,"
• NOTE
This is a preliminary narrative and should not be regarded as authoritative. It has not been checked for accuracy in all aspects, and its interpretations are not necessarily those of the Historical Section as a whole.
Ce texte est pr~limina;re et n'a aucun caract~re afficie1. On n1a pas v~r;fi~.son exactitude et les interpretations qu'il contient ne sont pas n~cessa;rement cel1es du Service h;storique.
Directorate of History National Defence Headquarters Ottawa, Canada Kl A OK2
July 1986 REP 0 R T 1l0. 16 HIS'roIUCAL SECTION (0.5.)
ARI.IY HEAD«UARTERS
7 Jan 53
• The Canadiah Army Pacific Force, 1944-1945
Cancel Addendum No.1 dated 2 Jun 52 and substitute the attached, to be in serted between paragraphs 43 and 44.
}-. k. (jt<-.~, ~ ~ (C.P. Stacey) Colonel bDirector Historical Section Die l'A •• 0'11 I •• "_0"0:1-3 f by /'/1/. 1 tor OH_ HOMO MULE CONDUCTING PARTIES TO INDIA Dot., --eCf-t-5-1986-
43a. On 1 Feb 44 N.D.H.Q. receive~ a telegram from the Canadian Military Attache in Washington stating that the British Army Staff were initiating shipments of mUles on behalf of the Indian Government. The ~ttache/passed to Ottawa the British request for the loan of Canadian J~my personnel to conduct two shiploads of mules from Hew York to Karachi. The British had obtained U.S. personnel for earlier shipments but were reluctant to ask tIle Americans for further help. A shipload of mules numbered approximately 400 and required an escort of one conducting officer, one veterinary, three cooks, four veterinary attendants and roughly 28 general duty !ilen, Le., a remount troop (II.Q..C. 8932-1, vol 3: Tel M.A. 771, Mawash to Defensor, 1 Feb 44) N.D.H.Q.. Hgrced to provide the conducting parties and wired· Washington accordingly :ibid: Tel Org 987, Defensor to Mawash, 9 Feb 44). To eliminate clerical work, the "muleteers" were to be attached to the British ~rmy Staff as individuals and not as a unit or detachment. They were to be loaned for a maximum of six months •• «(H.8•.) 112.382009 (D185): Minutes of Meeting, 1 M~r 44) From the time of the nriginal request to the end of the war, four conducting parties were sent. 43b. The difficulties of procuring sufficient mUles led to a reduction of tho original request from two parties to one (11.,<.C. 8932-1, vol 3: Tel ~t.A. 1332, Mawash to A.G., 26 Feb 44). This first party concentrated at St. Johns J P.Q'J and left for New York on 18 ~llir 44. It consisted of Maj T.A.G. Moore, C.II. of O. (condueting officer), Capt R.G. Livermore, Can Fus (veterinary), and 43 other ranks of the Veterans Guard pf Canada (1bid, vol 6" Moore to Socretary D.U.D., 20 Jul 44). While considerable effort was made to ensure that the draft v.as smart and soldierly in appe~rance, it was not specified that the men chosen should be experienced in handling animals (E.S.) 163.009 (D2l): A.G. to D.Os.C.• , 23 Feb 44). Consequently, the Can~dians hnd to call upon U. S. Remount per sonneI to help them load the ship. Some 476 mules were placed aboard the S: S. Empire Trail j 40 of these were sick and during the f1rfl't night two died. (H.Q.C. 8932-1, vol 6: Moore to Secretary D.N.D., 20 Jul 44) The ship sailed from New York and joined its convoy (U.G.S. 37) at Hampton Ro~ds, near Norfolk, Virginia, leaVing there on 24 MDr 44. The convoy contained two other ships carrying mulesj the animals in these ships and in two others (which h~d s~iled earlier on 23 Feb and 4 Mar respectively) were conducted by U.S. personnel. (Ibid, vol 5: Tel, B.A.S., \Jclshington to Embarkation Bombay, 25 M~r 44) 4}c. The convoy route was Gibraltar - SUez (Port Tewfik) - Aden - Karachi, with stops at Suez and Aden. Orf algiers, the ships were attacked by enemy aircraft and at least one plane \ms shot down in flames. This delighted the old warriors of the Veterans Guard, who had voluntarily manned the ship's guns. Ofr Crete, they were attacked by Ger!i1in submarines. The ship - 2 - directly astern of tha Empire Trail was hit and its steering gear damaged. The merchantman to starboard was also hit and in this case set afire. The convoy had to sal1 on, leaving both vessels drifting helplessly. ~ In Aden, the stokehold gang mutinied and had to be re placed by a crew of Somalis~ Despite these incidents, the Empire Trail arrived at Karachi on 7 May 44 with all animals in good health. JU'ter unloading their ship, the Cenadian conducting party took a tr"in to Bombay and sailed from there on 2 Jun. After a stopover in Mel bourne, they arrived at san redro, California, on 2 Jul and were back in Toronto on 15 lul. (Ibid, vol 6: t~re to Secretary D.N.D., 20 Jul 44. See also Report by Sgt. J. McCabe, 10 Aug 44) 43d. In August 1943 the British requested Canada to provide tYlO more (llule conducting parties in India. This time each group was to have an additional medical officer. (Ibid, vol 7: Q..i·;.G. to A.G., 3 Aug 44) 43e. Maj Moore was again in ch...rge of detail He. 1 and two men v:ho had been on the original voyage were included in his 43 O.H. of the Veterans Guard of Canada. SOme 421 mules, including 26 sick, were loaded at Hoboken aboard the f' •.s_:- Empire Symbol which sailed on 10 Dec 44. About midnlght it ran into a full gale. Loose lumber smashed several pens and a number of mules broke loose in the blackout. Rough weather continued as far as Port said, where a stop was made, but eventually ~ach1 was reached on 19 Jan 45 and all 419 mules disembarked in e,ood health. This time the conducting party remained on the Stim6 ship as far as Bombay and took another ship to Gourock, Scotland. After five days leave in the United Kingdom the detail re-embarked on 30 Mar for return to Canada. (Ibid, vol 10: ~ore to Secretary D.N.D., 24 May 45) - 43f. The second of these two later parties (Group ;'0. 3) embarked ut !lew York on the S.S. Ocean Vista on 5 Jan 45, having loaded 319 mules. "(Some 51 mules had been casualties en route to the port.) (Ibid, vol 9: B.A.S. Ottawa to ~G, 19 lan 45) Maj R.G. Betts was in chttrge, assisted by Capt C.H. }:arker R.C.A.M.C. and Capt R.G. Livermore (the veterinary who had been on the original voyage). One man also was making his second trip. This party had 42 O.Il. of the Veterans Guard of Canada plus a ser-gaunt of the ?ermanent Force who had been a farrier (ibid, vol 10: D. Adm to D. Org, 10 Nov 44).
*One ship sank and tile other was towed to Alexandria, but subsequently had to be written off as a total loss. (B.R. 1 British and Forei n Merchant Vessels L~st and Dame ed b nem Action Durin the Second ~orld \~r, London, 1945 , p. 130. This is d publication of the Royal llavy hnld by the R.C.N. historian) - 3 -
43g. The third Br,itish request for mule es- corts arrived at N.D.H.'<._'on 21 Feb 45 (ibid, vol 8: B.A.S. Ottawa to A.G., 21 Feb 45)., The director of the Veterans Guard of Canada felt that his Veterans could not provide the required personnel and attend to their increased responsibilities for prisoners of war (ibid: D.V.G.C. to D. Adm, 27 Feb 45). It was therefore decided to employ low cateeory G.S. members of Ho. 2 General Employment Company (ibid: A.G. to the Minister, 7 "~r 45). Accordingly, a party of three officers and 45 other ranks in charge of Capt R. llarris, C.A.C., arrived 1n New York on 2 April and sailed aboard the S.. S. Empire Mauritius on 6 Apr 45. The voyage was uneventful except when ooe of the escorts, Pte C.E. Smith, was stricken with appendicitis. The surgeon of a U.S. destroyer was sent over by breeches buoy to assist the Canadian M.O. in a successful operation. Smith was dropped off ~Gibraltar and the Empire Mauritius proceeded via Fort said and JoI.den without further incident. The mules were unloaded at Karachi on 15 reay, the party then going over to BOmbay; to t~ke ship for Greenoch. After 13 days leave, the detail bo~rded the Duchess of Bedford at Liverpool, and on 27 Jul 45 arrived at Halifax. (Ibid, vol 11: Harris to A.G., 16 AUg 45) ---- 43h. Thus it was that Canada supplied four parties to convoy approximately 1600 mUles from the United States to India.. The Canadian personnel engaged totalled nine officers and 170 other ranks, excluding the sick man left in Gibraltar and counting only once the two officers and three other ranks who made the voyage twice. *
*These appear to be the most accurate figures avail able according to the nominal rolls, ahthough they do not agree with those arrived at previously (H.Q,.C. 1915-75/ 58: D. Records to D.E. s. J 13 Jun 47, and memo for f lIe J 20 Jun 52) Nominal rolls for all four conducting parties are on file H.Q,.C. 8932-1, vol 12. •
REP 0 R T IIO. 16
IlIsroRICAL SECTION (G.S.)
7 Jan 53
The Canadian Army Pacific Force...... !_9-H-1945.
AMENDME!lT NO. 2
Delete paragraphs 35-38 inclu" i ·'8 .:.=~ sUbstitu~£ the attached:
2. Page 39. last line Delete 32 and sUb~~)t~~~ 23.
~. rl-( ~. t--~ •/-A-----(C.P. Stacey) Colonel I rfirecto= Historical Section •
ATT"CHMENTS IN THE PACIFIC TlilirlTRE
35. Because warfare conditions in tho Pacific differ so widely frorn European battlefields, which until the present have been the main school of Canadian battle experience abroad, it was recognizod during the course or the war that spa:ial study in that area would be invaluable. ~mj-Gen Maurice Pope, Commander of the Canadian JU'my Staff, \lashington, took a leading part in urging action in that regard. .\s early as J,lay 1943, on hearing t.lr Churchill pledga to the United States Congress full United Kingdom support in future operations against Japan following tho defeat of I:itler, General Pope SUBBBsted to Ottawa that Canflda send lie fully representat ive number of observers to serve with Australian and New Zealand land forces". He Vlent on to observe that "the despatch of a group of observers to the South Seas would put us in possession of first-hand knowledge of fighting conditions in un area in Which some day we may be called upon to fight", "nd he concluded by pointing out the value of demonstrating to Australia and New Zoaland that Canadu showed some concern 'With their problems. (W.D., Goneral Pope, 23 May 43) 36. .• Although Ceneral Fope mentioned the matter
off-the-record to Lt-Gen V.A.H. Sturdce J Head of the
Australian Military iliission to h'ashington J no further action Vias taken at that time by Ottawa (ibid, 27 May 43). That summer, however, the British appointed a Joint Service Mission hended by /.Iuj-Gen J .5. Lethbridge to investigate ut first hand the types of equipment and most suitable organizution of units and formations required for full-scale operations against Japan. «ll.S.) 314.009 (D377): Tel COS (II) 644, (British) Chiefs of Staff to Joint Stuff Mission ('.iashington), 18 Jun 43) ~t On hearing of this J General Pope once suggested the attachmont of Canadian service officers. (Ibid: Tel JS 159, C.J .5. to C.O.S., and Tel CAli 441, }'ope to C.G.S., 25 Jun 43) "s a result, Lt-Col J.E. Cumming, R.C. Sigs, and Lt
Col C.J. Bermingham J R.C.E' J of the Canadian Army Overseas joined the Lethbridge Mission.* (C.M.H.~. file l/Missions/ 5: Tel as 795, Defensor to Cnnmilitry, 14 Jul 43) They spent several months in the P~cific Theatre and in India, und luter assisted in the prep:-..tration of a Voluminous document known us the "220 }..Ulit.ory Mission Report". (C.M.ll.~. file 1/Missions/5 conta,,,s a copy of the Table of Contents. (!l.s.) 952.053 (D2) contains a copy of Chapter 16) 37. General Lethbridgets visit to Ottawa en route to the Far East provoked considerable interest in jungle warfure.** 11.S i.l reSUlt, N.D.H.Q. sought to send
*The R.C.A.F. and United States Services also appointed representutives. **P~ciflc Commund, for example, set up various ad hoc schools to .tc~ch jungle warfnrc «E.3.) 322.009 (D67TT.- •
- 2 -
two of its officers to visit appropriato Acerican training centres. (Ii.Q.S. 7375-2, vol 1: Tel G.S. 897, Defensor to C.J. S. (W), 26 Aug 43) The V/ar Depurtment thereupon offered t\'l() vucunc 105 :i t the Runger School a t Hawaii, which were allotted to Pacific Command (ibid: Tels Trg 5744 and 5813, C.G.S. to G.O.C.-in-C. Facific Comd, 8 and 9 Oct 43), The two infuntry officers selected, Lt V.H. ZUlu and Lt F.Y.. Trites, completed the course in 19d3. On their return they were sent to tho United Kingdom, later joining a party of Cantidian officers sent from there to South East Asia Cor~nd*. Lt Trites was wounded on 8 Oct 44 while in Ilurma. (H.Q.C. 6-T-426l 38. Meanwhile, General Pope continued to press for the despatch of Canadian observers to the Pacific. In llovelilber 1943 he proposed tl,at a group be attached to U.S. Forces in the Central Pacific for future operutions (R.Q.S. 7375-2, vol 1: ?ope to C.G.S., 5 'lov 43), The following month he suggested that Canadidns be sent to the Australian Army School of Jungle Fiehting (1/.0 .• General Pope, 18 !lec 43), Il.D.H.Q. w"s already following up his proposals, and early in 1944 the liar Committee of the Cabinet approved the selection and attachment of Canadian personnel ~o \.Jnited l~inp,dom end other COMmonwealth Forces and to United States forces in the Pacific and Asiatic area, "it being understood thf:.l.t no decision would be implied thereby as to the noture and extent of Canadian participa tion in tlJese theatres" (I;. Q. S. 7375-2, vol 1: Ilater s to C.G.S., 14 Jan 44). 38a. Arrangements were made at once with the \lar Office to attach twenty officers of the Canadian AmuOverseas to South ~st dsia Command based on India (~: Tel GS 30, Defensor to C&nmilitry, 18 Jan 44). !leaded by Lt-Col G.J:. Spencer, R.C.E .• the officers selected represented all arms as well as the medical and army servic e co rps. *.. Their tour of duty, which extended from 11 Jul 44 to 17 Jan 45. included the following: (a) Three weeks visiting training units and training establishment'S. (b) Four months in Bur~a with formations of the Fourteenth .M..rLllY and 15th Indian Corps.
'see paragraph 38a of this Report.
**A nominal role is attached as Appendix "All. Note that the twenty officers later were joined in India by three others. Details concerning the attachment of these officers to S.E.A.C. are contained in C.i..LH.Q.. files 1/ ~ttach FE/l and 1/2 and l/Att"ch FE Reps/l. - 3 -
(ol Three weeks visiting units and military installations in India. ((E.S.) 313.013 (0101: Consolidated Report of Cdn Army Officers Attached to S.E.h.C., 12 l>'eb 45. (II.S.) 171.009 (D55) contains copies of their individual reports) A number of these officers saw service with the ~th Indian Division during the period of operations on the Tiddum Rood, Assam-Burma frontier, frcA 28 ~ug to 8 Dec ~~ (H.~.S. 7375-2, vol 5: C.M.li.D.. to D.ll.D., 30 "pr 45). On their return to the United Kin~dom, the regimental officers were sent to Canada for instructional duties while the five staff officers first completed an attachment within First Canadian .army in l~orth-\·lest Europe before being returned to Canada (ibid, 15 Mar 45). 38b. In February 1944, N.D.H.Q. instructed General 1-'ope to arrange with tho U.S. \{81' Department Bnd the AUstralian and l~cw Zei:iland r.iilitary rUssians in ~/ashington rpspectively for twenty Canadian officers to be attached. "for a period of instruction and training in the special conditions to be met in the Pacific Theatre and their subsequent employment with for~utions or units in the theatres of operations". They were to be attached as follows: 10 to United States Forces 8 to Australian Forces 2 to New Ze~land Forces (H.Q.S. 7375-2, vol 1: C.G.~ to COfild, C.A.S., \'le.shington l 5 Feb 441_
With the exception of one representative of N.D.H.~. (Major E.W. Benjaminl, all these officers were selected from Pacific Command (ibid: C.G.S. to the Minister, 6 Mar 44). -- 38c. The ten officers for attachment to the U.S. Forces left first, f lying from San Francisco to Honolulu on 27 Feb 44 (ibid: Tel PCO 7715, Comd Pacific to Defensor, 3 ~~r 44). There they were to be attached for approximately three months to aU. S. Army division undergoing amphibious training (P.C.S. 504-1-10-8, vol 1: C.G.S. to Comd Pacific, 23 Feb 44) Most of them accomp~~ied this 27th U.S. Infantry Division When it sailed from Pearl Harbor to support the U.S. Marines in assaulting the Mariana Islands in June 1944, landing on 5aipan (ibid: IlSaipan" (Cdn Report), 12 Sep (4). There Capt K. G:-RUssell contractod dengue fever and was invalided to Canada, Capt J.t. Cotter returning With him while the other officers {>roceE:lded to the South \lest Pacific kraft. for further duty (ibid: Wild to G.O.C.-in-C. Pacific Comd, 25 Jul 441. On arrival in New Guinea thoy were attached to Alamo Force in the J-I.itape area, where mopping up operations wore taking
*A nominal roll is attached a s Appendix liB". - 4 - place to establish fixed defences around a beactillead (P.C.S. 509-1-10-8, vol 1: Report of Cdn Uffrs attached to U.S. Forces in ~ew Guinea), t~jors B.l. ~cGreevYJ R.J. Wild, and D.Il1. Raasay later were attached for a few days in l\ugust to the (.lst U·.S. Division on Biak Island, Schouten 151an&l which hud bt'en taken from the Japanese in Juno. IXlring their stay there a small amphibious operation took place at Warsa Bay. (Ibid: Report on Attachment to 41 Div, 23-28 Aug 44j uetlnwhilc, Capt A.L. Rogers, who had remained an extra month on Suipl:1n, was attached to the 14th Anti-Aircraft Co.a::mand in NO\J Guin3a and observed the landing operations at Morotai, .dolucca Islands, on 15 8ep (ibid: Report on tli6 !>~rotai Operation) La.ter he reported to the 3200 Anti-aircraft Brigade in r...oliandia, Dutch New Guined, and took purt in the landing dt Leyte in October 1944 (ibid, vol 2: neport on A..I'.. Employed in the Leyte Operution). He eventually returned to Canada in Junuary 1945, the last of his group to return home (~: Rogers to Pacific Cood, 19 Jan 45). 38d. The tv~ observers sent to the New Zealand Forces, ~~jor J.R. Boulanger ~nd Cdptain R. Murdock, sailed from san Frdncisco on 19 ~~r 44 for Expeditionary Force Headquarters at BoorHil, New Cnledonia. i\.fter a short st:iy thero they
*capt T.E. Baylis w~s injured in u jeep accident there and returned to Can;ldC:l. - 5 - truining with the 6th ci.nd 9th 1"lustr..lli;ln Divisions und then were given z.n opportunity to g..lin b 38h. Another Canadian officer, Lt-Col \·1011... Bean, on gaining d i stincti on a t the U. S. JU"illy and Navy :Jtaff Col lege, was reco::uaended by the U. S. Joint Chiefs of Staff for an assignment of six months on the staff of a joint command of the Commander- in-Chie f Pac ific Ocean ...treas (Fleet Admiral Chester ',i. Uimitz(. Ee thus served with the 1st U.. S.. Marine Division in the assault landing on Peleliu Island, falau Islands, east of the Philippines, on 1.5 Sep 44. «(Ji.S.) 171.009 (049): Operations Against falau Islands, Report by Lt-Col ~J.A. Bean) 381. In llovember 1944, when Canada had definitely decided to participate in the ?acific viar in co-operation with U. 3. Forces, N. D.li. 0.. proposed to send thirty addit ional off lcers on attachment to the U.S. Forces in the Pacific for one month with an operational unit in training and two months with formations or units actively engaged in operdtions. There were to be three groups of ten, each consisting of a lieutenant- - 6 - colonel and nine majors or captains representing all erus and services.* Together with the original twenty and tl~ose sent by the canadian Army Overseas to .3.E.A.C., they would then be available to form a nucleus of officers with first-hand experience in tae training and operational require.aeI'!.t 5 of ~',rarfare in the pac if10. (H ...~. C. 89.32 -4, vol 1: C.G ..3. to the :fJ.nister, 18 l\QV 44..) .n.rrangements were made through hajor-General R.F.G. Letson, W~10 had succeeded General Pope in ':lashington ('J.D., General Letson, l-ioveLlber 1944, Appx liSa: Letson to rl:irsi:l.all, .30 i .. ov 44). 38j. The first group, headed by Lt-Col V. de B. Oland, ~.C.A., arrived at General Peadquarters on Leyte, Philippine Is1an0.5, on 20 Feb 45 to be attac~1ed for ap9roximate1y four ~onths to the Zighth U.3. Army (ibid: Tel CA"! 70, Cdn ArLlY 3taff to li.D.E.Q.., 23 Feb 45). ~"'inding ttlere were no units in training in that area aside frorll those a1reddy cOiilLlitted to action, the group was attached to t:.e 41st U.:l. Division, which was then preparing for imminent operations in the Phi1ip,9ines (ibid, vol 2: Tel CA.'i 100, Cdn army staff to C.G.3., 2)"""T£r 45)' TilUS, without an op;>ortu.i1ity to attend training establishments, ttley ~~rtiei~atad in the landing operations. "on Z8uooanga Peninsula, I:indanao Island, on 10 i:ar 45 (OpeNtion V-4), and on 9 Apr 45 in further landings on tr.e Ta\:itawi Group and Jolo Island in the ·3ulu Archi- pelago of t:lO Philippines ( (11. 3. J 171. 009 (054): ReiJort on Oporations S. '{.P.A. :;arch-l'ay 1945 by capt D.S. ;:acT.cnn"r•. ';ee also (050), Report by ca"t J.B. streater and (045), Re"orts by Lt-Col V. de B. Oland, Capts JoB. ).ind and R.<:.L. Cross. Col Oland's report also discusses tile c8ilture of the rQl~ainder of ~.1ndanao Island by x: Corps (Operation V-5), the last operation of llny size in t::o Philippines.) 38k. Croups two and threo, headed by Lt-Cols J.G.G. Chcrlebois, R. 220 R., and E.G. Reade, C.k.C., resycctively, urrivGd in gm..aii in February 1944. There they were regrouped for purpos~s of attachuont to various format~ons of the U. J. Tenth Army, wi:ich was then in the final stages of prcpuration for the assault upon Okinn\~ on 1 Apr 44 (Operation "Iceberg"). Lt-Col Charlebois and six other officors** were attached to the assaulting divisions of III .Mlphibious Corps (1st and 2nd l,jarino Divisions) I which hl1d already held their rehearsal in the Solomon Islends. «(H. 3.) 171.009 (036): Cdn Observers' Report on Operation llIceberg"') These two j.i'arine divisions formed the riortilern Task .loree and assaulted on the left, *See Appendix "e" to this Amendment. **ALlong these, Viaj A.J. Brunet, R.C.A.~.C., and capt 3.J. SiEens, R.C.E.~ were wounded during the later fighting on Okinawa (R.~.C. 0932-4, vol 2: Si~IDns to secty D.N.D., 4 ; 'ay 45). - 7 - while on the right tile XXIV Corps landed the 7th and 96th U.3. Infantry Divisions on the south shore. To this Corps Lt-Col Reade and nine other canadian observers were attached. ((;:.3.) 171.009 (043): CanadianObeervers' Report on Okinawa Operations, Parts 1, 2 and 3- See also (038). Re)ort by •.aj D.:!. Cunnington; and (040), Report by capt ;.I.R. Lawson.) 1!8jor R.R. i~unro and captains R.S. Richards and R.D. hurray, on the other hand, were assigned to a division which had ti.le task of carrying out feint landings off the south-east coast. T~lis 2nd l-iarine Division practised off Tinian Island during l.~rch before sailing from .3aipan to arrive off Okina\.6 with the rest of t;le Tenth Arr.1Y on D Day (1 Apr 45). There a suicide bomber struclc capt Richard' 5 ship and he was forced to transfer to anotLer. AS tl:e canpaign went well in its early stages, however, the 2nd Earine Division was withdrawn from ar.:.:lY reserve on 11 April and sailed back to 3aipan ",i thout actually hav lng landed. lor some time it remained on 24-hour notice, but eventually the three Canadian observers were returned to Eawaii without seeing further action. ((H.S.) 171.009 (0137): Report by lcaj R.R. l·iunro. see also (037): Report by Capt H.S. Richards.) 381. In April 1945 the ~inister of National Defence an",)rovcd the attachment of a further fifteen Canadian officers to U.S. Forces in the ?acific Theatre of O~)erations for a period of approximately three months. The fi:rst I'ivc3 liera to be staff officers, followed by a group or tan regiraental of.L'icers. (E.·~.9. 8932-4, vol 2: C.G. =;;. to t:~G ; .inister, 6 J..pr, approv;;d 10 Apr 45.) 38m. The five staff oi'ficurs, forJning Group i\:o. 4 and led by Laj R.G. lCingstone, R.C.A., roach Okinawa in :~ay 1945 wl1ile fighting was continuing there. They visited a variety of formations and compiled vory detailed report, of U.;. steff procedure ((E. S.) 171. 009 (042): Report by i,~aj R.G. Kingstone and Capt J.':. 3tewart. see also (H.S.) 218uIO.013 (022): Report by iAj S. Kanee and (01): Roport by Capt :1.5. "stey.) 38n. The tun regimental officers, forming the fifth and final group and led by Lt-Col de L.h.i1. panet, R.C.A., reach Okinawa in June l They at once joined units of the Tenth Army engaged in active operations there. On 21 Jun one of these officers, capt J.E. I:illiker, C. Int C., was wounded while with a party attempting to cap ture a Japanese ganeral and his staff. (H .... C. 8932-3, vel 3: Report by Lt-Col de L. panet; and vol 3: Report by liaj J.B. Robinson. See also (H.3.) 171.009 (039): Report by capt.J.E. Hilliker; (044): Roport by Lt-Col M. Gagnon and Liaj A. _Condy; (MS): Report by Capt R.E.M. Cross; (052): Report by capt L. \1. Garen.) Appendix lIAII to Amendment No.2, Report No. 16 OFFICJ:R3 OF TIlE CANADIAH ARi.iY OVERSEAS ATTACHED TO 8OUT}; Z!< 3T ,,-SIA COl-a Aim 11 JUL 44 - 17 JAN 45 Lt-Col G.H. Spencer R.C.E. Lt-Col P'.R. Bingham C.I.C. *Maj C.H. Cook C.I.C. n A.A. Duncanson C.I.C. n VI. Bramley-l'loore R.C.A.E.G. n C.P. Keeley C. I. C. n H.D.P. Tighe. li.C. G. I.G. n J.S. flulholland n C.I.C. E.G.F. Anderson R.C.C.S. n H.A. Farthing R.C.A. n C.V.B. Corbet C.I.C. Capt J.G.·'. 'rurney R.C.C.S. n F.J. Henderson R.C.A. S.C. n A.P. Boswell C.I.C. n patton, G.G. R.C.E. n P.A. Ballachy C.I.C. E.n.A. Carson R.C.A. " W.A.H. Law n" C.A.C. G.P. lCnifton C.I.C. n ,1. R. Berwick n C.I.C. l:.N. Bow e.I.c. **Lt F.K. Trites Zala C. I. C. (wounded) ** II V.H. C.I.C. ((R.,.) 312.013 (DIO): Consolidated Report of Cdn Army officers Attached to 3.E.A.G., 12 Feb 45) *Arrived India 14 Nov 44 - tour concluded approximataly 15 Apr 45. This officer had raturned to canada in i~rch 1943 and had been serving in pacific Command. ~~rrived India wid-August 1944. These tyro officers had completed the course at the U.3. Ranger 'School, Hawaii (9 Oct - 19 Dec 43) before joining the canadian Army Overseas. AppX ilBa to Amendment No.2, Report No. 16 ATTACIil:EliT OF CAFADIAN OFFICERS TO T!'E PACIFIC THEATRE, 1944 U.S. forces I:ajor B.I. t.icGreevy R.R.C. "ajor R.J. ".IUd P.A. Vol Major D.lL Re..msay 31 Alta Reece Regt Capt F. Fulton R. ~i. Rang Capt 1(.• 1>. Russell 6 Div Sigs Capt C. Vermeulen 25 Fd Regt Capt L. Cotter .,/. L. I. Capt A.L. Rogers R.C.A. Mid R. Capt J.G. Leuty , capt ·,i.E. Yfatt ~. 3te fl. & SUd R. 'Australian Forces Lt-Col E.P. Cotton w. L. I. Capt J.R. Hudson 28 I'd Amb Capt A. Fortier R. de Rull capt T.P. Baylis S:.O.R. of C. capt I,i. G. Kneale R.C.A. capt G.J. Piggott Kent R. Major S.F. Turner R.a.c. "'Major R. ".'1. Benjamin 30 Reece Regt (Essex R. ) N.Z. Forces Capt 11. 'J,lurdock C. scot R. l1ajor. J. R. Belanger Fus de st. L" (p..~.S. 7375-2, vol 3: D. Pers Serv to D.i~.O. &; P. J undated. This is a revised list) ON.D.H.~. officer • - 2 - 4th Group - pacific ocean Area Major R.G. Kingstone R.C .A. ~jajor S. Kance R. C.A. capt '.'1. '1. Coward R.C.A.S.C. Capt J.H. ste 1l18. rt C.I.C. Capt ,I. Z. Estey C. I.C. (Ibid, vol 3: C.G.S. Memo-to Officers Proceeding on Attachment to U.S. Forces in the Pacific Theatre, 25 Apr 45) 5th Group - Pacific Ocean Area Lt-Col de L.R.I:. Panet R.C.A. Lt-Coll.:.E.P. Garneau, D.3.0. C. I.C. Major J.B. Robinson C.A.C. t, jI;tajor A. Condy, N. B.E. C.I.C. !-.1ajor ·~·'.F. Sharon, r:r.c. R.C.E. capt L. ';t. Garen R.C.A.S.C. capt !C.G. Martin R.C. Sigs Capt D.C. Bews R.C.A.H.C. Capt R.E.I.!. Cross C.I.C. capt J.E. Hilliker C. Int C. (wounded) (Ibid: A.G. to G.O.C.-in-c. pacific Command, 23 May 45) • • , Append ix i'C" to Amendment No.2, Report No. 16 ATTACIDi:lNT OF CANADIAN OFFICERS TO U.S. ARl:Y m Ta: PACIFIC THEATRE. 1945 1st Group - south qest pacific Area Lt-Col V. de B. Oland R.C.A. Bajor B.Ii. ~Uller R.C.A.M.C. Major H.V. Flett R.C.E.IlJ..E. lJajor F.T. Hace R.C.O.C. capt LB. Lind R.C.A. S.C. capt LB. Shaw R.C.A. Capt 1. D. Publicover R.C.E. capt D.S. 1iacLennan C.LC. capt H.T. 1-1cConnell C.A.C. capt J.R. streater R.C. 3igs 2nd Group - pacific Ocean Areas Lt-Col J.G.Go. Charlebois R. 22e R. "ajor R.R.· iAunroe C.A.C. Major A.J. Brunet R.C.A.K.C. (wounded) Major L.D. 1:icBride R.C.E.!LE. Capt VI.L. Lawson N. Shore R. Capt S. L Simons R.C.E. (wounded) Capt D.B. Dawson R.C.A. capt F.B. Palmer R.C. 3igs Capt E.C. purdy C.D.C. capt J .A. Edmonstone R.C.A.S.C. 3rd Group - Pacific ocean Area Lt-Col E.G. Reade C.A.C. Major C.A. sabourin R.C.A. :!la.jor D. ·',T. CUIL'1ington R.C.E. Hajor G.A. RheaUIile R. de riais Liajor R.T. Bogle R.C.E.ji.E. ca~1t R.S. Richards R.C.R. Cal1t R.D. Eurray R.C.O.C. capt G.P. Eligh R.C.A.S.C. capt A.C. SUlart R.C. Bigs Capt S. :/.0. Hart R.C.A.li.C. (H .... C. 8932-4, vol 1: D.::.T. to D.C.G.S. (B), 9 Feb 45) / SECR:;:T REP ° RT NO. 16' HISTORICAl SECTIOH ('l.s.) ARl·:Y lEADQUARTJ':RS 1.5 Jul 47 The Canadian Army Pacific Force 1944 - 45 CONT~!TS Peras Introduction 1 1 The Canadian Decision to Participate 2 - 6 1 (a) D.M.O. & P. Appreciation 2 1 (b) COQsultation with the tlnited Kingdon 3 - 5 2 (c) Cabinet Decision 6 5 Acc"eptance by the Unl ted States 7 - 12 5 (e) Canadian FroPos91s 7 - 9 5 (b) Public ~~nouncenent 10 8 (c) Agreement in Frinciple 11 - 12 9 The Plan tor the C.A.P.F. 13 - 16 11 Recruiting for the C.A.~.F. 17 - 25 15 (a) Volunteer B.sis 17 - 18 15 (b) The Response 19 - 21 17 (c) Special Campaign f'y 22 - 23 19 (d) limitations to Recruitin0 24 -.25 22 Organization 26 - 34 23 (a) Selection of 6 Cdn Div 26 23 (b) Naming the Force and its Units 27 - 28 27 (c) Sanior Appointments .29 - 31 30 (d) 2nd Echelon ,nd Base Headquarters 32 - 34 31 Attachments in the racifie Theatre 35 - 43 33 (8) Pacific Cbservers With U.S. Forces 36 - 38 34 (b ) Attachments to Australian Forces 39 - 41 36 (c ) Results of At tac:!lnent s 42 - 43 39 Training 44 - 53 40 (a) General Plan for Training 44 40 (b) Training in Can~da 45 49 41 (c) Training in U.S.A. 50 - 53 46 Disbandm_nt ot the C. A. F.].'. 54 - 64 50 (a) durrender of Jaoen 54 50 (b) Proposed Co"""oni,e3ltt, Forces 55 - 57 50 (c) Canada Withdraws the C.A.P.F.58 - 59 53 (d) Nil Strength 60 - 64 56 ~ar Expenditure A5ainst Japan 65 - 66 59 APP.~!'J,])ICES Appendix "A": SUIn!'J.sry to '-/aT Committee of the Cabinet J 20 Nev 44. Appendix liS II : Canadian Planning Team Draft Gut line Plan - Bxtracts fron Part Cne. Appendix liCit: Canadian Planning TeeN Draft Cutline Flan - Extracts froM Part Three. Appendix "D II : Composition of Canadian Army Pacific Force, 11 Jul 45. ll";j'1t • Appendix ~ . S~mary of C.A.P.F. Electors. Appendix "F" : "Comparison of Male Electors in ~'!ost Select Group vV'ith Requirenents of C. .A..r.F . • '. SECRET REP 0 R T NO',]6 HISTORICAL SECTION (G,S.) .4IDff HEAD1UARTERS 15 Jul 47 The Cenedian Army Pecific Force 1944-45 1. The object of this Report is to present a brief authentic outline of the history of the Canadian Army Pacific Force, 1944-45. Although this Force never took the field (the "'ar With Japan having- ter minated before its organization and training had been completed), the project for it is nevertheless a matter of considerable historical importance, inVOlv ing questions of national policy different from those raised by any aspect of Canadian participation in the war in Europe. It is particularly interesting in that the Canadian Army's contribution to the proposed cam paign against the Japanese home islands was to take the form of an expeditionary force organized On United States lines Bnd confolming to U.S. establish ments. J( THE CANADIAN D~CISION TO P~~TICIFATE (a) D.M.O. & P. Anpreciation 2. "It is desirable that Canada should partic- ipate in the ",Jar "lith Japan lJy sea, land and air.!l This basic statement appe8rs in an appreciation pre pared for it-Gen J.C. ~.!urchie, C.B., C.B.S., Chief of the General Staff, by the Director of Military Operations and Plans at Otta,", in J.nuary 1944 (H.Q,.S. 9131, vol 1: Aopreciation of.p~n?dian Participation in the Pacific Theatre of War, uprs ISl-T, by Col J.H. Jenkins, E.D., revised 1 Feb 44. The original draft was sent by D.M.O. ~ F. to C.G.S. on 25 Jan 44 but does not appear on this file, which contains 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th revisions). The document was for warded far comment to Haj-Gen :.LA. Fope, C.B., r~.c., Chairman, Canadian JOint Staff Mission, Washington, who had observed indications that "the question of Canadian collaboration With the U.S. forces in the Pacific theatre was beginning to be mooted II in the American capit:a1 ('l.D., Ganeral Pope, 25 and 27 Jan 44). His main ~ Cf 7he Canadian Pa~t;c_tpat~on__in the Kiske Operations, Histor~cal &ect~on lG.S.J. To provide the Canadian component in the Greenlight (Kiska) Force 13th Caned ian Infantry Brigade followed as closely as possible the organization of the corresponding United States :{egimentgl Group and Brigade Headquarters was reorganized on thF. U.S. staff system. Units of the brigade, however, re tained their Cana6ian establishments and, With certein exceptions, their Canadian weapons. , - 2 - criticism of the appreciation was that Tlthere seems to be a good deal of political flavour to the pudding", which he felt should be avoided in a purely military paper (Ibid, 9 Feb 44). In the light of his suggestions it was therefore redrafted (2 Mar 44) and in the summary of the revised version Dppeared for the first tiI!le these fundanental stat8!ilents: (a) The decision as to whether or not Canada should participate is polltical and moral rather than strate~ical. (b) In the event th9t it is decided to participate two main courses are open:- ti) To co-oper9te with the British attacking throueh Burma and/or Malaya, (ii) To co-operate with the United States in their att~ck across the Pacific Islands. (Ibid: Cprs l8l-T, ~ cit, 2 Mar 44) • (b) Consultation with the United Kingdom 3. The appreciation remained vnthin the Depart ment of National Defence until April 1944 (Ibid: C.G.S. to the Minister (Hon J.L. Ralston), 15 Apr 44T; when it was for~arded for the use of Mr. Mackenzie King at a conference of Prime Ministers in London whose agenda contained "questions arising from the conduct of the war against Japan, including the provision of forces from the oritish Commonwealth for that purpose II (Ibid: Heeney to Ralston, 14 Apr 44. Mr. A.D.P. Heeney held the dual position of Clerk of the Privy Council and Secretary to the War Coomlittee of the Cabinet). By then its argument had been expanded to become practically all-inclusive. The reasons for C3~9dian participation are based on ~~ilitary , political and moral, and commercial ~rounds. (Ibid: Oprs lBl-T, £2 cit, 25 Apr 44) Co-operation with British or U.S. attackin~ forces remained as alternatives, and proposals regarding the extent of the land forces to be employed were left in general terms. From the :l\..IJnY_O.v_e):~.eas A minimum of one division is sug3ested as a basis for discussioll as Canada's contribution to the Pacific war. From the Army in Cap.ad_? The Pacific war contribution might be considered as whatever number of Brigade groups that can be secured from the forces available. (Ibid) - 3 - 4. In London the matter was discussed by senior officers at "an off the record meeting" or the Canadian Joint Staff Mission K with the Britiah Chiefs of Staff on 19 May 44. when It was agreed that a cOQmunic9tion from Government to Government \-'as necessary in order to find out the views of the Cdn Govt in respect of the part it was to play ... (Ibid: Tel C.o.s. 93. Stuart to t:urchie. 19 rIey 411) With regard to the discussions at the Prime ~!inist<:;rs' meetings there, Mr. King late'/" recorded uno definite proposals were advanced as to possible roles for the various Comnonwealth forces in th~ final phases a~ainst Jepsnn (Ibid: Tel lOP. Prime l-Hnister to Frine ~iinister, 27 Jun 4~ On returning to c..tt?l\,'/s he ther~fore cabled Mr. Chu!"chill: .Thc @dIij Cabinet Har COl'lPIittee has reoently considered with our Chinfs of Staff th~ matter of Canadian particip1tion and feels that the attention of the Unj.ted Kingdom government should be dr8wn to certain special con siderations which apply. in this respect, to the position of CanadA ... , (Ibid) The telegram proceeded to indicate that Canada's place as a member of the Conmonwealth facing tho Pacific yet closely connected with the United States stress~d the desirability both from operational and logistic stand points of basinG her forces on Western Canada for close co-oper9tion with U.S. forces, ~specially as operations in the North Pacific would enh9n~e the i~port9nce of North-Vtestern Canada as a bas ..,. Those considerations were duly examined by the United Kingdom War Cabinet Joint Planning Staff, who drafteG a reply in the form of an aide ~emoire sug:;;esting.: From the strategic point of view, there would be little advantage in moving Canadian land forces direct from Europe to the South West Pacific or the Bay of Bengal. Having regard to move~ent, maintenance, and training con siderations, it wou::'d be desirable for Canadian land forces to be mOVed to Canada as early as practic~hlf;, where th-:y 1'1ill be available for operatio"~ in tho Far East, the area for their use to b3 d~cided as the situation develops. ~ Members were the three Canadian service' chiefs in London: Vice-Admiral P.W. Nelles. Air Iffirshal L.S. Breedner. D.S.C., Lt-Gan J:. Studrt. C.B .• D.S.O .• M.C; - 4 - Allowing for a measure of demobilization after the defeat of Germany, it is suggestl3d that three divisions would be a reasonable cantribution by Canada I of which two would be employ""d in the war ~ gainst Japan, and one in the occupation of Europe. (Ibid: ~~d~~wemoire On the Employ li1entof Can3dlan Forces after the Defeat'o~Germ~n~1 the War Cabinet Joint nanning Staff, 24 Jul 44) 5. On reviewing this aide m~moir~. the Canadian Chiefs of Staff recommended tn ,neir Ministers 6 Sr;p 44: .. ,we consider the: Ccnada's contribution should be based On Canadian c3paoilities and pro portionate to the continuine effort of the United Kingdom and th-..: United States. It is considered most :mportant that, should B major war effort be inauguratAo sgainst . "Japan by way of tt.c. IJo.tth Pacific, either through E3waii or t:-IO /Hcutians, Canada be rcpresentc;d in thfj fiiidl assault on the Japanes~ ho~cland. This·is ~ most iMportant consideration AS a meann of avenging Hong Kong, saving foco in the East, and restoring Canadian military prestige. The North Pacific are3 is ono of par~icl;19r importance to Canada both geograrhically and politic~lly. Insofar as the siz~ of th~ contribution to the war against Japan is concerned, there is no indication as yet of the total forcGs that will be required. It docs ap~c3r, however, that the Canadian con-;ribution will in any event be- only a 5::1311 proportion of the total forces engage.]. In these circt1.r:lstances it is consioered that the Canadian forces must operate as part of a larger force of either the U.K. or U.S. The North Pacific is an Amarican str~tegic 3rea and thus our forces would be under A~erican co~~and. In order to overcorne sUPJ::ly difficulti.es, our forces shoule:; be prov:'ded with AmericslU type equipment ... SUbject to the U.S. ma~~"g avail2ble the ~:::.¥.':"j,._ necesd':lI,y .• y •• _, i.,.IIC kii:i.Y contribution can be made ready for o)crations about eight months after the delcet o~ Germany, on the basis that personael t'·ill be brought back to Canada for r~-organiza~ion and re-equippin0 . It is recommended that the Canadian plans be bas~d u~on the pre~is0 that the Canadian Army operete in the Nort~ or Central Pacific area in order to tak~ part in th~ final assault against the J3panesc homeland ...~mploYin~ one division with ncc~sS9ry ancillary troops. (Ibid: Sub~ission by Chiefs of Steff C~~ittee to The Vinisters, 6 Sep 44) - 5 - (c) Cabinet D€cision 6. That same dato thG Can9di9o Cabin~t as a whol~ consider;d tho matt.. r thoroughly and raach~d an agrc0m~nt upon g~neral policy. The Prime Uinistcr r.J.:H~':;' r.:fcr0nce to thG. meeting to h: held in Quebec. in the i~~(diate future, between ~r. Churchill and Fr~sident Roosovelt, and the COMbin~d Chiefs of Staff ... No fin91 dacision could b~ tak~n until after the Q.ueb~c mGGting, when it W-1S oxp:-,ctcd th'3t an over-all Allied str-3tc,3Y ,",ould b·: detcmio:.d, but Canadian reprcs::.nt':ltivcs should b;: in a position to st~tc, at 1ueb~c, 30 3gre'd ~ovcrn rnsnt view upon the nJtur~ and ~xtent of the Canadi30 contribution. The Cabinet, after extp.~ded discussion, a~reed that, at th~ end of the "'ar in Europe, Canadian military forc~s should participate -in the war agsinst Japan in operational 'theatres of direct i~ter~st to Canads as a North American nstion, for example in the North or Central Pacific, rather than in ~ore remote areas such as Southeast Asia, th9t government policy with resp~ct to employnent of Canadian forces should bp, b8sed on this principle and tbat the for:t and €:xtent of participation by the tbree Services should be determined followinS the forthcoming meeting at ' Before presentation of the case there, the War Committee of the Cabinet neeting at Q.uebec on 13 Sep .14 concurred in the above cOIlclubions (Ibid: Ho"noy to L~ckie J 15 Sep 44. Air Marshal Robert Vickie "'GS Chairman of the Canadian Chiefs of Staff Comr.ittce). They thus prOVided the basis for Canadian policy at the international con ference of war lea6crs th?n in rro3~ess at th~ Ctateau Frontenac. ACCEFTANCE BY TE:~ U,.IT<.ll STAT2:S (8) Canadian Proposals 7. At the Queb:c ConfcT0nco the Chief of the General Staff first outlined th~ Can~dien proposals to the British Chiefs of St.ff on 14 Scp 44. Lieutcnant-Genoral ~:urchif- said th9t considerat ion was being given to tho provision of one Can3di9n division to pBrticipata in the Iacific war. Canada to/as most intoI': sted in op<;;rations in the Central racific or in its Northr,rn 'ling, if an attacY.. should br: :lOunted in that area. - 6 - This inter3st was b~sed On geographical con siderations and not because the Central area contained the main U.S. effort. It would, powever, be some tiMe before the Canadian division would be ready. since it would have to ~e reform~d from units withdrawn from Surope. (Ibid: Minutes of a nesting of the Canadian and British Chiefs of Staff, 14 Sep 44) . The same day, at a meeting of tho Canadian Cabinet War Committee with Mr. Churchill and the British Chiefs of Staff, lJ.r. King suggest"':d that t~.e C3nadi9n Chiefs of Staff might ccmfer with the American Chiefs of Staff regarding the role which Canadian forces might play in the Pacific (Ibid: Cory of memo bv General Pope, 16 Sep 44. GenerEilPope was at this time rr,ilitary Secret ary to the Canadian 1.'lar Cabinet Committee). The next day ?lIr. King held further conversations with t·lr. Churc hill and President Roosevelt. The C.~.S. thereafter was authorized by the Minister of National Defence (Hon J.L. Ralston), "'ith the ap;roval of the Prime rHnister J to meet with the U.S. Chief of S·~aff J General Harshall, "to indicate what the Canadian Army were doing for purposes of planning, without cOF._~itment, and to discuss nethods whereby mutual planning could be worked out to integrate Canadian ArMY cOmponentll (Ibi,d: Note for file, (sgd) J.L. Ralston, 16 Sep 44). General Harshall gave the C.~.S. and aeneral Pope, who accompanied him, a very cordial reception. "He s? 6. The way had thus been prepared, and the sam~.TA policy was continued when Onl~ Nov 411- General A.G.L. -Yo, ",~h;.N""1f" ...... ~,~ (a ) The Canadi9n Force to c oJ11.pri Sf! One division with ancillary troops o.s required, up to a total of 30,000. " ------_ .. _------_ .. _------K Previously, on 8 Sep 44, the Canadian Cabinet had authorized: ...as a basis for planninG, but without any com mitment, one division and ancillary troops (approx imately 25,OOO) as Army participation in the Pacific war, subject to s~tisfactory arrange~ents regardins the particular theatre of operations and the cO~~8nd with which the force would be associated. (Ibid: Ralston to Eeeney, 11 Sap 44) - 7 - (b) This force to operate in the Central Pacific Area under the higher command of United States Forc'?s and to be reorGanized and re-equipped in accordance with United States tables of organization. (Ibid: General Staff submission, Oprs 192-r··~, 20 Nov 44. See Appx "A" to this Report) Subsequently, Haj-Gen f..F.G. Letson, C.B.E., fiLe., E.D., who had succeeded :}eneral })ope 8fl Comnander, Canadian Army Staff, Washington, was authorized to put forVlard the outline of the CP.lnadian pronosals to I}eneral Harshall (Ibid, vol 2: Aide Memoire for ~eneral Letson, 27 Nov 44). ~he did by letter on 9 Dec 44 (Ibid: Letson to Harshall, 9 Dec 44), to which Admir'8lWilliam D. Leahy replied on behalf of the U.S.: .•.the Joint Chiefs of 3taff accept thA proposal that a Canadi9~ Army Force of one division with such ancillary troors as may .~e ~equired will participate in the war against ~Tapan under the higher command of the United States forces J 1"i th the understand ing that this force \"ill be available for use in any of the operations ~ount~d in the Pacific. The desirability o~: advancing planning measures for this project is recognized. How ever, present uncertainty as to the date the Canadian troops can be m8d~ reaay for operations preclUdes d~cision at this time as to their exact employnent. (Ibid: Leahy to Letson, 21 Dec 44) 9. During March 1945 a Joint Planning SUb- COmr1ittee of the Canadian Chif"fs of Staff reviewed the entire situation and reported in favour of the proposed co-operative effort. It is concluded ...that ~ithout a greatly in creased cOffir.li tment at all three Services and the creation of a separate Canadian logistic organization, participation on a self-con tained basis is impossible ... In the light of the above, it is recommended that the approved ccntrlbutions of the R.C.N. and the CanodieD Army should b0 eMployed '~ith the R.N. and the U.S. Army as planned. (Ibid: I~inutes of fl,~eeting of the Joint Planning Sub-Committee, 15 r·f,ar 1'~5) Acceptance of this report by the ",rar Committee of the Cabinet on 22 Mar 45 confinned trie proposals for Canadian Army participation, and at once the C.G.S. instructed the Commander, Canadian Army Staff, 1'JashinBton, to obtain certain further inforQation. - 8 - You will therefore initiate discussions with Unitec States 9uthorities with a view to clarifying for rlannin purposes (a ) Probable area in '''hiah Gdn division is to be employed. (b) Type of organization to be adopted. (c ) Type end method of its eauipment. (Ibid: Tel c.r:..s. 140, rurchie to L€1.SOn, 23 I,:ar 45) (b) Public Announcement 10. Meanwhile, it was deemed advisabllJ. that the public should be acquainte( l'1i th ,3;eneral plans for the Facific. This was cone in the course of a somev'hat lengthy statement bj' the Priflle r"inist,Jr in the House of Co~~ons on 4 Apr 45 durins cv~sider9tion of the War A.] )ru:)ti..ti:..L.'1. £i11. As rrg3rds the .\my. it is proposec to prOVide "8 force to operate ' No imr.1ediate parliamentar-r deb3t:- On the s'" points ensued other than a brief exchange \ntve n th~ Leader of the Opposition and the I'rimo:: ~:ini'5tGr :;!nphasizing the policy regarding volunteers. 1.11'. GiUYD(,N: ... I take it fro", the Prime Minister's language that th~ forc~s will not be raisec on a compulsl"Jry or "lidely d is tributed basis ~cross Canada I but will con sist of thoS03 Y-ho arl'o prepar12d to s&rve against Japan although th~y ~ay h:lve alrClady borne the heat and brunt of the battle overseas in Europe. Woulc~ the rriC1';; lanist~r ind icatp. the governmsnt's policy in that resp~ct? Mr. ~'~CJ\":I:ZIE KING: My han frienc. in his concluding words said that some would have to serve notwithstandi~3 their havinG borne the brunt.~ the battle ove=seas in Europe. There will be no conpulsio~ in conn3ction With the service against J3pan. - 9 - Mr. GRAYD0N: l~y pOint "'35 this. 80r.lebody has to bear tho brunt of the .:r8~ancs:; "'ar t and I wanted to pOint out to the fril'lc r,fi:listJr that under t.is pol~cy it me:{ b~ that those who hav'3 selrv"':!c1 in t:.·J h;at of battle oVer seas in Europe nay fine. t~lat in order that th0 nec~ssary forc:-s na~p b- ra::"s2o thc~r '''ill have to volunt~~r ~~C carry the battle 8s8inst Japan also. Mr. ~l.\Ci:S~fZIE FE!S.: Only thOSE who elect to serve will be includ,d in the forces us~d against Ja:-an. (Ibid) (ol Agreement in frinc1rle 11. \/hi1e nC'B;otiations '''ith 513nior U.S. officers were still in pro;ress, thn C.~.S. and the Adjutant General (f{aj-Gen A.E. {alford, C.3.t., t~'~~'J }~.D.) recommend.ed that the main component of the projecteCi. force should be armour. We are of the opinion thst there would be definite advantage if 8Jreement cI:uld be reached to employ en Armoured rather than an Infantry division ... By reducing the infantry requirement frOr:1. three to one brizade we li"11 t the ntlJ1bers needed from thl; arm fCJr wr.ict it can be expectcc th~r~ '''ill be the [~reate<;t difficulty in securing volunteers . .• . the eQploynent of an Arnvurec Division would sive a composition nore ne9rly represent ative of the arms and services presently employed in the Canadi 9n AlTJ" (,verseas from whom we must obtain the Major proportion of our trainer. and b'3ttle Hortl.:· personnel. (1!.1.S. 9131, vul 2: C.~.3. to the ~iaistcr, fAr ~5) Although the U.S. JOint Staff PlaIlner~ warr- in;t'iisral a.~reert1ent with Canadian rrop..,s.::lls (Ibid: Tel C.A.·;. 184, Letson to Gibson (V.C.t'}.S.), .4 r'':!" 4"5T:'" they took the opposite view on this ~a:ticular point. It is believed that thp torce should consist of an infantry division, possibly reinforced with armor, and includin; a proportion of service and supporting troops, rather than an emored division. It aprnars that General ~c_~thur would pref~r such a unit and that it would receive much ~Ore gainful employmnnt. It is a1sp prefer3ble fr~1 e standpoint of supply and !'1aintenance. (Ibid: U.S. JOint Chiefs of Staff to Chief of the Canadian JOint Staff ~:ission, 15 r;~ay 45, quoted in tel C.A ... r • 213, Letson to ')ibson, 15 /.'a)" 45} , I - 10 - Accordingly, this alone of the Canadian proposals was rajected when, closelv following the end of the war in Europe. the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff on 15 Eay 45 approved the following communication to General Letson: ...the Joint Chiefs of Staff suggest as a suitable basis for initiating planning that the Canad ian Army Force, 1.'lhose partiaip ation in the war against Japan was agreed to in their lett~r to you of 21 Dece~ber 19~4 mee para f abov~ should:- (a) Consist of an infantry division, possibly reinforced vlith arnor, with a proportion of service and supporting troops. (b) Be employed as a follOl"-up unit in the main operation. (0) Use United States army equip~ent and maintenance, ey.cept for uniforms . •(d) Be reorganized along United States Army lines (unless further exa~inaticn in dic9tes such action will delay ecploy me~t) . (e) Be trained in the United States under the over-al~ supervision of the United States Army Ground Forces. (f) Be supplied as a normal United Statos Division and be o8se6 in accordance with operational pl~ns. (.3) Be returned to North .\meriea after cessation of hostilities in a priority consistent with that applied to other forces enga,:;eC: in the Faci1'ic 'Nar. (Ibid) Satisfied With these conditions of employment, the Canadian Cabinet readily agreec to their acceptance. At meeting of rrivy Council held on 17 May 1945 these proposals were approved in principle by the Cabinet upon a report by A/~i~ister of the financial commitmel1ts involved. Specific arprov3l t"as recorded tn respect of the arMourec element. (Ibid: Military Secretary (Col H.L. Cameron, U.B.~.) to C.Q.S. and A.G., 18 M3Y 45) 12. This neant, in effect, authorization to proceed With plans to r~cruit, train and despatch a Canadian Arm~' racif'ic Force consisting of an infantry division and 8 tank battalion to:::;ether ",rith necessary ancillaries, the initial force to total approximately 30,000 troops. Gn this basis it '~3S estimated that up - 11 - to 31 Mar 46 the e.A.p.F. would require the following expenditures: Cost of despatch to the United States and of embarkation leave "": 4.,500,000 Cost of training in the Uni t,~d States (incl all Fay and Allowances) ~29,366,ooo Cost of initial equipnent ~23,763,OOO Cost of Despatch Overseas ~12,576.620 Total ~70,205,620 (Ibid: e.G.s. to the ~!inistf!rI 17 Msy 45) THE PLAN FOR TEE e ./\ .r.F. 13. With these principles adopted by both parties, the next step was to despatch to Washington 19 ~:ay 4.5 a Cana(!ian Plannin~ Team. !-\.t :its heBd was Col ~" ..\. Bean of A.G. Branch, who possess'~r.. outstanding qualific ations by both trainin~ and 0xp8rience: lie is a e;raduate of our o\'m 3tcff Course, Intemediat<> Winr;, R.l",C.; he was on attach ment to the Eighth Ar'l:' in Horth Africa; he took the U.S. Army and N9VY Staff Course at Washington end Orlando ... and for the past six months (prior to December 1944) h3S been on attacb~cnt ~ith the U.S. forces in the South-West Pacific and took part in the o.perations a,saiIlst faulu. (Ibid, vol 3 D.e.0.S.(B) to D.e.G.S.(e) 11 Dec 44. ef Report No. 95, Hist Offr, C.r:.E.q., which deals at length with Col Bean's experiences as senior officer of the first group of Canadians attached to First British Army in North Africar-- Other members were: Col A.J. Creighton, 2:.D., Director of Military Training, it-Col B.H. Darwin of the Directorate of Staff Duties, and Lt-Col C.E. "'rynn representing Q.M.G. and ~.G.O. (Ibid, vol 2: Extract from Minister's Morning Confe::'''€:lce ,'l9I';ay 4.5). Their instructions were: Gr~u ar~ to deterdine in collaboration with U.S. War Department Plannine Staff the organizat ional and administrativ3 implications involved in integrating a Cana6ian force within a U.S. force operating in the Pacific theatre and to recOm mend to N.D.H.~. ar~ropriate plans ~nd procedur~ ~hich will nC8t the joint U.S. - Cdn requirement s. - 12 - You will operate under the direct SUrervlslon of the Commander, Canadian Army Staff, We shi ng1:- on ... In general your planning will follo\,T the basis proposed by the U.S. Joint Cbiefs of Staff and now concurred in by War Committee of the Cabinet ... Provision from Ca~3dian sources of portions of American units should he avoided. The additional units selected should be those which will continue to \lork. in association with and in support of the Canadian In fantry division. The Canadian Goverru~pnt hJve agreed to the provision of one Tank battalion. (H.Q.S. 9131 - 4, vol 1: C.G.S. to Bean, etc, 19 ~ay 45) • 14. Working With U.S. planners in Washington, they produced an outline plan to Govern the C.A.P.F. in its initial sta~es of or~anization and training. This plan contained: Part One - The organization, training and maintenance of the force (including three months replacements) prior to departure from North lunerica. Part Three - The organization for training, accounting and despatch of replacements beyond those tu 8cco~pany the force. (fi.';<.S. 9131, vol 6: Cenadian P1an ins Tea~ Draft (utline Plan for Canadian AF.My_Pacific Force {As amended iT! vu1 45}. Copies are also on filp with the l:istiJrical Section (G.S.) at ArQY ncadnuarters. Ex tracts a:-e r;iven in Appendices ":9" and nCll of this rteport) The pUbli~hed draft did not deal with the nethod of organizing the force in Canada, J;lans for which \"'ere prepared by N.D.H.~., nor did it include: Part Two - The organization, o~eration and maintenance of the f~rce in the theatre. (Ibid) 15. During consideration of this outline plan a number of amendments to the cor-position of the force wera proposed (Ibid, vol 5: D.S.D. to D. Org, 13 Ju1 45. The troop list indicating the strengths to which units were allowed to mobilize is given in Appendix "Dn to this Report). Specific advice on a number of pOints in this regerd w s sou ht in June 1945 by the United - 13 - States Adjutant-General from General DouGlas A. MacArthur, Commander-in-Chief, Army Forces in the Pacific. It is desirable that you review the troop list and make definite proposals as to any adjustments required in the use of the balance of the personnel ceiling so as better to meet theatre requirements or balance the Canadian Force. (Ibij: Unsi~ned and undated enclosure v.lith copy of letter from C.-in-C. U.S. Army Forces, Pacific, to A.G'I 'Vasbinz;ton, 22 Jul 45) To this anc relat8d requests General MacArthur roplied 22 Jul 45: ...it is believed that thG foll~~in0 units §ihould be added to the Service Support elements . in the proposed Troop list of the Caned ian Facific Force: Unit Strength 1 r.red Clr Co 112 1 I·led Coll Co 101 lOrd T\:.M. Co 162 lOrd Am Co 179 lOrd Bomb Disp Sqrn 7 1 Q.M. Serv Co 212 1 ~.M. Truck Co (w/drivor aug) 134 1 ~.P. Co P.C. & S. 101 'l'otal 100f' " The following units appear to be excess and might be d~let~0: 1 Band 29 "" 2 Spec Serv TIetz 50 """ Total 79 :K These are U.8. Army abbr8"iations for: Medical Clearing Conpany l.'iedical Collectin3 Company Ordnance Medium I~aintenance Cor'tpany Ordnance ~~unition Company Ordnance Bomb Disposal S0uadron Quartermaster Service Company Qu£rtermaster Truck Comp9ny (with driver augmentation) Nilitary Police Companr Fersonnel Control and Security *~ A footnote to the Troop List in Section 3 of the Draft Outline Plan stat's ttat one of the two bands in the infantr? division and One of the two bands in thG rear 9r~a '.'rill b,-:- pipe '!-,ands. ¥.KK Special Service J'latoons !"l'0rform functions handled normally by CanaQian auxiliary services. - 14 - (b) An extra platoon is desired for the Cleari.ng Company in the Bediaal Battalion and should be an organic part thereof ... (g) A Canadian Section at Theatre Head quarters I,rimarily interested in admin istrative matters is desirable. (h) It is believer. that the installation of direct communication from the theatre to Ottawa should be discDurabec and that a~ 8 matter of policy, all co~~unications should be dispatched to Washington for re6ispatch to can~ea v~en necessary. If this is not aC0e?table, howev~r, no object ion will be offered to a direct line of casualty cOf.1I,lunication. (1) A Japanese 18n6ua~e team shovld be furnish~d~ .. 8 total of 5 officets and 14 enlisted Men. J j) A visit by the Can8dian Force com.r1anO.er and a snaIl st3ff will be desirablB when operational planning has been further developed. (Ibid: C.-in-C. U.S. Army Forces, Pacific, to ,:\.G., 1'lashington, 22 Jul 45) These proposals were prescntfc0, to N.D.H.1,. by a group of U.S. Army Ground Forces of~icers, whO visit~d Ottawa for that purpose. At the same tin~ they reco~mended certain changes of dates t::e effect of "'hich '-'Jould be to require mare m~n to be train~d in the earlier sta~es . .. . the novement of the C.A.F.I". to the United States will b~ as folJows: First Advance Farty (500 all ranks) 20-25 Aug Second Advoncc Forty (1000 all ranks) 3-8 Sep Main Body C.~.F.F. 17-22 Sep ...F.a.M. ~repa~ation for overseas movemen~ will commenCG 17 Dec ~.. e. about three tilonths in aCivence of prev) Que date ... (Ibid: Agf,J~d.'3 of meetinG at N.D.H.Q.., lb"3""C)hrs, 2 AW; d5) 16. C.G.S. recommendati,'ne ,,0 the ~~it1istt·r, which the latter approved 6 Aug 45, "'::rt~ to rloet the new target dates but not to d<::pa:,:t 1::'Om "the basic concept ion in the organization of C..Ll.F. that \'76 supply an infantry division plus a tank battalion, together ~ith those units required for particular Canadian needs ll (Ibid: C.G.S. to the Minist'r (sgd) R.B. Gibson, W-aj Gon, August 1945) (a) B·:cause it is 3se8ntial to conply with the operation31 r~~ui~en€nts of the U.S. Forces with wl:::O!"l '''"} are to co-operate, I consider ,we r.lUst a~ree with the datGs - 15 - now proposed, r~co3nizing that un toward steps may be necessary to ensure the adeouacy of tho replacemGnt pool, and , (b) I consider we should not accept the Theatre Comr.lander's suggestion to add the non-divisional units totallinG 100B nor his suggestion to delete the Band and two Special Service Platoons, but we should provide the additional medical platoon and the Japanese Lan guage Team. qbid.l lIParticular Canadian needs II were thus maintained as the basis for selection of C.A.f.F. units, and operational necessity dictated that the force should depart earlier than anticipated. Both these factors served to stress the urgency of providing adequate recruits, a problem which continued to present diffj ("11ties and disappoint • ments. RECRUITING FCR TI;:; C.A.I.F. (al Volunteer Basis 17. Regarding the method of raising the force, the C.G.S. in December 1944 initially informed C.F.!!.C,. by cable: Desirable that battle experienced troops should be used in participation with United States forces. Because of this and as sufficient trained personnel not available in Cansda, necessar~' that bulk of the force • be selected from those now serving overseas. Selection of nec~ssary personnel will be made before proceeding to C~nada for reorganization. Personnel should be fovnd: (i) from thos e who express preference to urnertake this duty and are prepared to forego their priority in demobilization and whose training and experience are accept3ble; (ii) by detailing, if necessary, those in the lower brackets of the priority scale of de mobilization; (iii) by completing where necessary With specialists even though in the higher priority brackets. (~.~.s. 9131, vol 1: '1'e1 a.s.a. 844, Murchie to Hont.ague, r Dec 44) 'Ii - 16 - This agreed with the recommendations reg~rding man power approved by the War Committee of the Cabinet 20 Nov 44 (See Appendix IfA It to this Report). Some what divergent views were expressed, however, by General Ii.D.G. Crerar, C.B., D.S.C. (G.O.C.-in-C., First Canadian Army). As "conscription for overseas II has noW' been adopted, within certain liMitations as regards numbers, by the Cdn Government, this policy should be continued in respect of Cdn Far East contincent to the extent necessary. Volunteer (sic) officers and Warrant Officers and N.C.Os., also other rank tracesmen (to the number required) apd private soldiers, frOM overseas formations, should have first priority. Any deficiencies should be made up by N.... R I, A'. non-va1un teers • . (Ibid, vol 7: Letter summarizing views of G.C.C.-in-C., First Cdn • Ar:ny, Montague to ~~urchi8, 13 Jan 4·5) 18. On 4 Apr 45 Lt-Gen Hon F.J. ~1ontague, C.B. C.M.G., D.S.O M.C., V.D. (Chief of Staff, C.I'.H.".\, informed the C.G.S. that recruiting difficulties were to b(';! expected. Crerar and I are convinced that we will be v::ry unlikely to obt8in suffici9nt volunteers overseas. (Ibid: Tel C.O.S. 306, t:ontague to ~~urchie, 4 Apr 45) That same day, hO\'!Cver, the frime ~~inist8r in his initial announcement to the rouse of Cornrions stated that only VOlunteers would 1:':." "rrtploy\3d (See para 10 above). Upon receiving this advic~, ~enf.ral Mop.tague cabled again to N.D.li.Q. Crerar states tllat his infm indicetes that only a sr.l.all proporti.on of tl1e quota from First Cdn Army will b~ vGluntecrs a~d that the remainder will r..:.q1Ji.r;; to be detailed from all frons and units of the Gon Army in accordance With a policy yet to be conlfllunicated b:r Defensor (r;r. D. H. '1) (Ibi~: Tel G.3. 886, MontaGue to ~"rurchie, 6 Anr 45) The Cabinet ';{ar COIiL":ittce, hO''1avcr, abidzd by the volunteer principle for t~ie Arny cO!ltin.;ent to fight Japan. Those who meet the r;:quiremcnts will be retained in the nUmbers needed, from those who elect to serve, priority being given to specially qualified personnel and to personnel who hav, not had an opportunity of serving overseas. - 17 - (Ibid: Extract from "Cabinet War Committee wemorand~~ on Armed Forces Reallocation ReD9trietion a"nd De mobilization after European ~.l9.rll quoted in tel Adgen 90, ,,-,raIford to ~ont.gue. 24 Apr 45) In replying to C.~.:.l-LQ. the C.G.S. r.Iade this point verjr clear. Cabinet decision that cuntin.;ent quote will be chosen from th03t.~ "r~10 clact to serve in the Pacific T~egtrc ur.quote. (Ioid: 'fel C.'::;'.3. 191, r:urchie to ~·:0!it8~ue, 25 \rr 45) (b) The Response 19. Recruitinz therefore proceeded along these lines. Ho..v/ever, prior to issuing a ,:;encral ca~l for volunteers for C.1\.r.F. as "'i'l11 8S for troops to occup~r Gennany after her surrender, it 'I.,'.:3S n'lc('lssary to acquaint them with the terms of service. To this e!1d C.P.E.'. drafted th€ p8aphlet After Victory in Europe, which stated: ------ The Canadian Far Esst }'orce 1Iill be chosen only from those who vvLUnT":;:-:;~ for stlrvice in the war against ,Tapan. Freference so far as possible will be gi~c~ to those whO are under 35 years of 3~e. Those "'ho volunteer 9:1d arr: acct:ptcd for service in the Facific will be g:ven the highest priority for rctuT.1 to Canada, where they will receive thirty clear d9yS' 138ve at homo before undertaking any further service. 0n the conclusion ~f their leave the~r \,·'ill be ordere6. to concentrste for organization as a Force. Soldiers VltIO volunteer and are accepteo for continued. active service wit}l the Far East Force will retain their acting or confirmed rank and/or trades pay and be posted to an establishment in which ttIcrf; i3 3 vacancy permitting of such rank and/or trad~s pay. If, however, person:1Jl are d';sirous of serving ond there is no VdC3nc" for them in their acting or confirmed ranks and/or trade grour-s, they may volunteer to serve in lrnuer ranks and/or trade ~roups in which thcr3 are vacancies \"itLin cstablish="IGnt. Details of terns of sorvice t'rill h: issued s~parat;~ly. (After Victory in Europe. !la:' 1945. pp 5 andbl- ~inisterial authority for its issue ~as p'iv~n at OnC9: tlContents entirely satisfactory and ,gp.nrov(;d for il'!1f'lediate release overseas an~ in Canado: l {~;.~.s. 9131, vol 7: - 18 - Reply of the Minister, 7 May ~5. quoted in M.S. to A.G., 8 May 45). Thereupon simultan~ous release was arranged for 11 May 4" using The Maple Leaf and Canadian Press News overseas for initial publication (Ibid: Tel C.O.S. 411, Montague to Walford, 10 May 451. 20. Immediately following t~e ~erman surrender questionnaires were rapidly circulated ar.lone all Canadian troops in order that tpcy ~ight indicate their preference for continuinG service or discharge. In compiling returns listinG electors for C.A.P.F., speciel attention was paid to those fallinG into the "riost Select Group". These \'lere volunteers with PUI1fr.""l.!S profile 1112221 born ;ctween the ~'e.rs 1912 and 1926 with single status in the CB3e of personnel overseas but married or single if in Canace .. Tho first report from C.f,,~.. P'.Q,. "based on a.T.',"rox 90 percent returns of questionnaires as of 27 Ma~r:l showed oversea3 totals of 2,540 officers and 21,764 oth0r rank volunteers for C.A.P.F. J of which 1,404 :md 14,"09 respectively \'lore in Nl·rth-W;1:st Europe. The Host Select t}roup, however, eo~prisad only 1,333 officers and 13,892 other ranks (Ibid, vol" 2: Tel C.O.S. 503, /lontague to Gibson and Walford, 30 May 45. These totals included Nursing Sisters end C.'7.A.C.). N.D.H.O. cOn:'.lented on this re port as follows: It is eVident from information contained in your te1egran that unl~ss ntl.'"lbers of volunteers particularly in inf and arty can be substanti ally increas~d it will ~e extremely difficult to meet specification for 8 trained experienced inf div upon which planrting with U.S. ''far Dept is based ...Continllins opportunity must be 3iven for additional personnel to elect to serve with Pacific Force. (Ibid: Tel C.G.S. 293, Gibson and ~Valford to r·-urer.ie and ~:ontague, 1 Jun "5) 21. The respon::;G fror ! bot.h sid~s of the Atlantic continued to be f~r from enc0ura:~in5 as indicated by the following report to the :Un:i.stcr sub!"1itt:d by the Adjutant-General (r.~aj-G(m A. ...:. '''alford): 1 Up to 9 Jun 45, a total of 46,260 elactions had been record~d 30,124 overseas and 16,136 in Canada lincl adjacent territories). These numbers :nclunp electors both male and female, of all 83cs, catc;ories and qualific ations many of ~hom \nll be of no use to the Force. 1 Analysis of ovorseas figures sh~~s ...the most select fro~ the point of view of age and ~hysical fitnoss 1027 offrs and 18,25" O.R. Il'ingle malc§. - 19 - There are 598 officers and 6.103 O.H. in the most select group in Canad3. The proportion of electors who are single is not known in the case of ~ersonnel from Canada nor is it available without a .great deal of v-ork at the Records office ... Requirements of the force are taken at 30,000 (incl continze~cy reserve of 1111) to move to ., U.S.A., and 33,600 to be placed in training to maintain the force until 30 Sep 46. The results to date indicate that early con sideration will have to be given to renuster ing...lt is ~y intp.ntion that personnel who have seen service in any arn or service 1:\1111 not be remustered to another arm and that in general remustering \/111 bo restricted to personnel who have not been in combat ... With the exception of the Arty and ths Inf. we have a good prospect of completing the eriginal force fro~ prCs9nt vclunteers. These 'two arms can only b(' cO"1pleted if furthr;:r volunteers offer in substantial numbers. -'Ie have, ho\·/evcr. to date, virtually no rcservp,s to meet replaccmenc requirements. (Ibid, vol 6: AJL to the r'inister, l3J'Un 45) This conclusion is confirmod by ,eports d~ted 17 Jul 45. which are the latest statistics at hand. With mobil ization of C.A.F.F. about to tako place. the total n~~ber of volunteers then stood at 9,943 officers and 68,2.56 other ranks. vf these, hO"Tl:ver, only 2,796 officers and 36, 3e6 'other rant:s l't "ire !'1eles in the most select .:;roup. The rt~quir':)nents of the force including reinforcements for t:~e ! irst I:isht lOnths I"erc sc:t at 3,l7f male officers and ;6,170 othvr ranks; ther~fore deficiencies totalled 3f2 officer~ and 19,7£4 other ranks. The artillery hed reach0d its quota of other ranks but still souZht 47 nor0 officers. Electors for the infantry, however, totalled barely half the l,~3l officers and 39,114 ~thor ranks demanded. This grave deficiency of P.35 officers and 20,775 othn rank infantry volunteers remained th outstandir.~ r:cruiting problem of C.A.l'.F. Ic) Special Campaign~ 22. In addition to 30 days? ci3cmborkation leave granted all personn'Jl r(;turn, 11~ tc Can3da, terms of service for C.A.r.F. included +~p ~rovision of additional ______00 _ 3( H.Q..S. 9131, vol 7, contains wer:kly sur'.maries of electors and conparisons of the lost select ~roup with the reauirensnts of the force. ~tracts from the latest of those 3r~ tabulatpd in A-pend ices "E" and "F" td this Report. - 20 - pay. Early in May 1945 Gt.nvral MQntasu~ had,--.,..1ttun from London: It will be 9ssumed by tps that pay C.F.E.F. will be same or better than present rates and I feel sure that detail such as nature of force or slightly higher pay will have no substantial influence on tps considering volunteerin~ for Far ~~9St service. (Ibid, vol 7: Tel C.O.S. 383 r.~ontaguEl to l'Jelford, 6 May 45} That same month, however, the Viilister approved the proposal for special campaign pay and ruled: The "theatre!: pay to bFcome effl5ctive on leaving Canada ~ither. (1) to carry out tr3ining out of Cds, or (ii) to enter the tteetre. • (Ibid, vol 2: Notes on Discussion Minister and A.G. at Indian Head, Sask, 10 liay 45) Thereupon increases in pay were authorized by the Cabinet on the following grounds: 1( a) The Governments of the United KingdoM -and the United States of America have provided addit~onal pay for service in the Fer Eastern Theatre of war. (b) It is now deemed exp~dient to provide additional pay for those memb~rs of the force who y/ill serve with the Canadian Facific Force in recognition of th~ extra haz3rds peculi3r to that tt.eatl"e of Jar and to place th~ general scale of C~n~dian pay for the Japanese Campaign on l} narc favour~ble ccmparative basis \"itl~ British and American scales of pay for personnel s~rving in the Pacific theatre of '·J3r. 2. The estin9ted cost of the fore:~oing proposal for seven months of 19·~5-d.6 a:10unts $2,207,lCP.OO of rp~urTin3 expenditure. (H.1.S. 9131-22: Copy of a Minute of a Meeting of the Frivy Council approved by hiG ~J:cellency the Governor-General on 17 May 45) Financial Regulations and InsLrllctions (Canada) were accordingly amended effe~tive 1 Jun 45 by addins a new Part XVI: - 21 - Pacific Theatre of Operations Article : 400 Japanese Campaign Pay (1) A me~ber of the Canadian Facific Force shall upon date of departure from Canada and while serving in the Pacific theatre of operations and elsewhere beyond the territorial boundaries of Canada be granted extra pay as follows: Daily Rate Other than C.~.A.C. C.'.A.C. Officers of the rank of Major and a1Jove ~1.00 .80 Captain .90 .70 Lieutenant and 2nd/lieut .75 .60 • Othe"r ranks - Warrant Officer, Class I .65 .50 Warrant Officer, Class II .55 .45 Squadron, Battery, Or Company Quarten18ster Sergeant .50 .40 3taff Sergeant .50 .40 Sergeant .45 ·35 Lance-Sergeant, Corporal and Lance-Corporal ·35 ·30 Private Sold ier .30 .25 (2) The above rates of extra pay shall be payable in addition to the reeimental or special rate of pay, tradesmen's rates or any other extra pay to which a member of the Force is entitled under these reGulations. (C.A.R.O. 5729 published 30 '~y 45: F. R. & I. (Cd.) Amendments (No 138)) 23. It should be noted that this Special Campaign Pay was restricted rigidly to actual members of C.A.P.F., namely those few who left the country to train in the United States, despite determined efforts to extend its benefits to other Canadians who had m~t the enemy_. Pacific observers, prisoners of par in Japanese hands, ships I dentists, etc. The question as to whether this extra pay l should bl; extendeo to members of ne , Force lliong Kongl and also to other personnel who although ~ot members of the Canadian Army Pacific Force served il1 varic· s Pacific Areas, was SUbmitted for consideration but not favourably rRceived. (H.~.S. 9131-22: Reply to Enquiry of the ~!inistry - ~:r. Black (Cumberland) 10 Hay lt6 prepared by "Sri.c.;acH;::::r F. J~211y, IaY1"18st':!r-Gcneral) \ - 22 - (d) Limitations to Recruiting 24. Despite these and other stds , recruiting remained probably the srestcst problem of C.A.P.F. As indicated above (paras 20 and 21) approximately half the electors failed to meet the aBe and medical standards required for the most select ,,!roup. Very ap!'Jsrently a great many volunteered in the full knowledge that they could not be accepted even for non-camb3ttant roles. In this regard N.D.H.'l. ruled b;, the "iddle of June 1945: It has now been decicec that all personnel with PUL'iEMS below 3333321 and/or "ho have attained the age or 45 years, cannot be accepted for service in the Canadien Aruy Pacific Force. (H.'). 5-0-53: Ore E15 dated 14 Jun 45) Hany volunteers v-Iere above the maximum aGe: others had not attained the roinimllil even to be despatched to the U.S.A. fot training. Resulations stated that personnel '. volunteering for C.A.T'.F. were not eligible to serve outside of Canado until the? had reached aJes as follo\'15: Officers 20th Birthday Other ranks 19th Birthday C.W.A.C. 21st' Birthday (C.A.F.F. - Policy, Wastage, Trg, etc: Org 793 dated 2 Jun 45. This file is held by Historical Section (G.S.)) ticdical instructions called for a vory thorough check of all applicants re~ardl~~s of previous service. Personnel from E. r.:Ss. will be exar>linE;d prior to witt,cra''1al fror:. their present Units. Personnel from overs~a5 will be cr-aminpd upon arrival at the concentration a~eas ... All rxa~inations must be completed at the earliest possible date anc in any case before Oespatch to U.S.A. (H.,:.S. 9131 - 4, vol 2: Org E34 dated 21 Jun 45) ... a complete physical ex~~ination will be made of all personnel for the C.A.P.F., in cluding x-ray eX9mination of the Chest, if such has not already been done during the previous six ~onths ...Fulhems rrofiles will be assignee, confirmco or changed. (Ibid: D.G.M.S. to Command, District, and Senior HeClical Officers, 27 Jun 45) - 23 - The Diroctor-General of t:edical Services, (Kajar-General C.P. Fenwick) acting upon reports received from the U.S. Forces in the South Pacific, warned his medical officers that peculiar care should be taken in the selection of personnel for service in a tropical theatre. Skin diseases, car~ful psychiatric screening, dyspepsias, emotional instabilit-', l1eczenas 11, signs of chronic ma19ri~ or d:tsenter~: \lero cited anon;; other examples (Ibid). 25. Restrictions other than age or medical included a unique departure from traditional Canadian ArMY policy. In order to conform to U.S. custc'l it was found necessary to impose a colour b9r a~ainst negroes. Previous eAperie~ce hes indicated that certain difficulties are experjenced in the despatch of coloured personnel with units or drafts proceeding throu~ and to certain States of the U.S.A. in view of the above, and in order not to . enbarrass the United States authorities and/or the soldiers concerned, you are requested to ensure that no colollrpd soldiers are included in units or drafts ]~j.""(,..:eeding to the U.S.A. for despatch to C.A.P.F., or for training or duty ~ithin the U.S.~. (P..Q. 5-0-53: Org 922 deted 30 Jul 45) Recruiting, therefore, involv~d !lany problems, which became most apparent at the time when concentration of the C.A.F.F. began. . ORGANF.ATI G~' (a) Selection of 6 Cdn Div 26. In organizing C.A.P.F. one of the most difficult problems was to decide upon the nomination of the division which was to forn its basic Dart. The C.~.S. strongly favoured use of th~ pre:--:ier Canadian division overseas. In regard to the Japan"'se v/ar, it is considered that the 1st Division is the formation better suited for this role for the follOl,o ring reasons: (a) All of the former Fernancnt Force units are in the divisinn ... (b) The division is the nost representative of all parts of Canada. (c) The division has had the longest periOd of battle experience ... - 24 - (d) It is the senior Canadian formation. (e) ...it may be nore quickly disengaged in preparation for its new role. (H.Q.S. 9131, vol 1: C.G.S. to the ~inister, 1 Sap 44) 1 Cdn Inf Div was then On active operations in Italy, however, and canpaiens there and in North-~lest Europe continued to enge e all five Canadian divisions over seas. Towards the end of 1944, therefore I the C.G.3. cabled C.M.H.t:),. 85 foU.o\·'s: Considered that after re!e3se from operational role the selection end reallocation of personnel to co~prise the force should take place ove~se9s, preferably in the theatre of operations, to the gre3test extent possible. SUbject to transportation arrangc~ents the force would then be concentraterl in the United KinGdom prior to departure for Canada. _~ter ,one month's leave in Canada the force will be reassembled in en eprropriate area in Canada . for reo!"ganization, refitting and training prior to departure ...Request that the for~~oing information be communicqted to the Army Commander so that he msy give consideration to selection of division which will ultimately co~prise the nucleus of the Canadian Force. (Ibid, vol 7: ffel G.S.O. -844, ~~urchie tQlqQntague, C DAc 44) General Crerar's views, crmmunictltt3d in SUIP1,:9ry form by letter from C.M.E .Q.., were defillitely opr-0sed to such organization being carried out Or the Continent or even in the United Kin;;dom. The organization of the C~narlan Far East contingent is 9 m~ttar which re~uires to be handled by li.D.H.Q,. and done in Canada. Re sponsibility of the Cdn A~y Ove~seas should be limitc>d to furnis: Lq \lbona fide" volunteers ... 1 Cdn Inf Div to be t:l(; selected basic formation. To be brouGht up to stroncth by volunteers from other Cdn fornatio~s overseas, and, if Government policy accepts, by H.R .!1.A. personnel in nother ranks II •••Apart from. other reasons, it has a sentim~ntal, if not ~oral, right to be the first for~ation to return to Canada. (Ibid: '''ontague to C.n.s., 13 Jan 45) A month prior to the GerI!l3n surrendEr. these views of General Crerar were a ain repartee with added emphasis by General Montague . ...mobilization Far East Force should be under taken in Canada snd rosponsibility of H.q. First Cdn Arm~l be li-'itcc. to COllection org and - - 25 - despatch to U.K. for first priority return to Canada of the Quota of personnel required from First Cdn Arcy for this force. This quota to be indicatEd by D~fGnsor. Crerar is quitG firm on this, pointing out that personnGl for thr: force will b·,:, drallln not only frem First Cdn rm~' but also from approvGd cat~gori~s now in U.~. and also in Canod, ... The point is that he fJcls very strongly that he cannot l'rclc3se tl the s(:lectcd fron ...if this expr.:ssion moans that tho fron 85 no", composed is to return on vory 1i.rst prioritr to Canada. ouch action would cut across the basic principles of reallocation of 'lJ.8ppowr.:r as WG understand those principlno. un the othGr h~nd ...he is strongly opposed to rcconstitutine; 1 Cdn Int Div overS_3S in accord30ce with these or any other princirlcs of roallocation. Such action would result in th~ ~~c;ssity of transferri~6 the grert bulk of tht D,:rsonnel now in 1 Cdn Inr Div to other fmns and units renaining longer in -the theatre. P.e is very definit~ in stating that any such proc·'dure would be strongly opposed by such pcrsonn01 and would cause bitter feeline and cuch trouble. (Ibid: Tel G.S. ee6, r:ontague to ~urchi3, 6 Apr 45) The views of the Ministi;r of Der3rtmcnt of National Defence, on the other hand, W3rc rzcordcd in notes made by the Ad jutant-G:;ner:31 follQ\'/ing a private discussion they held at Indian Head, S9skatchcW3n, i~~ediately after the collapse of G~rmsny. The ~!inister Gonsiders selection and "/itll dr9"al of a compl~tc D~v impractic91. The Force must be geosraphically re rcsontative of C9nada, sUbj:ct to which condition selection of Units should be left to tho Army Gomd. The Div is to b~ drsigcatod 6 Gdn Div and to have a forrn3ti~n patch (to be used b~· the Force as ::I wholu) I) h-,:mJon Clf suitable sizo comprising six equ11 segments, 000 of CJch of the Div colours, in clock'.!isc succession, and the sixth black to roprosant th6 indcp A~d Bdos ... (Ibid, vol 2: LG. to G.G.S., 11 t{,ay 45) Against t~is plsn GJneral Cr~rar stood firm in ~aintaining as before that he could not lIntil::T't<:tko selection of the units. . .. the r~sponsibility for the org of the Cdn Far East Force must be J D.N.D. r~sponsibility and cannot be undertaken OVOi'S09S in vic::"" of co~~itnents rcpat occur forc~ denob ~tc ... personnal cannot be roturn~d as units but only as dr3fts and in 9ccordanc~ with procccd ure and arran~emt:nts laid donn in pamphl~t - 26 - quote After Victory in Europe unquote ... (Ibid, vol 7: Tel C.O.S. 452, r~ont8gue to Murchie, 17 I'ay 45) To ensure full discussiO~ of the ffi9ttGr, the C.G.S. 9t the express t"'!ish of thG l\'~inist'.~r c:::·oss-:d the Atlantic to confer with the Amy COmn'.andcr ~lTId the Chi-.. f of StJff, C.~.H.Q., on this snd r01at~d mDttrrs. As 9 result he eventually endorsed their stind Dnd c":l.bl.:>d bgck to Ot taWfJ : Para 1. E3VG discuSS8d Gdr: F3r East Force with Crerar and om 3Jtisfi2d it i.s inpr3ctic:Jl for him to s:.::lc:ct \j :its b(.C3U~·J: (9) Elections to SGrVG arc slre-gdy with and cOMing in fro!"~ ell troops. (b) Time G16!!lent !;lrohibits physic81 formation of units hGrc . • , (c ) Drafts csn bo made up by districts with personnel Gonn9rk":.d for units and con centratio~ 3reas. Para 2. Am convinced no pr1ctic3l adv3nt~8e to be obtained from unit s~lDctions. There fore work is now commi:i1cing to prepare and despatch Can8da Drafts JS in l(c) ... Para 5. In outlin~ tho plBn for pGrsonnel is that 2 Ech select '~lectors' for C.F.:.F. according to r6Quircffi3nts post them to Canada Draft for home district Bod earmark them for specific unit and concentration are9 to which tho] rGport on 6xpiration of leave. This avoids return to depot. Par~ 6. In 3ddition to unit requirements will return GJrmarked for each unit rfts to extent volunteer3 8vJilable c~lcu18ted at 3 months U.S. rates for battle nnd non-battle combined. (Ibid, vol 2: Tel C.G.S. Dl, ~lurchie to Gibson, 22 Kay 45) Committed to the gdoption of this system of rep3trigtion, N.D.H.Q. in the end desired it to be 3pplied to 011 acceptable C.A.P.F. volunteers. Concur your pIon but you will underst8nd we expect to have returned all suit~ble personnel who elect even though in excess of unit estcblishments and their three months rft require~ roents in order provide for wastage and org balance of Force. (Ibid, vol 7: Tel C.G.S. 267, Gibson to l.!u~·c;de repe·3t Montague l 25 May 4.5) - 27 - (b) Naming the Force and Its Units 27. Decision of the Hinister to create a ne..... 6th C3nadian Division preceded 3~option of 8 sinsle name to indic::lte the entire C'Jn.'Jdian AnJ1Y Force to be employed against J9p~n. Hitherto a vJriety of desiGnqt ions had been e~ployed for th3t purpose. C.~1.li.Q.. are using the \'/ords "e.F.E.F." ond v3rious other titIes !'!re also beconing in COmmon use such 95 "C.,.\.P.F.ll, "C.P.F.il and lIPac Force!:. The flc.r. ;.7. rl ha.::odly seems appropri3te 95 the tte?tre is not in fact liThe F:ir ..;ast rl insof'lT ~s C:\fiada is concer!led. (li.Q.S. 9131, vol G: D.C.G.S.(A) (Brig3dier L.t~. Chesley) to C.G.S., 11 Jun 45) Necess~ry st~nd3rdiz9tion 'Ins :rin:Jll~' brcJught about by a meeting at N.D.H.~. which llhavinc in nind Cdn tlaval and Air FODce commitments in the P!'lcific Theatre acreed to recommend 'Cgnadi~n Army Pacific Force' (abbreviated C.A.F.F.) as the official designJtion for the Army component II (Ibid: Minut~s of ti Co-ordin~tinG M0eting 11 Jun 45). ., .." . .': C" 2P. There were many chJnees, howev~r, b~fore satisf~ctory titles were fin311r authorized for the princip9l units within 6 Gdn Div. C~plicetions arose over a fundamental difference between U.S. and British Army custom, Canada having hitherto tollowed the latter very closely. It is difficult to reconcile completely the American pr3ctic~ which cor.siders the regt 95 the parent unit as 3gainst the emphasis which is given to the bn ~s the [,13in unit under Cdn practice. A complct~ ~doption of the American practice of nwnberinG bns has become 31most impossible if \Ie are tc continue to emphasize the bn as the main unit and to stress its special territorial affi1i3tions. (Ibid, vol 2: D.C.G.S.(A) to C.G.S., 30tlav 45) A press release of 11 Jun 45 3nn:unccd thDt the ~ern flBrig9de ll would be dropped in f~vour of its Americ3n equivalent, "regimentII. into ":hj c-h inf:mtry battaliOns would be grouped. Artiller-' b3t·~ eries would be grouped into field artillery battalions, not regiments, The announcem~nt continued: Infantry b9tt~lions in the Force will be org3nized on 0 territorial b~sis, With e3ch unit representative of ~ 'ilitary District and the ap~ropri~te nunerical designation - 2a - will be allotted to each. Each battalion will carry its geogr3phical identification in its title. For instance, one battalion will be the First Canadian Infantry Battalion (Vlestern Ontario). Other units will be sim ilarly representativ~ of tllr various Military Districts and TrovincGs. As faT es possible personnel will be !]ostod to units representing their particular t·3rrltori.:'l1 affiliation. (H.Q. 1-0-9: Press releJse, P.N. 463-45, issued 11 Jun 45) Although there '''lere to be only r..ine infantry battalions, this system resulted in titles such as lr13th Canadian Infantry Battalion (Alberta) Ii. Doubts wera T'Ji$ec J h01} l ever ,over the likelihood of CO:1fusion arising from this deviation from :\-r:1(>rican sta:'f prcceedure, which numbered regiments aod battalions consf.cutivel:t. Re conciliation of the two syst~ms "ras fin311y achieved by Maj-Gen B.M. Eoffmeister, C.B.E., D.S.G., ::::.D., on his arriv~1 in Canada to comM~nd C.A.f.F. Eis recom mendations were: ... that we should aCopt numerical designations for the Battalions and RCGiments conprisios the 6th Division·so as to conform exactly to American practice, but th~t each Infantry Battalion should be 8i yen :) rcgi.mental affiliation, after its name, conforming to the titles of the ffi3jor units cOMprising the 1st Division. The 1st Infantry Re~imE'nt "Till reflect the co~position of the 1st Infantry Bri~ade (Central Canada), The units of tho 2nd Infantry Brigade will be perpetuated in the 2nd Infantry Regiment ,~ovt":!ring :'lestern Canada, and the 3rd Infantry Brissde will be perpet uated in the 3rd Infantr~' Regir.lent covering Eastern Canada. (H .Q..3. 9131, vol 4: Hemo stating proposals of M~ j-Gen P.offmcist.:~r, C.G.S. to trJC ~,:inister, 16 Jun 45) With adoption of this solution, the titles finally selected for the principal fig;.1tjng units of C.;:1..7.F. were: 1st Canadian Infantyy Regiment 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion (Th~ Roya+ Canadian Regiment? 2nd Cansdian Infantry Battalion (The E9stings and Prince Ed'lN'Jrd Rec;ir:12nt) 3rd Canadian Infantry B3tt.'3lion (t~2th Highlanders of Canada) - 29 - 2nd Canadian Infantry Regimant 1st Canadian Infantry Batt91ion (Princess Patricia's Can3d i.:m Licht Infantry) 2nd Canadian Infantry B3tt~lion (The Seaforth lIiSh landers of Canada) 3rd Canadian Infantry B~ttolion (The Loyal Edmonton Regiment) 3rd Canadian Infantry ReZi~ent 1st Canadisn Infantry Battalion (Royal 22e Regiment) 2nd Canadian Infantry 3~tt31ion (The C.rleton and York Regimc,nt) 3rd Canadian Infantry B,ttalion (The \'!est NOV9 Scotia RegiMent) Cannon Co~pany, 1st C9nadian Infantry Regi~ent (The Seskatoon Light Infantry O:.G.) " 22nd Canadi9n T~nk Battalion (Th~ Canadian Grenadier Guards) C'o\.C. 6th Canadian Infantry Divi~io~ Reconnaissance Troop , ('rhe Royal !.!ontreel Regiment) (See Appx ''D'' to ~his Report) The advantages of this arrl.;1";6•• v.1~ Vl2riJ set forth in the press release announcing the units designated as Canada's representatives. The decision to adopt the titles of regiments with lon~ records of service in the European theatre will enable the Division to wear dis tinctive regimental badbes Bnd flashes which have been reco0nized by Canadian fighting men throughout the war. '!he selection provides for a Canada \"'id8 reprnsei1tatiori , each t;ilitary District being rerresented. It is also possible to make provision for t\"0 Scot+.ish units in keeping With estahlished Canadian Army custom. }{ Cannon Companies of the 2nd End 3rd Canadian In fantry Regiments sii.!ilarl y W(lre d~signated "The Saskatoon Light Infantry (·-.G. )". At an A.G.'s con ference on P Aug 45, ho",ev",:r, it Wl3S r"cotnrrlended: "that Cannon Cays b~ dpsic:!:at~d as follows: 'Cannon CO!i1pany, R.C.A.-Canadian J:1.fflltry Regiment (The Saskatoon Light Infantry)'., .It was further decided that personnel in these cays should wear Sask L.I. cap badges and shoulder flashes v'ith, in addition, the R.C.A. flash on the shoulder strap, it being confirmed that tilis personnel must continue to be R.C.A." (H.Q.S. 9131-4, vol 2: 0.5.00 (Col 2.G. Fullen) to D.C.GoS.(A), 10 Aug 45). , ""~' -...... , . - 30 - AS previously announced the American system of numerical designation will also be used to avoid confusion in operational orders and planning. (H.Q. 1-0-9: rress release, P.N. 482-45, iSSUed 20 Jun 45) (c) Senior Appointments 29. In cor.parison with the selection of units and their titIes, the problem of appotntr.lcnts to cQ[!l!1snd and staff appears to have been much le~s difficult. The general policy cornmunicat,d by J·i.D.H.Q. to C.!,~.H.Q,. in M3Y 1945 was as follows: Minister has instruct':} that he wishGS personally to dGcid0 on the Fo~ce Comd from among three nominations 1'/i th supporting reasons by Army Comd, Bdo Conds end staff offrs to be selected by Force Comd. Unit O.Gs. to be appointed 0y Army Comd. This -action in first priority. .. • 5 ( r••.~. • 9131, vol 7: Tel c.o•. s. 240, t:urchie to t·ol.LaguE, 15 liay 45) N.D.H.Q. amphasized this later by stating: "Confirm we do NuT rereat NOT reserve any ap]ointmonts in Div and Tank Bn ll Ibid: Tel C.G.S. 267, Gibson to Ilurchie repeat Montague, 25 Uay 45) 30. Command of C.A.P.F. wss bC!sto"!ed upon ~aj-Gen D.H. Hoffmeister, C.B.·~., J.5.0., S.D., a former N.P.A.l~. officer who had de~onstr8ted decided ability in active operations in Italy and North-r.rc3t Europe. Appointed O.C. The Seaforth Highlanders of Cansda 11 Oct 42, Commander 2 Cdn Inf Bds 1 Nov 43, and G.O.C. 5 Cdn Armd Div 20 Mar 44, he assui-Ied tis nO',<1 command at the age of thirty-eight. Brig li.A. SparlinJ, D.S.D., was chosen to comnand the Divisional *'\.rtillary, and the follovling were appOinted Infontr:r Rcgirlcn',al Coru:landcrs: Brig J.D.B. Smith, C.B.~~., D.S.C.j Blig J.P.I:. Bcrnatchsz, D.S.O.; and Brig J.ll. Hockin,;har, D.S.O. (LQ..S. 9131-5-1-2: Appx "A" to letter hoffnGistcr t~, JLG., 15 Jun 115). In keeping with Canadian Arny rr3ctiJc, th~se last rGtainQd thoir rank although the Am':ri\~J:1 C'ountcrpart would be colonel. Other senior 3ppoir.~m.. i1t s included: Bri~ ~i.P. Gilbride, D.S.O., 0.0.3., to ~c De~uty Corn1andcrj Col W.A. Bean, E.n., .to be l.I.C. 1st ~ch::-loTi. with the actinG rank of brigadierj and Col A.J. Cr~i~hton~E.n., to be Co~~ander, Replacement Group, w~th the acting rank of brigadier IH.Q..S. 9131, vol G: Record of Conference held 16 Jun 45). 31. Difficulties natur~lly arose over differences betv/€en Cdn and U.S. ranks for eqUivalent posts, but by May 1945 a satisf9ctory formula had been found . .. . it was agrGso th1t the gcn~ral principle should be that a p~nadi3n solai0r should not be , - - 31 - asked to serve at a lo~er rank than the American soldier performing similar duties. In effect, it would appear that this principle would call for a gr~~u31 scaling up in N.e.C. and Warraqt ranks and a gradual down-grading in Officer ranks. (H.1.8. 9131-4 -1: Extr3ct froM ~inisterJs ~!or~ing Conference, 15 I:a-- 45) In some instances it YJas found necessary to allow alternative ranks as a tempor9ry exp~dient. In setting up Tables of Creanization and Equipment for the C,neciJn ArMY racific Force, it has oep-n cOisicel'c>d desirab.l.... tc. make provision for sQuadron, battery a~d compony com...nanders as ftHajors ,)r CRptains ll and ex ecutive officers as 'ICapta ins or lieuts:l... it being the intention that the alternative senior rank of MBjO~ in the CBse of Co~pany 'Commander and Cantein in the case of Executive Officer is provided to permit of the employ~ent of trained and qualifintj t~ajor::.:; and Captains initially in the setting up of this Force, but that in SUbsequent appointments of officers to fill these a,poirltmcnts the alternative senior rank will not 10 construed as an avenue of promotion. In other words Captains will be 3ppointE'd to CO!'!'.l-land companies and Lieuts as Executive Gfl'icers, and will be requirpd to remain in such ranks i"hen filling these appointments. (IbiG: Director of rersonsl Services (Col H.S. Care:·) to O.I.C. 2nd Echelon Pacifi Force, 22 Jun 45) (d) 2nd Echelon and Base H.Q. ,32. The system for the rctllrn to Canad9 of volunteers from overseas, whic~l had taken so long to decide upon (see para 26 above), eventually ?rcc~edcc along the following lines bzginnin~ in Jun~ 1945: C.A.P.F. personnel SIe being sJlected in N.4.~. by Cdn 2 O:;;ch 21 Amv Crroup. S:;loction is being made down to individual appointments On liar Establishments ... Personnel will be form:d in drafts by Districts described as C.D. S~ri~ls Drafts will be up to 260 all ronks anClwill contain draft admin staff consisting of C. O. J Ad jt J Q..~:., etc. (H.Q.S. 9131-4, vol 2: ~e~o No 1, Cdn 2nd Echelon, P,cific Force, 19 Jun 45) - 32 - At the expiration of their 30 dcyst leave, they were to report to designated concE:1tT'Jtion areas I where the actual formation of units was to t9kc place. These locations were: Debart, N.S.; S'ssex, N.B.; Brandon, Man; and Brookville, BDrr~cficldJ C9~P Borden, and Petav'8V!8, Lnt (~~.Q.. S. 9131, vol 3: S.D. 1 Chart 708 dated 19 Jun 45). The p:..'inciple is tr.~t !:.D.H.~. ~nd the District organization in C3~3da is ~csponsiblG for supplyin£ ::md dcli7c:-i.. tG p:,;i"sonncl -::0 the new units and it tb~-l! :. ;;c;:;}!') r..h:.:; Tus:,onsihi:"ity of unit t:0711lV·.::d~~s "(.0 'JTOCC<;G \"1 th +'he or GaniEl:::tio:l of the-ir '..:.r. ts. (;I;bicL vol 3: ;lin'lte (S3d: R.B. Giascn, Liaj-,":'c '. to !LH?lT110 D.C.G.S.{A) to c.a.s., H' "-'.m :'·5) 33. Contro~ 0:: pCrSf'·lr.~~ V":.:; 3:;.::crcis:d b:r CamH:1ian 2nd :Schelon P The usc of pt~!lCl: C-:l1· '~8~"J\IJ.atinG machines in the field had '')(.(;r, (l~V":,O!"Q ~-.v th·~ U.S, .\rm.:l Dr1 had baun prow:n ov"r 9 period of yl.ars, under olJttl'':: cOlldit.;..:>n:, 'J~, r.f1.c ::lOst '.:ffici6nt means of procurin.r; ::; ..... 1 .1Gths und st'3.tizt~os, etc, for use by ~cfr""'lc;:J er~d H.~s. Stt:.dyof U.S. A....·my ne hfJi·S ':J:' C"':',l Army Oifrs Ind to the adoption ~( a BObiJ.c \l~t~ of these nachines for l.:.SC V:\ 'th t~c Y13ci :'~ ~ For~c. Ano"'her factor favouring this dcci..1; or w;':!s th: :lccd for adoption of r'DC ii'ir:: U ~, "":1.ot~lods s.::> that conoin~a stren~ths ~~d st~tistics ~i3ht b~ f3cilitatec... U.S. -:-ar:·3 and :'Drns ·...'ore also Fldsj.... tlJd for usc witl. CrJl'l Army data. ('·'.D., 1. Ctl.., ~." "'Ii~"e R~!cords Unit, }1 J"n 45) 34. At the end of July 194'>, 2r.d Echelon C.A.P.F. was converted and rCGesignatc~, f~~ctiv~ 1 lun 45, to become Canadian .l\rr.1y Pacific ~'or, c Base Headqua:rters, - 33 - abbreviated "C.A.P.F. Base H.Q." (H.Q.S. 9131 vol 5: C.C.S. to A~C., Q.M.C., and M.C.O., 31 Jul 451. Despite an increase in authorized personnel to 120 officers and 46.5 other ra¢1<.s. it iIl1r:1.::.diotcly found its:~lf ov':?r taxed with a fliod of work ~ri5ing fron abrupt Ch3n~GS in the Jap3nes~ war picturv in Au,ust 1945. ATTACIDZNTS IN Ti:E PACIFIC TE::ATRE 35. Because Pacific warfare conditions diff~r 30 widely fr~ European battlcfielrls, which havG hithfrto been the main sohool of Canadi9n fiBhtin-3 expcri':n(::) abroad, it was rGcogniz~d at an Gerly sta~e that sp~ci~l study in that area would be invaluable. General rop~, when Commander, Canadian Arn~" Stoff, \!/:)shin;ton, took B leading part in urging action in this regard. ~e records in February 1944: Letter from Gibson to the effect th3t N.0.E.0. was now d~sirous of ~rocecding with t~e . proposal to send obs'~rvC'rs into tr,o South and Southwest Pacific. I was glad to s.:-e this for I had made this proposal tJ Stuart as lone 3~O as last May. (W.O. I Gtnoral Pope I 9 Feb 44. Hg j-Gen R.B. Cibson VIas t:.en D.C.C.3.(A) Lt Cen K. Stuart hold the appointment of C.G.S. in May 194') General Pope now proceedGd to nl~ce the ~att~r before the Australian and N\?w Zealand missions in Washington ~:1d also before thE U.S. TIer Dep8rtm~n; throu~h Genera~ Marshall, whose co-operation \~S iMiediately assur-6 and whose suggestions were most helpful. General W.arshall said ho saw no reason wry our request could not be m,'::t. He added, hOPd'/or, that he thought we shOl.:ld d~rive c;reater v!Jlue from officer::: or th..: r'=.n.lc of Captai:l and ~!ajor than fro~ those of ~or, senior rank as pl~c~s could e.esily be found for the fonner witr.i.n th~ establistL~ents of uni~s. Lieut-Cols would be; hard:)r to rlo.ce. ne seid that the ";)est 3rnmg(~m"'nt would b~ to d';5patd ths -r..... ur of officers to Eonolulu whare the U.S. Army have a big school of junsle fi~ting and the U.S. Navy a school of ar!l.~hibious wa:rf'1re. (Ibid, 10 Fob 44: Tel C.A:'.'. ?3, Pope to C.C.S., 10 Feb 4l) Negotiations resulted in Australia agreeing to accept eight and tho U.S. Army in the Facific ten Canadian officers early in 1944 (Ibid, 16 Feb 4L). Tlvo Canadian officers "Tere also attaCh.7.d to the Now Zealand Expedition ary Force in the Facific, latGr jOining the main party with the Australian f\tilitBry Forc:s. fibre over , Lt-Col W.A. Scen was attachod for six months to H~3dquarters (C.-in-C.) Pacific Arc. and ~t-Col R.F. Routh for three months to LJ.c3dquarters Alliod Comr.1anCl Scuth Facific Area • - 36 - G-l Function in the U.S. Arnyll \ by Capt Willard Z. Estey, Bask L.r. (P.G.), May-AuG 1945. Another deals very thoroughly wi th 3rtiller~r methods e~llployed in jungle '113r fare and similarly indicates different principles requir ing emphasis in traintn:~ (Report of Artillery Gbse!'ver Okina1'lc, H9jor S. Kence, R.C.A.. Co:,ie5 of both thesE' Reports arn in possession of Iiistorical Section (~.S. )1. (b) Attach.'Tlsnts to Australian l'orces 39. In the same manner I usr:ful Gxpericrlcr- I'!:':'S gained by Can3dian Arf'IY personnel attached to Australian i·i.ilitary Forcrs. Lcd b~r It-Col };. r:. Cotton, Winnipeg Light Infantry, a ~roup of ei~ht officers arriv€d in ~·:elbourne 0'1 2b Arr 44 and were attached to a noteo brigade of the 6th Australian Division, then training in expectation of an early return to ~ction. Their report stated: liThe 17 Aust Inf Bde :Ias probably seen more action than any other Bde in A.I.F. both in KiddIe 33st and New Guinea, and is considered one of the b~3t train(=!o n. (F.C.S. 509.-"1-10-9, vOl 1: !1Interim Report No.1, Canadian Officers Australian At tachmpnt 11, ~1ay 44, by Lt-Col H.F. Cotton). Remaining on exercis~s in I~ortl::. Queensland until the end of May 1944, the ::,roup then attended 8 G.H.Q.. Tactical School followed by a Jungle V,'arfar~ School (Ibid: "Interim Report ilo. 2, 26 ttay-30 Jun 44). While in Australia they wera joinAd by ~!ajor .I.Fl. Boulanger, Fusiliers du St Laurent, and Capt R. r.".urdock, 11 District Depot, both of t,'rhor". had been attacll£'d to Eeaoauartcrs 3rd Net." Zealand Division at rhSs3n (I}reen) Isiand since 9 Apr 44 (F.C.S. 509-1-10-10: ItReport on Observations of New Zealand ~~;:pGdi.tion3ry Force in the !Jacific:t b~r Major J.R. BOUlanger 3!1d Capt R. :'1-urdock j • The party next proceeded by air to New GUines, where the)' were attached to 5trt Australi9n Division in t!".:G forward arel3 and ht:1d ample opportunity to study Japanese ~ortific3tions and defences (F.C.S. 50?-1-lO-9, vol 1: llInterin Report No. 2!', £E cit). In July the 3ro~p returned to Australia to be attached again to 6th Australian Division for training and then to 9th Australian Division for anphibious exercises 11 (llli.: "Interiill Report Nu. 3 , Septc'1lber 1944). Fina 11y, to Bain battle experience the party proceed~6 via New Guinea to Headquarters Tr3(~f'winc1 '.:','lsk FOt'ce at Aitape, Now Guinea, snd were 3ssiC;nec": Op!;;rAt] on~l duties with 3Js:. U.lited States Infanir;,' Division ill the capture of ,Morotai, East Indies, S~pte~b~r 1944 (Ibid: Report on t,10rotai Operation; Can3dian and Australian observ·:;~:s). 40. During 1944 also Canada sent to Australia a detachment of highly skillf'd rad3r personnel to aid in maintaining certain raear equir,"1ents uS8d With anti aircraft defence in Northern Australia, New Guin88, and the South PaCific Islands. These equipments w'~e of Canadian manufacture and dssign, and a request VIas made by Australian authorities for suf~icient Radar tEchnical personnel to maintain these equipr:1i~nts, and also a small cadr~ for instructional duties at t.he Radar Vlin.::; of the Australian School of '- - 37 - Electrical and Mechanicsl Engineering, N.S.W. This request ror technical assistance was ~r8nted by the Minister of National Defence, Han J.L. Ralston...Authority vIas given b:' the Adjutant-Generol in 0 Disposal Order issued 23 May 1944 ... The Can~dien Radar Detachment on Loan to Australian t.iilit'3ry Forces was assembled at Lansd OY'ne P8rk: 3arr3cKs J 17 June 1944. being fomed from Radgr tecilnicel personnel from ell parts of Can3d~ and Newfoundland in order that the uithdr3wal of this considerable number of technicians would not C9use a shortage of trained personnel in any particular location. Renlacements Warp. !"!1!3de in the main from the Radar Trainin~ Centr8 A-36 at BarTiefield, Onto The draft consistef of tecr.nical personnel of Qoth R.C.A. and rl.C.':.lLE., ith one ~S.C.O. ·from R.C.A.r .C. for P9Y and administr3tion purposes as follo~s: R.C.A. 5 officers 35 li.C.Cs. 40 R.C.E.M.E. 4 officers 28 N.C.Os. 32 R.C.A.F.C. 1 Ii.C.O. 1 Total all ranks 73 (Master File, Canadian Radar Detachment on Loan to Australian Military Forces, July 1944 to 1946. This document is With r.istoricgl Section (~.S.)) The party arrived in Australi~ in September 1944 and a number VTere posted to P Austr91i311 Adv3ncec1 \/orkshops at Moorebsnk, N.S : ..1., to ".ork On mop,ific9tions and tropic alization (Ibid, 20 Sep 44). Others were posted to L.1i.Q.. at Melbourne (Ibid 6 Get 44) and some were loaned to the Allied Intel1i,scnce BurefJu at Brisbsne (Ibid j 16 Jan 45). These r9c9r r.:xperts later "'ere ~ranted permission to remain to \'.'Or!-: O!1 najor modifications and in operational workshops aW:Jy from the I!l'Jinland ('-1.0., Il General Letson, May 1945, Appendices "A" and !tG ) and the following postings v/ere Dade in June 1945: 2/1 Aus t A.A. Regt (Comp) '''. /S. , Borneo 6 2/2 .. r:orotai 6 2/3 .. Ca boolture, ~ld 6 2/13 .. Borneo 6 Allied Int Bureau 15 Gerv Reece Dept 7 Total 46 (Master File, ~ cit, 21 Jun 45) - 38 - 41. The largest p9rty of Canadians loaned to Australian Military Forces '-"8S No 1 Special Wireless Group, R.C. Si~s. with a War Zstablist~ent of 12 officers and 277 other ranks * and an attached Intelligence Section of 6 officers and 39 other rantsIe. lnt C. (I:.Q.S. 8932, vol 3). Under com',a!1d of it-Col R.D."I. Wethey, the unit was formed in July 1944 for special employment in Austr31ia and trained on Vancouver Island prior to departure via San Fr3:1cisco. The Special "/ireless C'~roup and its att9C'!l ed Intelligence Section consist almost wholly of specialists ...This u~it is a free gift on loan to the country in which it vlill operate. It is to arrive conplete '3S to e':lUip'1<,>nt, !'ay Service and Dental Service. {H.D., ~{o 1 C3nadi::ln Special 'fireless Group, R.C. Sies, October 1944, Appx "C": Wethey t,) Headquarters, racific Conmand, 13 vct 44. Major F.R. Rowland, • R.C.A.P.C., accoupanicd the unit, but the Australian nilital'y Forces furnished medical, dental, and chaplein services) Arriving at Brisbane 16 Fe:' 45, the ::.;roup proceedp.d to an isolated area near Qarwin, North Australia, where in May 1945 it took over work forrlerly carried out by 51 Australian Snecial Wireless Section and a detachment of the U.S. SiB~al Corps (Ibid, 3, 7, & 23 Kay ~5). On 21 J"un 45 "the Cdn Intell igence Section assuned cO:-l.plete responsibility for the 111 11 '!Iork connp.cted I'lit!". 1 Cdn Special ',/ireless Group" and there<3fter signalled Q. dail)r Intelligence sumrn.ar:- alon~ '\:.'i th v3rious other reports (Ibid, 21 Jun 45). Ten members of this saction were later attached to Central Bure3u, Luzon, Philippine Islands, for duties there (Ibid, 1 Aug 45). The principal function of the unit was to intercept Japanese wirelc3s ness3~es frot:l ship to ship or shore installntions v'ithin reach. In addition, its IntercOiil:l.unication S~ction operate" a duplex ~r9dio teletype circuit to G.H.~., ~~anila, 3 number of Sigcum liB II cipher n:8r.hin~s, thr"'l€: line circuits to ·~isbane and a wireless li~k also to 3~isbane (Ibid, 4 Jul 45). The total ener.Iy rlesS3ees intcrr.epted by the station near Darwin durin~ the nonth of July 1945 W9S 36,123, and i3 senior R.A..A.F. officer wrote to the etficer Commanding: The, Canadian Special ''''..'"i1'oles8 Group st Dan/in has been dOing a ma~nificent job continuously in all its contacts with us. They have in creased the totals of traffic copied, iroproved the standard of teletype service, and turr..ed in a Much finer grgde of tr3ffic thgn we have ever before p'r.eiveC' fro,,} any ott.ar station. At the present time the:r 9re sendin:; us b!'-tween 1000 and 1200 mcs3a~es d9ily Over the teletype .nd the qu.lity of ttose is such (90i accurecy) ------Increased in July 1945 to 13 officer" .nd 303 other ranks. ,~- , - 39 - that results .re about 20~ bet"er than those from any of our other st3tions. (Ibid, 6 Aug 45) (c) Results of Attacrun.nts 42. There were, in 3dditian, certain Canadian missions projected for thB racif~c islands. After an earlier proposal h3d been deferred by the U.S. "lar Department (E.Q.S. 9131-19: Tel C.,.·•. lSe, C.A.S. Washington to e.G.s., 7 i,:3~r .1.5), a small p'3.rty of Public Re19tions officers left in late July 1945 for lis"faii, Guam, Manila, and Australia. Its memb~rs were: Col R.S. ~Dlonc, Director of CJn5dian ATI,IY fublic Re13tions; Commander P. MacRitchie, Senior Irsv:ll 1.R.a.; and ~:~ajor C. MacDougall, Canadian Army :?hoto:;raphic technician (Ibid: Application for Airline Frioritics for 22 Jul 45). Tent'3tive arrangements \"ere aJ.so in pro£ress during the sumQer for-a small liason Group of three C.A.F.r. of!icers to le3ve for Manila in mid-Au~ust and for Genersl Hoff meister acco;.Ipanied by a senior officer frem N.D.P..Q. to visit there in vetober 1945 (;.: .';\.S. 9131, vol 5: Einutes of • meeting held at N.D.H.~., 2 Aug 45). Events did not pemit the conpletion of these pl:ms, however, and the last two li1issions did not leJve tte country. 43. Bec9use the loans to Australia for speci91 radar, Wireless B,ld intelli~ence 'A/ork l'rere of a per manent nature, these personnel could not be released for instructional or staff duties With C.~.F.F. At least twenty Canadian officers, hO\,Jever, had been sent on staff cOurses related to onerAtions in the Pacific. These were held at the fOllot"in~ tr~ining establishnents: Australi9n Staff Colleea, Canberra 4 " U.S. Army f. Navy 3teff College 2 U.S. Cond t Stoff Sehcol 10 U.S. ~arine ~ St.ff School 4 All but five of tho above had also ottended a British staff course. A survey of ConJrH:ln officers '.mo had had experience with South-East Corxn9nd or with hustr3lian Or U.S. Forces in the Pacific Th~~tre showed th~ following results: Staff Officers S.Z.A.C. 5 S.'l. Pacific Theatre ond P3cific Ocean Area 32 "" K One of those officers, ~1sjor J.L. Malkin, Seaforth of C., was on the directinA st~ff there. Kft The mejority of thes~ served With U.S. Forcos, but at least seven 3r~ known to l;3VC been "'ith Australian t..!ilitary Forces. / SECRET REP 0 R T NO. 16 HISTORICAL SECTION (G. S. ) ARMY HEAD ;UARTERS 2 Jun 52 The Canadian Arm[ paoifio Foroe, 1944-1945 ADDENDUM NO. 1* MULE CONDUCTING PARTIES TO INDIA I f ;1 4J'h/~~~. ~l (C.P. Staoey) Colonel ~ireotor Historioal Seotion "To be insert& 4}a. On 1 Feb 44 N.D.H.Q. received a telegram from the Canadian Military Attache.... in Washington stating that the British Army Staff were initiating shipments of mules on behalf of the Indian Government. The attache/passed to Ottawa the British request for the loan of Canadian Jlrr:1Y personnel to conduct two shiploads of mules from New York to Karachi. The British had obtained U.S. personnel for earlier shipments but were reluctant to ask the Americans for further halp. A shipload of mules numbered approximately 400 and required an escort of one conducting officer, one veterinary, three cooks, four veterinary attendants and roughly 28 general duty men, i.a., a remount troop (H.Q.C. 89}2-1, vol }: Tel M.A. 771, Mawash to Defensor, 1 Feb 44) N.D.n.Q. ~greed to provide the conducting parties and wired Washington aCCOrdingly (ibid: Tel Org 987, Defensor to Mawash, 9 Feb 44). To eliminate clerical work, the "muleteers" were to be attached to the British Army Staff as individuals and not as a unit or detachment. They were to be loanod for a maximum of six months •. ·((H.S.) 112.352009 (D185): Minutas of Meeting, 1 M~r 44) From the time of the original request to the end of the war, four conducting parties were sent. 4}b. The difficulties of procuring sufficient mules led to a reduction of tho original request from two parties to one (Ii.Q.C. 89}2-1, vol}: Tel M.A. 1}}2, ~~wash to A.G., 26 Feb 44). This first party concentrated at St. Johns, P.Q., and left for New York on 18 Mar 44. It consisted of Maj T.A.G. Moore, C.H. of O. (conducting officer), Capt R.G. Livermore, Can Fus (veterinary), and 43 other ranks of the Veterans Guard of Canada (1bid, vol 6: Moore to Secretary D.N.D., 20 Jul 44). While considerable effort was made to ensure that the draft was smart and soldierly in appearance, it was not specified that the men chosen should be experienced in handling animals ((P..S.) 16}.009 (D21): A.G. to D.Os.C., 2} Feb 44). Consequently, the Can~dians hud to call upon U.S. Remount personnel to help them load the ship. Some 476 mules were placed aboard the 5,5. Empire Trailj 40 of these were sick and during the flrs~ night two died. (H.Q.C. 89}2-1, vol 6: Moore to Secretary D.N.D., 20 Jul 44) The ship sailed from New York and joined its convoy (U.G.S. }7) at Hampton Roads, near Norfolk, Virginia, le~ving there on 24 1~r 44. The convoy contained two other ships carrying mulesj the animals in these ships and in two others (which had sailed earlier on 2; Feb and 4 Mar respectively) were conducted by U.S. personnel. (Ibid, vol 5: Tel, B.A.S., \ic.!.shington to Embarka.tion Bombay, 25 Mar 44) 4;c. The convoy route was Gibraltar - Suez (Port Tewfik) - Aden - Karachi I with stops at Suez and nden. Ofr Algiers, the ships were attacked by enemy aircraft and at least one plane \~s shot down in flames. This delighted the old warriors of the Veterans Guard, who had voluntarily ~nned the ship's guns. Off Crete, they were attacked by GerJlBn submarines. The ship - 2 - directly astern of the Empire Trail was hit and its steering gear damaged. The merchantman to starboard was also hit and in this case set afire. The convoy hB.d to sail 00, leaving both vessels drifting helplesslY.~ In Aden, the stokehold gang mutinied and had to be re placed by a crew of Somalis.. Despite these incidents, the Empire Trail arrived at Karachi on 7 May 44 with all animals in good health. After unloading their ship, the Camdian conducting ps.rty took a train to B0mbay and sailed from there on 2 Jun. After a stopover 1n Mel bourne, they arrived at san redre, California, on 2 Jul and were back in Toronto on 15 luI. (Ibid, vol 6: l'l!oore to Secretary D.N.D., 20 Jul 44. See also Report by Sgt. J. McCabe, 10 Aug 44) 4}d. In August 194} the British requested Canada to provide t\'o1O more {ilule conducting parties in India. This time each group was to have an additional medical offleer. (Ibid, vol 7: Q.l<;.G. to A.G., } Aug 44) 4}e. Maj Moore was again in charge of detail Ho. 1 and two men 'V,'ho had been on the original voyage were includ~a in his 4} O.H. of the Veterans Guard of Canada. SOme 421 mUles, including 26 sick, were loaded at Hoboken aboard the ~.S_. Empire Symbol which sailed on 10 Dec 44. About midn[ght it ran into a full gale. Loose lumber smashed several pens and a number of mules broke loose in the blackout. Rough weather continued as far as Port Said, where a stop was roode, but eventually ~achi was reached on 19 Jan 45 and all 419 mules disembarked in good health. This time the conducting party remained on the same ship as far as Bombay and took another ship to Gourock, Scotland. After five days leave in the United Kingdom the detail re-embarked on }O Mar for return to Canada. (Ibid, vol 10: Moore to Secretary D.N.D., 24 May 45) ---- 4}f. The second of these two later parties (Group i,o. }) embarked at flew York on the S.S. Ocean Vista on 5 Jlin 45, having loaded }19 mules. «Some 51 mules had been casualties en route to the port.) (Ibid, vol 9: B.A.S. Ottawa to AG, 19 Jlin 45) Maj H.G. Betts was in chl;irge, assisted by Capt C.H. }"arker R.C.A.M.C. and Capt R.G. LiverIoore (the veterinary who had been on the original voyage). One man also was making his second trilp. This party had 42 O.H. of the Veterans Guard of Canada plus a sergeant of the ?ermanent Force who had been a farrier (Jbid, vol 10: D. Adm to D. Org, 10 Nov 44). *One ship sank &. nd the other was towed to Alexandria, but subsequently had to be written off as a total loss. (B.R. 137. British and Foreign Merchant Vessels, Lost and Daml;t ed b Enem Action Dur in the Second ~iorld Har I London, 1945 , p. 1}0. This is d publication of the Royal llavy hold by the R.C.N. historian) - 3 - 43g.. The third British request for mule es- corts arrived at N.D.H.~. on 21 Feb 45 (ibid, vol 8: B.A.S. Ottawa to A.G., 21 Feb 45). The director of the Veterans Guard of Canada felt that his Veterans could not provide the required personnel and attend to their increased responsibtlities for prisoners of war (ibid: D.V.G.C. to D.• Adnl, 27 Feb 45).. It was therefore decided to employ low catesory G. S. members of No.. 2 General Employment Company (ibid: A.G.. to the !linister, 7 '·...r 45). Accordingry:-a party of three officers and 45 other ranks in charge of Capt R. Harris, C.A.. C. J arrived 1n New York on 2 April and sailed aboard the S.S. Empire Mauritius on 6 Apr 45.. The voyage was uneventful except when one of the escorts., Pte C.B. Smith, was stricken with appendicitis.. The surgeon of a U.. 3. destroyer was sent over by breeches buoy to assist the Canadian M.D. in a successful operation. Smith was dropped off ~Gibraltar and the Empire Mauritius proceeded via Fort Said and ~den without further incident. The mules were unloaded at Karachi on 15 !daY, the party then going over to Bombay; to take ship for Greenoch. After 13 days leave, the . detail boarded the Duchess of Bedford at Liverpool, and on 27 Jul 45 arri ved at Hal ifax.. (Ibid, vol 11: Harris to A:G., 16 AUg 45) ---- 43h. Thus it was tl~t Canada supplied four parties to convoy approximately 1600 mules from the United States to India. The Canadian personnel engaged totalled nine officers and 170 other ranks, excluding the sick man left in Gibraltar and counting only once the two officers and three other ranks who made the voyage twice.* / *These appear to be the most accura.te figures avail able according to the nominal rolls, ahthough they do not agree wi th those arri~ed at previously (H.~.C. 1915-75/ 58: D. Records to D.E. S., 13 Jun 47, and memo for file J 20 Jun 52) Nominal rolls for all four conducting parties are on file H.~.C. 8932-1, vol 12. - 40 - Regimental Officers S.E.A.C. 18 Australian Milita~J Forces 13 Pacific Ara.s (U.S. Forcos) 31 (n.~.S. 9131-3, vall: Nominal roles 3ttached as Appendices "BII and "e u to ~Iinutes of tieF:ting D.C.G.B. (B) and D.II.T. with Comd and Staff C.A.l".F., 15 Jun 45). These were the nucl~us of Can~dian Army personnel ex perienced in Pacific warfare conditions BV3ilable for the training and direction of C.A.F.F. TRAINING (aj General Plan for Training 44. The plan for C.A.P.F. training was to divide it into three phases, with special courses for 1n structor~·and certain officers. Phase 1 - The cuncentr;Jtion of the Force at nine points in Cda wher~ erg On A~erican lines will take place. In addition there will be: (a) O:'ient3tion in Japanese marfere. (b) Demonstr3tions of .11 U.S. weapons by nine tC3ms of U.S. weapon tr~ Bxperts. (c) Range courses in the Ml Rifle, the M2 Garbine 3nd 2.36-1n Rocket Launcher (Bazooka) . Phase 2 - After the Move of the Force to the concentration area i!1 the U.S. at Camp Breckinridge, Ky, individual and unit trg will be carried out as follows: Part I 2 weeks trg of the individual soldier in subjects CO~~0n to all arms. Part II - 2 ~ecks tr~ of tha individual to tOKe his place in a sub-unit of his own am. Psrt III - 4 "leeks unit trg up to Bn and eqUiV alent level. Phase 3 - Combined trg of 2 weeks will follm. phases 1 end 2 and will consist of diVisional exercises embodying all erms of the Force With such U.S.. supportin3 9rrns, including aircraft, as are necessary to train the Force adcouately to takc its p13ce in an American f~~. Instructional Cadres - In order to implenent the trg programme outlined in Phases 2 and 3, a Cadre of instrs of all arms is being concentrated at Barriafield, Ont, wherc they will undergo a - 41 - short course in Technique of Instr. On comple- tion of this course, the~r will be despatched to U.S. Trg Ests where they will be trained as instrs in U.S. weapons, tactics I tradesITlen technique t etc. On the concentr3tion of the Force at Canp Breckinridge. this personnel will join the C.A.r.F. ~here they will get as instrs 000 ductine Divisional Schools 85 necessary. Offr Trg - Special courses will be conducted at R.M.C., Kin~~ston, for Comds sod Staffs before the Force proceeds to the U.S. These courses are designed to give 8 concentrated orientation in U.S. staff procedure.. In addition, a large nunbar of specialist offrs have been and will continue to be sent to s~ecial courses in the U.S.A. varying in length from a few days to some months. Uan; Cdn Staff and Re~t Gffrs have served ''lith the U.S. Forces in the Facific, and it is proposed to utilize their experience in trg this Force. • (H.~.S. 9131-3, vol 4: Ueno dated 27 Jun 45 attached as Appx "A" to letter D.C.G.S.(a) (Brig F..D. Graham) to D.C.G. &; A.A. (Brig D.R. Agnew), 9 Jul 45) In brief, the general plan followed the basic principle recommended by Canad ian and U. S. plaCU10rs in Washington, namely: "Basic training in Canada: all other training in U.S." (Ibid, vol 1: Tel C.A.W. 293, Cdn Army Staff, Washington, to c.G.s., 3 Jun 45). (b) Training In Canada 45. On considering the possibilities of giving preliminary training overseas on U.S. weapons and org anization to C.A.P.F. volunteers awaitin return to Canada, C.H.H.Q.. was faced with ~ l'3ck of inc;tructors, U.S. weapons and amrlUnition, adequate time, etc, :;:Ind concluded: .••anything we could do in this way would be of a sketchy and very i.:1cornplete nature <\'lith risk that soldiel's might c;ain inpression they, would get no more odoqu3te trg before ~oing into nction. If such a rumour got abroad the effect would cle3rly be bad. Therefore do not propose attempt anything beyond possible issue of such pamphlets, posters, etc 8S we may be able to get fron U.S. cerny base. (Ibid: Tel G.S. 1362, ~ontague to Gibson, 6 Jun 45) - 42 - Training of these volunteers fran overseas was also a major problem to N.D.H.Q.., who advised General Hoffmeister: The dates of concentration of Overseas vOlunteers On COt'lo.letion of their emb9rkation leave will be vari~d a~d will Allow little or no til'l.e for tr,~ in Cdq. It is considered there fore that the only tr3, other than physical conditioning, orientntion, s~8rtp.ning up, etc, that can be carrieo out ""111 apply chiefly to volunteers frOI'l Cd!3. (Ibid: c .,~.s. to C.O.C., C.A.-.F., 15Tun 45) Instructions were issued to District Officers Comnanding and Ca~p Commandants to aid C.A.P.F. training in every possible canner. Units end personnel of tte C.A.P.F. B~e to be relieved 35 f9r 95 possible of all administr9- ·tive responsibilities and duties 3nd thus be free to devote their entire ti~e to organization and training during the period of concentration. Units and personnel of the C.A.P.F. will be provided with 3ccow~odation and messing, and clothing, equipnent gnd b3rraCy. stores will be issued, in tte s)n~ way as is done for personnel held in hold in¢; estgblishments. HO',If ever, due to the 3hort')·~e of cooks in Canada where necess9ry C.A.P.F. cooks, on arrange ments to be made \~th t~e O.C. of the C.A.P.F. units concerned, ,,'ill be provided to help the units supplying the thotel service t . (H.'l. 5-0-53: Org 823 dated 18 Jun 45) During the initi3l sts~cs of this cone the H.Q. 6 Cdn Div will NOT be sufficiently org to supervise the trg of the Force. H.'l. Dists and Camps 3re therefore requested t 0 ren<~er every advice and 8ssistonce ... Tho follo~ing SUbjects 9re considered to be of speci3l importance durin. this period: ( a ) Weapon Trg (b ) Physic3l Tr? & Obst3cle Courses (c ) Dismounted (close order) drill (d ) fI.1arching ( e ) ~ines 3nd booby traps ( f ) Sr.curity (g) First Aid (h ) Orientation ( .1 ) Visuel Trg (K) Tabloid Sports (H.Q.S. 9131-3, vol 4: C.C.S. to D.Os.C. end CO!!ld s Camp Bora en 3!ld Pet8\"l3"/') t 5 Jul 451 - 43 - 46. To familiarize c~anders Bnd senior officers \nth U.S. staff proceedure and organization, an orientat ion course \Ws held at the Royal Kilitary College, Kingston, 23-28 Jul 45 attended by 6 brigadiers, 7 colonels, 24 lieutena~t-colonels, and B major (Ibid, vol 3: Roll of Officers Attending No 1 Orientation Course). A second course arran~ed for 27 Aug - 1 Sep 45 was cancelled (Ibid, vOl 5: Comm.andant, R.U.C., to Director of Military Training, 17 Aug 45). 47. On 1 Aug 45 the ~inist€r formally approved the propOsal to bring 9 u.s. Weapon Training TsaDs to C.A.F.F. concentrations in Canada to denonstrate and assist in training for approximately 45 days. The estimated cost excluding pay and allowances and return transportation ~as $47,740 of non-recurring expenditure (Ibid: Deputy Minister IA. Ross) to ~he ~inister, 30-rur 45). Each teen consisted of an officer and 22 other ranks, all weapon training experts. They arrived at the Canadian Small Arms School at Long Branch, Ont, 3 Aug 45 and ~ere ordered t~ be despatched to Barriefield, Debert, Sussex, Shilo, Brandon, Fetaw9wa, Camp Borden (2 teams), and Vernon respectively to arrive before 11 Aug 45. Each tean will be completely equip~ed with necessary ~eBpons, amn, eqpt and trg aids for the purpose of carrying out their de~onstrat ions. This eqpt will be under the control of the U.S. Dffr ilc each team and must only be used as he directs. (Ibid, vol 8: Copy or letter (sgd) Lt-Col ~.P. JOhnston for C.G.S., attachad as Appx "Ell to letter r.!ajor F.N. Pope to Financiel Superintendent, 6 t"ar 46) 48. To provide an organization to take care of infantry personnel for C.A.P.F., the Pacific Infantry Training Brigade was formed at Vernon B.C. effective 10 May 45. C~~anded by Brigadier J.C. Jefferso~, C.B.E., D.S.O., E.n., it consisted of e Headquarters together with Nos I, 2, and 3 Pacific Infantry Training Battalions representing Central, Western, and Eastern Canada respectively. The original war establishment of this brigade totalled 90 officers and 702 other ranks to prOVide 8 training capacity at anyone time bf 39 Officers and 2007 other ranks. The aim Inf Trg Bns are formed to provide facilities to hold and train Inf personnel who elect to serve in the ~acific Force, and who have completed Corps Trg, until they are posted to that Force. (ILQ."» 9131-1-3: c.n.s. to A.G. , Q.['.G., iLG.O., 12 May 45) - 44 - It is intended that Pacific Trg Bda shall receive only fully trained inf soldiers who have been trained in the normsl trg streaM end then to cOMplete their low level cOllective trg in Pacific Trg Bda. It is NOT intendad that this f~n shell undertake any f~r~ of refresher, basic, corps or conversion in dividual tr3. (H.'l.S. 9131-3-3: D.r:.T. to D. Org, 18 May 45) In July 1945, however, this organization W3S not con sidered adequate in view of the qUickened te[lpO of the war, and therefore plans had to be considerably revised . With the concentration of the C.A.r.F.• at presently desig~ated concentration pts in Cda , personnel now held in the P9cific Trg Bde will be desp3tched to the v9riol;s units in C.A.p.r . • The trg of replacenents for C.A.P.F. is to begin On or abo~t 1 Aug 45. In order to meet the replacenent connitnent, it is necessarJ to train 3,800 soldiers par nonth. This trg will consist of 8 weeks basic trg to be the equiv an~ alent of the U.S. Branch Inmaterial Trg l in consequence will Qe8n that 7.600 soldiers will ultimately be under tr~ at all times. It is raconmendeC! in order to carry out this trg that the Pacific Trg Bde be reorg on a sioilar est ptovision to that of the U.S. Trg Centre in ordor that the Cdn tr~inee can cOD plete his trg in the U.S. with continuity of trg unbroken ... The for~going org results in: (a) Tha fmn of an additional Trg Bn. (b) An increase of 119 offrs and 116 O.R. in H.W.Es. concerned. (c) An increase of approx leOO in the trg capacity. As of 1 Sap 45. it is anticipated that the nunbars under trs will bp. increased by an additional 3.800, making a total of 7,600 under trg. The present plan envisaged to meet this re quirement is to fo~ another four Trg Bns On the S8me basis 9S those outlined •.. above. and to move the complete Pacific Trg BdG consisting of a H.Q.. and e Trg Bos to Camp Pete'l.'lawa. (H.~.3. 9131-1-3: D.M.T. to D.S.D., 10 Jul 45) - 45 - The intention W8S to organize battalions at four different pOints before effecting concentr3tion of the entire brigade. 1, 2 and; Pacific Trg Bns will be brought up to strength by 15 Au~ Jt Vornon. 4 P9cific Trg En will be formed 9t Vernon, the required personnel drawn from Trg Centres across Cds durin~ weck 1; Aug to start trg 3 Sep. 5 and 6 Pacific Trg Sns vTill bo formed from H.W.E. of 26 Bnd 23 C.l.(E) T.Cs. GrilliB and Newmarket respcctiv61y by week of 20 Aug. 7 Bnd 8 Pacific Trg Bns will be formed at PetawaW8 during vreck 27 Aug. Trg personnel will be dr3\1n froM present H.W.E. lL37 or other sourcr:s if necess9ry. (H.Q.S. 9131-3. vol 8: D.I·.T. to D.C.G.S.(B). 7 .\ug 45) Action in this regard had bar31y brgun, hov~ver, ~men the events of Ausust 1945 led to concellation cf .11 plans. 49. Canada was faced with e very real problem concerning the provision of interpreters with a c~1and of the Japanese language. A ready source of supply existad in several hundred Canadian Nisei (Japanese born away from their naeiva land), but there were two obstacl~s to be overccn.e. Gna 'CIOS the oeccssity for individual investigation to prove fidelity, the other erose from rUblic antagonism towards JapanesG, particularly aMong citizens of British Colucbia. Consequently, Amy authorities had to exercise extrc~e caution, as the follOwing letter from the Adjutant-General dated 27 Jul 45 will illustrate: (1) Authority is granted to enlist up to a naximum of 250, in the Cdn Army, Cdn born citizens of Japanese origin (NISEI) (2) Authority at pre5~~t exists for the en listment o~ 100 of these NISEI as fol1rnvs: (il 35 - under uispos3l vrder No 102 for service With the British Army S.L.A. (Eave been despatched). (ii) 3 - under DioposBl Crdcr No 103 for service with the Allied Political Warfare Conmittce. (Have baan dC?s patched) . (iii) 50 - undor Disposal Grder No 106 for service With the Australian Army. (ConplatinG training in Cda). - 46 - (3) This authority visualizes and provides for the loan of NIS~I, as required, to U.S. Arnpd Forces. (4) Personnel select:d for enlistl~nt Rust first be vetted by lLD.fi.~. after in vestigation into their security is carried out. In this regard every assist ance should bJ given N.D.H.~. representative in f9cilitating the selection a nd enlist ment of these pGrson~el... (6 ) There must be no Dublicity whatsoever given to the enlistnent of NIS~I into the Cdn Army. (sic) (P.e.s. 504-1-7-4: A.G. circular letter R 844(d) dat0d 27 Ju1 45) After co~pleting basic training these Nisei ware sent to the JapB~se Lanzu9ge School, 8 unit of the Canadian ArQy established at Vancouver, B.C., under the cQnMand of Major A.P. ~acKenzie, ~.C. This school began classes for whites in August 1943 and dospatched, the majority of its graduates to the British AnlY for service with S.E.A.C. (P. C. S. 504-22-J.1.S.. vol 4: l.:ovement authority dated 27 Mar 45. See also ':,',J., Japanese Language School, 12 Oct 45 and 1 Feb 461. By Au~ust 1945 the school had 114 students in training, of who~ 52 were Nisei (p.e.s. 504-22-J.L.S .• val 5: G.u.C.-in-C. PocHic Comd· to Secy D.N.D.} 31 Aug 45). Their nanos Gre found on the roll of 110 students and staff occcpt~d for servic~ with C.A.P.F. ('.'.D., Japanese L3 sU3gG. School, August 194.5: Fart 1 Order tlo. 54 dated 10 ug 45). (c) Training in U.S.A. 50. Regarding the training of C.A.r.F. volunteers in U.S.A., the Jraatest prc~ress "1as r!19de with Intelli gence personnel. In the su~:er of 1944 three Canadian officers were att8ch~d to U.S. Intelligence for duty and training in order to t3ke a five months' basic course in Japanese Order of Battle, org3nization, weapons and cHspositions (·u.D., General Letson, 10 Oct 44). In November of that year Canada loaned the U.S. ~ar Depart ment, at its request, three officers and three N.C.Os. who had just gradu3t0d from the J~p8nese Language School, PocHic Command (Ibid, 11 vct and 27 Nov 441. In March 1945 Genaral LGtson rGceivcd 9 request for additional linguists as well as clerks and typists for Intelli ence work in U.S.A., and wrote to N.D.E.Q..: I feel that such co-operation On our part will be regarded by our AMerican friends 3S eVidence of our dntcrnin9tion to pull our full share in the Pacific war. The complete in tegration of a strons C3nadian Intelliscncc tean into P.A.C.lLLR ..3.l!'acHic l.:ilitary Intelligence Research Section, which W9S eng3ged in searching J3:9anaSO (1ocum6nt~ will also be - 47 - of great value in ensuring that full in formation will be inThlediately 8vai19ble to N.D.H.Q. at all times. (Ibid, March 1945, Appx liE" j Letson to !lurchie, 12 nar 45) 51. Due to difficulties in mastering the language and general unfamiliarity ':.Ii th the Orient I Canad laDs required very c9reful prepar3tion before they could be assigned to military intelligence duties. To this end the United Statcs nade avail.ble its excellent f.cilities at Camp Ritchie, ~'Iaryland, the centre of U.S. Intelligence training. Camp Ritchie cffars 2 courses: (3) 8 WCGks basic int course for personnel without previous int trg Or €hperiGDCe and (b) 2 weeks advanced int co~se5 for personnel redeployed from E.T.O. ~urope8n Theatre of Operstionj for Fecific Force ... Comnandant Camp Ritchie is willing to provide a special course for Canadians of say 4 weeks duration designed specifically to fill Gdn needs ...They are preparad to solect 60311 ranks on such a course. Personnel without int trg and experience should not be considereo for this special course. (H.~.S. 9l3l-3-~: Td G.A.'" 346, G.A. S. "eshington to D.~!.I. Ottawa, 19 Jun 45) N.D.H.~. pointed out in reply that trsined end experienced Intelligence personnel were still overseas and there were none in Canada; therefora they wished to select from Canada a group to take the 8 Wucks basic COurse at once Bod in September 1945 send up to 60 overseas personnel for the special course sug3csted. IlThus the two COurses would supply pr3ctically the enti.re Int personnel of C.A..P.F. all trained and SOLie c>:oerienced II (Ibid: Tel G.S.I. 1136, D.~.I. to G.A.S. Washin3ton, 20 Jul 45). This plan the U.S. ~3r Departm3nt acceptQ~ (Ibid: C.A.S. Washington to D.H.T. Ottaw., 25 Jun "51 end 22 Officers and 35 other ranks were despetch~d fr~ Canaca for the basic 8 weeks course at C9np Ritchie beginning 25 Jul 45 (Ibid: Nominal roll), Plans for the advanced course were later cancelled. 52. Only a few Canac.i9r.s 1"crc d.ospatched to other courses in the U.S.A. bcginnin; in July 1945. - 4? - OffrsI O.R. Div C.W. Offr - Edgewood Arsenal, Md 1 Ground Liaison Offr - leridisn, I Total 7 6 (H.~.S. 9131-3, vol 5: Location and Strength State - Cdn PGrsonnel in U.S., 17 Aug 45) Meanwhile th€ main body of C.A.P.F. instructors was ordered to assemble near Kin;ston) 0ntario. Approx 300 offrs and 1000 O.R. to form the Instr Cadre for e.A.r.F. will conc at B.rri:field 20 Jul to undergo trg and adm necessary Iprior to ~ove to Trg Ests in the U.S. approx 6-7 Aug. They will be jOinad on 5 Aug by approx 70 offrs snd 130 O.R. who h.ve been air-lifted from U.K. for this purpose. Frae these two groups the final selection of personnel to proceed to U.S. Trg Ests will be nade. (Ibid, vol 4: D.c.G.s.IBI to D.e.G. I A:A":":' 9 Jul 45) Movement of the Instructional Cadre fran Barriefield to U.S. tr3ining establisMlents sC9tterod over 8 wide area was to take place in accordance rnth the foll~Ylng schedule: ~ 1st Forty Destination 2nd F.rty Offrs O.It. Offrs O.R. e.A.e. 25 105 Fort Knox, Ky. 1 4 Arty 46 317 Fort Sill, Oklo 18 14 R.e .E. 12 43 Fort Belvoir, Va 1 .. R.e. Sigs 3 46 Fort Crowder, go 1 .6 Inf 183 276 Fort Benning, r", 7 8 Inf A/Tk Coy 3 29 Camp Hood, Texas .. .. '<,.1.1. Coy Inf Div 9 37 CaMp Lee, Va 3 5 R.e.A.M.e. 24 43 C9rlisle Bks, F. .. 6 Ord IItce Coy 6 2f Aberdeen Proving 5 9 Ground, Aberdeen,Pa 311 924 36 52 (Ibid: Appendices "A" and liB" tq letter" A-:C;:-to D.O.e. LD. 3 and C.I.C. 2nd Echalon C.A.F.F., 20 Jul 45) The first party was due to reach destinations ·in the U.8. by 9 Aug 45 and t~e second party by 17 AUG 45, but the l.tter did not leave the country. In point of foct, just - 49 - over 1200 instructors were despatched, accord ing to a report by Brigedier R.D. Graham (D.C.G.S.(B)). I find that the cadre requirements totall~d 1209 and in actual fact t~ere were 1207 all ranks despatched to U.S. I find also that a total of 150 all ranks (including 28 officers) were returned to units for various reasons, Gisplaced by airlift personnel who were con sidered ~ore sUit3ble, sickness, Bnd in a sro911 nWllber of C!lses bcc3use ot' unsui t~bility. (Ibid,· vol 5: D.C.G.S.(B) to C.G.S. and ~.G., 10 AUG 45) In addition, two officers were sent to a Flamethrower Course at Edgewood Ars e:lO 1 , ltd, '3nd f:l considerable body of cooks together with small stJffs to adninister them reported for cOurses beginnin~ 13 Aug 45: Offrs D.R. Camp Plauche, La 6 259 Camp Crovid.ar I 1.10 1 65 Camp Lec, Va 1 81 Fort Belvoir, Va 1 35 9 440 (Ibid: Locoti~~ and Strength State, ££ cit) By 17 Aug 45 the nUr.1ber of C.A.F.F. personnel attending courses in the United States ~ot'll"d 3~7 officers and 1,391 other ranks (Ibid). . 53. t!eanv'hile, u.s. ForcJs were busy preparing the site selected for the final trainin6 cf C.A.r.F. prior to departure for overse9S. A pr~ss rele9.se of 8 Jul- 45 stated: Caup Breckinrid3e, Y.p.ntucky, where Canadian soldiers will be co:· .... entr ------..- -- - 50 - DISBAND~mNT OF TEE C.A.P.F. 54. All plans for C.A.P.F. were halted, however, • when the dropping of an ato~iq bonb on niroshima 6 Aug 45 and another On Nagasaki three oays later hasten ad the conclusion of the war. On 14 Aug 45 Japan sought unconditional surrender. Allied offensive operations against Japan's ~ilitary and naval forces were ordered to be suspended that same date (H.~.S. 9131-33: Tel Circular D.1456, Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, London, to Secret3ry of State for External Affairs, Canada, 15 Aug 45). On 16 Aug 45 General MacArthur received a wireless message from the JapaneselGovernment and Imperial Headquarters st3ting: His Majesty the Anperor issued an iMperial order at 1600 o'clock On August 16th to the entire aroed forces to ceBse hostilities , 1Inrned iately. , • (Ibid: ~essage quoted in Tel J.S. 5~dn JOint Staff, Washington, to Chiefs of Staff Committee, Cttawa, 18 Aug 45) A few days elepsed befor~ this order could reach troops in isolated locations and before General MacArthur could present to Japanese representatives his surrender re quirements, which he did at Manila on 20 Aug 45. The forael surrender of Japan took place at Tokyo Bay, 2 Sap 45, with Col Moore Cosgr~ve, Canadian Military Representative at Canberra, signing on behalf of the Dominion of Canada {Ibid: Instrtt'1ent of Jaoan's Surrender}. At the reoccupation of Bong Kong the next day by a British Cocmonwealth ~orce, including F..M.C.S. '~rince Robert II , the Canadian Army was represented. by Brigadier O.M.M. Kay, Canadian Military Atteche at Chungking, China, and a former Cornnanding Officer of the Winnipeg Grenadiers. (b) Proposed Commonwealth Forces 55. The war had nOw ended, but at this point it is necessary to turn back one Jonth to consider certain proposals communicated by tir Clement Attlee, who had replaced Mr Winston Churchill as Prine Minister of the United Kingdom. As tte Japanese war entered its final stage, Mr Attlee directed to Mr Mackenzie King certain telegrams outlining tentative su~gestions which, if adopted, would have considerably altered plans for C.A.P.F. The first, dated 31 Jul 45, stated, in part: I send you herewith, for your personal infonnation, a SUI!l!i!.ary of the major loperational decisions reached in AnBlo-k~eric~n nilitary discussions at Berlin...It was 83reed in principle that a Comnonwealth land force and, if possible, a small tactical air force should take part in the final phase of the war against Japan, subject to the satisfactory resolution of logistical and other problems. - - 51 - (H.~.S. 9131, vol 7: Tel Circular D.1330, Secretary of State for Doninion Aff3irs to Secretary of State for Externel Affeirs, 31 Jul 45) A second telegra~ further explained this proposition . .•.Just before the Potsdam Confarence~hich began 17 Jul 4~ the 3ritish Crdefs IOf Staff approached th~ U.S. Chiefs of Staff with a proposal for including in the assault on Japan a British Commonwealth force of from 3 to 5 divisions. We had in mind at that time that, if you &~reed, we would include in force 8 Canadian division but, in as much as you already had 9 Canadian division being trained and equipped in the United States ready to serve under United States comna no , we did not think it advisable to suggest a .reorganization of your plans until the pro posal had been accepted in principle by the JJnitad States . • I am to explain now, however, that at the Potsdam conference the President and Mr , Churchill Yo on the r~~o~nendation of the CO~bined Chiefs of Staff, accepted this proposal for the p£~ticipation of a British Ccmnnonwealth' force in the nain operations against Japan, SUbject to ~he resolution of operational and administrative problems ...A plan of this kind would necessitate the re-equipping of the British COn4~onwealth force with American equipment and the prev ision by the United States . of the logistic suppor O. If this turns out to be the kind of plan proposed, there would clearly be great advantage in including the Canadian Civision whic!:l is already being re equipped \~th American equipment. The United States Chiefs of Staff have, in fact, informed us that General MacArthur has already teri tatively suggp,stod thi:.>. We should probably recomwend as the other two divisions, one United Kingdan end one Australian.•. (Ibid: Tel 1~~, Secretary. of State for D:,,:,i nivll A~'r _j t's to Secretary of State for ~Aternal Affairs, 4 Aug 46) 56. In Canada the mattc!' was refcrr~d to the C.G.S. for military consideration, and in his report he re-' viewed p~~tine~t factors such 8S manpower, organization, training and eQui;~~nt, administration and channels of co~and, concluding: ------K Mr. Attlee did not reploce Mr. Churchill at Potsdam until 29 Jul 45. - 52 - For the foregoing reasons -i t is considered that the plans already nade for the organiz ation and training of the Canadian Force under United States direction have sdvanced to a stage where a complete reorganiz8ti~n of these plans would be ~ilitarily undesirable. There is the further consideration. that it will be a long term advanta38 to the Canadian Army to operate closely with the UnitGd St3tes Forces in order to bnc~e fully f3~iliar With theiu methods. The experience already g9inad in Europe with British Forces in combined operations has been of great advants38 and Canadian officers h~ve already ~9d the benefit of this cooper9tion. Accordingly, it is ~ecommended from the-military point of view that the Canadian Force should continue its present programne of organization and training under United States direction rather than be diverted at this stage to part icipate in the formation of 3 British C~~on wealth Corps. Since however the proposed British ~Comnonwealth Corps and the Canadian Force will upon arrival in the theatre be operating under the overall c~and of the United States Theatre Comnander, it ~ay be quito feasible at a latar date for the Canadian Division to be attached for operations to the British Commonwealth Corps if the operational situat ion and the Theatre Co~mander's plans so permit. (Ibid: Mel'lo initialled R. B.G. (IJe j Gen R.B. Gibson) for C.~.S. to ~he Minister, 6 Aug 45) In forwarding this ~emorandwi to the Prine Minister the Minister of National Defence stated "l am in full agree ment II a.nd added this COr:lr:lent beforG!19nd: I have hed an opportunity to consider the effect this change of plans would have On the arrangements for the organization of the Canadian Army Pacific Force which are now well advanced and developing satisfactorily in all respects c~:cept for tho matter of the recruitr.i.on t of reserves. . I (Ibid: ticNau.';hton to Mackenzie King, 7 Aug 45) 57. With Japanfs surrendor· i"2ninent at this stage, the British Government now requested the Dominions to consider the following in lieu of the original sugGestion for an invasion force: A British Coononwealth force shall take Dart in the occupation of Japan. We suggest that it should be forned from one brigade group each of Australian, British, British/Indian, - 53 - Canadian Bnd New Zealand troops with a tactical air force contingent. We hope that you will agree with the proposal•.• th.t Canadian forcas shall taka part in tha occupation of Jap~n. We will consult you furth~r on the detailed 9rrangements and should be glad of your sug3estions. (E.~.S. 9131-33: Tel No 170, Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs to Secretary of State for External Affairs, 13 AU3 45) The Special Cabinet Committee meeting in uttS¥lB on the day of Japan's surrender, however, ~ade the following recam nendation: .•.that Canadian Al~Y 3nd Air Force units should .not particip9te, whether 15 p3rt of 3 Comnon wealth Force or otherwise) in the occupation bf Japan or in other special duties in the ·Pacific theatre following Japan's surrender. (Ibid: Extr3ct from 3 Memorandun from the Specis1 Cabinet Conr.ittee to the Cabinet, 14 Aug 45) Accordingly, Ottawa replied to London: We BrB not prepared to furnish a brigade 3roup for occupation or other special duties in the Pacific theatre as you suggest ...1Ve now have considerable occupation forces in Europe and we are not ready to undertake any further commi~ent of this nature involvine either Army or Air Force units. (Ibid: Tel No 18f, Secretary of State for External Affairs to Secret9ry of State for Doninion Affairs, 15 Aug 45) (c) Canada Withdraws the C.A.P.F. 58. From this decision naturally arose the question of the future disposition of C.A.P.F. I which the Minister discussed with the Prime Minister on 16 Aug 45. He then informed his service chiefs: ...it had been BGreed that no action should be taken until the actual Peace Terms hed been signed ...ln the meantime it has been agreed th9t approach should be ~~de to the U.S. Gover~ent to decide whether or not any further steps should be taken at this time in connection with the despatch of C.A.F.F. to the U.S. for training. It was 83reed that the method of approach should be decided by consultation by C.G.S. With Under_Secretary of State for - 54 - External Affairs fr!l' NOrrlgn A. Robertson J (H.Q.S. 9131, vol 6: Extract from Minister's Morning Conference, 17 AUI> 45) The C.G.S. prepared the followinG draft telG3ram addressed to Maj-Gen Letson in Yashington: Para One - In view of cessation of hostilities against Japan we do no~ consider itl necsssary to continue the pr~sent plans for training and equipping C.A.r.F. in United States. Para Two - We propose therefore imnediate cancellation of present plgns for training and equipping this force in the United States and the subsequent cancellstion of all r.:LOVerlent of C.A.P.F. personnel froM Can,da to U.S. training areas. ,;'ara Three - On the assumption that U.S. II/ar ~Dept agrees that there will be no revivn~ of hostilities which would require use of C.A.P;F. in operations a~ainst Japan you are author ized to inform U.S. War Dept of foregoing intention and make arr3nzements accordingly. Para Four - Reguest_e?rJiest confirmation of U.S. agreeme~t With 9ssu~ption in Para Three. (Ibi": Dr3f't tele,ram e.G.s. 417, Murchie to L,~tson. The ori 7 inal draft bears the not3tion H.'U:J.e:1ded after Discussion with Mr. Robertsbnr U.S. of S. External ("3d) J.e. r-!urehie 17/8". It is also st~nped and initialled by the r,rinistcr "Dispatch approved II. ) After consultation between the C.G.S. and the Under Secretary of Stato for External Affairs, however, para 4 and the cl3use in parf) 3 lItbat U.S. War Dept agrees ll were delet~d from tho original draft. (These deletions are underlined in the above quotation). The telegram 8S amended was thon despatched 17 Aug 45. The next day General Letson repli~d: Content of your c.n.s. 417 has been co~unicated to Assistant Chief of Staff Operations and Plans Division. They concur in the Betton indicated and will place irL"!!.,~diatG stop sign on all arrangeMents. It is expected that within the next ten d~ys tLe remote possibility of res~ption of hostilities will become clarified one way or the- other. Atl that tics D.P.D. suggest th3t for purposes of the record I should write 1'crmally to U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff informing ther.l that in view of the end of the war our propo381 to particip9te with them is nOw Withdrawn. This will indicate formal cancellation whereas present action is - 55 - morely on a planning and administrstive level thus le9ving the top love1 door open should we wish to r-3Sur.10 6ctivity if w·~r continues. (Ibid: Tel 2140 I Letson to Murchie, 18 Aug 45 ) 59. Satisfied that the U.S. arproved ofl Canada's intentions, N.D.H.Q. i!:lrlCGi·3te:"J~ issued theso orders: Defer all ~OV6n~nt to united States of C.A.F.F. personnel ponding fllt'thDr instructions. No publicity to be given :hi5 instruction. Addsd Comd C.A.P.F. BrockvilJ.6 rptd Cond Cdn Army Staff 1\-ashin!,;ton . (H~ ....."{, •• 5 °1--/ :J.L-/.).z-· Tel CGS• •• 419 , e.G.s. to CI")r1{ C._(l~.P.F. :md Come G.A.S. VlashinE;ton, 12 Aug 45) When, tOWe'1rds• the end of Au~u:'t 194.5, it beC:3Me obvious that Japan's cGr.'lplete surrerrcer ",'ras ossured, decisive . action regarding the future of C.A.P.F. beca~e possible. * The e.G.s. therefore despatchod ~o General Letson the following instructj.ons J in whicr. t~r Robertson concurred: ...you are authorized to inform U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff th'Jt unon eXGcutio~ of terms of surrend~r by Japan it is proposed to disband e.A.F.F. and that f'UT ~::'.fl0sal to participate with thp.m in the W3!' aGsinst Japan is occord ingly wi thdrav·n. (H.Q.S. 9131, vol 6: T31 e.G.s. Foulkes to Let~0n, 30 Aug 45) General Letson at once wrote to A(l.miral Leshy a forr,lal letter in which he reviewed tho ~ctting up of C.A.P.F. and concluded with these remarks: Vfuen it bccane eVident that v~cto~J OVGr Japan was iaDinont ,nd after consultation with th0 VIar DepJ:lrtI!1ont (O.:-2.D.), movement of further Canadian troops W3S suspended until such tine as the situation becane c19rified. I have now been in5tru~tcd to infor.m the .U.S. Joint Chiafs 0; Etaff that upon the execution of the te~ms of surrender by Jap3n it is proposed to disband the eana~i3n Army Pacific Force. It is 0esired at t1iS time * By this tiiilH General McNau3hton hed been replaced as ~~inister 01' National Der'ence by Eon Dougl03s Abbott (21 Aug 45) and Lt-Gan Murchie as e.G.s. by Lt-Gen C. }t'oulkes, C.B., C.B.E., D.S.a. (w.e.f. 31 Jul 45). - 56 - on bchslf of the Canadian Amy to cpnvey to the U.S. War Dep9rtncnt the th)nks and appreciation of tho Canfldian Army for the cordial and eV3r rS3dy co-operation which was recsived On evory h3nd and at every l~vel. We are at one with you in giving t~8nks that victory has bGen achieved but our thOUghts are tinged With regret thnt circUMstances have precluded us from serving side' by side with the U.S. Army in ft~pting Ggainst our cO~~On enemy in the Pacific. • (Ibid: Letson to Loahy quoted in tal 2159, Letson to Foulkes, 31 Aug 45) (d) Nil Strength 60. Meanwhile administrl'jtive action in Canada had necessarily been delayed until Japan's surrender becaoe a certainty. It was possible to take only tentative ceasures,.Df whic~ the following are exanPleSj In principle all coves tc C.A.P.F .. ccncentration Breas should continue. This will be subject to certain variations in accordance with cirCllilstances as they erisa••. Further intake into Ule Amy, and electing for the C.A.P.F. or to becone G.S. has been suspended under the prOvisions of wire N.S.S. 171 dated 14 Aug 45. (H.~. 5-0-53: Org 951 dated 20 Aug 45. A copy of the \'rire referred to has not been located) Pending a firr. decision as to the future of C.A.P.F., it is propQs'.:d to hold in abeyance all promotions and ~l.p-··r8dings of officers within the force effactive 15 Aug 45~ (H.O•. S. 9131··5: A.G. tc Comd Base H.-=:'. C.A.r.;:.', Rrockville, 2~ Aug 45) 61. By 30 Aug 45, hO"Nevr.~·, the situation had become mOre definite and the A.G. dircc~3d: Effect!va irnr.Lediately all l'l10veo.ents into C .A.P.F. concentration areas will cease pending further instructions STOP Personnel will be hald in h~e districts unde~ district arrangements. (H.~. 5-0-53: Org 60 dated 30 Aug 45) The next day the C.G.S. issued tho foll~/ing instructions to Heads of Branches authorizing then to take 1~~ediate action: • - 57 - In view of cess3tion of hosti:Jities against Japan it has been decided that there is no longer any oper9tional requirenent for the Canadian Amy Pacific Yaree and that in consequence: (a) All r-lovenent of G.A.r.F. personnel from Canada to U.S. will be cancelled. (b) All plans and arrangements made for trainins and equipping C.A.P.P. in U.S. and for obtaining N1erican equip~~nt ~nd training assistance in Canada will be cancelled. . ( c ) The previously au~horized organization of No 5, 6, 7 and 8 Pacific Train~ng . Battalions, the rlovement out 0]' l'etavl8wB of A-I and A-5 Training Centres 'to provide accon~odation therefore and all other special organizational arrangements • for the traini.ng of C.A.P.F. reinforce • ments in Canada will NOT proceed unless in the opinion of the Adjutant-General they are required for the norMal holding of such personnel pending other disposal. (d) Units of the e.A.I.F. will revert to District control and will cease to be under cO:Jmand of CO~lander C.A.P.F. effective 0001 hrs Tuesday 4 Sep 45. * (e) Fersonnel of the C.A.P.F. become available to the Adjutant-General for demobilization or other employnent in accordance with approved plans applicable to the rest of the Army in Canada. (H.1.S. 9131-33: e.~.s. tOIA.G., Q..K.G. Bnd ~iJLO." 1 SeT' .:1.5 1 62. Action with re~ard to (n) had alre9dy been taken (see para 59 above), and orders '.'Tere at once issued to recall those troops who had previously been despatched across the border. With exception of those engaged on cooks' training all C.A.P.F. ~ers in training in U.S.A. together \'n. th their edrninistrative increnents will return to Canada as quickly as can be arranGed. (ll.Q. 5-0-53: Org 73 doted 4 Sep 45) ------K Commander C.A.P.F. had assumed command of the formations and units of the Force only With effect from 10 Aug 45. He had form8rly acted merel'r in a co-ordinating, liaison Rnd planning capacity (H.Q.S. 9131, vol ·6: e.G.s. to A.G., Q.M.G., and M.G.O., 9 Aug 45). I - 58 - By 10 Oct 45 the novenent homewards had been conpleted. nAlI Caned ian C.A.P.F. traineos in U.S. he va now re turned. The last of then (cooks) scheduled to arrive at Pe.tawaW9 this afternoonII ('If. D., Cdn Amy Staff, Washington, 10 Oct 45). MeanTIhile, the nine U.S. Weapon Training Teans, which had arrived in Canada 3 Aug 45, had entrained at Long 3ranch 20 Sap 45 for return to Fort Benning, Georgia (Ibid, 20 Sep 45). I 63. ';'lithin Canada, howevo:::', it wes quite a difficult task to sor~ out personnol and a=range for their disposal. The a1tuation ":3 :"It 31 Aug 45 was as follows: 1963 offrs and 22,058 O.R. had been posted to C.A.P.F. units. Of these, 1,536 offrs and 20,238 O.R. ~are from overseas and 427 offrs and 1,e20 O.R. were fro~ units in Canada. (Historical Material, Cdn Sec 2nd • Echelon, C.A.F.F.: Report entitled • Investigat~on C'_!-' P .F_.~ocume_nt~, Capt W.B. l;OU1. [,5, ti Oct 45. 11'his is in possession of Historical Section (G.S.) at ArQY Eeadquarters) Unfortunately, however, instructions issued after the freezing order of 30 Aug 45 permitted movement within Districts or Commands to 8ssembl'" are9S, thus fadding to the difficulties of control. Mobilization was far from complete, and considerable confusion eXisted over the exact location of personnel. According to estiMates nade l based on leave expiry dates and the i~sue of movement orders, approximately 849 offr, and 13,397 O.R ... ~hould have reached AsseMbly Areas. It must be appreciated that the factors mentioned ... i.e. leave extensions, hospitelization, A.W.Ls., and changes at ho~e depots, all decreased this figure. The remaining 1114 off~s and 8,661 O.R. were in District Depots 01· still on Special Leave. (Ibid) This failure to complete conc<:nt~~'Jtton ultimately brought about, in the \'lords of an inv'Jstigating officer, "a regrettable dispersal of C.A.F.F. bodies without documents and docQ~ents without bodies on disbandment of C.A.P.F." (Ibid: Major F.~;. Cass to AlA.A.G. (Co-ord), 26 Oct 45). ---- 64. ". Demobilization of C.A.j .F. volunteers had to be dovetai~ed into demobilizat.ion of other European vetflrans, most of whom were }vt. overseas, and of troops who had seen service only in C:H! .. ~a. The Adjutant-General proposed that the principle tu be kept in mind was to - 59 - give no preference in demobilization to personnel by reason of the fact that they volunteered for the Pacific (li.Q.S. 9131, vol 6: Extract from Morning Conference, ",0 Aug 45). An announcenent to the press st.ted that: I In gonersl, the plan is to disband C.A.P.F. units by releasing those whO are eligible to return to civil life and by placing other personnel in 88ployment with units already existing wit_~lin the v3rious Military Pistricts. (H.Q. 5-0-53: Press relesse, P.N. 719-45 issued 4 Sep 45) Retaining only future Active Force units required for the peacetime arnlY, N.D.H.~. arranged for the complete disposal of C.A.P.F. in S8pte~ber 1945. All units of the C.A.P.F. are now being reduced to NIL str by the A.G. except: • • 1 Cdn F.A. Bn . 1 Cdn Inf Bn (R.C.R.) 1 Cdn Inf Bn (P.P.C.L.I.) 1 Cdn Inf Bn IR. 22e R.) Nos 7 and 8 Pacific Inf Trg Bns, when no longer required by the A.G. for holding roles, will be reduced to nil str. Paras l(b), .3 and 4 of S.D. 1 letter 2723 are hereby can celled, thus ebrogeting the fmn of Nos 5 and 6 Pacific lnf Trg Bns which were to be formed from Nos 23 and 26 C.I.IB) T.Cs. The latter two units will therefore continue and be available as sortation units. H.Q. Pacific Trg Ede and Nos I, 2, 3 and 4 Pacific Inf Trg Bns are hereby placed at the disposal of the A.G. for reduction to NIL str when no longer requi.red. (H.Q.S. 9131, vol 7: C.G.S. to A.G., Q.M.G, and M.G.a., 19 Sop 45) Formal disbandment of C.A.P.F. units was accomplished by General Order 425, effective 1 Nov 45. I W.'.R EXPEl;llITUR;J AGAnlST JAPAN 65. Before concluding the story of C.A.P.F., it is interesting to note an estimate of Army costs to the Dominion 'of Canada attributable to the war against Japan in the period 1 Nov 41 to 22 Feb 46. - 60 - The total cost is estinated at ~438,000,OOO. (Canadian dollars) which nay be broken down as follows: lie II Force $ 13,750,000. 6th, 7th, Bnd 8th Canadian Divisions 252,000,000. Army Camp Sites on Pacific Coest 18,500,000. Kisk9 Force 10,750,000. Canadian Army Pacific Force 35,500,000. Canadian Army Pacific Force - Special Expenditures 4,750,000. Special Wireless Groups and Intelligence Sections 2,000,000. Proportion of Expenses - Pacific Command 61,250,000. N.D.H.~. and General Overhead exp~nses 39,500,000. $ 438,000,000. (Ibid, vol e: Memo to Deputy Minister Department of Finance, 10 ~'!1Y 46 I prepared for signature of A. ROBS, Doputy Minister D.N.D. A marginal note • of 13 May 46, however, states: liTo Fyle • As agreed "'ith Col Kynch of D.Ms. ott1oe·1h1s memo will NOT be sent, but contents may be phoned Dept Finance. This was done 1450 hrs to-day. Fy1e is therefore r.A.'d. (sgd) J.S. ;~alford, Lt-Co1 S.D. 3") 66. The total cost to Canada of the war against Japan was only a minor sum compared to the much larger amounts which would undoubtedly h3ve been expended if hostilities had not ceased so abruptly. This saving must be calculated in lives as well as mere money, for campaigns in the Pacific area have alweys been noted for heavy casualties through disease as well as bloodshed. The Canadian Army Pacific Force advanced little beyond the planning stage, but those VGry plans and preparation~ were an active demonstr9tton of Canada's· decis.ion of her own free will to sha re in carrying the fight ~nto the enemy stronghold. 67. This rS)Jrt hJS b00n writte~ oy C~pt R.3. Oglesby, narrator in the Historical 3rcti,m, .lrmy EeJ.dquarters . .4 C0 C1~<.Jy -zf'Y"¢ 1~~C'P. Stdicey) (l<1010nel, 17:.-:- Director Historical Section (~.S.) Anpen~,i,x "NI to "eport No 16 HQ.S 9131 TOP SEC;lET OTTN'lA, ~O Nov 44 SUl1W.RY TO: WP.R COiJl.1ITTEi3 OF '!HE CAEII<::T HE: CANADIJ.N AR'.:Y ." RTICL,ATION IN OPERATI ONS J, GAINST J A?AN 1. Purpose To apurove Canadien Amy participation egeinstl Japen on the foU"",ing besis: (e) The Canadi'3.n Force to conprise one ifivision ",ith necesser:t ancillaI"lr troops es required, up to a total of 30,000. (b) This Force to OlJerate in the Centrp.l Pacif'to Area unfler the hi!:"he r cO!'1l!Emd of Unite~ States Forces enr to be reor~Bnized enf re-e1uinDe~ in Accoroance with United -States table s of orqanizEltion. • (c) The Divisj on to provi~e the fr3ne''Jork of tris Force to be selecteti by tfle ArrrlY COJ'11T1anoer 1')i th such sub stitution of selectrd units, if necessary, as mp".· be required to ensure count.r,,'V'ide repre::;entation. (d) The Division ene the personnel selected for the"e duties to be broue.b.t beck to CanF'ds, prEnter one Month '9 leave anc refitted in Caneda prior to r1e~flrture. (e) Action already initiated ,"ith the Chief of Steff United Stfltes Army regerdin~ the role of this CallF(lian \Force in con,junciton with United States Forces, to be completed. 2. Considerations (a) Proposed Drea of opera tions ene the flCcept ance of the United'States Comano have alreDd~.r been s. (c) ProT)osed size of tr.e E'orce is t~!l t VIr. ler can most epproprip.1fely be n-de fiveilnhle :J.ncer t}'le 8e con~itions of selection,. ~9tjm8te~ thct Apnr("lY~!"lp.telY six Illonths will be rermirec for its eo ncent,retion, re orr:ani78tion and re-e'JUlnnin5! in Canl"ilft.. . ... ./2 - 2 - 3. Men powe r Selection of thE" necessElry personnel for this Force will be Ir.ode beforE; proceecUnr: to Ca!lf1ns for re or",nnization. :r-ersonnel l"il1 be found (1) Hom suit£lble oersonnel expressin", r. T)reference un- dertake this ~uty f,n(l \llho fire '·1.11iof! to for go their priority of demobilization, and (ii) by de taili~. if necessar", those ,'1th low pr iority of demobilization ar..r'1 in the cese of specialists, re ,!erdless of pri ority (if necesspr'). 4. ?roposel has been (a) RecollIIlle~ed by Chie f of th.e General Staff. (b) Concurre~ in by the Chiefs of StAff. (o) Concurred in bY the t:i.nister of NBtion~l Defence. • QErE RJll. STA.."'F (Oprs 192 -M) 20 Nov 44 The Cabinet on 20 Nov 44 !lave (l'n""lrovCll to the!';e Tlro.,osp.ls for CanE cian P.rm:' parti 01')1 tj.on in the ''''fOr e~('inFlt Japan (l!.~.S. 9131, vol 1: I1.S. to C.G.S., 25 Nov <4). Append ix liB" to Report No 16 CANADIAN PUNNING TEAl.: DR'J'T OUTLINE PLAN FOR CAl~~IAN AR~~ PACIFIC FORCE (As a~ended 28 Jul 45) Part One The organization, training and maintenance of the force (including three months replacements) prior to departure from North America. The following extracts sre from: • 22 J~l 45 - Aasembly of C.A.P.F. training cadrea in Canada. 9 Aug 45 - ~ovement of cadres to training estab lis~ents in U.S.A. 1 Sep 45 - Initial movemp.nt of C.A.F.F. advance pertiea, total 500, to C.~ BR:lCY.INRIDGE. 22 Sap 45 I 1 Oct 45 - C.A.F.F. movea to CAMP BRECKINRIDGE. Section 2 - Troop List C.A.P.F. JFirst Revision) 29 Jun 45 OUrs O.R. .Totel Inf Div 787 15,051 15,838 Tk Bn 39 685 724 Total forwerd erea uni ts: 941 16,128 17,069 Total Rear Area Units 324 1,762 2,086 Total-Units 1,265 17,890 !',155 Theatre Overhead 'Cdn 52 993 ~,045" Initial Repls 605 9,195 9,800 Aggregete Force 1,922 28,078 30,000 Section 4 - Channels of Co~d and Comn (al PurelY.Canadian Matters _,-__Comd ------Comn National Def~nce Headquarters , 11'. W C.A.P.F.. Bese Readquarters -1\':' , .i 6 Cdo' Inf Div V ------" Of these the Infantry accountad for 7,708 all ranks. ~ 2 - (b) Training and Operations War Department II , ~ Army GroundJForces It., I Ii Second u.s."'" Army ~, , I V J 6 Cdn Inf Div (c) Local Administration War Depart",en.t d t , ( ., , w -It A=y Ground Forces Army Service Forces Second: u.s.1 Army I!'.'!'., \ , D. Os. C. I, I ," -J, During Phase 1 Ie .A.P.F. Base Headquarters while C.A.P.F. fmn ,,,:, i ) and units are in· I ,I ) , ' Districts and unde ,y \;. ..../ ) coed D.Os. C. for 6 Cdn Inf Div jo. local adm. ( Section 5 - Training (1 ) The division and three Months replacements to train at CA1~ BRECKIlffiIDGE under U.S. Army Ground Forces and 2nd U.S. Army. ( 2 ) Training cadres for employ~ent in instructing force to be trained in U.S.A., under U.S. Army Ground Forcm arrangements. I Of the three months replacecents with C.A.P.F., one third are to be carried on the strength of, and trained by appropriate divisional units, Bnd two thirds With the replacenent depot. Section 6 - System of SUDply, Clothing and Equipment (1) Equipment will be provided on the basis of U.S.A. T./D. & E. Scales, except special ite~s of Canadian supply ~hiefly bettIe dress, berets, badges and flashesJ , ... - 3 - (2) U.S. Army training equip~ent will be used. (3) Rations will be as for s no~al U.S. Army Division. (4) Tha overall cost will be borne by the Canadian Government based On a capitation rate, excluding these itens pf Canadian supplyj (7i Officers and warrant officers will be all~led clothing allowances, on rates to be determined. Section 11 - System of Providing and Maintaining Personnel The system to be on a field return basis as employed by Cdn Army in other theatres, modified where necessary to fit U.S. procednre .. , Section 12 - Medical Annexure I- I~unizations • (1) Small' pox. (2) Typhoid. (3 i Tetanus. (4) Typhus and Cholera - Cnly if indiceted in novement order for departure. from P.S. (5) Plague - Only to personnel under serious threat of exposure. (6) Yellow Fever - Not reQ.uired for present active war theatre. Section 13 - Discipline, Arrest.l- Gs>n.fJ.pem.ent Cdn Military Lav' and Regul~tions to applyl U.S. Military Law will not be applicable to Cdn troops. Cdn persoIUlel to be tried and_ punishr:1ents awarded by Cdn Officers end courts.- Laside from serious civil offencesJ Powers - To be stotler to those granted B corps commander overseas, with Comd C.A.F.F. Base Headquarters and Deputy Divisional Cond having powers similar to Deouty Adjutant and Quartermaster General a Cdn Corps;-other officers of C.A.P.F. powers sinilar to those for ~n equivalent appointment in the Cdn Arny Overseas. Annexure I to Section-L?_=- Di~~~'pline·and Detention Barracks (Extract froE r,r;emorandum on ilLegal Im.plications"· dated 14 Jun 45 prepared by Deputy Judge Advocate General, National Defence Headquarters after con sultetion with U.S. Authorities) l'..:t4"_ - 4 - Discipline - An Act was passed on 30th June 1944, by the 78th Congress of the U,S. (Public Law 384 #l which provides that upon the request of an Officer Co~anding a friendly foreign force, which has service courts of appropriate jurisdiction Within the U.S.A., the American authorities may arrest any member of such force and deliver hi~ to the foreign force for trial in the service court of such force·within the U.S.A, , Under the prOVisions of Public Law 384 the Canadian service authorities will be able,to admin~ster Canadian Military Law in respect to the member of the force in the same nanner and to the same extent as they would were such for~e serving in Canada. Detention and Detention Barracks - Under U.S. Public Law 384 persons sentenced to imprisonment by a service court of a friendly foreign force may be confined in the disciplinary barracks, guardhouse or other place of detention of the U.S. armed forces or in a U.S. penitentiary or other penal institution at the_expense of the power on whose behalf the prisoner is detained. It will be necessary, hOVlev ;~:,' to provide by Ot'der-in Council that Canadian pe130nnel if placed in arrest Or sentenced to a punishment of imprisonment may be kept in custody of SUCG places as may.be avail able for such purposes by the U.S. authorities. Sectian 14 - Pay. I Cdn field systen of pay to be continued excapt· that officers will be paid by use of pay books instead of adv9nce books. Paymasters have been added to the troop list on tho nomal Cdn scale. Existing regulations pe~litting the payment of ~l25.00 per individual per ~onth without charging exchange t.t> apply.,. Detaohed personnei to be peid by U.S. euthorities through use of Cdn pay books. Japanese C~paign Pay to be paid to personnel of C,A,P.F, in the ·U.S.A, Deferred pay should not be applicsble during period in U,S,A. Section 15 - Welfare Special Services - To be. 01'g""ni7~a on U.S .IT/o' sand use U.S. eqUipment. Post Exchange - To be operatcc by U.S. personnel for the benefit of all units on the post including ~--rr------'------(I H,Q,S, 9131-4, vol 1 contains. copy of U,S, Publio Law 384. - 5 - C.A.P,F. Arrangements to be made for the stocking of Cdn brands of cigarettes, duty and excise tax free, for sale to Cdns. No requirement for Cdn unit canteens. Beer to be available at the post exchange. Depending upon final decision of U.S. authorities C.A.P.F. to be entitled to distributions from the U.S. rcst TTuzt P\md. u.s.a. Facilities - ~ill be supplied by the U.S. in the same way as for U.S. redeployed forces in U.S.A. Section 16 - Legal, Claims, Financial. Etc Corn;:,lsnd - Recirrocal powers of comn.'3nd en lower levels to be arranged as reconnended b;l D..LA.n.. at Annexure I. This requirGs the passing of an Order in-Council makin0 orders of U.S. offrs to Cdns under their command, legal orders from a Cdn standpoint. Claims - To be investigated in the first instance by U.S.·claims officers, and passed upon by Cdn Claims Conmission Washington. Financial - All expenses except the pay and allowances of C.A.P.F. personnel, and the cost of certain equipment to be used solely in Cda, to be paid under a capitation rate being 'vorked out between the Deputy Minister and U.S. War Department. (Extracts from MemorandU:j on ilLegal Ir.1plications" £I? cit, [Cf Annexure I to Secti.on l~) ...1 am of the opinion that a Canadian soldier serving in a jOint U.S. Canadian force w~o refused to obey the orders of an ArlRrican officer or N.C .0. could in an ordinary case where no special circum stances were involved be convicted under Section 40 and possibly under Section 9 or 11 of the Army Act, if he had been ordered bv his Canadian superior officer to obey the orders of" the _~erican officer or U.C.O. concerned. There is sufficient doubt in this, however, to make it adviseable, in ny opinion to pass an Order-in-Council si~ilar in this respect to those made in connection with the Greenlight [Ki.sk~ and 1st Speci.al Servi.ce Forces. (poC. 5"p12 dated 18 Jun 43 and PoCo 629 dated 26 Jan 4~ Section 17 - Promotions. HOI1.'?.llrs. and Awards I Leave! Etc Promotions: ( a ) Officers - U.S. authorities to have no jurisdiction. ( b ) Other ranks - Recor'l.'ilend that the same system as in Europe be used. - 6 - Honours and Awards: (a) U.S. Decorations - Immediate steps should be taken to obtain blanket authority for members of the force to accept such decorations. (b) British Decorations - To be handled as for commands in Canada. Arrangements should include provision for the "awards to U.S. personnel . .Leave - No leave to Canada will be pOSS~ble except on compassionate grounds si~ilar to tho~e on which personnel wer~ returned to Canada from overseas. Families, Etc - All ranks of C.A.P.F. to be warned that these will not be per·'itted to move to CAMP BRECKINRIDGE area. Section 18 - Public Relations To accord due publicity to the C.A.F.F. public relations" group will become operational on establish ment in Kentucky. It is hoped to commence puhlication of The Maple Leaf, which will be the me:n source of Canadian news for the C.A.F.F" at the earliest" possible date near CAMP BRECKINRIDGE. A press liaison officer will be permanently attached to the C.A.P.F. Base Headquarters and HiBdqUarters 6 Cdn Inf Div. Appendix "G" to Report No ] 6 CANADIAN PLANNING TE~r DR'~T GUTLINB PLAN FOR CANllDIAN Affif{ PACIFIC FORCE (As emended 2P luI 45) Part Three The organization for training, accounting and despatch of replacements beyond those to 9ccompan~' the force. The followin~ are extracts from: Section 1 - General Outline Basis Plan i~ based upon the despatch to U.S.A. of persohnel who have conpleted basic (e weeks) train ing in Gda along U.S. lines, for final period of 11 weeks advanced training. This period of train ing in U.S.A. to be longer for certain specialists and technicians. Upon completion of U.S. treinin~, personnel to be returned to Gde or, during periOd C.A.P.F. is in U.S.A., may be sent direct to the Force. Training will be the responsibility of Army Ground Forces and Army Service Forces; admin istration the general responsibility of Gda. Scele ...input into U.S. training centres of 3000 per month commencin3 I Get 45 and 2350 per Month cOInI!lencing 1 Jun 46 will be necessary. This to produce 2500 and 2000 per ~onth r~spectively, available 12-14 wee]cs later d epFmd ing upon d is position. Section 3 - Training Phase One Canada All basic elementary training which is c~on to all arms (branch immaterial) including drill, discipline, fundamental (orientation) training, physical harden ing, and fieldcraft , etc, to be. carried out in training centres in Canada. Thiz would present few equipment problems as the only weapons required would be rifle, carbine and rocket launcher (bazooka). Syllabus to be dravm up in consultation with G-3 U.S. Army Ground Forces to conform to U.S. MOhilization Training Programmes. . .. U.S. to supply small train ing cadres to assist. Phese Two - U.S.A. Corps training and all technical tradesmen and specialist t~aining to be carried out in U.S. re placement training centres and/or schools for arms concerned. A Canadian contribution to the training stsffs to be m.de ... Append ix uD It to Report No 16. C~WOSITION OF CANADIAN ARlIT PACIFIC FORCE 11 Jul 45 H.Q.S. 9131, vol 5: D.S.D. to D. Org, 13 Jul 45 refers to proposed anendments to authorized Canadian Tables of Organization and Equipment (i.e. War Establishments) for the C.A.P.F. and ststes: Further detail ,nth regard to these proposed amendments is now known, although as yet un authorized. The attached Chart lists by arms and services the following: Part A: Units of the 6th Canadian Infantry Division Part B: Corps and Army Units of the C.A.P.F. • Part C: Base units of the C.A.F.F. and indicates the strs to ymich units may mobilize. When the strs shown in the "Fermissive Mobilization Strength" colwnn is less than that authorized by the current Cdn T./O. & E., the letter str may be used. The following pages contain information obtained from this Chart, which differs only in minor detail from the Official troop list given in Section 3 of the Draft Outline Plan as amended 28 Jul 45. - 2 - COMPOSITION OF CANADIAN ARMY PACIFIC FORCE 6TH CANADIAN INFANTRY DIVISION 11 Jul 45 ARM OR PERlHSSIVE SERVICE FULL DESIGNATION MOB STR OUrs O.oR.. H''1.. Units He8dquarter~ 6th Canadian Infantry Division 42 120 Haadquarters Special Troops 6th Canadian Infantry Division 2 7 Headquarters Company 6th Canadian Infantry Division 4 100 6th Canadian Order of Battle Team 1 2 No 6 Canadian Photo Interpreter Team 2 5 Armd 6th Canadian Infantry Division Reconn~ eisaanee Troop (The Royal Montreal Regiment) 6 143 • Arty • Headquarters 6th Canadian Division Artillery) Headquarters Battery 6th Canadian Division ) 17 113. Artillery ) 1st Canagian Field Artillery Battalion, R.C.A. ~ncl H.Q.., H.Q.. Bty, and A, Band C Bty-iJ 31 433 2nd Canadian Field Artillery Battalion, R.C.A. 31 433 3rd Canadian Field Artillery Battalion, R.C.A, 31 433 4th Canadien Field Artillery Battalion, R.C.A. 25 428 Anti-Tank Company, R.C.A., 1st Canadian Infantry Regiment 5 96 Anti-Tank Company, R.C.A., 2nd Canadian Infantry Regi~ent 5 96 Anti-Tank Company, R.C.A., 3rd Canadian Infantry Regiment 5 96 Cannon Company, 1st Canadian Infantry Regi ment (The Saskatoon Light Infantry (M.G.) 5 96 Cannon Company, 2nd Canadian Infantry Regi- ment (The Saskatoon Light Infantry OLG.)) 5 96 Cannon Company, 3rd Canadian Infantry Regi ment (The Saskatoon Light Infantry (~!.G.») 5 96 Engrs 6th Canadian Engineer Combat Battalion, R.C .E. ~ncl Headquarters and Service Company, A, ~, Bnd C Companie~ 28 593 Sigs 6th Canadian Signal Company, R.C. Sigs 11 295 Inf Headquarters 1st Canadian Infantry Regiment ) Headquarters Company 1st Canadian Infantry )14 161 Regiment ) 1st Canadian Infantr~ Battalion (The Royal Canadi an Regiment) [ncl H.0,., Il.Q.. Coy, three Rifle Companies, and Heevy Weapons Compan:B 37 977 - 3 - . 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion (Tha Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment) 37 977 3rd Csnadian Infantry Battalion (48th High- landers of Canada) 37 977 Headquarters 2nd Canadian Infantry ) Regiment ) 14 161 Headquarters Company 2nd Canadian Infantry) Regiment ) 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion (Frincess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry) 37 977 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion (The Sea- forth Highlanders of Caneda) 37 977 3rd yanadlan Infantry Battalion (The Loyal Edmonton Regiment) 37 977 Headquarters 3rd Canadian Infantry Regiment) Headquartars Company 3rd Canadian Infantry ) 14 161 Regiment ) 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion (Royal 22e Regiment) 37 977 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion (The Carlaton and York Regiment) 37 977 3rd Canadian Infantry Battalion (The West Nova tcotia Regiment) 37 977 S. & T. 6th Canadian Quartermaster Company, R.C.A.S.C. 10 176 Service Company, R.C.A.S.C., 1st Canadien Infantry Regiment 8 135 Service Company, R.C.A.S.C., 2nd Canadian Infantry Regiment 8 135 Servica Company, R.C.A.S.C., 3rd Canadian Infantry Regiment 8 135 Service C~pany. R.C.A.S.C., 1st Canadian Field Artillery Battalion 4 70 Service Company, R.C.A.S.C., 2nd Canadian Field Artillery Battalion 4 70 Service Company. R.C.A.S.C., 3rd Canadian Fiald Artillery Battalion 4 70 Servica Company, R.C.A.S.C., 4th Canadian Field Artillery Battalion 4 72 Med line1 Chaplain~ Medicsl Detachment, R.C.A.~.C.• 6th Canadian Infantry Division (incl 1 Chaplain att) 2 12 Medical Detachment, R.C.A.n.C., 1st Canadien Infantry Ragiment (incl 3 Chaplains) 11 124 ~edical Detachment, R.C.A.LC., 2nd Canadian Infantry Regiment (incl 3 Chaplains) 11 124 Medical Detachment, R.C.A.t,Le .. 3rd CanadiJan Infantry Regiment (incl 3 Chaplains) I 11 124 Medical DetBc~~ent, R.C.A.M.e., 6th CanAdian Division ArtillAry (incl 2 Chaplains) 7 49 Medical Detachment, R.C.A.r.l.C., 6th Canadian Engineer Compat Battalion 1 14 6th Canadian Medica} Battalion, R.C.A.~.C. (incl 1 Chaplain) ~ncl Headquarters, A,B,C, and D Companie~ 45 423 E. & M.E. 6th Canadian 0rdnance Light Maintenance Company R.C.E.M.E. 141 I 9 · . - 4 - Pro 6th Canadian Military Police Platoon, 7 169 C Pro C. Mise No 34 ganadian Military Band 29 No 35 Canadian Military Band 29 Total Divisional Troops 990 15,058 CORPS eo ARNY TR00rs 11.Q.. Units Canadian Liaison Increment Corps 5 5 Canadian Liaison Increnent Second Army 15 10 Canadian Liaison Increment Army (A.R.C.O.) 10 15 _~d I 22nd Canadian Tank Battalion (The Canadian Grenadler Guards), C.A.C. ~ncl Headquarters and Headquarters Company, light Tank Co~panYJ and three ~edium Tank Comp8nie~ 33 556 " S. &: T. Service Company, R.C.A.S.C., 22nd Canadian Tank Battalion 4 III Med Medical Detachment, R.C.A.t:.C., 22nd Canadian Tank Battalion 2 18 No 28 Canadian Evacuation Hospital, R.C.A.M.C. 38 218 N./5. 40 .. Ord No 1 Canadian Laundry Unit, R.C.a.C. 1 13 Mise No 6 Canadian Graves Registration Platoon 1 76 No 1 Canadian Special Service Platoon 1 24 No 2 Canadian Special Service Platoon 1 24 Total Corps t Army Troops 151 1,070 BASE UNITS H.Q.. Unita 2nd Echeron Canadian Army Pacific Force 34 381 Canadian Liaison Increment' - U.S .A. Q.h!. Depots 25 25 -~------ ~ Each of the three Medium Tank Comp9nies was allmved 5 offrs and 112 O.R. In the original chart these figures were not multiplied by three, an error which was re peated in the total and ~lso in the grand total on the next p9ge. Figures shown herein have been corrected. I 5 - BASE UNITS (Cont'd) Engrs 1st panadian Engineer Service Platoon (Utilities) 5 75 Sigs No 1 Caned ian Signal Detschnent, R.C. Sigs 2 60 Postal No 1 Canadian Fostal Unit (Serial J), c.r.c. 1 19 Pro No 1 Canadian Police S~ction, C. Pro C. 1 35 Miac No 1 Canadian Machine Records Unit (Type xl 2 29 No 6 Canadil.an Public Relations Group 15 60 No 1 Canadian Concert Party 1 29 No 2 Canadian Concert Party 1 29 No 1 Canadian Replacement Depot 30 166 No 1 Can~dian Replacement Battalion 8 23 No 2 Caeadian Replacement Battalion 8 23 No 3 Canadian Replacement Battalion 8 23 NO.4 Canadian Replacement Battalion 8 23 No 5 Canadian Replacement Battalion 8 23 No 1 Canadian Replacement Company 4 31 No 2 Canadian Replacement Company 4 31 No 3 Canadian Replacemant Cogpany 4 31 No 4 Canadian Replaccgent Company 4 31 No 5 Canadian Replacement Co",pany 4 31 No 6 Canadian Replacemant Company 4 31 No 7 Canadian Replacement Compsny 4 31 No 8 Canadian Replacegent Company 4 31 No 9 Canadian Replacenent Cogpany 4 31 No 10 Canadian Replacenent Company 4 31 No 11 Canadian Replacenent Company 4 31 No 12 Canadian Replscement Conpany 4 31 No 13 Canadian Replacegcnt Conrany 4 31 No 14 Canadian Replacenent Co~pany 4 31 No 15 Canadian Replacement Company 4 31 No 16 Canadian Replacenent Company 4 31 No 17 Canadian Replacement Company 4 31 No 18 Canadian Replacement Company 4 31 No 19 Canadian Replacenent Company 4 31 No 20 Canadian Replacem3nt Company 4 31 No 3 Canadian Special Service' Platoon 1 24 No 4 Canadian Special Service Platoon 1 24 Total Base Troops 239 1,691 Totel C.A.F.F. '. ;"·,1,180 l7,e19 " ------._------ * See footrrote to preceding page. • Appendix nEil to Report No 15. SUMVJillY OF C.A.F.F. ZL~CTORS Correct~d to : Overse~s report as at 14 Jul 45; Caned ian report as et 16 Jul 45. Electors in the most select group: Overseas - Personnel of Pulhems 1112221, Y.O.B. 1912-26, single only. Canada - Personnel of Pulherns 1112221, Y.O.B. 1912-26, mar~ied or-single. Corp'i/ Overseas _._-Canada Total Offrs O.R. Offrs O.R. Offrs O.R. Male Electors in Most-E~~~ct Grou~ C.A.C. 164 3,017 115 647 279 '3,664 R.C.A. 216 3,166 124 722 340 3,888 C.I.C. 424 8,904 572 9,435 996 18,339 ·..... ·...... Totol Males 1,205 22,679 1,581 13,707' !2,796 36,386 Male Electors in All Other Gr~u.:Q.s_ C.A.C. 160 651 122 538 282 1,189 R.C.A. 131 1,104 355 966 4% 2,070 C.I.C. 329 2,302 884 3,753 1,213 6,0·55 ·..... ·...... Total Males 1,505 9,954 3,784 15,841 5,289 25,795 Male Electors Combined C.A. C. 324 ;;,668 037 1,185 561 4,853 R.C.A. 347 4,270 479 1,688 826 5,958 C.I.C. 753 11,206 1,456 13,188 2,209 24,394 ·..... ·...... Total Males 2,720 32,633 5,365 29,548 18 ,085 62,181 Female Electors All Groups. R.C.A.M.C. N./S.700 712' .. 1,412 .. C.W.A.C. 30 615 416 5,460 446 6,075 Total Male and Female Electors-_._-._-. .~J~_._.Gr0.E~ 3,450 33,248 6,493 35,008 9,943 68,256 Note: Statistics are from reports on file 11.9,.8. 9131, vol 7. " to qeport ,'0 16 SELEC'!' GROUP "1:1t.T :S-:,UI"1Drr:.r'I'S 0" C.:.. P.-'. Correct9~ to : Oversens rctll:'ns <"'5 ~t 14 Jul 45' \.G.anar':iE'!" r£'turns ~s :It 16 Jul 45: Corps Offrs O. rt. Offrs O.~. Apuroxirne te renui.:renent 5 to ITlove ~U.S.A. Present Sur'I"J!uses C.A.C. ," 1,13? ;l.C.A. ' , 222 2,525 253 2,735 -7 1,153 C.LC. 502 14,~99 ·...... 434 3,340..... • Total Males 1,513 27,435 1,283 S,?51 Replacement s for first ei?ht months 1'ota! reguir€!'!Ents C..II .C, 110 ;l.C.J. l,10b 167 2.245 134 1,082 337 3,817 C.LC. 1,269 24,115 1,831 39,114 • ••• I• ...... TotAl Malas 1,665 28,735 3,178 5b ,170 Electors in most sale at a;rou n comneren lllitJ:.?~ro...1f~r.lf'l.~e r~.lJuirements Surnluses Def'icienci e s c .. '.. C. 112 1,419 7?. G•J,.. "I C.LC. 2C,775 ·...... Totfll Male s 3'32 19,784 Note: These figures are teken from r,;..,:,.orts on file E.Q.S. 9131, vol 7.