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Haiti: a Political Economy Analysis

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Haiti: A Political Economy Analysis Wenche Iren Hauge Report commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publisher: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Copyright: © Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 2018 ISSN: 1894-650X The report has been commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Any views expressed in this publication are those of the author. They should not be interpreted as reflecting the views, official policy or position of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. The text may not be printed in part or in full without the permission of the author. Visiting address: C.J. Hambros plass 2d Address: P.O. Box 8159 Dep. NO-0033 Oslo, Norway Internet: www.nupi.no E-mail: [email protected] Tel: [+ 47] 22 99 40 00 Haiti: A Political Economy Analysis Wenche Iren Hauge Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) Report Commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs May 2018 Contents Map of Haiti .......................................................................................................................... V About the report .................................................................................................................. VI List of acronyms ................................................................................................................... VII Preface .................................................................................................................................. IX 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2. Powerful actors and conflict fault lines in Haiti ........................................................ 2 3. Economic elite and security actors ............................................................................ 8 Consolidation of the Economic Elite’s Position in Haiti ............................................ 8 Political Parties and Political Participation ................................................................ 10 Security Actors in Haiti, post-2004 ............................................................................. 16 4. The phantom state and post-earthquake policies .................................................... 25 5. Resource management ................................................................................................ 29 The Environment and Energy Challenges ................................................................... 29 Food Security and Socio-economic Effects of Recent Disasters ............................... 31 6. Health and education .................................................................................................. 35 Health ........................................................................................................................... 35 7. Organized crime .......................................................................................................... 39 8. The regional situation ................................................................................................. 43 9. Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 46 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 48 Appendix ............................................................................................................................. 54 Map ofHaiti Map CUBA 74o 73o 72o ÎLE DE LA TORTUE Palmiste ATLANTIC OCEAN 20o Canal de la Tortue 20o HAITI Pointe Port-de-Paix Jean-Rabel St. Louis de Nord International boundary Jean-Rabel Anse-à-Foleur Le Borgne Departmental boundary Monte Cap Saint-Nicolas Môle St.-Nicolas National capital Bassin-Bleu Baie de Criste NORD - OUEST Port-Margot Cap-Haïtien Mancenille Departmental seat Plaine Quartier Fort- Limbé du Nord Caracol Town, village Bombardopolis Morin Liberté Cap-à-Foux Baie de Henne Acul Gros-Morne Pilate Phaëton Main road Anse-Rouge du Nord Limonade Baie Trou-du-Nord Grande Plaisance NORD Milot Secondary road de Terre-Neuve Ferrier Dajabón Henne Pointe Sainte Grande Rivière du Nord Ouanaminthe Airport Suzanne Marmelade Dondon Perches NORD - EST Gonaïves Ennery Bahon Vallières 0 10 20 30 40 km Baie de Ranquitte la Tortue ARTIBONITE Saint- Raphaël Mont-Organisé 0 5 10 15 20 25 mi Pointe de la Grande-Pierre Saint Michel Baie de de l'Attalaye Pignon La Victoire Golfe de la Gonâve Grand-Pierre Cerca Carvajal Grande-Saline Dessalines Cerca-la-Source Petite-Rivière- Maïssade de-l'Artibonite Hinche V Saint-Marc Thomassique HAITI Verrettes CENTRE Thomonde 19o Canal de 19o Saint-Marc DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Pointe Pointe de La Chapelle Ouest Montrouis Haiti, Map No. 3855 Rev.5, February 2016, UNITED NATIONS UNITED 2016, February Rev.5, 3855 No. Haiti, Map Belladère Magasin Lac de ÎLE DE Mirebalais Péligre LA GONÂVE Lascahobas Baptiste Pointe-à-Raquette Arcahaie Saut-d'Eau Duvalierville Savenette Cornillon Abricots Pointe Jérémie ÎLES CAYÉMITES Fantasque Trou PRESQU'ÎLE Thomazeau PORT- É Bonbon DES BARADÈRES Canal de ta AU- Croix des ng Moron S Dame-Marie la Gonâve a Roseaux PRINCE Bouquets u Corail Gressier m Chambellan Petit Trou de Nippes â Pestel tr Carrefour Ganthier e Source Chaude Anse-à-Veau Pétion-Ville Baradères Léogâne Fond Parisien Jimani Anse d'Hainault GRANDE - ANSE NIPPES Petite Rivières Kenscoff de Nippes Miragoâne Petit-Goâve Grand-Goâve Les Irois OUEST Fonds-Verrettes Maniche L'Asile Trouin La Cahouane Tiburon Camp-Perrin St. Louis Les Anglais Cavaillon Aquin La Vallée SUD - EST du Sud Vieux Bourg Cayes- Belle- Chardonnières SUD de Jacmel Jacmel d'Aquin Jacmel Marigot Anse Thiotte Port-à-Piment Côteaux Chantal Bainet Les Cayes Côtes-de-fer Baie de The boundaries and names shown Torbeck Jacmel Grand-Gosier Roch-à-Bateau Banane on this map do not imply official St.-Jean Cap Raymond endorsement or acceptance by the du Sud United Nations. Port-Salut CARIBBEAN SEA 74o ÎLE À VACHE 73o 72o 18o Anse-à-Pitres 18o Map No. 3855 Rev. 5 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support February 2016 Geospatial Information Section (formerly Cartographic Section) About the report In June 2016, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Comprehensive Terms of Reference (ToR) Affairs (MFA) commissioned NUPI to provide were developed to serve as a general template for political economy analyses of eleven countries all eleven country analyses. The country­specific (Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Haiti, Malawi, Mali, ToR and scope of these analyses were further Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Somalia, South determined in meetings between the MFA, the Sudan and Tanzania) deemed important to Nor­ Norwegian embassies, NUPI and the individual wegian development cooperation. The intention researchers responsible for the country studies. was to consolidate and enhance expertise on these NUPI has also provided administrative support countries, so as to improve the quality of the and quality assurance of the overall process. MFA’s future country­specific involvement and In some cases, NUPI has commissioned part­ strategy development. Such political economy ner institutions to write the political economy analyses focus on how political and economic analyses. power is constituted, exercised and contested. VI List of acronyms AAA: Haiti in Action ADHEBA: Democratic Action to Build Haiti ASEC: Communal Section Assembly BIMs: Brigades of Motorized Intervention BLTS: Brigades of Fight against Drug Trafficking CARICOM: Caribbean Community CASEC: Communal Section Council CEEI: Independent Electoral Evaluation Commission CEP: Provisional Electoral Council CEPR: Centre for Economic and Policy Research CID: Inter­departmental Council CIEVE: Independent Commission for the Evaluation and Verification of Elections CIMO: Units of Intervention and Maintenance of Order CNG: National Governing Council CNSA: National Coordination Agency for Food Security CSDDH: South Coordination of Human Rights CSI: South Coast Initiative CSPJ: Superior Council of Judicial Power DCPJ: Central Leadership of the Judicial Police DDS: Director of South Department EDH: Haiti Electricity Company ESCANP: Effort and Solidarity to Build a National and Popular Alternative FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FL: The Famni Lavalas Party GREH: The Grand Rally for the Evolution of Haiti HRF: Haiti Reconstruction Fund HRW: Human Rights Watch HSE: The Haiti Sustainable Energy Programme VII List of acronyms | Wenche Iren Hauge HTG: Haitian gourde(s) (currency unit) IBESR: Institute of Social Welfare and Research IOM: International Organization for Migration IRI: International Republican Institute KONAKOM: The National Congress of Democratic Movements MANDR: Ministry of Agriculture MCFDF: Ministry of Women’s Conditions and Women’s Rights MICIVIH: International Civilian Mission in Haiti MINUJUSTH: United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti MINUSTAH: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti MOCHRENA: The Christian Movement for a New Haiti MRN: The Movement for National Reconstruction MSPP: Ministry of Public Health and Population MTPTC: Ministry for Public Works, Transportation and Communication NCA: Norwegian Church Aid OAS: Organization of American States OPC: Office of Citizen Protection OPL: The Organization of People in Struggle PANPRA: The Haitian National Revolutionary Party PHN: Haitian National Police PHTK: Parti Haïtien Tèt Kale PLB: The
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