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Ming China As a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Winter 12-15-2018 Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Duan, Weicong, "Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1719. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1719 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Dissertation Examination Committee: Steven B. Miles, Chair Christine Johnson Peter Kastor Zhao Ma Hayrettin Yücesoy Ming China as a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 by Weicong Duan A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018, -
The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: “My
THE DIARY OF A MANCHU SOLDIER IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CHINA The Manchu conquest of China inaugurated one of the most successful and long-living dynasties in Chinese history: the Qing (1644–1911). The wars fought by the Manchus to invade China and consolidate the power of the Qing imperial house spanned over many decades through most of the seventeenth century. This book provides the first Western translation of the diary of Dzengmeo, a young Manchu officer, and recounts the events of the War of the Three Feudatories (1673–1682), fought mostly in southwestern China and widely regarded as the most serious internal military challenge faced by the Manchus before the Taiping rebellion (1851–1864). The author’s participation in the campaign provides the close-up, emotional perspective on what it meant to be in combat, while also providing a rare window into the overall organization of the Qing army, and new data in key areas of military history such as combat, armament, logistics, rank relations, and military culture. The diary represents a fine and rare example of Manchu personal writing, and shows how critical the development of Manchu studies can be for our knowledge of China’s early modern history. Nicola Di Cosmo joined the Institute for Advanced Study, School of Historical Studies, in 2003 as the Luce Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies. He is the author of Ancient China and Its Enemies (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and his research interests are in Mongol and Manchu studies and Sino-Inner Asian relations. ROUTLEDGE STUDIES -
Week 21: Social Policy and the Founding of Ming Section 1: a Comparison Between the Ming and the 20Th Century China 1. a Histori
Week 21: Social Policy and the Founding of Ming Section 1: A Comparison between the Ming and the 20th Century China 1. A Historical and Political Assessment of Ming Founding In Chinese history there have only been two unifications of the empire that began with conquests coming out of the South. One was in the 1350's and '60s lead by Zhu Yuanzhang. It resulted in the founding of the Ming Dynasty, formally declared 1368 and lasting till 1644. The second was in 1927 when the Guomin Dang under Chiang Kai-shek, or Jiang Jieshi, lead the northern expedition and brought the northern warlords into line. And there have been only two dynastic foundings in Chinese history where I think it's safe to say social policy was at the heart of the founding. One of those was in 1949 with Mao Zedong and the founding of the People's Republic of China. And the other was in 1368 the Zhu Yuanzhang and the founding of the Ming Dynasty. Now a number of scholars and Mao Zedong himself, in fact, have noted that there was a good deal in common between Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming founder, the Hongwu Emperor, known sometimes as Ming Taizu, the grand progenitor of the Ming, and Mao Zedong. Not necessarily always in a positive light. Both rose to power via military conquest. Both came from agricultural families, from farming families. Both had Utopian visions of how society ought to be. Both tended to believe that they alone knew how things should be done and organized. -
Chinese Primacy in East Asian History: Deconstructing the Tribute System in China’S Early Ming Dynasty
The London School of Economics and Political Science Chinese Primacy in East Asian History: Deconstructing the Tribute System in China’s Early Ming Dynasty Feng ZHANG A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, April 2009 1 UMI Number: U615686 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615686 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 TrttSCS f <tu>3 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. -
Downloaded010006 from Brill.Com09/25/2021 09:53:09AM Via Free Access Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Course of History 89
Journal of Chinese Humanities � (�0�5) 88-��9 brill.com/joch Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Course of History Since Middle Antiquity Li Zhi’an Translated by Kathryn Henderson Abstract Two periods in Chinese history can be characterized as constituting a North/South polarization: the period commonly known as the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420AD-589AD), and the Southern Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties (1115AD-1368AD). Both of these periods exhibited sharp contrasts between the North and South that can be seen in their respective political and economic institutions. The North/South parity in both of these periods had a great impact on the course of Chinese history. Both before and after the much studied Tang-Song transformation, Chinese history evolved as a conjoining of previously separate North/South institutions. Once the country achieved unification under the Sui Dynasty and early part of the Tang, the trend was to carry on the Northern institutions in the form of political and economic adminis- tration. Later in the Tang Dynasty the Northern institutions and practices gave way to the increasing implementation of the Southern institutions across the country. During the Song Dynasty, the Song court initially inherited this “Southernization” trend while the minority kingdoms of Liao, Xia, Jin, and Yuan primarily inherited the Northern practices. After coexisting for a time, the Yuan Dynasty and early Ming saw the eventual dominance of the Southern institutions, while in middle to late Ming the Northern practices reasserted themselves and became the norm. An analysis of these two periods of North/South disparity will demonstrate how these differences came about and how this constant divergence-convergence influenced Chinese history. -
CHINESE CERAMICS and TRADE in 14 CENTURY SOUTHEAST ASIA——A CASE STUDY of SINGAPORE XIN GUANGCAN (BA History, Pekingu;MA Arch
CHINESE CERAMICS AND TRADE IN 14TH CENTURY SOUTHEAST ASIA——A CASE STUDY OF SINGAPORE XIN GUANGCAN (BA History, PekingU;MA Archaeology, PekingU) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2015 Acknowledgements Upon accomplishing the entire work of this thesis, it is time for me to acknowledge many people who have helped me. First, I will like to express my utmost gratitude to my supervisor Dr.John N. Miksic from the Department of Southeast Asian Studies, National University of Singapore. He has dedicated a lot of precious time to supervising me, from choosing the thesis topic, organizing the fieldwork plans, to giving much valued comments and advice on the immature thesis drafts. I am the most indebted to him. The committee member Dr. Patric Daly from the Asian Research Institute and Dr. Yang Bin from the History Department, who gave me useful suggestions during the qualifying examination. I also would like to thank the following people who have given me a lot of support during my fieldwork and final stage of writing. For the fieldtrip in Zhejiang Province, with the help of Mr. Shen Yueming, the director of Zhejiang Relics and Archaeology Institute, I was able to be involved in a meaningful excavation of a Song to Yuan Dynasty ceramic kiln site in Longquan County. During the excavation, the deputy team leader Mr. Xu Jun and the local researcher Mr. Zhou Guanggui gave a lot of suggestions on the identification of Longquan celadon. Moreover, Ms. Wu Qiuhua, Mr. Yang Guanfu, and Mr. -
Chinax Course Notes
Part 5: From Global Empire to Global Economy 20: The World Empire of the Mongols The Mongols built their empire in stages, conquering inner Asia, spreading through the North, then along the Silk Route before conquering the Jin Dynasty (which had taken the N. China Plain) and finally invading the Southern Song. North China was hit hardest with considerable death and destruction. The Mongols remained in China only 100 years, failing to govern it properly, while lasting far longer elsewhere in the world. Unlike the Huns invading the Roman Empire and plunging Europe into the Dark Ages, China's civilization survived. One of the reasons was that the Mongols accepted China's elite as necessary to make the bureaucracy work, particularly the local literati of the South. This reliance led to the Ming Dynasty, the first to arise from the South. The Ming Dynasty originated from a Neo-Confucian vision, with their first mission to drive the Mongols from China and to build the Great Wall as a statement that China was separate, insular, and not a part of someone else's global empire. And yet, while declaring its insularity, China partook in the world economy through money from Latin America, where a third of the world's silver was mined. Silver became a common currency through Spanish conquest and European exploration. In this period of the 15th and 16th centuries, maritime navigation began a new way of linking the world. Although Admiral Zheng He gave the Ming a head start in maritime navigation, they failed to hold onto it. -
Society of Imperial Power: Reinterpreting China's “Feudal Society”
Journal of Chinese Humanities � (�0�5) �5-50 brill.com/joch Society of Imperial Power: Reinterpreting China’s “Feudal Society” Feng Tianyu Translated by Hou Pingping, Zhang Wenzhen Abstract To call the period from Qin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty a “feudal society” is a misrepre- sentation of China’s historical reality. The fengjian system only occupied a secondary position in Chinese society from the time of Qin. It was the system of prefectures and counties ( junxianzhi) that served as the cornerstone of the centralized power struc- ture. This system, together with the institution of selecting officials through the impe- rial examination, constituted the centralized bureaucracy that intentionally crippled the hereditary tradition and the localized aristocratic powers, and hence bolstered the unity of the empire. Feudalism in medieval Western Europe shares many similarities with that of China during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, but is quite different from the monarchical centralism since the time of Qin and Han. Categorizing the social form of the period from Qin to Qing as “feudal” makes the mistake of over-generalizing and distorting this concept. It runs counter to the original Chinese meaning of fengjian, and severely deviates from the western connotation of feudalism. Moreover, the decentralized feudalism in pre-Qin dynasties and the later centralized imperial system from Qin onwards influenced the generation and evolution of Chinese culture in vastly different ways. Keywords feudal – fengjian – imperial system * Feng Tianyu is Professor of History in the School of History, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. E-mail: [email protected]. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���5 | doi �0.��63/�35��34�-0�0�0003Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 07:39:12PM via free access 26 feng For more than half a century on the Chinese mainland, the prevailing view on the social form of China from Qin (221-206 B.C.) to Qing (1644-1911 A.D.) is that it was a feudal society, similar to that of medieval Western Europe. -
Copyrighted Material
INDEX Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258), “animal-style art,”54 Beijing, 182–183, 231, 233, 154, 207 Annam, 216, 231 236, 250, 252, 278, Abaoji (872–926), Emperor Anti-Rightist campaign, 361 317, 324, 356, 372, Taizu of Liao dynasty 182 Anyang, 15–16, 20 381–382, 393 economic policies, 182, 184 apsaras, 112 Beijing opera, 246 government structure Ardebil shrine, 235 Beijing Man (Sinanthropus and, 184 arhat, 107 pekinensis), 6 written script and, 182 Arigh Böke, 208 Beijing University, 310, Abu Said of Siraf, 157 Arrow, 283 324–327, 331–334, 337 Academia Sinica, 325 Autumn Harvest Beilitung discovery, 163–164 Afghanistan, U.S. invasion, 380 Uprising, 332, 337 Belt and Road Initiative, 384 agrarian reform, 346 Avalokitesvara (Guanyin), 108 Bencao gangmu (Compendium Aguda, Emperor Taizu of Jin of Materia Medica), 249 dynasty, 186 Ba Jin (1904–2005), 336, 361, bi ring, 19 Ahmad, 216 369, 373 Bilingsi, 112 Ai Qing (1910–1996), 388 backyard steel furnaces, birth control campaign, Ai Weiwei (1957–), 388 363, 366 361, 373–374 Aigun, Treaty of, 284, 297 baihua, 324–325 Blue Shirts, 337 Aksu, 393 Bakunin, Mikhail, 336 Bo Juyi (772–846), 161 Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 296 Bamiyan, 101 Bo Xilai (1949–), 381 alfalfa, 72, 90 Ban Biao (3–54)86 Bo Yibo (1908–2007), 381 Alamut, 207 Ban Chao (32–102), 81 Bodhi tree, 106 Altan Khan, 250 Ban Gu (32–92), 81 Bodhidharma, 141–142 amban, 270 Ban Zhao (45-ca. bodhisattvas, 108–109, 112, Amitabha (Buddha of Infinite 116), 81, 91–92 140, 142, 144 Light, Buddha of WesternCOPYRIGHTED Han history, 86 MATERIALBogdo Gegen, 268, 270, 297 Paradise), 108, 142, 247 women and, 84 Bogue, Treaty of, 282 Amur River, 297 Bandung Conference, 360 Bohai Kingdom, 183, 185 An Lushan (703–757), 150 Bangkok, 393 Book of Documents Yan dynasty, 153, 158, 161 Banners, 259, 292 (Shujing), 52, 63 An Qingzu, 150 Banpo, 7–9 Book of Odes An Shigao (?-168), 109 barefoot doctors, 389 (Shujing), 51–53, 63 Analects (Lunyu), 42, 46 baojia, 176–177 daya and, 51 Andersson, J. -
Ming China: Courts and Contacts 1400–1450
Ming China: Courts and Contacts 1400–1450 Edited by Craig Clunas, Jessica Harrison-Hall and Luk Yu-ping Publishers Research and publication supported by the Arts and The British Museum Humanities Research Council Great Russell Street London wc1b 3dg Series editor The Ming conference was generously supported by Sarah Faulks The Sir Percival David Foundation Percival David Foundation Ming China: Courts and Contacts 1400–1450 Edited by Craig Clunas, Jessica Harrison-Hall This publication is made possible in part by a grant from and Luk Yu-ping the James P. Geiss Foundation, a non-profit foundation that sponsors research on China’s Ming dynasty isbn 978 0 86159 205 0 (1368–1644) issn 1747 3640 Names of institutions appear according to the conventions of international copyright law and have no other significance. The names shown and the designations used on the map on pp. viii–ix do not imply official endorsement Research and publication supported by Eskenazi Ltd. or acceptance by the British Museum. London © The Trustees of the British Museum 2016 Text by British Museum staff © 2016 The Trustees of the British Museum 2016. All other text © 2016 individual This publication arises from research funded by the contributors as listed on pp. iii–v John Fell Oxford University Press (OUP) Research Fund Front cover: Gold pillow end, one of a pair, inlaid with jewels, 1425–35. British Museum, London (1949,1213.1) Pg. vi: Anonymous, The Lion and His Keeper, Ming dynasty, c. 1400–1500. Hanging scroll, ink and colours on silk. Image: height 163.4cm, width 100cm; with mount: height 254.2cm, width 108cm. -
History As Meta-Theater Allison Bernard Deposit Draft 5/16
History as Meta-Theater: Kong Shangren's (1648-1718) The Peach Blossom Fan Allison E. Bernard Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Allison E. Bernard All rights reserved ABSTRACT History as Meta-Theater: Kong Shangren’s (1648-1718) The Peach Blossom Fan Allison E. Bernard This dissertation examines the uses of meta-theater in The Peach Blossom Fan, an early Qing historical drama by Kong Shangren (1648-1718), arguing that the meta-theatrical elements of the play serve as an innovative form of historiography. Kong Shangren, a member of the Confucian Kong lineage, is unusual for a Chinese playwright: he was steeped more deeply in the world of Confucian ritual music than the work of writing lyrics for dramatic arias, yet The Peach Blossom Fan is recognized as one of the last great chuanqi dramas of the Ming-Qing period. Kong wrote at a time of great social and cultural transformation, completing The Peach Blossom Fan not long after the violent conflicts of the mid-17th century Ming-Qing dynastic transition were finally coming to an end. At the same time, the literary genre of chuanqi drama was also in the midst of its own transitions, as writers of the early Qing increasingly turned to other literary genres beyond this popular late Ming form. I argue that The Peach Blossom Fan marks a key transition in the development of the chuanqi drama, owing both to the play’s formal innovations that exceed the traditional chuanqi form, such as its rejection of the conventional “grand reunion” finale and re-envisioning of the role-type system, and also to its synthesis of historiographical judgements with the world of theatrical performance. -
Song Lian and Liu Ji in 1358 on the Eve of Joining Zhu Yuanzhang
song lian and liu ji john d. langlois, jr. Song Lian and Liu Ji in 1358 on the Eve of Joining Zhu Yuanzhang INTRODUCTION n 1358–1360, two prominent Zhejiang literati threw their prestige I behind Zhu Yuanzhang’s 朱元璋 emerging military organization. Liu Ji 劉基 (1311–1375) and Song Lian 宋濂 (1310–1381), then in their late forties and separated by only a year in age, were counted among the leading Confucian intellectuals in Yuan China. Zhu Yuanzhang (1328– 1398) was then only thirty and not formally tutored, yet through deter- mination and innate brilliance he was building a military organization that was growing in power and reach. What enabled these three men to communicate with each other across the huge cultural and social gap that separated them? Liu Ji and Song Lian in these two years were immensely creative and productive in their writings about political thought, ideals, and his- tory. They had known each other for about fifteen years but had pur- sued different careers. The former chose to enter politics and provide strategic insights and philosophical support to a number of Chinese and non-Chinese Yuan defenders in an effort to prop up the faltering Yuan state. The latter chose to stay out of politics and instead remained as a local intellectual, teacher and prominent “recluse.” I put the word in quotes because he was actively engaged as a writer and teacher. But by adopting the role of the recluse, he signified his independence from the political world. In the years 1358 to 1360, both men stepped into their studies and wrote important political and literary essays that set forth their ideals and views of the contemporary world in which they lived.