in the period 1 Nov 41 to 22 Feb 46. - 60 - The total cost is estinated at $438,ooo , ooo. (Canadian dollars) which r.iay be broken down as follows : "C" Force .~ 13,750, 000. 6th, 7th, and 8th Canadian.Divisions 252,000,qoo. Army Camp Sites on Pacific Coast 18 , 500 , 000 . Kiska Force 10,750,000. Canedian ArmJr Pacific Force 35 , 500,000 . Canadian Army Pacific Force - Speeial Expenditures 4,750 , 000 . Special Wireless Groups and Intelligence Sections 2, 000,000 . Proportion of Expenses - Pacific Command 61,250 , 000. N . D . H . ~. and General Overhead expGnses 39 ' 500, 000 . . i 438 ,ooo , ooo . (Ibid, vol 8: memo to Deputy Minister Department of Finance , 10 ~, y 46 , prepared for signature of A. Ross, Deputy Minister D.N . D. A marginal note of 13 May 46 , however, states : 11To Fyle - .. As agreed with Col Kynch of D .Ms . ott'1oe·1his memo will NOT be sent , but contents may be phoned Dept Finance . This wa s done 1450 hrs to- day. Fyle is therefore F .A.'d . (sgd) J.S. Walford, Lt- Col S.D . 3") 66 . The total cost to Canada of the war against Japan was only a minor sum compared to the much larger amounts which would undoubtedly hgve been expended if hostilities had not ce9sed so abruptly. This saving must be calculated in lives as we ll as mere money , for campaigns in the Pacific area have always been noted for heavy . casualti es through disease as well a s bloodshed . The Canadian Army Pacific Force advanced little beyond the planning stage, but those VGry plans and preparations were an active demonstration of Canada's · deci~ion of her own free will to sha r e in ca rrying the fight :ilnto the enemy stronghold . 67 . This re)0rt ha s boon written by C~pt R. B. Oglesby, narrator in the Historical 3c: cti.:in, ~~rmy Eeadqua.rters. ·A a c1L<-A:;_ -d7yi-¢ j Jr"\ ~C.P. Stdcey) &olonel , p:_ ~ Director Historical Section (G .S . ) Anpenf!.ix "A" to ].enort No 16 HQ.S 9131 TOP SEC~T OTTN1A, ~o Nov 44 SUl.il\~.RY TO : WAR CO!,lMITl'E:i.~ OF 'IHE CABIIC T R£: CANftJ)IJ.N AR?.:Y ..~ RTICI:rATIOK :lli OPERATIONS LG1\INST JA?lu~ 1. Purpose To epurove Canadien AIT!ly participation egainst Japan on the f o llowi ng be sis : (a) The Canadian Force to cooprise one ~ivision with necessary· a nc illal'\r t roops es re CJU ired, up to a t otel of 30 , 000. (b} This Force to O't')erate in the CentrP.l Pacifin J..rea unr'l er the hi~he r co;mf!nd of Unite0 States Forces anc1 to be reor1?aniz ea enc" re-e!"}u i nnen in accordance with Unite(! •States tables of orqariizC\tion. (c) The Divisj on to provi~e the frane1vork of tr.is Force to be selecte~ by tlie Arroy CoPlf1anc'ler •l•ith such s ub stitution of select ~ d units, i f necessary, as rnPv be required to ensure count rviride reprei->ent at ion. (a) The Division anr the personnel selected for these duties to be brought bec'Y to Ca!lf'da, p r ante~ one Month ' s leave and refitted in Caneda prior to t'ie~Drture . (e) Ac ti on already initiated v:i tb. t he Chief of Steff United States Army regsrdin~ the role of t~is Ca nE~ian !Force in con.junciton with United States Forces, to be completed. 2. Considerations (e) Proposed area of operations c-ne the flcceptence of the United States Coranend have alread~.r been s~reed to by Cabinet War Conmittee es bein~ nost ar-propriete f rom viewpoint of Care dien interest . (b) Desir able the t bett le- experienced troops sr.oulq be user.. in partic~"9ation i•·itli United St2tes Forces. Because of t~ is ena as sufficient traine a personnel are not evajlable i:i Canada , it is necessr.rv· t.liet bulk of the Force be sele cte <'! :'rorn those na•· servln"' oversees . (c) Prol)osed size of the E'orce is t!"~t v1l'>icr can roost appropriP.'tely be J'.llf'de e,veil~ble :.mcer these conritions of selection: Estjmate~ th8t e pn r ov~mP.tely six months will be re".lllireCl for its concent.retion , re or":ani7ation ana re - e'lUiunin~ in Canrnn. . . . . . /2 - 2 - 3 . ?Jen "?owe r Selection of the nece ssery personne 1 for th i s Force will be reade befarc proceeainr to Canrc\s for re or~onizetion . rersonnel •"ill be founc (i) from suit£'1ble personnel exprPssio&" r :irefer e!1ce to un derteke this c"uty r.:.c: 111ho ~re '"illinv. to forego their priorit~ of de~obilization, ruio (ii) b~ de taili~• ii' necessar~r, those ,·ith low priority of demobilization ar.n in the cese o:' specielists , re ~c.rdless of priority (if necessPr") . 4 . ?roposel has been ( a) Recommenced~,. Chief of the General Staff . (b) Concurren in by the Chiefs of Staff. (c) Concurred in by the }.:i.nlster of Jationcl Defence. G3~?E~J.. STA..'li'F (Oprs 192 - M) 20 Nov 44 The Cabinet on 20 Nov 44 gave ff"""'ro7nl to the~e 1ro'10S?.ls for Caru-cian .l..rm~r pa r tici-Y:. tion in the wPr 8Pf'i n~t Japan (F. i . s . 9131, vol 1: M. S. to C. G. S . , 25 Nov £4) , Append ix "B" to Report No 16 CANADIAN PLANNING TE.Ar.: DRAFT OUTLINE PLAN FOR CANADIAN ARrv:Y PACIFIC FORCE (As a~ended 28 Jul 45 ) Par t One The or ganization , t r aining and maintenance of the for ce ( incl ud ing t hr ee months replacenents) prior to depar tur e from Nor th America . The following extracts are from: Section 2 - Seouence of Events • 22 Jul 45 - Assembly of C.A .P .F . training cadres in Canada . 9 Aug 45 - ~ovement of cadres to training estab lishments in U . S . ~ . 1 Sep 45 - I ni tial movemP.nt of C.A.F.F. advance pa r ties , total 500 , to O.~ BRECKINRIDGE . 22 Sep 45 1 Oct 45 - C.A. P .F . moves to CAMP BR~ CKINRIDGE . Section 3 - Tr oop List C.A.P. F . (First Revision) 29 Jun 45 Off rs 0 .R. .Total I nf Div 787 15 , 051 15, 838 Tk Bn 39 685 724 Total for wa rd a r ea uni ts. 941 16 , 128 17 , 069 Total Rear Area Units 324 1 , 762 2,086 Total-Uni ts 1 , 265 17 , 890 : .. , 15:5 Theatr e Over head ·can 52 99 3 1. , 045* I ni t i al Repls 605 9,195 9 , 800 Aggregate For ce 1 , 922 28 , 078 30, 000 Section 4 - Channels of Comd and Coron (a) Pur el y .Ca nadian Matters ____Com d ------' --- Cornn National Defence Heedouarters IJ\ /[', I I C.A.P .F. B e ~e Eeadquerters lj\ . ~ l 6 Cdn' Inf Div ------~ Of these the Infantry accounted f or 7,708 all r anks . / - -- - 2 - (b) Tr aining and Operations Wa r Depar tment " i I \Y Army Gr ound Forces A ,. .. I 'i \1 Second U.S.· Army ~ I I i v 6"' .Cdn Tnf Div (c) Local Administration Wa r Department /1 '• ..t v.~ ~ Army Gr ound Forces Army Service Forces If\ v Second. Ul. S. Army ;f\11\ \ I I D.Os . C. I I I • 'W ~ During Phase 1 1C. A.P .F . Base Headquarters ~while C.A.P .F . fmns I ": l ) and units ar e in I I I ) Districts and unde1 ,,,, '! '-. ../ ) comd D. Os . C. for 6 Cdn Inf Div }.~ local aam . ( Section 5 - Tr aining (1) The division and three Months replacements to t r ain at CAMP BRECKINRIDGE under U.S . Army Ground For ces and 2nd U.S . Army . (2) Training cadres for employnent in instructing for ce to be trained in U.S .A. , under U.S. Arny Ground For ces arrangements. (3) Of the thr ee :nonths replacements with C.A.P. F., one third ar e to be carried on the strength of, and t r ained by appropriate divisional units , and two thirds with the replacenent depot . Section 6 - System of Supply, Clothing and Equipment (1) Equipment will be provided on the basis of U.S .A. T./O . & E. Scales, except srecial items of Canadian supply ~hiefly battle dress , berets, badges and flashesJ -.. I - 3 - (2) U.S . Army training equipment will be used. (3) Rations will be as for a nornal U.S. Army Division. (4) The overal+ cost will be borne by the Canadian Government based on a capitation rate, excluding these itens ~f Canadian supplyj (7 J Officers and warrant officers will be allowed clothing allowances , on rates to be determined. Section 11 - System of Providing and Maintaining Personnel The system to be on a field return basis as employed by Cdn Army in other theatres, modified where necessary to fit U.S. procedure .. Section 12 - Medical Annexure I - IL'lr.lunizations • ( 1) Small'" pox, ( 2) Typhoid . (3f Tetanus. (4) Typhus and Cholera - Only if indicated in movement order for departure. from P.S . (5) Plague - Only to personnel under serious threat of exposure . (6) Yellow Fever - Not required for present active war theatre. Section 13 - Discipli_ne, Ar~st_ ,_ C .~n_fJ.n~ent Cdn Military Law and Regul~tions to a pplyl U.S . Military Law will not be applicable to Cdn troops . Can personnel to be tried and_ punishments awarded by Cdn Officers and c ourts .- La.side from serious civil offencesJ Powers - fo be sin ilar to those granted a corps commander ov erseas , with Coma C.A.F.F . Base Headquarters and Deputy Divisional Coma having powers similar to De puty Ad j utant and Quartermaster General a Cdn Corps; other officers of C.A.P .F. powers si~ilar to those for ~ n equivalent appointment in the Cdn Arny Ove rseas. Annexure I to Section_J)-=- _ Dis~~pline · and Detention Ba r racks (~tract froa f· r:emorandum on "Legal I:mplicati ons " - dated 1'4 Jun 45 prepared by Deputy Judge Advocate General, National Defence Headquarters after con sultation ~dth U.S . Authorities) ... • - 4 - Discipline - An Act was passed on 30th June 1944, by the ?8th Congress of the U.S. (Public Law 384 #) which provides that upon the request of an Officer Corre!landing a f r iendly foreign force , which has ser vice cour ts of appr opriate jurisdiction within the U.S.A., the American authorities may ar rest any menber of such force and deliver hi~ to the for eign force for trial in the service court of such for ce within the U.S .A. ' Under the pr ovisions of Public Law 384 the Canadian s ervi c e authorities will be able.to admin~ste r Canadian Mi l itary Law in respect to the meraber of the force in the same nanner and to the same extent as they would were such force ser ving in Canada . Detention and Detention Barrscks - Under U.S . Public Law 384 per sons sentenced to imprisonment by a ser vice court of a friendly foreign for ce may be confined in the disciplinary barracks, guardhouse or other place of detention of the U.S . armed for ces or in a U. S . penitentiary or other penal institution at the. expense of the pm1er on whose behalf the pr isoner is detainad . It will be necessary, hov,av 3:: , to provide by Qrder - in Counci l t hat Canadian pe: aonnel if placed in arrest or sentenced to a punishment of impr isonment may be kept in custody of such places as may .be avail able f or such purposes by the U.S. authorities . Secti o·n 14 - Pay Cdn fiel d systen of pay to be continued except· that of ficer s will be paid by use of pay books i nstead of adv9nce books. Paymasters have been added to the ~ roop list on the nornal Cdn scale . Existing r egulations per:1itting the paJ!;lent of ~125 . 00 per individual per ~ onth without charging exchange t.b a pplY.!_ - Detached personnei to be paid by U.S . authorities through use of Cdn pay books . Japanese Carapaign Pay to be paid to personnel of C.A.P .F . in the .u.s.A. Def e rred pay should not be a pplicable during period in q.S.A. Section 15 - Welfare Special Ser vices - To be o r gnni7~d on U.S . T/O•s and use U.S . equipment. Post Exchange - To be operated by U.S . personnel for the benefit of all units on the post including ;- --rr------· ------# H.Q.S . 9131-4, vol 1 contains a copy of U.S . Public Law 384 . - 5 - C.A.P .F . Arrangements to be nade for the stocking of Cdn br ands of cigarettes, duty and excise tax free, for sale to Cdns. No requirement for Cdn unit canteens . Beer to be available at the post exchange . Depending upon final decision of U.S . authorities C.A.F . F. to be entitled to distributions from the U.S. Fest Trust Fund , U.S . O. Facilities - Will be supplied by the U.S. in the same way as for U.S . r edeployed forces in U.S.A. Section 16 - Legal, Claims , Financial , Etc Comnand - Recirrocal powi:ns ~ f co!!1P'l:ind on loVJer levels to be arranged-gs reconnended by D.J.A.G. at Annexure I . This requirAs the passins of an Order in- Council makin0 orders of U.S . offrs to Cdns under their command, legal orders fron a Cdn standpoint . Claims - To be investigated in the first instance by u.s .. claims officers, and passed upon by Cdn Claims Coornission Washington . Financial - All expenses except the pay and allowances of C.A.P . F . personnel, and the cost of certain equipment to be used solely in Cda, to be paid under a ca pi tat ion rate being worked out bet•Neen the Deputy Minister and U.S . War Department . Annexu;tEiJ_J_tQ_§..§_ct_i_9_.r_Ll6. - Cornr1and , C1aims (Extracts from Memorandu:·1 on "Legal Ir;iplications" 2J2. cit , ~f Annexure I to Sectjon l~) •.• I an of the opinion that a Canadian soldier serving in a joint U. S . Canadian force wbo refused to obey the orders of an Ar·1P rican officer or N.C . O. could in an ordinary case •vhere no special circun stances were involved be convicted under Section 40 and possibly under Section 9 ur 11 of the Army Act, if he had been ordered by his Canadian superior officer to obey the orders of the Arn ~ rican officer or U. C. O. concerned . There is sufficient doubt in this , however , to make it ad viseable, in ny opinion to pass an Order-in- Council sinilar in this respect to those made in connection with the Greenlight [Kisk§) and 1st Special Service Forces . {P . c . 5.012 dated 18 Jun 43 and P .C . 629 dated 26 Jan 43] Section 17 - Promotions, Ho~9~rs. and Awards, Leave , Etc Promotions: (a) Officers - U.S . authorities to have no jurisdiction. (b) Other ranks - Recorunena that the same system as in Europe be used . - 6 - Honours and Awards: (a) U.S . Decorations - Immediate steps should be taken to obtain blanket authority for members of the force to accept such decorations . (b) British Decorations - To be handled as for commands in Canada . Arrangements should include provision for the ·awards to U. S . personnel . Leave - No leave to Canada will be possible except 'on compassionate grounds si~ilar to tho~e on which pers onnel were. returned to Canada from overseas. Families , Etc - All r anks of C.A. P .F . to be warned that these will not be :per·:ii t ted to move to CAMP BRECKINRIDGE area . Section 18 - Public Relations To accord due publicity to the C.A .F. F . public relaitions· group will become operational on establish ment in Kentucky . It is hoped to commence puhli.cation of The Maple Leaf , which will be the ~a~n source of Canadian news for the C.A.F .F., at the earliest' possible date near CAMP BRECh.'INRIDGE. · A press liaison officer will be permanently attached to the C.A.P . F. Base li()adquarters and H~adqua rters 6 Cdn Inf Div . ·. Append ix "C" to Report No J 6 CANADIAN PLANNINC'r TEAM DR~T (,UTLIN·::: PLAN F OR CANADIAN .Affi.f { P ACIFIC FORCE (As amended 2P. Jul 45) Part Three The organization for training , accounting and despatch of replacements beyond those to accompany the force . The f ollo·urin.g are extracts from : Section 1 - General Outline Basis Plan i~ based upon the despatc ~ to U.S.A. of persohnel who have conpletea basic (8 we eks) train ing in Oda along U. S. lines, for final period of 11 weeks advanced training. This pe riod of train ing in U.S.A. to be longer for certain specialists and technicians . Upon completion of U.S. training, personnel to be returned to Oda or, during period C.A. P.F. is in U.S . A., may be sent direct to the For ce . Training will be the responsibility of Army Ground Forces and Army Service Forces; admin istration the general responsibility of Cda. Scale ••. input into U.S . training centres of 3000 per month commencing 1 Get 45 a nd 2350 pe r a onth commencing 1 Jun 46 '"ill be nece ssary. This to produce 2500 and 2000 per nonth respect ive ly, available 12-14 we eks later a e p~nding upon dis position. Section 3 - Tr aining Phase One Canada I All basic elementary training which is c~on to all arms (branch immaterial) i ncl uding drill, discipline , fundamental (orientation) tra ining, physical harden ing, and fieldcraft, etc, to be. carried out in training centres in Canada. This would present few equipment problems as t he only we apons r equired would be rifle , carbine a nd r ocket launcher {bazooka) . Syllabus to be drawn up i n consultation ·i:ith G-3 U. S . A:rmy Ground Forces to c onform t o U.S . Mobilization Training Progrannnes . . .. U.S . to supply small train ing cadres to assist . Phase Two - U. S.A. Corps training and all tecbni cal tradesmen and specialist t~aining to be carried out in U.S. re placement training centres and/or schools for arms concerned. A Canadian cont ribution to the training staffs to be made .•. ·. Append ix ''D" to Report No 16. COMPOSITION OF CANADIAN ARt:Y PAC I FIC fORCE 11 Jul 45 H.Q. S. 9131, vol 5: D.S .D. to D. Org , 13 Jul 45 refers to proposed amendments to authorized Canadian Tabl8s of Or,ganization and Equipment (i . e . War Establishments) for the C.A .P.F. and states: Further detail with r egard to these pr oposed amendments is now known , although as yet un authorized. The attsched Chart lists by arms and services the following: Part A: Units of the 6th Canadian Infantry Di vision Part B: Corps and Army Units of the C.A.P .F. Part C: Baso units of the C.A .F .F . and indicates the strs t o which units may mobilize . When the st rs shown in the 11I ermissi ve Mob ilization Strength" column is less than tbat authorized by the current Cdn T. /O . & E. , the latter str may be used. The f ollowing pa ges contain information obtained from this Chart , which differs only in minor detail from the official troop list given in Section 3 of the Draft Outline Plan as amended 28 Jul 45 . - 2 - COMPOSITION OF CANADIAN ARMY PACIFI C FORCE 6TH CANADIAN INFANTRY DIVISION 11 Jul 4.5 ARM OR PERMISSIVE SERVICE FULL DESIGNATI ON MOB ST~ Off rs O. -R.• R~Q, . Units Headquar ters 6th Canadian Infantry Division · 42 120 Headquarters Special Troops 6th Canadian Infantry Division 2 7 Headquar ters Company 6th Canadian Infantr y Division 4 100 6th Canadian Order of Battle Te am 1 2 No 6 Canadian Photo Interpreter Team 2 5 Armd 6th Canadian Infantry Division Reconn ~ aissance Troop (The Royal Montreal Regiment) 6 143 Arty • • Headquarters 6th Canadian Division Artillery) Headquarters Battery 6th Canadian Division )17 113. Artillery } 1st Canagian Field Artillery Battalion, R.C.A. ~ncl H. Q. . , H.Q, . Bty, and A, Band C Bty ~ 31 433 2nd Canadian Field Artillery Battalion, R . C .A. 31 433 3rd Canadian Field Artillery Battalion, R.C.A. 31 433 4th Canadian Field Artillery Battalion, R.C.A. 25 428 Anti-Tank Company, R.C.A., 1st Canadian Infantry Regiment 5 96 Anti- Tank Company, R.C.A. , 2nd Canadian Infantr y Regi.I!lent 5 96 Anti- Tank Company, R.C.A., 3r d Canad ian Infantr y Re giment 5 96 Cannon Company, 1st C9nadian Infantry Regi ment (The Saskatoon Light Infantry (M .G. )) 5 96 Cannon Company, 2nd Canadian Infantry Regi ment (The Saskatoon Light Infantry (M.G . )) 5 96 Cannon Company, 3rd Canadian L~ f ant ry Regi ment (The Saskatoon Light Infantry (M.G . )) 5 96 Engrs 6~th Canadia~ Engineer Combat Battalion, R.C.E. i ncl Headquar ters and Service Company , A, , and C Companie~ 28 593 Sigs 6th Canadian Signal Company, R. C. Sigs 11 295 Inf Headquar ters 1st Canadian Infantry Re giment ) Headquarters Company 1st Canadian Infantry }14 161 Regiment ) 1st Canadian Infantr~ Battalion (The Royal Canadian Regiment } {!ncl li.O, . , H.Q, . Coy , three Rifle Companies, and Hea vy Weapons CompanJj 37 977 ·. - 3 - 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion (The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment) 37 977 3rd Canadian Infantry Battalion (48th High landers of Canada) 37 977 Headquarters 2nd Canadian Infantr y Regiment Headquarters Company 2nd Canadian Infantry 14 161 Regiment 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion (Frincess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry) 37 977 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion (The Sea forth Highlanders of Canada) 37 977 3rd Canadian Infantry Battalion (The Loy9l Edmonton Regiment) 37 977 Headquarters 3rd Canadian Infantry Regiment) Headquarters Company 3r d Canadian Infantry ) 14 161 Regiment ) 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion (Royal 22e Regiment) 37 977 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion (The Carleton and York Regiaent) 37 977 3rd Canadian Infantry Battalion (The West Nova $cotia Regiment) 37 977 S. & T. 6th Canadian Quartennaster Compa ny , R.C.A.s.c . 10 176 Service Company, R.C .A.s . c., 1st Ca nadian Infantry Regiment 8 13.5 Service Company, R.C.A.s.c ., 2nd Canadian Inf entry Regiment 8 135 Service Company, R. C.A . S.C., 3rd Canadian Infantry Regiment 8 135 Service Company, R. C.A .S .C., 1st Canadian Field Artillery Battalion 4 70 Service Company, R.C.A.S .C., 2nd Canadian Field Artillery Battalion 4 ?0 Service Company, R.C .A.S .C. , 3 ~d Canadian Field Artillery Battalion 4 70 Service Company, R.C.A.S . C., 4th Canadian Field Artillery 3att al ion 4 72 Med [incl Chaplainaj Medical Detachment, R. C.A.i:. c ., 6th Canadian Infantry Division (incl 1 Chaplain att) 2 12 Medical Detachment, R.C .A.r.: .c . , 1st Canadian Infantry Regiment (incl 3 Chaplains) 11 124 Medical Detachment , R. C.A.K. C., 2nd Canadian Infantry Regiment (incl 3 Chaplains) 11 124 Medical Detachment, R.C.A.M. C., 3rd C anad ~an Infantry Regiment ( incl 3 Chaplains) 11 124 Medical Detach.inent, R. C . A .M . C., 6th Cena di an Division Artill17ry (incl 2 Chaplains) 7 49 Medical Detachment, R.C.A .rJ .C., 6th Canadian Engineer Compat Battalion 1 14 6th Canadian Medica.J. Battaljon, R. C.A.M . C. (incl 1 Chaplain) ~ncl Headquar ters, A,B, C, and D Compani e ~ 45 423 E. & M. .E . 6th Canadian vrdnance Light Maintenance Company R.C.E .M.E. 9 141 I - 4 - Pro 6th Canadian Mi litary Police Platoon, 7 169 C Pro c. Misc No 34 Ganadian Military Band 29 No 35 Canadian Military Band 29 Total Divisiona l Troops 990 15, 058 CORPS &. ARMY TRGOFS ILQ, . Uni ts Canadian Liaison Increment Corps 5 5 Canadian Liaison Increnent Second Army 15 10 Canadian Liaison Increme nt Army (A.R.C.O . ) 10 15 Armd 22nd Canadian Tank Battalion (The Canadian Grenaoier Guards), C ..A .C. \1.ncl Headquarters and Headquar ters Company , light Tank Co.mpany, and three Me dium Tank Companie~ 33 556 3£ S . & T. Service Company, R. C.A . S .C., 22nd Canadian Tank Battalion 4 111 Med Medical Detachment , R.C.A. ~.: . c., 22nd Canadian Tank Battalion 2 18 No 28 Canadian Evacuation Hospital, R.C.A.M.C. 38 218 N./S. 40 .. Ord No 1 Canadian Laundry Unit , R.c.o.c . 1 13 Misc No 6 Canadian Graves Registration Platoon 1 76 No 1 Canadian Special Service Platoon 1 24 No 2 Canadian Special Service Platoon 1 24 Total Corps & Army Troops 151 1,070 BASE UNITS H.Q. Units . 2nd Echeton Canadian Army Pacific Force 34 381 Canadian Liaison Increment· - U.S .A. Q.~L Depots 25 25 ------~ ------ 3£ Each of the three Medium Tank Comp9nies was allowed 5 offrs and 112 O. R. In the original chart these figures were not multiplied by three , an error which was re peated in the total and also in the grand total on the next page. Figures shown herein have been 1orrected . . ~ - .5 - BASE UNITS (Cont'd) Engrs 1st Panadian Engineer Service Platoon ( Utilities) 5 7.5 Si gs No 1 Canadian Signal Dets chrlent , R.C. Sigs 2 60 Postal No 1 Canadian Postal Unit (Serial J ), C.f . C. 1 · 19 Pro No l Canadian Police Section, C. Pro c. 1 3.5 Misc No l Canadian Machine Records Unit (Type X) 2 29 No 6 Canadian Public Relations Group 1.5 60 No 1 Canadian Concert Party 1 29 No 2 Canadian Concert Party 1 29 No 1 Canadian Replacement Depot 30 166 No 1 Can~dian Replacement Battalion 8 23 No 2 Canadian Replaceme nt Battalion 8 23 No 3 Canadian Re placement Battalion 8 23 No .4 Canadian Re placement Battalion 8 23 No 5 Canadian Replacement Sattalion 8 23 No 1 Canadian Re placement Conpany 4 31 No 2 Canadian Re placement Company 4 31 No 3 Canadian Replacement Company 4 31 No 4 Canadian Replacement Company 4 31 No .5 Canadian Replacement Compa ny 4 31 No 6 Canadian Replacement Compa ny 4 31 No 7 Canadian Re placement Comr sny 4 31 No 8 Canadian Re placenent Company 4 31 No 9 Canadian Rep~cenent Cocpany 4 31 No 10 Canadian Replacenent Co~pany 4 31 No 11 Canadian Replacenent Conpany 4 31 No 12 Canadian Replgce~ent CD:"ipany 4 31 No 13 Canadian Replacenent Conpany 4 31 No 14 Canadian Replacenent Co~pany 4 31 No 15 Canadian Replacement Company 4 31 No 16 Canadian Replacement Conpany 4 31 No 17 Canadian Replacement Compa ny 4 31 No 18 Canadian Replacenent Company 4 31 No 19 Canadian .Replacement Company 4 31 No 20 Canadian Replacem3nt Company 4 31 No 3 Canadian Special Service· Pl atoon 1 24 No 4 Canadian Special Service rlatoon 1 24 Total Base Troops 239 1,691 Total C.A.F.F. ;:'11 , 180 17, f l9 ;c ------··------ See footrrote to pr eced ing page . • tt A '"f! • · tt1 - IUllll il 1"1'.cio{0 .. . . Ap pend ix "E 11 to Report No l& . SUMW..ARY OF C . A. P . F. E L~CTORS Correct3d t o : Over seas report as at 14 Jul 45; Canadian report as at 16 Jul 45 . Electors in the most select group: Over seas - Personnel of Pulhems 1112221 , Y. O. B. 1912- 26 , single only. Canada - Personnel of Fulhems 1112221 , Y.O.B. l912- 26, married or ·single. Corp$• Overseas -Canada-- - Total Off rs 0 .R. Off rs O.R. Of frs O. R. Ma l e El ectors in Most_ Select__,. - - Grouu- C.A . C. 164 3,017 115 647 279 -3, 664 R.C.A. 216 3,166 124 722 340 3, 888 c.r .c. 424 8,904 !5 7 2 9,435 996 18 , 339 ...... Totll l Mal es 1, 205 22 , 679 1, 581 i3 , 7or 12, 79 6 36 , 386 Me l e Electors in All Other Gr9.~..E..~ C.A. C. 160 651 122 538 282 1, 189 R. C.A. 131 1,104 355 966 ~36 2, 070 C.I.C . 329 2, 302 884 3, 753 1, 213 6,0?5 ...... Total Males 1,505 9,954 3, 784 15,841 5' 289 25,795 Ma l e Electors Combined C.A. C. 324 ;, , 668 ?. 37 1,185 561 4, 853 R. C. A. 347 4, 270 479 1,688 826 5,958 c.r .c. 753 11 , 206 1,456 13 ,188 2, 209 24 , 394 ...... " ...... Total Males 2, 720 32 , 633 5,365 29' 548 18, 085 62,181 Femal e El ectors All Grou:Qs. R. C.A.M . C. N. /S. 700 712· 1,412 .. C.W.A.C. 30 615 416 5,460 446 6, 075 Total Male and Female Elector_. ____ ...- .s .~J-~.... Grou~ 3,450 33,248 6,493 35,008 9,943 68 , 256 Note: Statistics are from reports on file H. ':t .S. 9131 , vol 7. .. .Appen<" ix 11 F 11 CotiPP. .::uso ~ - o: ra LS ::L -:C ':' O~ S I F i10ST Correctsn to : Overse~s r c tu:-ns ~s nt 14 Jul 45· ~ c.a na~ie!"' r !"turns ~ '3 "l t 16 Jul 45 : Corps o:trs 0 . rl. Of frs O. !L A'!'"Drox~ te r enuir ene£t s to move t o U. S . .L ?res!:: nt SUr1luses 13~ ~1:. C. A. C. "'"'l I 1, 2""' 2 , 525 ;LC. A. 253 2, 735 ~ 7 l ,I53 C. I.C . .502 14 , ?99 434 3 , 340 ...... ' ...... • Total Male s 1,513 27 , 435 1, 283 8 ,951 Re 2lecement s for first eiPht months ?otal requ ireI!En ts C. }I . C,. 110 l , lOt> 167 2. 245 R. C. P.. 134 J. , 062 337 3 , 817 c. r.c. 1 ,269 24 , 115 1 , 831 39,114 • • • • I t ...... TotAl Males l , bb5 28 , 735 3 , 11e 5b , 170 Electors in most select R'roun comperen ,,.it_t_1:.::2IP'Q.2£t~P~e r~ouirements Surnluses De!.'iciencie s c . .. c. 112 :r. , 41 9 ~ . -:, . h . '11 C. I.0 . 2C ,775 TotAl ~ ales 3 ~ 2 19 , 784 Note : These fi{!Ures are teker. ?rom r v -or ts on fi l~ P. . Q. . 3 . 9131 , vol 7.