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Aus Dem Institut Für Ethik Und Geschichte Der Medizin

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Aus Dem Institut Für Ethik Und Geschichte Der Medizin Aus dem Institut für Ethik und Geschichte der Medizin Täter, Netzwerker, Forscher: Die Medizinverbrechen von Dr. med. Sigmund Rascher und sein personelles Umfeld Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Medizin der Medizinischen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität zu Tübingen vorgelegt von Janze, Matthias Michael 2020 Dekan: Professor Dr. B. Pichler 1. Berichterstatter: Privatdozent Dr. H. Tümmers 2. Berichterstatter: Professor Dr. F. Dross Tag der Disputation: 26.07.2018 Inhaltsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis .......................................................................................................... 5 Abkürzungsverzeichnis .................................................................................................... 6 Einleitung ......................................................................................................................... 8 A. Quellengrundlage und Quellenkritik ..................................................................... 10 B. Forschungsstand ..................................................................................................... 15 1. Raschers Werdegang und seine Experimente ..................................................... 15 2. Täterforschung .................................................................................................... 22 3. Netzwerkanalyse ................................................................................................. 26 C. Gliederung und Ziel dieser Studie ......................................................................... 28 Teil I: Der Täter Rascher: Lebenslauf und Persönlichkeitsmerkmale ............................ 30 1. Raschers Lebenslauf ............................................................................................... 31 2. Raschers Persönlichkeitsmerkmale ........................................................................ 37 Teil II: Das Netzwerk: Persönliches und wissenschaftliches Umfeld Raschers ............ 45 1. Karoline Diehl, geborene Wiedemann: Partnerin und spätere Ehefrau Raschers .. 48 2. Heinrich Himmler: Reichsführer SS und Raschers Förderer ................................. 58 3. Wolfram Sievers: Reichsgeschäftsführer des „Ahnenerbe“ und später Direktor des Instituts für wehrwissenschaftliche Zweckforschung................................................. 69 4. Ernst Grawitz und Karl Gebhardt: Der Reichsarzt SS und der Chefarzt der SS- Heilanstalten Hohenlychen als Sievers’ Rivalen ........................................................ 79 5. Erich Schnitzler: SS-Obersturmführer und Himmlers Adjutant in München ........ 84 6. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft und Reichsforschungsrat ................................ 85 7. Rudolf Mentzel: Leiter des Geschäftsführenden Beirats des RFR ....................... 102 8. Das flugmedizinische Forschernetz ...................................................................... 106 9. Siegfried Ruff und Hans-Wolfgang Romberg: Flugmediziner der DVL und Raschers Kollegen .................................................................................................... 108 10. Georg August Weltz: Leiter des Münchner Forschungsinstituts für Luftfahrtmedizin und Raschers zeitweiliger Vorgesetzter ....................................... 113 11. Erich Hippke und Erhard Milch: Luftwaffenoffiziere und Vorgesetzte Raschers .................................................................................................................................. 116 12. Ernst Holzlöhner und Erich Finke: Kälteforscher und Kollegen Raschers ........ 120 13. „Funktionshäftlinge“ bei Rascher: Walter Neff, Robert Feix, Anton Pacholegg und andere................................................................................................................. 123 Teil III: Die Dachauer Humanexperimente: Fragestellungen, Durchführung und Ergebnisse ..................................................................................................................... 127 1. Grundlegendes ...................................................................................................... 128 1.1 Die Opfer der Humanexperimente ................................................................. 129 1.2 Ethische Standards in der medizinischen Forschung vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg .............................................................................................................. 131 1.3 Problematik der Analyse verbrecherischer Experimente: Die „zwei Welten“, zur wissenschaftlichen Dokumentation der Experimente und die Quellenlage ... 134 2. Die Unterdruckkammerexperimente .................................................................... 138 2.1 Versuchsserie I: Höhenrettungsversuche........................................................ 138 2.2 Versuchsserie II: Höhenlagenversuche .......................................................... 147 2.3 Versuchsserie III: Weitere Experimente......................................................... 149 2.4 Fazit zu den Unterdruckkammerexperimenten............................................... 150 3. Die Hypothermieexperimente............................................................................... 152 3.1 Versuchsserie I: Kälteversuche ...................................................................... 152 3.2 Versuchsserie II: Wiedererwärmungsversuche mit „animalischer Wärme“ .. 159 3.3 Versuchsserie III: Weitere Kälteversuche ...................................................... 161 3.4 Fazit zu den Hypothermieexperimenten ......................................................... 163 Fazit .............................................................................................................................. 166 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................ 170 Quellen und Literatur.................................................................................................... 172 1. Ungedruckte Quellen ............................................................................................ 172 2. Gedruckte Quellen ................................................................................................ 173 3. Online-Quellen ..................................................................................................... 173 4. Literatur ................................................................................................................ 174 5. Online-Literatur .................................................................................................... 176 6. Kontakt des Verfassers mit Personen und Behörden ........................................... 176 Danksagung .................................................................................................................. 177 Erklärung zum Eigenanteil der Arbeit .......................................................................... 178 Tabellenverzeichnis Tabelle 1: Förderung Raschers durch die DFG S. 85 Tabelle 2: Der Forschungsauftrag des RFR an Rascher vom 4.10.1943 S. 95 Tabelle 3: Der Forschungsauftrag des RFR an Rascher vom 23.2.1944 S. 99 5 Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abt. Abteilung ADB Anklage-Dokumentenband Anthropos. anthroposophisch/ anthroposophische BArch Bundesarchiv BDC Berlin Document Center bezw. beziehungsweise DFG Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DMM Deutsches Museum München Dr. Doktor Dr. med. Doktor der Medizin Dr. phil. Doktor der Philosophie Dr. rer. nat. Doktor der Naturwissenschaften ds. Mts. dieses Monats DVL Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt EKG Elektrokardiogramm e.V. eingetragener Verein f. d. ges. für die gesamte GmbH Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Ing. Ingenieur ITS International Tracing Service IWZ Institut für wehrwissenschaftliche Zweckforschung KL Konzentrationslager KVK I. Kl. Kriegsverdienstkreuz erster Klasse KVK II. Kl. Kriegsverdienstkreuz zweiter Klasse KWI Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut KWSt Kriegswirtschaftsstelle KZ Konzentrationslager NS Nationalsozialismus/nationalsozialistisch NSDAP Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei OKW Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 6 Pers. Stab Persönlicher Stab Pg. Parteigenosse Reichsf. Reichsführer resp. respektive RFR Reichsforschungsrat RF-SS Reichsführer SS RFSS Reichsführer SS RM Reichsmark RML Reichsministerium für Luftfahrt RSHA Reichssicherheitshauptamt S/ SS Dringlichkeitsstufe bei Forschungsaufträgen des RFR SA Sturmabteilung SD Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS s.o. siehe oben SS Schutzstaffel SS-Hstuf. SS-Hauptsturmführer TH Technische Hochschule u. und u. a. unter anderem/ unter anderen/ und andere UK unabkömmlich vgl. vergleiche WVHA Wirtschafts – und Verwaltungshauptamt z. B. zum Beispiel z. Hdn. zu Händen z.Zt. zur Zeit 7 Einleitung Dr. med. Sigmund Rascher gehörte zu den wohl bizarrsten Figuren des Nationalsozialismus im Allgemeinen und der NS-Ärzteschaft im Besonderen. Er führte menschenverachtende Humanexperimente im KL Dachau durch, bei denen viele Versuchsopfer qualvoll ums Leben kamen. In den Unterdruckkammerexperimenten im Jahre 1942 untersuchte Rascher zum Teil in Kooperation mit anderen Wissenschaftlern die menschliche Höhenphysiologie. Die Hypothermieexperimente des SS-Arztes, die er noch im selben Jahr startete und zu Beginn des Jahres 1943 beendete, wurden von Heinrich Himmler persönlich genehmigt und unterstützt. Die Menschenversuche Raschers markieren eines der dunkelsten Kapitel der Medizingeschichte. Rascher, so soll diese Arbeit zeigen, umgab sich mit Personen, die seine Karriere
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