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New Book on Commodore’S First Computer, the Bil Herd — AKA “The Animal,” He PET
Fort Worth Dallas Atari, and Nintendo. Designer of New Book on Commodore’s first computer, the Bil Herd — AKA “The Animal,” he PET. His relationship with Jack designed the ill-fated Plus/4 Commodore Tramiel eventually soured with computer and later went on to disastrous consequences. design the Commodore 128. Known About the Book to wrestle executives in the hallways September 2005 Robert Yannes — Frustrated of Commodore. Responsible for The Spectacular Rise and Fall of musician and synthesizer aficionado. many holes in the walls of Commodore tells the story of Designed the Commodore 64 and Commodore headquarters. Commodore through first-hand its famous sound chip, the SID. accounts by the actual Commodore Jay Miner — Brilliant ex-Atari engineers and managers who made Al Charpentier — Chain smoking engineer responsible for the Atari the company. From their entry into computer graphics pioneer and 800 computer. Co-designer of the computers in 1976 until their demise architect of the VIC and VIC-II Atari 2600. Inventor of the ground in 1994, the Commodore years were chips. breaking Amiga computer for always turbulent and exciting. Commodore. All his projects were Commodore had astounding success Thomas Rattigan — One time co-designed by his faithful dog and with their computers, including the President and CEO of Commodore official Commodore employee, Pet, the Vic-20, the Commodore 64 computers who saved the company Mitchy. and the incredible Amiga computers. from bankruptcy, only to collide Although other companies received with financier Irving Gould. On his George Robbins — Designer of the more press, Commodore sold more last day with Commodore he was low cost Amiga 500 computer. -
IEEE Spectrum: 25 Microchip
IEEE Spectrum: 25 Microchips That Shook the World http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/8747 Sponsored By Select Font Size: A A A 25 Microchips That Shook the World By Brian R. Santo This is part of IEEE Spectrum 's Special Report: 25 Microchips That Shook the World . In microchip design, as in life, small things sometimes add up to big things. Dream up a clever microcircuit, get it sculpted in a sliver of silicon, and your little creation may unleash a technological revolution. It happened with the Intel 8088 microprocessor. And the Mostek MK4096 4-kilobit DRAM. And the Texas Instruments TMS32010 digital signal processor. Among the many great chips that have emerged from fabs during the half-century reign of the integrated circuit, a small group stands out. Their designs proved so cutting-edge, so out of the box, so ahead of their time, that we are left groping for more technology clichés to describe them. Suffice it to say that they gave us the technology that made our brief, otherwise tedious existence in this universe worth living. We’ve compiled here a list of 25 ICs that we think deserve the best spot on the mantelpiece of the house that Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce built. Some have become enduring objects of worship among the chiperati: the Signetics 555 timer, for example. Others, such as the Fairchild 741 operational amplifier, became textbook design examples. Some, like Microchip Technology’s PIC microcontrollers, have sold billions, and are still doing so. A precious few, like Toshiba’s flash memory, created whole new markets. -
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THE START 1989-1991 - DONCASTER ART COLLEGE - OND 1991-1993 - YORK COLLEGE OF ARTS & TECHNOLOGY - HND - DISTINCTION THE CAREER 1993 - 2000 - GRAHAM CLARK ASSOCIATES - SENIOR DESIGNER 2000 - 2004 - RARE CREATIVE GROUP - SENIOR DESIGNER 2004 - 2008 - RE-DESIGN - COMPANY OWNER - CREATIVE DIRECTOR 2008 - 2010 - BLAZE EUROPE LTD - CREATIVE MANAGER 2010 - 2013 - THE DESIGN WORKS - COMPANY OWNER - CREATIVE DIRECTOR 2013 - 2016 - FLUID DESIGN TECHNOLOGY - CREATIVE DIRECTOR 2016- 2019 - KEYHOLE CREATIVE MEDIA LTD - CREATIVE DIRECTOR THE WORK CORPORATE IDENTITY BRAND CREATION SPECIALITY BRANDS VIDEO GAME HARDWARE VIDEO GAME INLAYS EXHIBITION MATERIAL INTERFACE DESIGNS PACKAGING DESIGN & PRODUCTION 1. CORPORATE IDENTITY A SMALL SELECTION OF CORPORATE LOGOS CREATED OVER THE YEARS 2. CASE STUDIES PQUBE - VIDEO GAME AND MERCHANDISE PUBLISHERS JORDAN BELFORT - THE WOLF OF WALL STREET ATARI - VARIOUS TAG RACING - BRITISH TOURING CAR TEAM BRAND BARANOVA MONACO NEO GEO X VIDEO GAME CONSOLE MR MEN AND LITTLE MISS TOGEL CONTRACTORS - LOGO AND BRAND DEVELOPMENT BUCKLEY’S COACH HOLIDAYS THE DONCASTER DOME ICEBREAKER BAR - NEW BRAND DONCASTER COUNCIL PQUBE - WORLDWIDE VIDEO GAME PUBLISHERS AND HARDWARE CREATION AND DISTRIBUTORS SONY PLAYSTATION VIDEO GAMES INLAY CREATION ALL STAR FRUIT RACING PS4 MULTI LANGUAGE INLAY - 1 OF 12 SKU’S DISTRIBUTED WORLDWIDE ONE EXAMPLE OF MANY GAME INLYAYS PRODUCED EVERCADE HANDHELD RETRO GAMING PRODUCT DESIGN WITH MULTI CARTRIDGE CAPABILITY LAUNCH Q4 2019 JORDAN BELFORT - THE REAL WOLF OF WALL STREET - FRAGRANCE’S & VODKA JORDAN -
Nov. 25Th MOS Technology [Sept 9], Where Nov
supportive, so he, Bill Mensch [Feb 9], and five others, left for EPICAC Nov. 25th MOS Technology [Sept 9], where Nov. 25, 1950 Peddle headed a team working on the 650x family of “EPICAC” is a short story by Kurt Philipp Matthäus processors. The most famous Vonnegut which was published member of that family was the on this day in Collier’s Weekly. Hahn 6502, released in 1976, which could be purchased for roughly EPICAC is the largest, smartest Born: Nov. 25, 1739; 15% of the price of an Intel 8080 computer on Earth, and is given Scharnhausen, Germany [April 18]. Not surprisingly, it the part-time job of writing poetry for the story's narrator Died: May 2, 1790 soon found use in a multitude of products, including the Apple II (and EPICAC operator) to give to Hahn was a priest and also a [June 5], VIC-20 [May 00], NES Pat, his girlfriend. An renowned clockmaker and [Oct 18], Atari 8-bit computers unintended side-effect is that inventor. He designed the first [Nov 00], many arcade games, EPICAC learns to love Pat, but popular mechanical calculator and the BBC Micro [Dec 1]. also realizes that she cannot based on Leibniz’s Stepped reciprocate that love for a mere Reckoner [July 1], which he first machine. EPICAC short- got working in 1773, although circuiting himself to end the he spent a few more years misery. making the tens-carry mechanism reliable, partly by The story was published four reshaping the rectangular years after ENIAC was unveiled machine to be circular. -
Microprocessors in the 1970'S
Part II 1970's -- The Altair/Apple Era. 3/1 3/2 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.1: A graphical history of personal computers in the 1970’s, the MITS Altair and Apple Computer era. Microprocessors in the 1970’s 3/3 Figure 3.2: Andrew S. Grove, Robert N. Noyce and Gordon E. Moore. Figure 3.3: Marcian E. “Ted” Hoff. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. 3/4 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.4: The Intel MCS-4 (Micro Computer System 4) basic system. Figure 3.5: A photomicrograph of the Intel 4004 microprocessor. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. Chapter 3 Microprocessors in the 1970's The creation of the transistor in 1947 and the development of the integrated circuit in 1958/59, is the technology that formed the basis for the microprocessor. Initially the technology only enabled a restricted number of components on a single chip. However this changed significantly in the following years. The technology evolved from Small Scale Integration (SSI) in the early 1960's to Medium Scale Integration (MSI) with a few hundred components in the mid 1960's. By the late 1960's LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips with thousands of components had occurred. This rapid increase in the number of components in an integrated circuit led to what became known as Moore’s Law. The concept of this law was described by Gordon Moore in an article entitled “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits” in the April 1965 issue of Electronics magazine [338]. -
The Ultimate C64 Overview Michael Steil, 25Th Chaos Communication Congress 2008
The Ultimate C64 Overview Michael Steil, http://www.pagetable.com/ 25th Chaos Communication Congress 2008 Retrocomputing is cool as never before. People play Look and Feel C64 games in emulators and listen to SID music, but few people know much about the C64 architecture A C64 only needs to be connected to power and a TV and its limitations, and what programming was like set (or monitor) to be fully functional. When turned back then. This paper attempts to give a comprehen- on, it shows a blue-on-blue theme with a startup mes- sive overview of the Commodore 64, including its in- sage and drops into a BASIC interpreter derived from ternals and quirks, making the point that classic Microsoft BASIC. In order to load and save BASIC computer systems aren't all that hard to understand - programs or use third party software, the C64 re- and that programmers today should be more aware of quires mass storage - either a “datasette” cassette the art that programming once used to be. tape drive or a disk drive like the 5.25" Commodore 1541. Commodore History Unless the user really wanted to interact with the BA- SIC interpreter, he would typically only use the BA- Commodore Business Machines was founded in 1962 SIC instructions LOAD, LIST and RUN in order to by Jack Tramiel. The company specialized on elec- access mass storage. LOAD"$",8 followed by LIST tronic calculators, and in 1976, Commodore bought shows the directory of the disk in the drive, and the chip manufacturer MOS Technology and decided LOAD"filename",8 followed by RUN would load and to have Chuck Peddle from MOS evolve their KIM-1 start a program. -
Thedagit Blog: Dagit.Github.Io Motorola in 1970’S
Jason Dagit Twitter: @thedagit Blog: dagit.github.io Motorola in 1970’s * 1971 Microprocessor project starts * Chuck Peddle joined in 1973 as an engineer * In 1974, Chuck grew Frustrated with management For ignoring customers (asking For $25 processor) * $300 in 1974 is $1300 in 2010 2 6500 Project at MOS * Chuck Peddle, Bill Mensch, and 6 other engineers leFt Motorola * MOS was eager to break into processor market * Based on Motorola 6800 experience * Goals: * Needed to outperform 6800 * Cheaper than 6800 * Every interested engineer and hobbyist can get access 3 Lowering the Cost * Size = money * 3510 transistors (modern CPUs use billions!) * Defect rate at the time of 70% * Morally the first RISC processor 4 Defect Rate * In 1970’s processors were designed by hand * Images had to be reduced to fit on the waFer * MOS developed a process For clariFying reduction at each step * 70% Failure rate during Fabrication è 70% success rate * Bill Mensch: Legendary layout engineer 5 6 RISC Processor * Simplified addressing modes * Dropped 16bit index register * Three-state control oF bus removed * Only the essential instructions: 56 instructions * Not completely true: included non-essential BCD arithmetic * Very Few registers: PC, SP, A, X, Y, Status 7 Instruction Set 8 Improvements over 6800 * Pipelining * Zero-page addressing * Allowed indirect indexing to give 128 pseudo registers * Faster than normal memory access * Programmers trained on the 6800 found the 6502 intuitive * Almost the same clock speed, but nearly 4x the computational power 9 Marketplace -
“Chuck” Peddle
Oral History of Charles Ingerham “Chuck” Peddle Interviewed by: Douglas Fairbairn and Stephen Diamond Recorded: June 12, 2014 Mountain View, California CHM Reference number: X7180.2014 © 2014 Computer History Museum Oral History of Charles Ingerham “Chuck” Peddle Doug Fairbairn: OK. So it's June 12, 2014. We're here at the Computer History Museum. I'm Doug Fairbairn and we're talking with Chuck Peddle, who's the creator of a number of very important things in the microprocessor and personal computer and other things we'll be discussing as part of this oral history. So Chuck, we're delighted to have you here. And thank you for coming over and spending the time with us. Chuck Peddle: Yeah I'd like to go on record right now saying what you guys are doing-- the idea about getting all the old men to come over and talk-- is a great idea. I don't know who came up with it, but it really is something that needs to happen. And it's consistent with-- Fairbairn: Well thank you. Peddle: --it's consistent with what you're doing with the museum. But catching these guys while they're still alive-- I suspect you thought probably Jobs brought it home to you. Stephen Diamond: Well we actually didn't get Jobs in an oral history like this-- Peddle: That's what I'm saying. That's what I'm saying. Fairbairn: --but that's an example. Peddle: Yeah, I think that may have been one of the things that triggered you starting it. -
MOS Technology – 1974 to 1976 3 Shovel Jobs Anymore,” He Says
C H A P T E R 11 MMOOSS TTeecchhnnoollooggyy 11997744 ttoo 11997766 i-tech companies need three players in order to succeed: a financier, a technology-God, and a juggernaut with a type-A H personality. Commodore would require these three ingredients to take them to a new level. They had Irving Gould, with his financial expertise and deep pockets. They had Jack, so aggressive people sometimes referred to him as the scariest man alive. All Commodore needed was a visionary engineer to take Commodore into a new field of technology. The Grey Wizard of the East n the 1970's, the image of a computer genius was not in the mold of I the young hacker we are familiar with today. Teenaged tycoons like Bill Gates had not filtered into the public consciousness, and WarGames (1983, MGM) was not yet released, with the prototypical computer hacker portrayed by Matthew Broderick. The accepted image of a technological genius was a middle-aged man with graying hair and glasses, preferably wearing a long white lab coat. Chuck Peddle was the image of a technology wizard, with his wire- frame glasses, white receding hairline, and slightly crooked teeth. At two hundred and fifty pounds, the five foot eleven inch engineer always struggled with his weight. Peddle describes himself at that time as “totally out of shape,” but he was characteristically optimistic and never without a joke or story to tell. Peddle possessed the ability to see further into the future than most of his contemporaries and he obsessively searched for the next big innovation. -
ECE 471 – Embedded Systems Lecture 3
ECE 471 { Embedded Systems Lecture 3 Vince Weaver http://web.eece.maine.edu/~vweaver [email protected] 4 September 2020 Announcements • HW#1 was posted, due Wednesday • After all the planning to make sure we'd fit in the room, only two people showed up for in-person lecture. So keep your cohort in mind but feel free to come to any lecture. • Working on getting parts together • There is some delay to posting the recorded videos, I'll post them as soon as I can. 1 • Don't forget Monday is Labor Day 2 Challenges vs Regular Systems • Programming in constrained environment (cross- compiling?) • Security • Safety • Real-time • Power consumption • Long-life (embedded device might be in use for decades) • Testing • Bug-fixing 3 The ARM Architecture 4 Brief ARM History • Acorn RISC Machine. Acorn was a computer company in the UK in the 1980s • Wanted a chip to succeed 6502. Decided to make one themselves. (Good idea, 65816 a pain and only 16-bit) • 6502 was the chip in Commodore 64, Apple II, NES, Atari 2600 • Fun fact: 6502 design led by UMaine alum Chuck Peddle • Bought by Softbank (Japan) in 2016 • Softbank possibly in talks to sell ARM to NVIDIA (2020) 5 RISC / CISC Discussion • Simple decode. Load/store. Fixed instruction width. 3-operand. • MIPS is classic RISC • x86 is classic CISC (with complex instructions) Though internally x86 executes uops, RISC • ARM (predication, auto-increment, barrel shifter) Called RISC but has complex instructions 6 ARM Business Plan • IP Licensing company. Does not fab own chips. License to other companies • Other companies take the design, put on SoC, attach whatever other logic blocks are needed • Relatively small company compared to Intel which not only deigns the chip, but fabs, etc. -
The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore
C H A P T E R 1199 TThhee SSaavviioorr ooff CCoommmmooddoorree 11998822 -- 11998855 ommodore failed to capitalize on the unmatched success of the C64, which was a games market. The C128 had virtually no game C development and did not transition C64 users into more powerful computers. It was time for Commodore to enter the 16-bit market. Jay Miner he man who originated the idea for Commodore’s next generation Thardware did not work for Commodore. In fact, he was working for Commodore’s nemesis, Atari, when he conceived of the revolutionary new computer. Jay Glenn Miner was born May 31, 1932 in Prescott, Arizona. This made him part of Chuck Peddle and Jack Tramiel’s generation, rather than the generation that had created Commodore’s most recent hits. A few years after his birth, Miner’s family moved to Southern California. After graduating high school, he signed up for the Coast Guard, which took him to Groton, Connecticut for military training. While there, he met Caroline Poplawski and married her in 1952. Like Tramiel, Miner served in the military during the Korean War. Miner received his first taste of electronics at Groton in the Coast Guard’s Electronics Technician School. After completing the six-month course, he joined the North Atlantic Weather Patrol where he jumped from island to island by boat and helicopter, repairing damaged radar stations and radio installations. With little to distract him, he immersed his young mind in electronics. After serving three years in the barren North Atlantic, Miner enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley in engineering. -
Porty, Bajty, Osmibity Edice CZ.NIC Martin Malý Martin Osmibity Bajty, Porty, Počítače Na Koleni PORTY, BAJTY, OSMIBITY Počítače Na Koleni
Martin Malý Porty, bajty, Porty, bajty, osmibityPorty, bajty, osmibity Počítače na koleni Martin Malý Edice CZ.NIC PORTY, BAJTY, OSMIBITY Počítače na koleni Martin Malý Vydavatel: CZ.NIC, z. s. p. o. Milešovská 5, 130 00 Praha 3 Edice CZ.NIC www.nic.cz 1. vydání, Praha 2019 Kniha vyšla jako 21. publikace v Edici CZ.NIC. ISBN 978-80-88168-39-3 © 2019 Martin Malý Toto autorské dílo podléhá licenci Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nd/3.0/cz/), a to za předpokladu, že zůstane zachováno označení autora díla a prvního vyda- vatele díla, sdružení CZ.NIC, z. s. p. o. Dílo může být překládáno a následně šířeno v písemné či elektronické formě na území kteréhokoliv státu. — Martin Malý Porty, bajty, osmibity Počítače na koleni — Edice CZ.NIC Poděkování — Poděkování Poděkování Děkuji svému nakladateli za důvěru a péči, věnovanou této knize. Děkuji všem, kteří mi s psaním knihy fandili. Dodávali mi sílu, když bylo psaní nekonečné. Děkuji všem, co přečetli rukopis a přispěli poznámkami. Díky nim je kniha o něco jasnější a sro- zumitelnější. Děkuji designérům Davidu Švejdovi a Jakubu Goldmannovi za návrh a vypracování grafických inzerátů ve stylu počítačových časopisů z 80. let. Děkuji Míše, že se mnou proces psaní vydržela. Už podruhé. 7 — Poděkování 8 Předmluva vydavatele — Předmluva vydavatele Předmluva vydavatele Vážení čtenáři, dostává se vám do rukou druhá kniha od Martina Malého, která je, dá se říct, volným pokračo- váním jeho publikace Hradla, volty, jednočipy. Jak napovídá již název této knihy – Porty, bajty, osmibity, autor popisuje své zkušenosti s osmibitovými mikrokontrolery a počítači a pokouší se je předat svým čtenářům.