Argentina emerging from crisis
Special Event International Labour Conference 14 June 2004
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Argentina emerging from crisis / Argentina saliendo de las crisis
ISBN 92-2-016170-2 (print) ISBN 92-2-016173-7 (web)
First published 2004
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PREFACE
On 14 June 2004, the InFocus Programme on Crisis Response and Reconstruction (IFP/CRISIS), together with the ILO Buenos Aires Office, Policy Integration Department and Lima Regional Office, and with the active participation of the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security and representatives of workers’ and employers’ organizations of Argentina, organized a special event on the theme of “Argentina Emerging from Crisis”. This event took place under the auspices of the 92nd Session of the International Labour Conference and comprised three parts: the inauguration of an exhibition on the theme “Argentina: Confronting the Impact of Globalization”; a round table discussion, with contributions from prominent figures from Argentina and abroad, on the theme “Argentina: from Crisis to New Opportunities for Decent Work”; and the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding to launch the National Decent Work Programme. The event included an examination of the events leading up to the crisis and the latter’s socio-economic consequences, as well as the responses put forward by the Argentinian authorities with the collaboration of the social partners and technical assistance from the ILO. This also provided the opportunity to highlight the role of Decent Work as part of an effective response to the crisis and for achieving sustainable economic and social development, social peace, democracy, and a fair globalization that benefits all countries and individuals. Argentina is the country that is most explicitly integrating Decent Work into its development strategy, by making it an integral component of its policies and actions. This report provides a detailed summary of the presentations, and highlights their central themes and conclusions. Thanks are due to all the speakers for their valuable contributions to this event: the Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Security, Carlos Tomada; the representatives of the workers and employers of Argentina, Rodolfo Daer and Daniel Funes de Rioja; the economist Richard Freeman; the President of the 92nd Session of the International Labour Conference, Ray Guevara; and from the ILO, the Director- General, Juan Somavia; the Director of the Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Agustín Muñoz; the Director of the Policy Integration Department, Gerry Rodgers; the Director of the Recovery and Reconstruction Department, Rizwanul Islam; the Director of the ILO Office in Buenos Aires, Ana Lía Piñeyrua; and the Director of IFP/CRISIS, Eugenia Date-Bah. The event’s resounding success showed the interest in Argentina’s efforts to recover from the crisis in a way that gives priority to social needs, as well as the will and commitment of the ILO to continue giving its support.
Daniel Martinez Ana Lia Piñeyrua Gerry Rodgers Eugenia Date-Bah Regional Director a.i. Director Director Director RO Lima ILO Buenos Aires INTEGRATION IFP/CRISIS
iii GLOSSARY
“AREA” Programme Support to Employment Reactivation in Argentina Programme
CGT General Confederation of Labour
“CRISIS” Programme Tackling Decent Work Challenges in the Argentinian Crisis
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
EPH-INDEC Permanent Households Survey – National Institute for Statistics and Censuses
GDP Gross Domestic Product
IFP/CRISIS InFocus Programme on Crisis Response and Reconstruction
ILC International Labour Conference
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
IPEC InFocus Programme on Child Labour
MTESS Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security
OAS Organization of American States
PJJH Unemployed Men and Women Heads of Household Programme
RAF Rapid Action Fund
SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises
WB World Bank
WTO World Trade Organization
UIA Industrial Union of Argentina
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE…………………………………………………………………… iii GLOSSARY………………………………………………………………….... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………….. vii INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..... 1
PART I. INAUGURATION OF THE EXHIBITION…………………………… 3
OPENING…………………………………………………………………… 4 Riswanul Islam…………………………………………………………….. 4 Eugenia Date-Bah…………………………………………………………… 4 Agustín Muñoz……………………………………………………………… 5
OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION………………………………………… 6 Ana Lía Piñeyrua…………………………………………………………… 6
CLOSING…………………………………………………………………… 9 Carlos Tomada……………………………………………………………… 9
PART II. ROUND TABLE………...…………………………………………… 11 Gerry Rodgers…………………………………………………………...... 12 Richard Freeman…………………………………………………………..... 13 Rodolfo Daer……………………………………………………………...... 14 Daniel Funes da Rioja……………………………………………………… 15 Carlos Tomada...... 16 Ray Guevara...... 18 Juan Somavia...... 19
PART III. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING………..………………. 21
ANNEXES ANNEX I. Figures…………………………………………………………… 23 ANNEX II. Text of the Memorandum of Understanding….………….…. 27 ANNEX III. List of Participants…………………………………………….. 31
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
On 14 June 2004, under the auspices of the 92nd Session of the International Labour Conference, the InFocus Programme on Crisis Response and Reconstruction (IFP/CRISIS), together with the ILO Office in Buenos Aires, Policy Integration Department and Regional Office in Lima, organized a special event on “Argentina Emerging from Crisis” focusing on measures adopted within the framework of Decent Work in response to the serious economic and financial crisis that began in 2001.
The event began with the inauguration of an exhibition on “Argentina: Confronting the impact of globalization”. This was followed by a round table discussion on the subject of “Argentina: From Crisis to new Opportunities for Decent Work”, with contributions from the Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Security, Mr. Carlos Tomada; the economist Richard Freeman; the representative of Argentina’s employers’ organizations, Mr. Daniel Funes de Rioja; the representative of Argentina’s workers’ organizations, Mr. Rodolfo Daer; the President of the 92nd Session of the International Labour Conference, Mr. Ray Guevara; and the Director-General of the ILO, Mr. Juan Somavia. The round table was chaired by Mr. Gerry Rodgers, Director of the ILO’s Policy Integration Department.
The inclusion of this event under the auspices of the International Labour Conference and the high attendance testify to the importance of the subject. The case of Argentina and the positive results so far achieved in bringing about recovery, provide a crucial example of how the principles of social justice defended by the ILO can be applied in a specific crisis and how effective they can be.
Much remains to be done if full recovery and sustainable and equitable development are to be achieved, and this will require close cooperation between institutions, the various socio-economic actors and the ILO. Following the round table, the Minister of Labour, representatives of Argentina’s workers and employers and the ILO Director-General signed a Memorandum of Understanding to launch the National Decent Work Programme.
The event highlighted a number of key points, lessons learned and recommendations of general interest.
Argentina’s response in the context of Decent Work
• The reforms promoted by the IMF and World Bank have had dramatic consequences for Argentina’s labour market and undermined the redistributive and regulatory capacity of the State. • The emergency is being tackled, not with traditional formulas but through action based on ILO principles.
vii • The authorities are putting decent work at the centre of national development strategies, decision-making and policy. • The Government’s response has been swift and has encompassed wage, employment and social inclusion measures. • Income restoration policies are being harmonized with international commitments. • The National Decent Work Programme focuses on employment promotion, income distribution, social protection, the elimination of child labour, and equality between the sexes, and is based on local economic development.
The response and role of the ILO • The ILO has acted promptly from the beginning of the crisis; its rapid response has involved various technical and field offices and has been coordinated by the Director-General’s Office. • The Organization has been able to mobilize significant resources, both internal and from donors. • The initiatives undertaken have been wide-ranging in terms of technical areas and forms of cooperation. • Integration of economic and social policies is being promoted. • The strategy has given priority to decentralization, and in that context to ensuring coherence between national and local policies. • Mobilization of tripartism has been a key tool. • The ILO must assume a decisive policy role in defending workers by influencing the formulation of structural adjustment programmes. • The ILO provides fora for discussion, where technical expertise and specific examples strengthen confidence in the new approach centred on decent work.
General observations and recommendations • Globalisation must be managed in a way that takes account of its impact on the social dimension of countries and defends that dimension when necessary. • Coordination of the multilateral system is crucial to preventing crises and responding effectively to them when they occur. • IMF and World Bank programmes must include studies and statements on potential labour market impacts. • The financial markets exert considerable influence on the labour market, not the other way round. • The individuals and institutions directly concerned with the labour market require training on and familiarization with the financial markets to enable them to join in the debates and the formulation of structural adjustment programmes. • Sustainable development is essential to the fulfilment of international commitments. • Globalisation is fairer and more viable when the internal market is large and workers have high-quality jobs which enable them to be consumers.
viii • Economic policies must be consistent with social policies and with policies to promote employment and training. • Development of a work culture should be supported. • Democracy and social justice require policies that take into account issues of social inclusion, employment and social services, as well as the eradication of informal work. • Stability is economically, politically and socially indispensable. • Social dialogue, collective bargaining and transparency between the social partners are crucial to achieving fair distribution, policy consensus and legitimacy of the State. • Decent work is a guarantor of justice, social peace, stability, protection of workers, a more human and sustainable development, and a globalisation which can benefit all.
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INTRODUCTION
On 14 June 2004, under the auspices of the 92nd Session of the International Labour Conference, a special event was held on the theme of “Argentina Emerging from Crisis”.
The event began with the opening of an exhibition on the theme of “Argentina:
Confronting the Impact of Globalisation”,
which was attended by more than ninety people and featured a visual presentation on the joint work done by the Government of Argentina and the International Labour Organization (ILO) in response to the most destructive effects of the economic crisis which broke out in Argentina at the end of 2001.
This was followed by a round table discussion on the theme “Argentina: From Crisis to New Opportunities for Decent Work”, with contributions from distinguished panellists and attended by more than two hundred people.
The event closed with the signing of a Memo randum of Understanding between representatives of the tripartite partners in Argentina and the ILO to launch the country’s National Decent Work Programme.
1 2 I. INAUGURATION OF THE EXHIBITION
“Argentina: Confronting the Impact of Globalisation”
3 OPENING
Riswanul Islam Director of the Recovery and Reconstruction, ILO
Mr. Islam observed that the economic, political and social problems faced by Argentina’s Argentina, and their repercussions on the labour market, are linked to the way in problems linked which the effects of globalisation were managed. He emphasized that the World to the way Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalisation recognized the enormous globalisation was potential of globalisation, but also saw its adverse consequences for the social managed dimension in countries if markets were opened up in an uncontrolled way.
The ILO’s response and that of its partners in Argentina – Government, workers and employers – has led to joint action to mitigate the devastating effects of one of the most destructive crises ever experienced by Argentina.
Eugenia Date-Bah Director of the InFocus Programme on Crisis Response and Reconstruction (IFP/CRISIS), ILO
ILO intervention Ms. Date-Bah indicated that ILO’s intervention in Argentina had been very was appropriate, appropriate, responding immediately to the request for a technical assistance immediate and programme. In addition, it was supported at the highest policy level within the coordinated by the Organization, as it was coordinated by the Director-General’s Office. Director-General’s Office The programme has been devised to reflect the unique aspects and complexity of the country’s crisis. In summary:
• As a first measure, a rapid impact programme was implemented in December 2001, to diagnose problems and adopt immediate solutions. • These analyses formed the basis of a new programme worked out with the participation of various local actors. The CRISIS Programme (“Tackling Decent Work Challenges in the Argentinian Crisis”), which was launched in March 2003 and is still continuing, supported such measures as subsidies for the unemployed, restoration of a minimum wage and assessments of the impact of the crisis on the social protection system.
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• In March 2004, the “AREA” Programme (“Support to Employment Reactivation in Argentina”), which is funded by the Italian Government, was devised with a view to enhancing local development, promoting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), supporting and improving employability, and stimulating social dialogue between the labour market actors. The ILO would continue to provide Argentina with technical and policy ILO will continue to assistance. support Argentina’s recovery
Agustín Muñoz Director of the ILO Regional Office for
Latin America and the Caribbean
Mr. Muñoz recalled that, in line with the established trends in Latin America Democracy in to defend and preserve democracy, and despite the serious instability that had Argentina remained resulted from the crisis, democracy in Argentina remained unshaken. The ILO, in unshaken order to correct the adverse effects of globalisation and maintain a functioning labour market, has supported the institutionalisation of social dialogue, which has played a fundamental role in the country’s recovery.
He recalled that there had been close collaboration and coordination of the services of all ILO headquarters technical units, the Regional Office for the Americas in Lima, the Buenos Aires Area Office and the Multidisciplinary Team in Santiago. Institutional He assured the local partners in Argentina of the ILO’s determination to commitment to the maintain its political and technical commitment, and of the existence of an people of Argentina institutional commitment to its constituents and to the people of Argentina.
5 OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION
Ana Lía Piñeyrua Director of the ILO Office in Buenos Aires
Ms. Piñeyrua described the exhibition, focusing on the most relevant aspects of the effects of the crisis, the Government’s response process, the ILO’s support, and finally the objectives and strategies of the new National Decent Work Programme.
1. Dimensions of the crisis in Argentina
The Argentinian crisis, which unleashed political and social upheaval towards the end of 2001, developed during the 1990s and became acute towards the end of that decade. During the period 2001-2002, Political and social unemployment increased (around 20 per cent) as did poverty (to more than upheaval at the end 50 per cent of the population) (Appendix I, figure 1). Income distribution of 2001 worsened, so that in 2002 the richest 10 per cent of families earned 49 times
more than the poorest 10 per cent (Appendix I, fig. 2). At the same time,
average wages fell in real terms by 27 per cent (Appendix I, figure 3).
2. The response process Social inclusion, income The Government responded rapidly, with social inclusion, income and and employment employment policies (Annex I, figure 4). policies
6 By including the promotion of decent work in the Millennium Development Goals, the Government of Argentina confirmed its strong political position and its commitment to the people of Argentina and the future of the nation. In line with the commitment to the ILO to ensure decent work, the role Policies promoting of the State in implementing policies promoting decent work was revived. decent work Various initiatives in that area (legislation, plans and programmes) were implemented in 2003-04 (Annex I, figure 5). For its part, the Government relied on the support of the productive sector of Argentina. More than 200 enterprises joined the global pact to promote the principles of decent work. There are already encouraging results: the creation of one million jobs in 2003 (6 per cent of the economically active population), the reintegration in employment of more than 150,000 beneficiaries of the Heads of Household Programme, and a 6.2 per cent decrease in the poverty rate (Annex I, figures 6, 7 and 8).
3. ILO support ILO action took place through various plans, projects and programmes: • The Immediate Action Plan (March 2002-February 2003, financed through the Rapid Action Fund (RAF)) • The project “Tackling Decent Work Challenges in the Argentinian Crisis” (since February 2003, financed through crisis reserve funds) • The “Integrated Support Programme for the Reactivation of Employment in Argentina (AREA)” (since April 2004, financed by the Italian Government) • Other national and regional collaboration projects, including the programme on eliminating child labour (with the InFocus Programme on Child Labour (IPEC)), the project “Trade Unions and Decent Work”, and the introduction of the concept of decent work into secondary school curricula and the academic social dialogue network.
ILO intervention was key in a number of technical areas, such as strengthening the development of employment policies, employability and labour integration, harmonization of economic and labour policies, income policies and social security and social protection policies, and encouraging social dialogue, local development and the promotion of small and medium- sized enterprises.
The ILO provided an approach based on a coordinated methodology (Annex I, figure 9), which included actions relating to strengthening of institutions, re-establishing social dialogue, preparing evaluations and policy recommendations, as well as setting up statistical and records databases.
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4. National Decent Work Programme
Decent work at the In line with the actions taken by the Government in response to the crisis heart of the and the commitment to the ILO to place decent work at the heart of the Argentinian development strategy, the mid-term objective of the Government of Argentina development strategy is the implementation of a National Decent Work Programme. The background to that was the signing of a tripartite agreement between
the Ministry of Labour and employers’ and workers’ representatives
(December 2002), where it was planned to achieve decent work by implementing a National Decent Work Programme. For its part, the Government of Argentina included the promotion of decent work in the Millennium Development Goals adopted in October 2003,
and strengthened that commitment in March 2004 when the promotion of
decent work was included as a national priority in the new labour administration legislation. That legislation granted the Ministry of Labour the authority to promote the concept of decent work in national, provincial and local policies. The National Decent Work Programme was officially launched on 14
June 2004 during the International Labour Conference (ILC). The two lines of action of the National Decent Work Programme are the integration of other policy areas with labour and employment policies, and the integration of the policies of the Ministry of Labour in priority areas that facilitate the decentralized implementation of strategies.
Priority areas are the promotion of employment and training through active employment policies, the regularization of unregistered employment and improvements in working conditions, improvements in employment income, the increase in social security coverage, the elimination of child labour and the promotion of greater gender equality in employment and Social actors are the income. basis of the National Decent Work The National Decent Work Programme strategy is based on active Programme participation by the social actors at the national, provincial and local levels and will use the existing network of national technical skills.
8 CLOSING
Carlos Tomada
Minister o f Labour, Employment and Social Security , Argentina
Mr. Tomada thanked the ILO for its rapid and effective intervention, and Rapid and effective in particular IFP/CRISIS for its ongoing support, the ILO Offices in Buenos ILO intervention Aires, Lima and Santiago for their valuable collaboration, the CRISIS and AREA programme teams, and Italia Lavoro, with special thanks to the Government of Italy for its generous contribution and support. He invited delegates to move to the meeting room where a round-table discussion would be held and the Memorandum of Understanding launching the National Decent Work Programme would be signed.
9 10 II. ROUND TABLE
“Argentina: From Crisis to New Opportunities for Decent Work”
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Gerry Rodgers Director, Policy Integration Department, ILO
… need for coherence in national and international … social and economic policies
Mr. Rodgers welcomed the distinguished panellists to the round table discussion on Argentina emerging from the crisis, current opportunities and challenges, and future strategies and policies to promote decent work in the globalised economy. He acknowledged that the ILO approach and issues are always present in
public discussion in Argentina.
“This is a country where work is at the heart of every development strategy.” The ILO has collaborated with Argentina in developing a response to the challenges of globalisation that incorporates actions in the various fields of
development. The need for coherence between national and international
policies, and between social and economic policies was also emphasized in the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalisation. Argentina, an The Argentinian experience should serve as a basis for reflection and example for dialogue, for example in the development of mechanisms and policies for mechanisms and integration and promotion of decent work, and in the evaluation of instruments policies promoting and methods used. It is hoped that the ILO would continue to support the decent work constituents of the country and to contribute to the development of better
policies for the global economy.
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Richard Freeman International Economist, Professor at the University of Harvard and at the London School of Economics
The IMF and the World Bank will not change how they operate until those interested in the labour market and the real economy start taking part in discussions concerning the financial markets
Professor Freeman stated that all those who were concerned about the labour markets (employers’ organizations, trade unions, ministries of labour and the ILO itself) should become involved in the structuring of global finance regulations, thereby having an influence on the IMF and the World Bank in their preparation of structural adjustment programmes and loan policies. Contrary to the view of the IMF (which, moreover, considered Argentina its The crisis was not “best pupil”), the crisis was not the result of an insufficiently flexible labour market. the result of an The labour market in fact was flexible and behaved exactly as it was expected to do. insufficiently The capital markets were responsible for destabilizing the real economy, affecting flexible labour market employment and economic activity in general. Workers are not as mobile as capital and are disadvantaged when capital moves freely. The ILO is responsible for representing the rights and positions of the workers. In 2003, he was part of an ILO mission to Argentina and came to several Events in the conclusions, in particular that in Argentina events occurring in the capital markets capital markets were much more important and influential for people than events in the labour were much more market. important and influential Mr. Freeman stated that the capital markets should be “domesticated”. The IMF and the World Bank will not change how they operate until those interested in the labour market and the real economy take part in discussions concerning the financial markets. The IMF defends the interests of creditors. Spokespersons defending the other interests and capable of showing the mistakes made in the name of free movement of capital are necessary. The IMF does not accept its responsibility concerning the repercussions that volatile capital markets could have on the economy, it does not concern itself with labour markets, and it does not want to accept that a collapsing banking system results in unemployment, poverty and social upheaval. He concluded with a number of suggestions: • Training in and familiarization with the financial markets for trade unions Active and Ministries of Labour, to understand the possible repercussions on participation of the tripartite employment and to be able to intervene to defend it in time. actors in capital • Inclusion of studies to examine the impact of IMF and World Bank market programmes on the labour market. Those reports should include forecasts of the impact on employment, signed by representatives of the labour market and the financial institutions. The programmes should also contain regular revision clauses where payment is conditional on achieving the forecasts. • A radical change in the role of the IMF in a globalised world, where the third world is relevant and where capital markets have absolute mobility, and not only between public institutions. Possible ways that governments could actively take part in the capital markets, such as an insurance premium on the GDP of a country (as it is done by investors on the stock exchange).
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Rodolfo Daer Argentinian workers’ representative
working on […] a model that involves social inclusion because democracy cannot exist with social exclusion
State’s absence, Mr. Daer indicated that the consequences of the neo-liberal policies precarization and lack promoted by the IMF and the World Bank and applied in Argentina during the of protection for 1990s led to de-industrialisation, State’s absence, precarisation and lack of workers, linked to protection for workers, and privatisation of the retirement system. neo-liberalism All that culminated in an unprecedented crisis that, nevertheless, did not destroy the institutions or social dialogue. This allowed maintaining democracy. It is necessary to revive the role of the State to recreate economic policy and begin an employment-intensive recovery. The Mercosur Regional Conference on Employment highlighted the priority to place decent work at the heart of development strategies.
He also defined as a priority, attention to those sectors lagging behind and promotion of a work culture among the unemployed. It is necessary to strengthen vocational education and training oriented towards production and employment. He stated that “we should work on the basis of a model that involves social inclusion because democracy cannot exist with social exclusion”. Decent work stabilizes The fight against unregistered employment and the efforts to ensure the social order conditions that guaranteed workers’ rights are part of promoting decent work. Decent work stabilizes the social order. Without that, there is no protection for workers, nor do they participate in the redistribution of the wealth that they have helped create. He insisted on the importance of tripartite dialogue as the basis for Tripartite dialogue as the basis for recognition recognition and consensus on policies and the State. He endorsed the support for of and consensus on initiatives that sought tripartite and unified responses to common problems. policies and the State Finally, Mr. Daer expressed his appreciation for the ILO assistance provided at the outset of the crisis and hoped it would continue and help contribute to eliminating existing inequalities.
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Daniel Funes de Rioja Argentinian employers’ representative and
Vice-President of Employers, ILO
Let us try to find a form of globalization that is feasible and transparent also in terms of social tolerance
Mr. Funes de Rioja explained the actions of Argentinian businessmen before, during and after the crisis. He recalled that convertibility was linked to hyperinflation and that devaluation of Real, a consequence of the Brazilian crisis, endangered the competitiveness of Argentinian enterprises, leaving a large number of them outside the market. During the crisis, Argentinian enterprises tried to preserve and maintain the Policies that political system. In December 2001, in spite of the instability and the economic, coordinate political and social crisis, which were inextricably entangled, democracy and economic and social objectives democratic institutions were preserved and supported. Emerging from the crisis calls for coherent policies that coordinate economic Promoting a work objectives with social objectives. “The Argentinian productive sector supports the culture Government’s emergency policies.” However, the emergency is over and it is necessary to move from assistance policies towards education and training policies, thereby promoting a work culture. Mr. Funes de Rioja emphasized his support for free markets but not for the absence of the State. The State should follow a model of stability with parameters that ensure sustainable development. Stability is not only of economic significance; it is politically and socially necessary. He recalled that an innovative response is required to address the crisis of representativeness and leadership in the country. An appropriate regulatory framework is necessary to consolidate democracy, and the moral values upon which it is based require revision, because corruption undermines the foundations of society. He did not believe in one ideology for all. Every country should find its own way of resolving its problems. Nevertheless, he indicated that the development strategy should be based on: • support for small and medium-sized enterprises • support for the promotion of registered employment • support for the development of a work culture • respect for private enterprise. Argentina had entered globalisation unsuccessfully in the 1990s. He A fairer globalisation where suggested entering a fairer globalisation today, where the internal market has the worker has regained importance and workers have consumer capacity. “Let us try to find a consumer capacity form of globalisation that is practical and transparent also in terms of social tolerance.”
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Carlos Tomada Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Security, Argentina
We are overcoming the emergency not by using […] traditional methods, but by relying on the principles put forward by the ILO
The Minister highlighted the results achieved to date and expressed his
satisfaction with the consensus reached between the trade unions and the
Argentinian Industrial Union (UIA). He welcomed the cooperation, while regretting that it had been brought on by a crisis of such magnitude. Argentina was one of the few Latin American countries with an income distribution that largely favoured the middle class, relatively high wages and widespread unionisation and collective bargaining. This deteriorated in the 1990s, with the introduction of adjustment measures and financial and exchange rate overvaluation, coupled with drastic deregulation, privatisation and extreme economic openness.
An obsession with Competitiveness had become an obsession, in pursuit of which jobs had competitiveness in been cut and wages reduced. The proliferation of experiments in flexibility had the 1990s caused eroded internal demand and failed to boost employment. inequity and marginalisation Modernization in the 1990s had aggravated inequalities and the marginalisation of certain segments of society, in an environment conducive to survival of the fittest and not necessarily the most productive. The State had lost its redistributive and regulatory role and this, combined with a drop in real incomes, had increased downward social mobility. Income inequalities and social segmentation had affected the stability of the political system, culminating in the December 2001 crisis. He agreed with Professor Freeman that it is difficult to solve labour market problems within the labour market itself, and that it is necessary to understand the repercussions of economic, financial, trade and
fiscal policies on wages, income distribution and economic activity in general. He pointed out that “we are overcoming the emergency, not by using traditional methods, but by relying on the principles put forward by the ILO, that is, by putting employment at the centre of development strategies”. State policies were now putting in place mechanisms for coordination between labour and
economic policies, as well as social assistance, education and health policies. ILO offers fora for The ILO has provided invaluable assistance, offering fora for discussion, discussion, technical where ideas are backed by technical expertise, specific examples of previous expertise, specific experience and political conviction, inspiring confidence in the new orientation examples of Argentinian policies.
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The “CRISIS” Programme contributed from the outset to the design of intervention policies and facilitated the evaluation of the impact of measures. The two key axes of government action were as follows:
(1) The Unemployed Men and Women Heads of Household Programme (PJJH), which has enabled 30 per cent of the members receives a subsidy. In keeping with its redistributive approach, this programme was financed out of resources from export duties.
(2) Restoring the purchasing power of wages and introducing an 80 per cent increase in pensions, which have helped to bring consumption levels back up, especially in low-income sectors and less developed regions. Vocational training has been integrated with the “More and Better Jobs” Programme, which transforms unemployment benefit into employment creation programmes. Up to now, nearly 10 per cent of beneficiaries are in registered employment. He added that the Ministry has assigned priority to combating unregistered employment.
He expressed his confidence in social dialogue and collective bargaining Social dialogue as instruments to defend distributive equity. The Government welcomes the fact for distributive that employers are adopting this new approach based on social integration, in equity which employment and wages are seen as engines of growth and investment. The speaker pointed out that President Kirchner had placed decent work at the centre of state decision-making. This concept has been embodied in the new Labour Regulation Act and in all public policies. Coordination within the Ministry of Labour is of key importance in this respect. The country’s development strategy is based on the implementation and coordination of employment and training policies; policies aimed at Decent work at regularizing unregistered employment and improving working conditions; a the centre of state National Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour; policies to improve policy and labour incomes; and extending the coverage of the social security system. decision-making To sum up, the Minister reiterated that Argentina is emerging from an unprecedented crisis by applying one of the most extensive income transfer programmes of the region. This calls for a bold policy, while continuing to meet international commitments. To do this, Argentina needs sustainable growth. Employment as The new development strategy sees employment as the linchpin of economic the linchpin of economic and and social growth, and this represents a shift away from the policies that have social growth predominated in the last 30 years. The next challenge is how to improve productivity and increase employment at the same time. Responsible and representative participation of employers and workers committed to social dialogue will create an enabling environment for investment. He concluded that democratic stability requires an economic growth that allows the elimination of poverty. Argentina wishes to build a “serious country”, based on a working society, and hopes that this experience will be instructive for countries in similar situations. The National Decent Work Programme will enable designing more effective and coordinated policies. In this context, the continuous and readily Building a working available support of the ILO and the generosity of friendly countries are needed society, more to build a more democratic society, and one securing social justice. democratic and securing social justice 17
Ray Guevara
President of the 92nd Session of the International Labour Conference
… [convening] a forum in which the IMF, the World Bank and the ILO would review what should be the key principles of a more fair and more humane globalization
Extraordinary value of Mr. Guevara emphasized the extraordinary value of the Argentinian case the Argentinian case for the region as an example from which lessons can be learned. for the Region He recalled the concern expressed by the representatives of the Argentinian workers in the Governing Body of the ILO in 2000-01, about the neo-liberal policies that were being applied in their country and what they perceived as its uncertain future. In an effort to find a solution, at the Inter- American Conference of Labour Ministers (Ottawa, 2001), the delegation of the Dominican Republic had suggested that an understanding be reached in the framework of the Organization of American States (OAS) to bring ministries of economy and labour of the continent together.
The lesson to be learned from the Argentinian case is the need to Harmonizing economic adjustment harmonize economic and social policies; to coordinate restrictive economic programmes and adjustment programmes with social programmes to further employment and social policies vocational training, in order to prevent difficulties in maintaining social order and stability in the countries concerned.
Another important lesson to be learned is the transparency that has been Transparency between the social partners achieved between the Argentinian social partners as a result of their joint effort to reach a concerted position.
Lastly, the speaker pointed out that the presence of Rodrigo Ratto in the IMF opens up possibilities for reaching an understanding on this issue. Accordingly, he recommended that a forum be convened at which the IMF, the World Bank and the ILO would review what should be the key principles of a more fair and more humane globalisation.
18
Juan Somavia Director-General, ILO
The t heme of decent work is the centre of people’s concerns, and the time has come to put it at the centre of growth policies
The Director-General commended the frankness and sincerity of the Argentinian speakers and their sound analysis of the reasons for the crisis, as well as their conclusions as to how they would emerge from it using their own national resources. He pointed out that when the actors in a country fail to reach agreement and are divided by internal discord, external intervention imposes solutions that have nothing to do with reality in that country; hence the key importance of dialogue between the actors in the country to defend national positions. He highlighted the unique nature of the Argentinian case, recalling the neo- An unprecedented liberal approach of the policies implemented in the 1990s, which culminated in an crisis unprecedented crisis. This destabilized people’s lives, the lives of families and communities, upsetting the balance between economic and social policies, which has to be restored. Rather than seeking a solution in classic economic mechanisms, the focus has been on social institutions and the values that have to be guaranteed to maintain the country’s hard-won democracy. The post-crisis response is aligned on the objectives and principles of the ILO, which has reacted promptly and since the very outset of the crisis. The ILO response is coordinated, affecting all sectors ILO’s prompt, and regional structures; wide-ranging in terms of its coverage and forms of coordinated, technical cooperation and mobilization of experts; and backed by substantial wide-ranging and funding from IFP/CRISIS, ILO’s cash surplus and the Italian Government. well-funded response The speaker underscored the enormous effort by Argentinian society to overcome the crisis and the key role of associative networks (barter systems, citizens’ assemblies, support associations, etc.). The response by society and the Government was accompanied by a process of social dialogue which helped Social dialogue helped generate generate consensus around policies put forward as alternatives. With the full consensus weight of tripartism behind it, the ILO called on the IMF and the World Bank to around alternative ensure that the situation of Argentina was not repeated in other countries. policies The country’s recovery is showing encouraging results in terms of growth of economic activity, reduction of unemployment and mitigation of poverty. However, it has not yet reached pre-crisis levels, and the poor and marginalized segments of society remain the most vulnerable. The quantitative and qualitative decent work deficit has not yet been overcome. “The theme of decent work is at the centre of people’s concerns, and the time had come to put it at the centre of growth policies.” A regional survey carried out by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) showed that
lack of employment and social services, combined with informal work, are not conducive to strengthening confidence in democracy.
19 Link between The concept of decent work should be part of every country’s approach to democracy, economic, social and democratic development. There is no closer link between development and development and continuing democracy than the generation of decent work. decent work An international consensus is emerging around decent work as a global goal. Our region had demonstrated the broadest support for this concept: at the 13th Inter-American Conference of Ministers of Labour (Bahía), the 13th Latin American Summit of Heads of State and Government (Santa Cruz de la Sierra), the Special Summit of the Americas (Monterrey) and the EU-Latin American/Caribbean Summit (Guadalajara), as well as at least two joint declarations by Presidents Lula and Kirchner. All of these declarations have placed decent work, as defined by the ILO, at the centre of countries’
development.
Argentina is playing a key role in this respect by setting specific targets and Argentina adopts taking concrete steps in pursuit of decent work. With the adoption of decent work specific targets and as one of the country’s Millennium Goals and the provision of the Labour concrete measures Regulation Act calling for promoting the inclusion of this concept in national, for decent work provincial and municipal policies, it is moving from the creation of a concept to the implementation of a programme that will become state policy. Furthermore, Chancellor Bielsa, backed by support from a number of countries, has proposed “Job creation to combat poverty and strengthen democratic governance” as the keynote theme of the next Summit of the
Americas. This represents a great opportunity and a challenge, as well as a means of changing the focus of these meetings, which up to now have been centred on trade issues.
Mr. Somavia emphasized that the only inevitable effect of globalisation is technological progress; all the others can be regulated, and he suggested four areas for action:
(1) A focus on the local level – A great deal has been done to facilitate integration in the global market at every level. Steps should now be taken to ensure that local economies benefit from these changes, while strengthening local communities and markets. Efforts should now be directed at the domestic market, competing globally but in a framework of fair competition. (2) Integration of economic and social policies – It is essential to achieve coherence between economic policies and promoting decent work. Lack of
policy coherence makes countries vulnerable to policies imposed from abroad. (3) Mobilizing tripartism – This should be a global player in the pursuit of a more fair globalisation. The tripartite partners are in a position to gauge the effects of globalisation on enterprises. (4) Coordination of the multilateral system – Greater coordination should be achieved among international and regional institutions such as the World
Trade Organization (WTO), the IMF, the World Bank, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the ILO itself. In conclusion, he pointed out that Argentina is at the frontline in meeting the challenge of finding ways towards a more fair globalisation. President Kirchner has Argentina moving succeeded in putting people’s concerns at the centre of government action, and the towards a more fair ILO is glad to support the country in this endeavour. globalization
20 III. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
“National Decent Work Programme”
In conclusion, the Memorandum of Understanding launching the National Decent Work Programme was read and signed. The Memorandum of Understanding was signed by the Argentinian tripartite representatives: Minister Carlos Tomada (Government), Mr. Rodolfo Daer (Workers) and Mr. Daniel Funes de Rioja (Employers), and by the Director-General of the ILO, Mr. Juan Somavia.
21
22 ANNEX I. FIGURES
Figure 1. Trends in unemployment and poverty
(%) 55 52.0 50 45 40 Percentage of poor 35 30 25.2 25 19.7 20 15 Unemployment 10 6.5 rate 5 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Source: Prepared by MTESS based on data from EPH-INDEC
Figure 2. Trends in earnings dispersion*
50 49
45
40 37 35 30 28 24 25 20 20
15 1991 1995 1999 2001 2002 * Ratio between average earnings of the top and bottom deciles Source: ibid.
Figure 3. Trends in real wages*
(%) 10
5
0
-5 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 -10
-15
-20
-25
-30
* Annual variation in real wages Source: ibid.
23
Figure 4. Emergency policies (2002) Social inclusion Incomes policy Job preservation
Heads of household Minimum Pension Severance pay doubled programme wage increases increases for unjustified dismissal
2 m beneficiaries 3.2 m workers 1 m Monthly exit rate reduced covered beneficiaries from 2.4 to 1.9% Expenditure equivalent to 0.8% of GDP
Figure 5. Strengthening the role of the State for the implementation of policies promoting decent work (2003-04) Employment Incomes Labour relations Social protection
• “More and Better y Wage increases: y Labour Regulation y “National Plan for the Jobs Integrated Act Regularization of - Minimum wage (75%) Programme” Employment” - Collective agreed y Promotion of basic wage collective bargaining y Promoting the social • Job reintegration y Increase in minimum security reform of unemployed pension (40 %) and vocational process training y Strengthening labour inspections 9 1.9 million recipients 9 Wages increase by 40 to 60% in collective bargaining negotiations
Figure 6. Trends in the employed population (thousands)
13'500 13'000 12'600 13'013 12'500 12'350 11'936 12'000 11'827 11'500 10'968 11'000 10'500 10'000 9'500 May 02 October 02 I Trim.03 II Trim.03 III Trim.03 IV Trim.03
Source: ibid.
24
Figure 7. Trends in the unemployment rate (percentage)
25.0 21.5 20.4 20.0 17.8 16.3 14.5 15.0 10.0
5.0 0.0
May 2002 I Trim.03 II Trim.03 III Trim.03 IV Trim.03
Source: ibid.
Figure 8. Decline in the incidence of poverty*
70 65 60 57.5 54.7 55 53.0 54.0 50 47.8 45 40 38.3 35.9 35 30 May 2001 October 2001 May 2002 October 2002 May 2003 I Week 03 II Week 03
* Percentage of the population below the poverty line. Source: ibid.
Figure 9. Means of action of technical cooperation
Direct cooperation in the production of comparative information and studies
Discussion at technical meetings with officials
Training of officials and technology transfer Tripartite technical meetings
Direct cooperation in detailed design of policies Follow-up of policies and and actions actions with direct assistance
25
26 ANNEX II. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
In Geneva, on 14 June 2004, the Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Security, Dr. Carlos Tomada, the Director-General of the International Labour Office, Mr. Juan Somavía, and the Argentinian representatives in the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, Mr. Daniel Funes de Rioja (Employers) and Mr. Rodolfo Daer (Workers), Recalling that in December 2002, the ILO, the Government of Argentina and the representatives of employers’ and workers’ organizations elected to the Governing Body signed the Memorandum of Understanding on the preparation and implementation in the Argentine Republic of the National Decent Work Programme, Bearing in mind that in October 2003 the Government of Argentina included “promoting decent work” in its Millennium Development Goals, fixing specific targets to be reached in the medium term, Considering that in March 2002 Act No. 25,877, the Labour Regulation Act, was adopted, which provides that “the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security shall promote the inclusion of the concept of decent work in national, provincial and municipal policies”, Considering further that the ILO provides technical cooperation in pursuit of this objective through its regular programmes and two special programmes, State that, in accordance with the abovementioned legal mandate and the agreement between the Government of Argentina and the representatives of employers and workers, they reiterate their decision to implement a National Decent Work Programme, the background and main points of which are set forth in Appendix 1, and the ILO commits itself to providing technical support and assisting in the mobilization of resources.
Carlos Tomada Mr. Juan Somavia Minister of Labour, Director-General Employment and Social Security International Labour Office
Dr. Daniel Funes de Rioja Mr. Rodolfo Daer Employers’ representative of General Secretary Argentina in the ILO General Confederation of Labour of Argentina (CGT)
27 Memorandum: Annex 1
Background 1. The crisis in Argentina has led to unprecedented levels of unemployment and poverty. Since 2002 the ILO has provided assistance to its national constituents, in particular the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (MTESS) to cope with its repercussions through the project entitled “Tackling the decent work challenges in the Argentinian crisis” (the “CRISIS” project) financed out of ILO’s cash surplus. 2. Argentina’s experience in the last 15 years with regard to employment as well as the level and distribution of earnings illustrates both the profound social impact of globalisation and the structural adjustment policies and the limits of labour and employment policy when it comes to mitigating these impacts. Years of strong economic growth which failed to generate much employment were followed by the collapse of the labour market during the crisis. Today, as it goes through the process of recovery, the country is applying a mix of policies aimed at maintaining a high growth rate despite constraints, while at the same time continuing to reduce high levels of unemployment and poverty. In the last quarter of 2003 unemployment reached 14.5 per cent and the incidence of poverty was 47.8 per cent. It was in this context that the Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Security requested ILO’s cooperation in the design and implementation of a National Decent Work Programme. 3. This request is in line with the new approach of ILO cooperation with its member States. As of 2004, ILO assistance to national constituents is based on National Decent Work Programmes, which must be clearly linked to national development priorities and have a thematic focus. Coherence and integration of action should enable the expected impacts to be achieved. In keeping with ILO’s programming by objectives, national programmes include indicators of achievement and specify their products, activities, inputs and time limits. This document proposes a programme that embodies these characteristics, in accordance with the priorities and modalities identified by the Argentinian constituents. 4. The programme will also take into account the conclusions and recommendations of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalisation, and will hence make an important contribution to the follow-up to the Commission’s work by the national constituents and the ILO. National development priority 5. Unlike other countries, Argentina has already established decent work as a national priority. Act No. 25,877 of March 2004 (the Labour Regulation Act) provides that the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security shall promote the inclusion of the concept of decent work in national, provincial and municipal policies. In October 2003, the promotion of decent work was included as Objective No. 3 when the country adopted its Millennium Goals. The targets to be reached by 2015 are:
unemployment under 10 per cent;
two-thirds of the economically active population to be covered by social protection;
elimination of child labour. It should be pointed out that Objective No. 4, “Promoting gender equality”, is defined mainly in terms of decent work: more economic participation of women, narrowing the wage gap and participation in decision-making. Mention should be made of the conclusion of the Memorandum of Understanding signed between the ILO and the social partners on 11 December 2002. Role of decent work 6. Most Argentinians aspire to a job in the formal economy, with social security coverage. At the same time, this goal could also contribute both to a better distribution of earnings and to the promotion of equal opportunity between men and women. Along the same lines, the elimination of child labour is a goal which reaffirms the desire to protect future generations. 7. As shown by the country’s recent social and economic history, decent work should be fixed as an objective when macroeconomic and social policies are being adopted. This calls for explicit coordination between economic, labour and social policies (the latter including education, social protection and health policies).
28 8. In addition to the fundamental role of the policies referred to above in generating and maintaining employment, the strategies, programmes and activities of the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security play a decisive part. This requires optimising active employment and training policies and those aimed at regularizing employment, improving working conditions and ensuring more equitable earnings distribution and incomes policy. 9. Social dialogue at different levels should make an important contribution to the adoption and successful implementation of coherent policies. 10. Expected impacts: In this context, the expected impacts and immediate objectives of the programme in respect of the national constituents, in particular the Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Security, may be identified as follows: 1. Strengthening national capacity to design and implement policies and monitor their impacts; 2. Formulating, adopting and implementing integrated policies, in which likely impacts are taken into account at the outset, and monitoring the quality and quantity of employment, as well as earnings distribution and stability. 3. Improving the effectiveness of Ministry policies by strengthening institutions, structures and appropriate procedures. Focus and strategy of the programme 12. The achievement of these objectives by the national actors may be effectively supported by a national programme with the following characteristics: Focus: The programme will be based on two key components. The first addresses the need to integrate other policy areas with labour and employment policy. The second focuses on policies and programmes within the remit of the Ministry itself or its decentralized structures.
First component: Integration of labour and employment policies with other policies having an impact on the quantity and quality of jobs. The experience of jobless growth before the crisis, its impact and the requirements of economic and social recovery point to the need for institutionalised integration of the relevant policies, based on an assessment of the risks involved and the employment- generating opportunities that they create. The policy areas that have an impact are economic policies (monetary, fiscal, exchange, industrial and trade) and social policies (education, social protection and health).
Second component: Integration of Ministry policies in priority areas aimed at operationalizing the strategies in a decentralized approach: 1. Active employment and training policies. This includes transforming temporary employment programmes into job reintegration programmes and, in the medium term, the implementation of active employment policies targeted at vulnerable groups. 2. Policies for regularizing unregistered employment and improving working conditions. Design and implementation of strategies aimed at bringing the different forms of unregistered employment into the formal economy and devising strategies to improve working conditions. 3. National Programme for the Elimination of Child Labour. Coordination and implementation of measures to detect, quantify and eliminate child labour. 4. Policies to improve employment earnings. Strengthening collective bargaining, evaluating the impact of the increase in the minimum wage and strategies to improve the earnings distribution. 5. Policies to extend coverage of the social protection system. Strategies aimed at adapting the social security system and extending coverage of unemployment insurance. 15. Strategy: The programme will rely on the active participation of the social partners at national, regional, provincial and municipal levels and on the extensive network of national competent technicians, for example, those involved in the “CRISIS” and “AREA” projects and the University Network for Social Dialogue.
29 The ILO will provide direct technical cooperation with products, targets and impacts specified jointly with the MTESS. The ILO will support the efforts of the Argentinian constituents with technical assistance. 16. Mobilization of resources: The necessary human and financial resources to achieve the expected impacts come mainly from the national actors, especially the Government. The ILO can provide only relatively modest financial resources. Nevertheless, as shown by the projects under way in the country, the ILO can play an important role in the mobilization of additional external resources within the limits of its regulations, rules and directives. In recent years, ILO cooperation with Argentina has focused increasingly on issues related to overcoming the economic and social crisis. The National Decent Work Programme will ensure the continuation of ongoing cooperation. Duration 17. A programme of the scope envisaged is intended to achieve its objectives in the medium and long term. Given that the ILO programme and budget are on a biennial basis, cooperation with the programme will in principle have a duration of three-and-a-half years (July 2004 – December 2007), in two phases. 18. Management: Based on the experience of the project on “Tackling the decent work challenges in the Argentinian crisis”, a similar management structure will be adopted. Immediate activities 1. The programme is to start with technical workshops to define priorities, indicators, products and inputs, culminating in the elaboration of a work plan (August 2004). 5. Approval of the work plan and commencement of implementation: September-October 2004.
30 ANNEX III. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
NAME TITLE/ORGANIZATION ADDRESS TEL./FAX E-MAIL/WEB
Government Delegates
CLARAMOUNT, Carmen I. (Ms.) Ambassador, Deputy Permanent Representative, 11 rue de Butini, 1202 Genève, Switzerland 022-7312587 / [email protected] Mission Permanente de Costa Rica 022-7312069 u.int
CORRES, Gerardo A. (Mr.) Consultant, Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Alen 650 Piso 240, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos 5411 43105056 [email protected] Seguridad Social Aires, Argentina
FOGLIA, Maria C. (Ms.) Italia Lavoro SPA Via Guidubaldo del Monte, 60 00197 – Roma, 39 8562002 / [email protected] Italy 39 660692596
FREITAS, Nilton (Mr.) Special Adviser to the Minister of Labour and Ministry of Labour and Employment, Brazil 55 11 3176532 [email protected] Employment
LARIA, Magarila (Ms.) Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Security Nueva York 3393 Dto “C”, Buenos Aires, 5411 4501 4007 [email protected] Argentina
MANZUR BARREDA, Beatriz (Ms.) Jefa, Departamente de Colaboración con la OIT, Apartado 87-3659 Panama 7, Rep. de Panama 507 3601119 / [email protected] Ministerio de Trabajo y Desarrollo Laboral 507 3601273
NOVICK, Marta (Ms.) Consultant, Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y L N Alem 638 20 Piso, CP 1001 CAPIT. FED. 5411 43105764 / [email protected] Seguridad Social Argentina 5411 43105866
31 NAME TITLE/ORGANIZATION ADDRESS TEL./FAX E-MAIL/WEB
PAIXAO PARDO, Sergio (Mr.) Chief, International Organizations Division, Esplanada dos Ministerios – Bloco F, Gabinete 556181196687 / [email protected] International Relations, Ministry of Labour and do Ministro, Assessoria internacional, Sala 555, 55612240814 or [email protected] www.mte.gov.br Employment Brasilia DF, Brasil, CEP 70 059-900
PEREIRA DA SELVA, Hebe Teixeira (Mr.) Ministerio do Trabalho e Emprego Esplanada dos Ministerios – Bl. “F” Anexo, Ala 55 61 3176337 / [email protected] Commission de Traballo Emprego “B”2 Andar-sala 278, Brasilia/DF CEP–70.059-903 55 612240814 www.mte.gov.br
ROCANOVA, Ana (Ms.) Misión Permanente de Uruguay 65, Rue de Lausanne, 1202 Genève, Switzerland 022-7328366 [email protected]
ROSALES, Julio (Mr.) Consultant, Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Leandro N. Alem 650 – 20 Piso 1089, Buenos 5411 43106055 / [email protected] Seguridad Social Aires, Argentina 5411 43106066 www.trabajo.gov.ar
SANTANCHÈ, Emido (Mr.) Responsible for ‘Area Programme‘ Via Guidubaldo del Monte 60 – 00197 Roma, 39 3357411173 / [email protected] Italia Lavoro Italy, Italia – Lavoro 39 680692594 www.italialavoro.it
SEGUEL, José Ernesto (Mr.) Subsecretaria de Trabajo - Neuquen Bahia Blanca 385, Neuquén, Argentina 54299156309355/ [email protected] 54299 483912 www.neuquen.gov.ar
TASSONI, Lionello (Mr.) Italia Lavoro Italia Lavoro – Programme Area, Cordoba 950 39 3393130488 [email protected] 3/1, Buenos Aires, Argentina
VARELA, Sandra (Ms.) Subsecretaria de Trabajo y Securidad Social de Avda, San Martin 601, Ciudad, Mendoza, 54 261 4239833 [email protected] Mendoza Argentina 54 261 4200025 www.mendoza.gov.ar
VISCHI, Eduardo Alejandro (Mr.) Cobierano Corrientes, Argentina San Juan 1317 – Corrientes, Argentina CP 3400 54 3783433191 [email protected]
Workers Delegates
BASTEIRO, Ariel (Mr.) Central de Trabajadores (CTA) Anchorsena 1250 CP1425, Buenos Aires, 5411 48222136 [email protected] Argentina
BAZÁN FIGUEROA, Julio Cesar (Mr.) Presidente, Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT) Sof Talara 751 Jesus Marid, Lima, Peru 511 4239008 / [email protected] Peru 511 4315415 www.cut.org.pe
ČANAK, Branislav (Mr.) President, United Branch Trade Unions Nušićeva 4/5 11000 Belgrade, Serbia & 381113244542 / [email protected] “Nezavisnost” Montenegro 381 11 3244118 www.nezavisnost.org.yu
32 NAME TITLE/ORGANIZATION ADDRESS TEL./FAX E-MAIL/WEB
CORRIES, Claudio (Mr.) Confederación Sindical Mundial de la Enseñanza Peru 973, 1402 Buenos Aires, Argentina 5411 43624967 [email protected]
DULICE, Alredo Jose (Mr.) Union Latino Americana de Trabajadores Calle 13 4116, Berisso, Buenos Aires, Argentina 5411 48651310 lmonterro@com Municipales (CP1923 )
ESTEVEZ, Eduardo (Mr.) Confederación Mundial de Trabajo - CMT 33 Rue de Treves, 1040 – Bruxelles, Belgium 322 2854771 / eduardo.estevez@cmt- 322 2308722 wcl.org
FERNANDEZ, Eduardo (Mr.) Secrétario de Relaciones Internacionales Plenario Camacua 575 – Montevideo, Uruguay – C.8 592 8158798 / [email protected] Intersindical de Trabajadores – Convención 11000 592 9166899 www.achu.org.uy Nacional de Trabajadores
FIGUEROA SILVA, Douglas (Mr.) Presidente, Confederación de Trabajadores del Jr. Ayacucho No. 173, Lima 1, Cercado, Peru 5498003057 / Perú - CTP 54114261310
GUTIÉRREZ-MADUEÑO, Joaquin (Mr.) Confederación General de Trabajadores del Peru Peru 97624755 / [email protected] (CGTP) 4249357 www.cgtp.org.pe
INSFRAN, Victor (Mr.) Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT) Pettirossi 194 y Constitución Asunción, Paraguay 595981426996 / 59521213876
LEPORI, Rolando (Mr.) Secrétaire regional, FTMH, Sindacato Via Canonica 3, 6901 Lugano, Switzerland [email protected]
MAQHEKENI, Joseph (Mr.) President, National Council of Trade Unions NACTU, 108 Fox Street, Johannesburg 2000, 828913020 / (NACTU) South Africa 1692022-78
MEGUIRA, Horaico (Mr.) Central de los Trabajadores Argentinos (CTA) Avda Belgrano 909 «A» - Cudoa, Buenos Aires, 5411 43340707 / [email protected] Argentina 5411 43347818 www.cta.com.ar
JURCA, Ovidiu (Mr.) Vice President Splaiul Independentei 202A, Et.4, Sect. 6 06022- 4021 4115183 / [email protected], Bloc National Syndical Bucuresti, Romania 4021 4115185 [email protected] www.bns.ro
PARRA GAONA, Pedro (Mr.) Central Nacional de Trabajadores (CNT) Piribebuy 1078, Asunción Paraguay 595 21 498889 / [email protected] 595 21 444084
33 NAME TITLE/ORGANIZATION ADDRESS TEL./FAX E-MAIL/WEB
POINTECHER, Marc (Mr.) Chamber of Workers Barnabitenpasse P/23, 1060 Vienna, Austria [email protected]
SUBASINGHE, Don Wimalasiri (Mr.) General Secretary 513, 2/1, Elvitigala Mawatha, Colombo 5, Sri 94 11 2365986 / [email protected] or Ceylon Federation of Trade Unions Lanka 94 11 4510718 [email protected]
VEYRIER, Yves (Mr.) Secrétaire confédéral, Secteur International Europe, 141 – Avenue du Maine, 175 014 Paris, France 33 140528330 yves.veyrier@force- CGT-FO ouvriere.fr www.force-ouvriere.fr
Employers Delegates
ALDAO-ZAPIOLA, Carlos (Mr.) Union Industrial Argentino (UIA) Bouchard 680, Buenos Aires, Argentina 5411 43193960 carlos.aldao.zapiola@lom 5411 43193961 anesea.ar or www.caldao.com
BOGARIN, Walter M. (Mr.) Federation Paraguay de la Industria y el Comercio Cerro Corá, 1038, Asunción, Paraguay 595 21 212556 [email protected] (FEPRINCO) (Union Industrial) www.uip.org.py
FOSSATTI, Mónica (Ms.) Asistente Técnica, Dirección Jurídica, Cámara Panama 507 6004387 asistlegal@copa@org Panameña de la Construcción (CAPAC) 507 2650471 www.capac.org
MENSA, Charles (Mr.) Vice-President, Ghana Employers’ Association; P. O. Box 01936, Christianbor, Accra, Ghana 233 21 7010713 [email protected] Resident Director, 233 21 665329 m.gh Valco Mobilehouse
RIVERRA, José Javier (Mr.) Ex-Presidente, Miembro, Cámara de Comercio, Panama 507 6140911 [email protected] Industrias y Agricultura (CODEP) 507 269 5622 www.riveboca.com
RODRIGUEZ, Marín (Mr.) OIE Argentina 5411 43209600 [email protected]
SCHAER, Juan José (Mr.) Union Industrial Argentina (UIA)/Camara Argentina Alicia Moreau de Juszp #50, 11th Floor, Buenos 541149683403 [email protected] de Comercio Aires, Zip Code 1007, Argentina 54 91144725734/ 541149683405
34 NAME TITLE/ORGANIZATION ADDRESS TEL./FAX E-MAIL/WEB
Representatives from International Organizations (other than ILO)
ANZORREGUY, Maria Paz (Ms.) Lawyer 9 av. Sainte Clotilde, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland 0789114036 [email protected]
CUARTANGO, Oscar Antonio (Mr.) Union Latinoamericana de Calle 48 N0 988 La Plata, Buenos Aires, 5411 4890762 [email protected] Trabajadores Municipales Argentina C.P. 1900 5411 4826975
FAUCHERE, Béatrice (Ms.) 12, Rue des Bossons, CH-1213, Onex – Geneva, 022-7932626 [email protected] Switzerland h
FJELLHEIM, Therese (Ms.) Social Worker in school, Lo-Norway, International Biskop Sigurds gt 9, 7042 Trodheim, Norway Therese.fjellheim@trondh Federation of Social Workers eim.kommune.no
HORACIO, Albertolli (Mr.) Data Management Officer 1, Domaine de L’or Rouge, Rue de Pitegny 41 787243448 [email protected] United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC) F-01170 GEX, France
MERCER, Hugo (Mr.) World Health Organization WHO, 20 Appia, Geneva, Switzerland 022-7913749 [email protected]
RUGGIERO, Oscar Tomas (Mr.) Union Latino Americano de Trabajadores Dr. Amadeo Sabahini 45682 – Casezoy, Prov. 5411 47169095 Municipales - Ulatmum Buenos Aires, Argentina
RODGERS, Janine (Ms.) 29 Rue des Bains, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland 0792639094 [email protected]
ILO Participants
ALBURQUERQUE, Francisco (Mr.) BUENOS AIRES ILO Avenida Córdoba 950, Piso 3, Buenos Aires, 541143937076- [email protected] Argentina 308 / 54114326 2283
ALVAREZ, Sarah Jane (Ms.) IFP/CRISIS ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7996270 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
35 NAME TITLE/ORGANIZATION ADDRESS TEL./FAX E-MAIL/WEB
AUER, Peter (Mr.) EMP/ANALYSIS ILO 4 route des Morillons, CH-1211, Geneva 22, 022-7997471 [email protected] Switzerland
AWAD, Ibrahim (Mr.) Director, ILO Cairo SRO, 9, Taha Hussein street, 11561 20.2 399.93.27 [email protected] CAIRO SUBREGIONAL OFFICE Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt 20.2 736.08.89
BATTISTIN, Francesca (Ms.) IFP/CRISIS ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7997083 CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
BERAR AWARD, Azita (Ms.) INTEGRATION/NPG ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7996906 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
BERG, Janine (Ms.) EMP/ANALYSIS ILO, 4, route des Morillons, [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
BILEMJIAN, Agèle (Ms.) IFP/CRISIS ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7996541 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
BROLLIET, Emmanuel (Mr.) EGALITE ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7996524 emmanuel.broillet@lapest CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland e.net
BRONSTEIN, Arturo (Mr.) IFP/DIALOGUE ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7996961 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
BUCKLEY, Graeme (Mr.) INTEGRATION/NPG ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7997583 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
CIBRARIO, Daria (Ms.) INSTITUTE ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7997179 CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
36 NAME TITLE/ORGANIZATION ADDRESS TEL./FAX E-MAIL/WEB
CICHON, Michael (Mr.) SOC/FAS ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7996630 CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
CÓRDOVA, Luis (Mr.) DCOMM ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7997911 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
CREVIER, Charles (Mr.) SOC/FAS ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7997168 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
CRISETTI, Maria (Ms.) IFP/SEED ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7996127 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
DAUGE, René (Mr.) IFP/SKILLS ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7997148 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
DAZA PEREZ, José Luis (Mr.) IFP/DIALOGUE ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7997947 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
DELFINO, Juan M (Mr.) FINANCE ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7996470 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
DE LUCA, Loretta (Ms.) IFP/CRISIS ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7998822 CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
DIEZ DE MEDINA SUAREZ, Rafael (Mr.) POLICY INTEGRATION ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7997766 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
ERNST, Christoph (Mr.) EMP/STRAT ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7997736 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
37 NAME TITLE/ORGANIZATION ADDRESS TEL./FAX E-MAIL/WEB
ESTEVEZ, Antonio (Mr.) INFO/CRISIS INFO/CRISIS, Avenida Córdoba 950, Piso 3, OIT 5411 43937076 [email protected] Buenos Aires, Argentina
FALCONE, Cristiana (Ms.) DCOMM ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7996158 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
FEDI, Luca (Mr.) IFP/CRISIS ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7997831 CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
FORTUNY CORREDO, Mariangels (Ms.) EMP/STRAT ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7998761 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
FRANCESCO, Paolini (Mr.) EMP/ANALYSIS ILO, 4, route des Morillons, [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
GALHARDI, Regina M (Ms.) IFP/SKILLS ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7997675 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland 022-7997650
GALINO, Pedro (Mr.) ATP PROJETO CRISIS ATP PROJETO CRISIS, Avenida Córdoba 950, [email protected] Piso 3, OIT Buenos Aires, Argentina
JOLIDON, Graciela (Ms.) NORMS ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7996728 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
KINIGER-PASSIGLI, Donato (Mr.) IFP/CRISIS ILO, 4 route des Morillons, CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
LAVIEC, Jean-Pierre (Mr.) Director, INSTITUTE ILO, 4, route des Morillons, 022-7997176 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland.
LAZARO MARTINEZ, Luis (Mr.) REVUE/PUBLICATIONS ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7996619 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
38 NAME TITLE/ORGANIZATION ADDRESS TEL./FAX E-MAIL/WEB
LAZARTE, Alfredo (Mr.) SOC/FAS ILO, 4, route des Morillons, [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
LAZARTE-HOYLE, Alfredo (Mr.) IFP/CRISIS ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7998822 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
MAERTENS, Eric (Mr.) ED/TURIN ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7996945 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
MAGNAT, Julien (Mr.) IFP/CRISIS 1 ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7997907 CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
MAJERES, Jean (Mr.) Director, ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7996490 [email protected] EMP/INVEST CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
MEHELLOU, Yamina (Ms.) IFP/CRISIS ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7996132 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
MONTICONE, Regina (Ms.) EMP/STRAT ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7996819 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
MONZA, Alfredo (Mr.) ATP PROJETO CRISIS ATP PROJETO CRISIS, Avenida Córdoba 950, 5411 43937076 [email protected] Piso 3, OIT Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina
PAL, Karuna (Ms.) SOC/FAS ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7996624 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland 022-7997962
PANGARO, Alehandra (Ms.) BUENOS AIRES AMERICAS, Avenida Cordoba 950 – P13, 5411 43937076 [email protected] OIT Buenos Aires, Argentina (106). / 5411 43937062
POSCHEN- EICHE, Peter (Mr.) INTEGRATION/NPG ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7996188 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland.
39 NAME TITLE/ORGANIZATION ADDRESS TEL./FAX E-MAIL/WEB
PRADA DE MESA, Teresa (Ms.) CODEV ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7998849 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
VAUGHAN-WHITEHEAD, Daniel (Mr.) TRAVAIL ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7997045 vaughan- CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland [email protected]
VEGA, Maria Luz (Ms.) DECLARATION ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7996337 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland
ZACHMANN, Roberto (Mr.) EMP/ENT ILO, 4 route des Morillons, 022-7996439 [email protected] CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland.
40