MOS Technology 6502

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

MOS Technology 6502 MOS Technology 6502 Le MOS Technology 6502 est un microprocesseur 8 bits conçu par MOS Technology en 1975. Quand il fut présenté, il était de loin le processeur le plus économique sur le marché, à environ 1/6 du prix, concurrençant de plus grandes MOS Technology 6502 compagnies telles que Motorola ou Intel. Il était néanmoins plus rapide que la plupart d'entre eux, et avec le Zilog Z80, brilla dans une série de projets d'ordinateurs qui furent par la suite la source de la révolution d'ordinateurs personnels des années 1980. La production du 6502 était à l'origine concédée par MOS Technology à Rockwell et Synertek puis plus tard à d'autres compagnies ; il est encore fabriqué en 2014 pour équiper des systèmes embarqués. Sommaire 1 Histoire et utilisation 2 Description 3 Des caractéristiques floues 4 Remarques sur le 6502 5 Références 6 Liens externes (en français) Schema d'un circuit MOS 6502. 7 Liens externes (en anglais) Caractéristiques Production 1975 Histoire et utilisation Fabricant MOS Technology Fréquence 1 MHz à 1,55 MHz Le 6502 a été conçu principalement par l'équipe qui avait développé le Motorola 6800. Après avoir quitté Motorola en Finesse de 8000 nm à 8 000 nm bloc, ses ingénieurs ont rapidement sorti le 6501, d'une conception complètement nouvelle mais dont le brochage gravure restait néanmoins compatible avec le 6800. Motorola entama des poursuites judiciaires immédiatement, et bien qu'aujourd'hui l'affaire aurait été déboutée, les dommages que MOS encourut furent suffisants pour que la société Cœur MOS Tech 6502 accepte de cesser de produire le 6501. Le résultat fut le 6502, un modèle « juridiquement inattaquable ». Il différait du précédent par une simple réorganisation du brochage, ce qui le rendait inutilisable sur une carte mère 6800. Motorola abandonna alors ses poursuites. Cependant, ce changement handicapa MOS à obtenir de nouveaux développeurs, jusqu'à ce que l'ingénieur Chuck Peddle conçoive le KIM-1, un ordinateur monocarte. À la grande surprise de ses concepteurs, le KIM-1 fut énormément vendu à des amateurs et des bricoleurs aussi bien que sur le marché initialement prévu des ingénieurs. Circuit intégré d'un microprocesseur MOS Le 6502 sortit sur le marché en septembre 1975 à 25 $, alors que les 6800 et Intel 8008 se vendaient pour 179 $. Tout d'abord, Technology 6502. beaucoup de personnes pensèrent qu'il s'agissait d'une blague, mais Motorola et Intel baissèrent subitement leurs prix à 79 $. Au lieu de l'effet escompté, cela légitima le 6502 dont les ventes décollèrent. Le 6502 possédait une particularité qui le rendait particulièrement adapté à l'utilisation dans un ordinateur personnel : l'architecture interne garantissait que le processeur n'accéderait pas au bus pendant une période de son cycle d'exécution. Le système vidéo mettait à profit cette latence pour accéder à la mémoire écran, sans devoir recourir à un contrôleur mémoire. L'efficacité des systèmes était ainsi accrue jusqu'à 25 %. En revanche, le 6502 ne disposait pas du compteur 8 bits de rafraîchissement DRAM comme son concurrent le Z80. Le 65C02, version CMOS du 6502 Une des premières utilisations « publiques » fut la console de jeu vidéo Atari 2600. Les 2600 utilisaient un dérivé du 6502 appelé 6507, qui avait moins de broches et ne pouvait adresser que 8 ko de mémoire. Des millions d'exemplaires furent vendus sous cette forme. Les 6502 furent utilisés ensuite dans la famille des Apple II, puis dans les divers ordinateurs personnels de Commodore (séries PET et CBM), ACORN (modèle ATOM), Atari, le BBC Micro, l'Oric, et un nombre énorme d'autres systèmes que l'histoire a désormais oubliés. Un descendant du 6502, le 6510, a équipé les Commodore 64. Dans la NES, les 6502 utilisés avaient été modifiés. Cette série, qui fut produite seulement pour Nintendo, prit le nom de « 2A03/2A07 ». Les 2A03/2A07 n'avaient pas le mode BCD des 6502 mais 23 registres supplémentaires memory-mapped pour la génération du son, l'affichage des sprites et la gestion des manettes. La console PC Engine fait appel à une variante du MOS 6502, le 65SC02 (en) très exactement, modifiée par Hudson, le Hu6280. De même à propos de la console portable Lynx d'Atari qui utilise un 65SC02 (en) conçu par Western Design Center. La conception optimisée des 6502 inspira également les principaux concepteurs du processeur ARM RISC, et on peut ainsi dire qu'ils sont les successeurs de cette (famille) de processeurs puisque son esprit vit encore dans la conception de l'ARM, utilisée dans plusieurs ordinateurs de bureau aussi bien que dans une quantité de systèmes portatifs et systèmes embarqués, et vendu comme une boîte noire pour des systèmes totalement intégrés. Description Le 6502 est un processeur 8 bits avec un bus d'adressage à 16 bits. La logique interne fonctionne à la même vitesse que la fréquence externe. Cette fréquence d'horloge apparemment lente, typiquement 1 MHz, donnait cependant des performances comparables à celles d'autres processeurs à l'horloge quatre fois plus véloce. Le 6502 est équipé d'une logique interne câblée et pipelinée, alors que les autres CPU de cette époque étaient microprogrammés et avaient des vitesses internes finalement comparables aux 6502 (l'horloge interne du Z80 par exemple, se trouvait divisée par quatre). Bien que ceci puisse ressembler à une « astuce », les périphériques pouvaient tourner moins vite, ce qui abaissait le coût global du système, un facteur crucial sur le marché très concurrentiel des consoles de jeux et des ordinateurs personnels. À la différence de l'Intel 8080 et des microprocesseurs semblables, le 6502 possède très peu de registres. À cette époque la mémoire était plus rapide que les processeurs, il était plus sensé de vouloir optimiser l'accès mémoire plutôt que d'augmenter le nombre de registres. À l'intérieur on trouve un accumulateur de 8 bits (A), deux registres d'index de 8 bits (X et Y), un registre statut de 8 bits (SR), un pointeur de pile de 8 bits (SP) et un compteur de programme de 16 bits (PC).L'accès logiciel à la pile se fait par l'intermédiaire de quatre instructions en mode d'adressage implicite type push ou pop de l'accumulateur ou du registre de statut du processeur. La puce utilise le registre d'index et de pile efficacement dans plusieurs modes d'adressage, y compris un mode raccourci ou en page zéro qui accède aux adresses allant de 0 à 255 avec un seul octet d'extension (pas besoin d'en charger un deuxième comme pour une adresse longue) - le code spécifique 6502 recourt beaucoup à l'adressage en page zéro pour remplacer les registres inexistants. Pour des raisons évidentes, dans la plupart des micro-ordinateurs organisés autour du 6502 avec un système d'exploitation, l'OS lui-même faisait massivement appel à la page zéro, laissant au mieux une poignée d'octets inutilisés. Les modes d'adressage incluent également un mode implicite (instructions de 1 octet), absolu (3 octets), relatif (2 octets), accumulateur (1), indirect X et Y (2) et immédiat (2) : Brochage du processeur 6502 Le mode absolu constitue un mode d'utilisation général ; Le mode relatif sert aux instructions de branchement conditionnels qui peuvent déplacer le PC jusqu'à 128 octets vers l'avant ou vers l'arrière ; Le mode accumulateur utilise l'accumulateur comme adresse réelle, et n'a besoin d'aucun opérande ; Le mode immédiat exploite un opérande littéral d'un octet ; Les modes indirects facilitent le traitement matriciel et les boucles. Avec le mode indirect Y, le registre de 8 bits Y s'ajoute à une base de 16 bits située dans la mémoire en page zéro (dont un octet de l'instruction donne l'adresse). Les registres X et Y de 8 bits fonctionnent comme pointeurs plutôt qu'en tant d'index normaux. L'incrémentation de X ou de Y, nécessaire à parcourir séquentiellement le tableau prend deux cycles, le tableau pouvant être situé n'importe où dans l'espace d'adressage de 16 bits. C'est l'un des points où le 6502 innove le plus par rapport au Motorola 6800. Un regard trop rapide sur les spécifications du 6502, laissant croire qu'il n'y a que deux registres d'index de 8 bits, ne reflète pas toute la puissance du processeur. Voir l'article Hello World (en anglais) pour un exemple simple mais caractéristique du langage assembleur du 6502 Des caractéristiques floues Les 6502 sont connus pour recéler une quantité d'instructions non documentées qui changent d'une version à une autre du processeur. Le décodeur d'instruction du 6502 est réalisé dans une logique câblée dont le fonctionnement n'est garanti que pour les opcodes valides. Les 32 opcodes non documentés déclenchent plusieurs instructions simultanément, conduisant à des résultats inattendus. L'instruction de branchement indirect du 6502, JMP (xxxx), est boguée. Si l'adresse, en hexadécimal, est xxFF, le processeur saute non pas à l'adresse stockée à (xxFF) et (xxFF+1), mais plutôt à (xxFF) et (xx00). Ni les 6510 ni les versions NMOS postérieures du 6502 telles que le 8502 et le 2A03 n'ont corrigé ce bogue. Bill Mensch, du Western Design Center, fut le premier à le rectifier dans le dérivé CMOS 65C02 ; le 65C816, un successeur 16 bits du 65C02, en est également exempt. Remarques sur le 6502 En 1984 dans le film de science-fiction Terminator avec Arnold Schwarzenegger, le public à un moment voit une scène à travers Le processeur 65C816, l'œil-caméra du robot T-800 Model-101, où un fragment de programme en code assembleur du 6502 défile en bas de l'écran.
Recommended publications
  • "Bob" Schreiner
    Oral History of Robert “Bob” Schreiner Interviewed by: Stephen Diamond Recorded: June 10, 2013 Mountain View, California CHM Reference number: X6873.2014 © 2013 Computer History Museum Oral History of Robert “Bob” Schreiner Stephen Diamond: We're here at the Computer History Museum with Bob Schreiner. It's June 10th, 2013, and we're going to talk about the oral history of Synertek and the 6502. Welcome, Bob. Thanks for being here. Can you introduce yourself to us? Robert “Bob” Schreiner: Okay. My name is Bob Schreiner. I'm an ex-Fairchilder, one of the Fairchildren in the valley, and then involved in running a couple of other small semiconductor companies, and I started a semiconductor company. Diamond: So that would be Synertek. Schreiner: Synertek. Diamond: Tell us about that. Schreiner: Okay. As you know from an earlier session I left Fairchild Semiconductor around 1971. And at the time I left I was running the LSI program at Fairchild, and I was a big believer that the future marketplace for MOS technology would be in the custom area. And since Fairchild let that whole thing fall apart, I decided there's got to be room for a company to start up to do that very thing, work with big producers of hardware and develop custom chips for them so they would have a propriety product that would be difficult to copy. So I wrote a business plan, and I went around to a number of manufacturers. I had a computer guy [General Automation], and I had Bulova Watch Company, and I had a company that made electronic telephones [American Telephones], and who was the fourth guy? Escapes my memory right now, but the pitch basically was, "Your business, which now you manufacture things with discrete components, it's going to change.
    [Show full text]
  • New Book on Commodore’S First Computer, the Bil Herd — AKA “The Animal,” He PET
    Fort Worth Dallas Atari, and Nintendo. Designer of New Book on Commodore’s first computer, the Bil Herd — AKA “The Animal,” he PET. His relationship with Jack designed the ill-fated Plus/4 Commodore Tramiel eventually soured with computer and later went on to disastrous consequences. design the Commodore 128. Known About the Book to wrestle executives in the hallways September 2005 Robert Yannes — Frustrated of Commodore. Responsible for The Spectacular Rise and Fall of musician and synthesizer aficionado. many holes in the walls of Commodore tells the story of Designed the Commodore 64 and Commodore headquarters. Commodore through first-hand its famous sound chip, the SID. accounts by the actual Commodore Jay Miner — Brilliant ex-Atari engineers and managers who made Al Charpentier — Chain smoking engineer responsible for the Atari the company. From their entry into computer graphics pioneer and 800 computer. Co-designer of the computers in 1976 until their demise architect of the VIC and VIC-II Atari 2600. Inventor of the ground in 1994, the Commodore years were chips. breaking Amiga computer for always turbulent and exciting. Commodore. All his projects were Commodore had astounding success Thomas Rattigan — One time co-designed by his faithful dog and with their computers, including the President and CEO of Commodore official Commodore employee, Pet, the Vic-20, the Commodore 64 computers who saved the company Mitchy. and the incredible Amiga computers. from bankruptcy, only to collide Although other companies received with financier Irving Gould. On his George Robbins — Designer of the more press, Commodore sold more last day with Commodore he was low cost Amiga 500 computer.
    [Show full text]
  • IEEE Spectrum: 25 Microchip
    IEEE Spectrum: 25 Microchips That Shook the World http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/8747 Sponsored By Select Font Size: A A A 25 Microchips That Shook the World By Brian R. Santo This is part of IEEE Spectrum 's Special Report: 25 Microchips That Shook the World . In microchip design, as in life, small things sometimes add up to big things. Dream up a clever microcircuit, get it sculpted in a sliver of silicon, and your little creation may unleash a technological revolution. It happened with the Intel 8088 microprocessor. And the Mostek MK4096 4-kilobit DRAM. And the Texas Instruments TMS32010 digital signal processor. Among the many great chips that have emerged from fabs during the half-century reign of the integrated circuit, a small group stands out. Their designs proved so cutting-edge, so out of the box, so ahead of their time, that we are left groping for more technology clichés to describe them. Suffice it to say that they gave us the technology that made our brief, otherwise tedious existence in this universe worth living. We’ve compiled here a list of 25 ICs that we think deserve the best spot on the mantelpiece of the house that Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce built. Some have become enduring objects of worship among the chiperati: the Signetics 555 timer, for example. Others, such as the Fairchild 741 operational amplifier, became textbook design examples. Some, like Microchip Technology’s PIC microcontrollers, have sold billions, and are still doing so. A precious few, like Toshiba’s flash memory, created whole new markets.
    [Show full text]
  • Professor Won Woo Ro, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University the Intel® 4004 Microprocessor, Introdu
    Professor Won Woo Ro, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University The 1st Microprocessor The Intel® 4004 microprocessor, introduced in November 1971 An electronics revolution that changed our world. There were no customer‐ programmable microprocessors on the market before the 4004. It propelled software into the limelight as a key player in the world of digital electronics design. 4004 Microprocessor Display at New Intel Museum A Japanese calculator maker (Busicom) asked to design: A set of 12 custom logic chips for a line of programmable calculators. Marcian E. "Ted" Hoff Recognized the integrated circuit technology (of the day) had advanced enough to build a single chip, general purpose computer. Federico Faggin to turn Hoff's vision into a silicon reality. (In less than one year, Faggin and his team delivered the 4004, which was introduced in November, 1971.) The world's first microprocessor application was this Busicom calculator. (sold about 100,000 calculators.) Measuring 1/8 inch wide by 1/6 inch long, consisting of 2,300 transistors, Intel’s 4004 microprocessor had as much computing power as the first electronic computer, ENIAC. 2 inch 4004 and 12 inch Core™2 Duo wafer ENIAC, built in 1946, filled 3000‐cubic‐ feet of space and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes. The 4004 microprocessor could execute 60,000 operations per second Running frequency: 108 KHz Founders wanted to name their new company Moore Noyce. However the name sounds very much similar to “more noise”. "Only the paranoid survive". Moore received a B.S. degree in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1950 and a Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • 6502 Introduction
    6502 Introduction Philipp Koehn 18 September 2019 Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 1 some history Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 1971 2 • First microprocessor on an integrated circuit: Intel 4004 • 4-bit central processing unit, 12 bit address space (4KB) Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 1975 3 • MOS Technology 6502 • Dominant CPU in home computers for a decade (Atari, Apple II, Nintendo Entertainment System, Commodore PET) Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 1977 4 • Atari 2600 • Video game console: Pong, Pac Man, ... connected to TV Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 1980 5 • Commodore VIC20 • 1 MHz, 5KB RAM, BASIC, 3.5KB RAM, 176x184 3 bit color video Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 1982 6 • Commodore C64 • 64KB RAM, 320x200 4 bit color video Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 Commodore C64 7 • BASIC programming language, but serious programs written in assembly • No fancy stuff like multi-process, user accounts, virtual memory, etc. • Machine itself had no mass storage - had to buy tape drive, then floppy disk drive, machine was obsolete once hard drives came around Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 BASIC Demo 8 • Commands get executed (just like Python interpreter)
    [Show full text]
  • Nov. 25Th MOS Technology [Sept 9], Where Nov
    supportive, so he, Bill Mensch [Feb 9], and five others, left for EPICAC Nov. 25th MOS Technology [Sept 9], where Nov. 25, 1950 Peddle headed a team working on the 650x family of “EPICAC” is a short story by Kurt Philipp Matthäus processors. The most famous Vonnegut which was published member of that family was the on this day in Collier’s Weekly. Hahn 6502, released in 1976, which could be purchased for roughly EPICAC is the largest, smartest Born: Nov. 25, 1739; 15% of the price of an Intel 8080 computer on Earth, and is given Scharnhausen, Germany [April 18]. Not surprisingly, it the part-time job of writing poetry for the story's narrator Died: May 2, 1790 soon found use in a multitude of products, including the Apple II (and EPICAC operator) to give to Hahn was a priest and also a [June 5], VIC-20 [May 00], NES Pat, his girlfriend. An renowned clockmaker and [Oct 18], Atari 8-bit computers unintended side-effect is that inventor. He designed the first [Nov 00], many arcade games, EPICAC learns to love Pat, but popular mechanical calculator and the BBC Micro [Dec 1]. also realizes that she cannot based on Leibniz’s Stepped reciprocate that love for a mere Reckoner [July 1], which he first machine. EPICAC short- got working in 1773, although circuiting himself to end the he spent a few more years misery. making the tens-carry mechanism reliable, partly by The story was published four reshaping the rectangular years after ENIAC was unveiled machine to be circular.
    [Show full text]
  • Microprocessors in the 1970'S
    Part II 1970's -- The Altair/Apple Era. 3/1 3/2 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.1: A graphical history of personal computers in the 1970’s, the MITS Altair and Apple Computer era. Microprocessors in the 1970’s 3/3 Figure 3.2: Andrew S. Grove, Robert N. Noyce and Gordon E. Moore. Figure 3.3: Marcian E. “Ted” Hoff. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. 3/4 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.4: The Intel MCS-4 (Micro Computer System 4) basic system. Figure 3.5: A photomicrograph of the Intel 4004 microprocessor. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. Chapter 3 Microprocessors in the 1970's The creation of the transistor in 1947 and the development of the integrated circuit in 1958/59, is the technology that formed the basis for the microprocessor. Initially the technology only enabled a restricted number of components on a single chip. However this changed significantly in the following years. The technology evolved from Small Scale Integration (SSI) in the early 1960's to Medium Scale Integration (MSI) with a few hundred components in the mid 1960's. By the late 1960's LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips with thousands of components had occurred. This rapid increase in the number of components in an integrated circuit led to what became known as Moore’s Law. The concept of this law was described by Gordon Moore in an article entitled “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits” in the April 1965 issue of Electronics magazine [338].
    [Show full text]
  • The Ultimate C64 Overview Michael Steil, 25Th Chaos Communication Congress 2008
    The Ultimate C64 Overview Michael Steil, http://www.pagetable.com/ 25th Chaos Communication Congress 2008 Retrocomputing is cool as never before. People play Look and Feel C64 games in emulators and listen to SID music, but few people know much about the C64 architecture A C64 only needs to be connected to power and a TV and its limitations, and what programming was like set (or monitor) to be fully functional. When turned back then. This paper attempts to give a comprehen- on, it shows a blue-on-blue theme with a startup mes- sive overview of the Commodore 64, including its in- sage and drops into a BASIC interpreter derived from ternals and quirks, making the point that classic Microsoft BASIC. In order to load and save BASIC computer systems aren't all that hard to understand - programs or use third party software, the C64 re- and that programmers today should be more aware of quires mass storage - either a “datasette” cassette the art that programming once used to be. tape drive or a disk drive like the 5.25" Commodore 1541. Commodore History Unless the user really wanted to interact with the BA- SIC interpreter, he would typically only use the BA- Commodore Business Machines was founded in 1962 SIC instructions LOAD, LIST and RUN in order to by Jack Tramiel. The company specialized on elec- access mass storage. LOAD"$",8 followed by LIST tronic calculators, and in 1976, Commodore bought shows the directory of the disk in the drive, and the chip manufacturer MOS Technology and decided LOAD"filename",8 followed by RUN would load and to have Chuck Peddle from MOS evolve their KIM-1 start a program.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix A: Microprocessor Data Sheets
    Appendix A: Microprocessor Data Sheets Intel8085 Zilog Z80 MOS Technology 6502 Motorola 6809 Microcontrollers (Single-chip Microcomputers) Intel 8086 ( & 80186 & 80286) Zilog Z8000 Motorola 68000 32-bit Microprocessors lnmos Transputer 184 Appendix A 185 Intel 8085 Followed on from the 8080, which was a two-chip equivalent of the 8085. Not used in any home computers, but was extremely popular in early (late 1970s) industrial control systems. A15-A8 A B c D E Same register AD7-ADO H L set is used in SP 8080 PC ALE Flags Multiplexed d ata bus and lower half of address bus (require 8212 to split data and address buses) Start addresses of Interrupt P/Os Service Routines: 8155- 3 ports, 256 bytes RAM RESET-()()()(J 8255 - 3 ports TRAP- 0024 8355 - 2 ports, 2K ROM RST5.5- 002C 8755 - 2 ports, 2K EPROM RST6.5 - ()(J34 RST7.5- <XJ3C INTR - from interrupting device Other 8251- USART 8202 - Dynamic RAM controller support 8253- CTC (3 counters) 8257 - DMA controller devices: 8271 - FDC 8257 - CRT controller Intel DMA Control System Character CPU buses­ de-multiplexed Video signal to CRT 186 Microcomputer Fault-finding and Design Zilog Z80 Probably the most popular 8-bit microprocessor. Used in home computers (Spectrum, Amstrad, Tandy), office computers and industrial controllers. A F A' F' B c B' C' D E D' E' H L H' L' 8 data Interrupt Memory lines vector I refresh R Index register IX Index register IY (to refresh dynamic RAMI Stack pointer Based on the Intel 8085, but possesses second set of registers.
    [Show full text]
  • Programmable Digital Microcircuits - a Survey with Examples of Use
    - 237 - PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL MICROCIRCUITS - A SURVEY WITH EXAMPLES OF USE C. Verkerk CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 1. Introduction For most readers the title of these lecture notes will evoke microprocessors. The fixed instruction set microprocessors are however not the only programmable digital mi• crocircuits and, although a number of pages will be dedicated to them, the aim of these notes is also to draw attention to other useful microcircuits. A complete survey of programmable circuits would fill several books and a selection had therefore to be made. The choice has rather been to treat a variety of devices than to give an in- depth treatment of a particular circuit. The selected devices have all found useful ap• plications in high-energy physics, or hold promise for future use. The microprocessor is very young : just over eleven years. An advertisement, an• nouncing a new era of integrated electronics, and which appeared in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronics News, is generally considered its birth-certificate. The adver• tisement was for the Intel 4004 and its three support chips. The history leading to this announcement merits to be recalled. Intel, then a very young company, was working on the design of a chip-set for a high-performance calculator, for and in collaboration with a Japanese firm, Busicom. One of the Intel engineers found the Busicom design of 9 different chips too complicated and tried to find a more general and programmable solu• tion. His design, the 4004 microprocessor, was finally adapted by Busicom, and after further négociation, Intel acquired marketing rights for its new invention.
    [Show full text]
  • Microcomputer Associates, Inc
    Bulk Rate Permit No. 243 Cupertino, CA 95014 MICROCOMPUTER ASSOCIATES, INC. Product Catalog* featuring VT-100 CRT Terminal VT -200 CRT Terminal with Tiny BASIC, Resident Assembler and Demon Single Board Computers and The newest generation microcomputer system with the exclusive on­ board DEMONTM debug monitor. In kit form, you can build it, plug it in JJOlT and talk to it in three hours or less ... for unheard of low prices! This is the fully assembled JOLpM 4K System. The JOLT CPU card includes the powerful DEMONTM Debug Monitor . • Catalog items and prices subject to change without notice. A READY control line provides for asynchronous operation with JOLT SYSTEM DESCRIPTION slow memory or I/O devices. The JOLT system consists of a set of modular microcomputer The address bus (AO-A 15). the data bus (00-07). the two phase boards which can be used singly or tied together to produce any clock (PIT. P2T). the reset line (·RESET). the interrupt lines ("IRZ. desired microcomputer system configuration. The minimum system AND *NMI). and the ready line (ROY) are all available at the edge is one CPU board. which alone constitutes a viable computer sys­ connector of the CPU card. The loading restrictions should be con­ tem complete with central processor. 1/0. interrupts. timer. read­ sidered when using the signal lines driven by the CPU for external write memory. and a complete software debug monitor in read­ system expansion. A more detailed description of the CPU inputs and outputs may only-memory. be found in the MCS6500 hardware manual available from MOS Additional boards in the JOLT system include a 4 K byte RAM.
    [Show full text]
  • Thedagit Blog: Dagit.Github.Io Motorola in 1970’S
    Jason Dagit Twitter: @thedagit Blog: dagit.github.io Motorola in 1970’s * 1971 Microprocessor project starts * Chuck Peddle joined in 1973 as an engineer * In 1974, Chuck grew Frustrated with management For ignoring customers (asking For $25 processor) * $300 in 1974 is $1300 in 2010 2 6500 Project at MOS * Chuck Peddle, Bill Mensch, and 6 other engineers leFt Motorola * MOS was eager to break into processor market * Based on Motorola 6800 experience * Goals: * Needed to outperform 6800 * Cheaper than 6800 * Every interested engineer and hobbyist can get access 3 Lowering the Cost * Size = money * 3510 transistors (modern CPUs use billions!) * Defect rate at the time of 70% * Morally the first RISC processor 4 Defect Rate * In 1970’s processors were designed by hand * Images had to be reduced to fit on the waFer * MOS developed a process For clariFying reduction at each step * 70% Failure rate during Fabrication è 70% success rate * Bill Mensch: Legendary layout engineer 5 6 RISC Processor * Simplified addressing modes * Dropped 16bit index register * Three-state control oF bus removed * Only the essential instructions: 56 instructions * Not completely true: included non-essential BCD arithmetic * Very Few registers: PC, SP, A, X, Y, Status 7 Instruction Set 8 Improvements over 6800 * Pipelining * Zero-page addressing * Allowed indirect indexing to give 128 pseudo registers * Faster than normal memory access * Programmers trained on the 6800 found the 6502 intuitive * Almost the same clock speed, but nearly 4x the computational power 9 Marketplace
    [Show full text]