6502 Introduction
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"Bob" Schreiner
Oral History of Robert “Bob” Schreiner Interviewed by: Stephen Diamond Recorded: June 10, 2013 Mountain View, California CHM Reference number: X6873.2014 © 2013 Computer History Museum Oral History of Robert “Bob” Schreiner Stephen Diamond: We're here at the Computer History Museum with Bob Schreiner. It's June 10th, 2013, and we're going to talk about the oral history of Synertek and the 6502. Welcome, Bob. Thanks for being here. Can you introduce yourself to us? Robert “Bob” Schreiner: Okay. My name is Bob Schreiner. I'm an ex-Fairchilder, one of the Fairchildren in the valley, and then involved in running a couple of other small semiconductor companies, and I started a semiconductor company. Diamond: So that would be Synertek. Schreiner: Synertek. Diamond: Tell us about that. Schreiner: Okay. As you know from an earlier session I left Fairchild Semiconductor around 1971. And at the time I left I was running the LSI program at Fairchild, and I was a big believer that the future marketplace for MOS technology would be in the custom area. And since Fairchild let that whole thing fall apart, I decided there's got to be room for a company to start up to do that very thing, work with big producers of hardware and develop custom chips for them so they would have a propriety product that would be difficult to copy. So I wrote a business plan, and I went around to a number of manufacturers. I had a computer guy [General Automation], and I had Bulova Watch Company, and I had a company that made electronic telephones [American Telephones], and who was the fourth guy? Escapes my memory right now, but the pitch basically was, "Your business, which now you manufacture things with discrete components, it's going to change. -
Go Forth with TTL !
Go Forth with TTL ! The Gigatron TTL Color Computer Forth for a Very Unusual Processor Ken Boak SV Fig. Forth Day 2019 . In September of 1975, MOS Technology launched the 6502 at the Wescon75 Computer Conference in San Francisco. Chuck Peddle and his team had created a very lean, stripped down, small die cpu. Costing just $25, the 6502 was a fraction of the cost of its nearest competitor. At that time the Intel 8080 was $360 and the Motorola 6800 was $175 . The 6502 was clearly a disruptive usurper. 25 year old, HP Engineer, Steve Wozniak, realised that this new microprocessor would be a game-changer and went on to incorporate it into the small computer he was developing. That machine went on to become the Apple I. In 1975 7400 TTL was the “Bread and Butter” of logic design: 7400 series TTL integrated circuits were developed in the early 1960’s. Initially quite expensive so mainly used in Military and Aerospace applications. By the early 1970’s TTL had become a versatile family of standardised, low cost,. easy to use logic. Typically about $1 per device. 7400 series logic was widely used in the design of minicomputers, including the PDP-11, the Data General Nova 1200 and later models of PDP-8. TTL was a viable, faster and cheaper processing solution than the emerging 8-bit microprocessors such as MOS 6502, Intel 8080 and the Motorola 6800. Essential Reading 16-bit TTL CPU board from Data General Nova 1200 The Gigatron TTL Computer – What is it? Started as a Hackaday.io project in Spring 2017 by Marcel van Kervinck of The Hague, Netherlands. -
Exploring Software Inefficiency With
ZeroSpy: Exploring Software Inefficiency with Redundant Zeros Xin You∗, Hailong Yang∗y, Zhongzhi Luan∗, Depei Qian∗ and Xu Liuz Beihang University, China∗, North Carolina State University, USAz State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Wuxi, Chinay fyouxin2015,hailong.yang,07680,[email protected]∗, [email protected] Abstract—Redundant zeros cause inefficiencies in which the 1 for(int i=0;i<1000;++i) { 2 A[i] = 0; B[i] = i; zero values are loaded and computed repeatedly, resulting in 3 } 4 ... unnecessary memory traffic and identity computation that waste 5 for(int i=0;i<1000;++i) memory bandwidth and CPU resources. Optimizing compilers 6 I C[i] = A[i]-B[i]; is difficult in eliminating these zero-related inefficiencies due to Listing 1. An example code working on redundant zeros, where all variables are 32-bit integers. limitations in static analysis. Hardware approaches, in contrast, optimize inefficiencies without code modification, but are not enough to fulfill the computation, which yields better cache widely adopted in commodity processors. In this paper, we 1 propose ZeroSpy - a fine-grained profiler to identify redundant usage and vectorization potentials . zeros caused by both inappropriate use of data structures and Actually, a larger number of real-world applications (e.g., useless computation. ZeroSpy also provides intuitive optimization deep neural network and high-efficiency video coding) have guidance by revealing the locations where the redundant zeros already been reported to contain a significant amount of happen in source lines and calling contexts. The experimental redundant zeros and achieved significant speedup from the results demonstrate ZeroSpy is capable of identifying redundant zeros in programs that have been highly optimized for years. -
DEVICE and CIRCUIT DESIGN for VLSI by Amr Mohsen
31 DEVICE AND CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR VLSI by Amr Mohsen* Intel Corporation 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara, California 95051 ABSTRACT A review of the device and circuit design complexity and limitations for VLSI is presented. VLSI device performance will be limited by second order device effects, interconnection line de lay and current density and chip power dissipation. The complexity of VLSI circuit design will require hierarchial structured design methodology with special consideration of testability dnd more emphasis on redundancy. New organizations of logic function architectures and smart memories will evolve to take advantage of the topological properties of the VLSI silicon technology. * The author is also on the faculty of California Institute of Technology CALTECH CONFERENCE ON VLSI, January 1979 32 Amr Mohsen I. INTRODUCTION: As semiconductor technology has evolved from discrete to small-scale to medium-scale and through large-scale integration levels a rapid decrease in the cost per function provided by the technology have opened up new applications and industries. Today there is a large interest in the next phase of integration: very large scale integration (VLSI). The semi conductor technology will be able to fabricate chips with more than lOOK devices (l) in the 1980's. The continuous scaling of the semi- conductor devices and increase in components counts on a single chip is resulting in more complex technology developments, device and circuit designs and product definition. In this review paper, projections of how device technology will evolve in the future and the problems and limitations of device and circuit design for VLSI are presented. VLSI TECHNOLOGIES: In Fig. -
Mos Technology, 1963-1974: a Dozen Crucial Years
One of IBM’s most important MOS Technology, 1963-1974: A Dozen Crucial Years contributions to MOS research came from the Components Division, which was responsible for developing by Ross Knox Bassett and manufacturing bipolar transistors for its large computer systems and had very little interest in MOS transistors line can be drawn from the as such. As part of its work on Frosch’s and Derick’s work on bipolar transistors, Donald Kerr and silicon dioxide to the MOS (metal- a group of engineers had discovered A that depositing small amounts of oxide-semiconductor) transistor’s domi- nance of semiconductor technology, phosphorous on the silicon-dioxide but it is neither short nor straight. That surface and forming a layer of line has several discernable segments, phosphosilicate glass (PSG) could first from Frosch and Derick’s work, limit the amount of leakage in bipolar until 1963. In this interval, by and transistors and play an important role large, no one thought seriously about a in enhancing the stability of MOS metal-oxide-semiconductor as a viable transistors. Jerome Eldridge and Pieter technology in its own right. The second Balk from IBM Research implemented segment runs from 1963, when the this work by using thin layers of combination of integrated circuits and PSG to make stable MOS devices. the planar manufacturing process had Other important work on the physics FIG. 2. Drawing of Atalla and Kahng’s “silicon-silicon dioxide surface device,” now known as and chemistry of MOS devices done led people to see MOS transistors as a the MOS transistor, from a 1961 Bell Labs technical memorandum by Kahng. -
Professor Won Woo Ro, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University the Intel® 4004 Microprocessor, Introdu
Professor Won Woo Ro, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University The 1st Microprocessor The Intel® 4004 microprocessor, introduced in November 1971 An electronics revolution that changed our world. There were no customer‐ programmable microprocessors on the market before the 4004. It propelled software into the limelight as a key player in the world of digital electronics design. 4004 Microprocessor Display at New Intel Museum A Japanese calculator maker (Busicom) asked to design: A set of 12 custom logic chips for a line of programmable calculators. Marcian E. "Ted" Hoff Recognized the integrated circuit technology (of the day) had advanced enough to build a single chip, general purpose computer. Federico Faggin to turn Hoff's vision into a silicon reality. (In less than one year, Faggin and his team delivered the 4004, which was introduced in November, 1971.) The world's first microprocessor application was this Busicom calculator. (sold about 100,000 calculators.) Measuring 1/8 inch wide by 1/6 inch long, consisting of 2,300 transistors, Intel’s 4004 microprocessor had as much computing power as the first electronic computer, ENIAC. 2 inch 4004 and 12 inch Core™2 Duo wafer ENIAC, built in 1946, filled 3000‐cubic‐ feet of space and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes. The 4004 microprocessor could execute 60,000 operations per second Running frequency: 108 KHz Founders wanted to name their new company Moore Noyce. However the name sounds very much similar to “more noise”. "Only the paranoid survive". Moore received a B.S. degree in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1950 and a Ph.D. -
Vlsi Design Lecture Notes B.Tech (Iv Year – I Sem) (2018-19)
VLSI DESIGN LECTURE NOTES B.TECH (IV YEAR – I SEM) (2018-19) Prepared by Dr. V.M. Senthilkumar, Professor/ECE & Ms.M.Anusha, AP/ECE Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India) Recognized under 2(f) and 12 (B) of UGC ACT 1956 (Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE - Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade - ISO 9001:2015 Certified) Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via. Kompally), Secunderabad – 500100, Telangana State, India Unit -1 IC Technologies, MOS & Bi CMOS Circuits Unit -1 IC Technologies, MOS & Bi CMOS Circuits UNIT-I IC Technologies Introduction Basic Electrical Properties of MOS and BiCMOS Circuits MOS I - V relationships DS DS PMOS MOS transistor Threshold Voltage - VT figure of NMOS merit-ω0 Transconductance-g , g ; CMOS m ds Pass transistor & NMOS Inverter, Various BiCMOS pull ups, CMOS Inverter Technologies analysis and design Bi-CMOS Inverters Unit -1 IC Technologies, MOS & Bi CMOS Circuits INTRODUCTION TO IC TECHNOLOGY The development of electronics endless with invention of vaccum tubes and associated electronic circuits. This activity termed as vaccum tube electronics, afterward the evolution of solid state devices and consequent development of integrated circuits are responsible for the present status of communication, computing and instrumentation. • The first vaccum tube diode was invented by john ambrase Fleming in 1904. • The vaccum triode was invented by lee de forest in 1906. Early developments of the Integrated Circuit (IC) go back to 1949. German engineer Werner Jacobi filed a patent for an IC like semiconductor amplifying device showing five transistors on a common substrate in a 2-stage amplifier arrangement. -
Download a Sample
Preface Like many American kids in 1979, I woke up to find that Santa had left a brand new Atari VCS1 under the tree (thanks, Mom and Dad, for paying Santa’s invoice!). This was a pretty big deal for a six- year-old who could tell you the location and manufacturer of every standup arcade cabinet within a five mile radius. Having an “arcade in your home” wasn’t just a thing you saw on Silver Spoons, it was now a real thing. The sights and sounds that jumped o↵ of our little Panasonic color TV probably deserve a gigantic run-on sentence worthy of Dylan Thomas, as my brother and I bounced tiny pixellated missiles o↵ of walls in Combat, combed through the perplexing game modes of Space Invaders, battled angry duck-like dragons in Adventure, and became Superman as we put flickering bad guys in a flickering jail. These cartridges were opaque obelisks packaged in boxes with fantastically unattainable illustrations, available at K-Mart for $30 or so. You could tell these species of video games weren’t related to arcade games, though they had a unique look-and-feel of their own. We also had an Apple ][ by this time, so I tried to fit all of these creatures into a digital taxonomy. Atari games had colors and fast motion, but not as much as arcade games, and they never were as complex as Apple ][ games. What made them tick? Why were Activision games so much more detailed? Would the missile still blow up your spaceship if you turned the TV o↵? (Turns out the answer is yes.) 1 It wasn’t sold as “Atari 2600” until 1982. -
The Ultimate C64 Overview Michael Steil, 25Th Chaos Communication Congress 2008
The Ultimate C64 Overview Michael Steil, http://www.pagetable.com/ 25th Chaos Communication Congress 2008 Retrocomputing is cool as never before. People play Look and Feel C64 games in emulators and listen to SID music, but few people know much about the C64 architecture A C64 only needs to be connected to power and a TV and its limitations, and what programming was like set (or monitor) to be fully functional. When turned back then. This paper attempts to give a comprehen- on, it shows a blue-on-blue theme with a startup mes- sive overview of the Commodore 64, including its in- sage and drops into a BASIC interpreter derived from ternals and quirks, making the point that classic Microsoft BASIC. In order to load and save BASIC computer systems aren't all that hard to understand - programs or use third party software, the C64 re- and that programmers today should be more aware of quires mass storage - either a “datasette” cassette the art that programming once used to be. tape drive or a disk drive like the 5.25" Commodore 1541. Commodore History Unless the user really wanted to interact with the BA- SIC interpreter, he would typically only use the BA- Commodore Business Machines was founded in 1962 SIC instructions LOAD, LIST and RUN in order to by Jack Tramiel. The company specialized on elec- access mass storage. LOAD"$",8 followed by LIST tronic calculators, and in 1976, Commodore bought shows the directory of the disk in the drive, and the chip manufacturer MOS Technology and decided LOAD"filename",8 followed by RUN would load and to have Chuck Peddle from MOS evolve their KIM-1 start a program. -
Appendix A: Microprocessor Data Sheets
Appendix A: Microprocessor Data Sheets Intel8085 Zilog Z80 MOS Technology 6502 Motorola 6809 Microcontrollers (Single-chip Microcomputers) Intel 8086 ( & 80186 & 80286) Zilog Z8000 Motorola 68000 32-bit Microprocessors lnmos Transputer 184 Appendix A 185 Intel 8085 Followed on from the 8080, which was a two-chip equivalent of the 8085. Not used in any home computers, but was extremely popular in early (late 1970s) industrial control systems. A15-A8 A B c D E Same register AD7-ADO H L set is used in SP 8080 PC ALE Flags Multiplexed d ata bus and lower half of address bus (require 8212 to split data and address buses) Start addresses of Interrupt P/Os Service Routines: 8155- 3 ports, 256 bytes RAM RESET-()()()(J 8255 - 3 ports TRAP- 0024 8355 - 2 ports, 2K ROM RST5.5- 002C 8755 - 2 ports, 2K EPROM RST6.5 - ()(J34 RST7.5- <XJ3C INTR - from interrupting device Other 8251- USART 8202 - Dynamic RAM controller support 8253- CTC (3 counters) 8257 - DMA controller devices: 8271 - FDC 8257 - CRT controller Intel DMA Control System Character CPU buses de-multiplexed Video signal to CRT 186 Microcomputer Fault-finding and Design Zilog Z80 Probably the most popular 8-bit microprocessor. Used in home computers (Spectrum, Amstrad, Tandy), office computers and industrial controllers. A F A' F' B c B' C' D E D' E' H L H' L' 8 data Interrupt Memory lines vector I refresh R Index register IX Index register IY (to refresh dynamic RAMI Stack pointer Based on the Intel 8085, but possesses second set of registers. -
Programmable Digital Microcircuits - a Survey with Examples of Use
- 237 - PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL MICROCIRCUITS - A SURVEY WITH EXAMPLES OF USE C. Verkerk CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 1. Introduction For most readers the title of these lecture notes will evoke microprocessors. The fixed instruction set microprocessors are however not the only programmable digital mi• crocircuits and, although a number of pages will be dedicated to them, the aim of these notes is also to draw attention to other useful microcircuits. A complete survey of programmable circuits would fill several books and a selection had therefore to be made. The choice has rather been to treat a variety of devices than to give an in- depth treatment of a particular circuit. The selected devices have all found useful ap• plications in high-energy physics, or hold promise for future use. The microprocessor is very young : just over eleven years. An advertisement, an• nouncing a new era of integrated electronics, and which appeared in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronics News, is generally considered its birth-certificate. The adver• tisement was for the Intel 4004 and its three support chips. The history leading to this announcement merits to be recalled. Intel, then a very young company, was working on the design of a chip-set for a high-performance calculator, for and in collaboration with a Japanese firm, Busicom. One of the Intel engineers found the Busicom design of 9 different chips too complicated and tried to find a more general and programmable solu• tion. His design, the 4004 microprocessor, was finally adapted by Busicom, and after further négociation, Intel acquired marketing rights for its new invention. -
Introduction to Cpu
microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 1 INTRODUCTION TO CPU Mohammad Sadegh Sadri Session 2 Microprocessor Course Isfahan University of Technology Sep., Oct., 2010 microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 2 Agenda • Review of the first session • A tour of silicon world! • Basic definition of CPU • Von Neumann Architecture • Example: Basic ARM7 Architecture • A brief detailed explanation of ARM7 Architecture • Hardvard Architecture • Example: TMS320C25 DSP microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 3 Agenda (2) • History of CPUs • 4004 • TMS1000 • 8080 • Z80 • Am2901 • 8051 • PIC16 microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 4 Von Neumann Architecture • Same Memory • Program • Data • Single Bus microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 5 Sample : ARM7T CPU microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 6 Harvard Architecture • Separate memories for program and data microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 7 TMS320C25 DSP microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 8 Silicon Market Revenue Rank Rank Country of 2009/2008 Company (million Market share 2009 2008 origin changes $ USD) Intel 11 USA 32 410 -4.0% 14.1% Corporation Samsung 22 South Korea 17 496 +3.5% 7.6% Electronics Toshiba 33Semiconduc Japan 10 319 -6.9% 4.5% tors Texas 44 USA 9 617 -12.6% 4.2% Instruments STMicroelec 55 FranceItaly 8 510 -17.6% 3.7% tronics 68Qualcomm USA 6 409 -1.1% 2.8% 79Hynix South Korea 6 246 +3.7% 2.7% 812AMD USA 5 207 -4.6% 2.3% Renesas 96 Japan 5 153 -26.6% 2.2% Technology 10 7 Sony Japan 4 468 -35.7% 1.9% microprocessors and microcontrollers