DOCSLIB.ORG

Dachau Concentration Camp from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Coordinates: 48°16′08″N 11°28′07″E

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Dachau concentration camp From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates: 48°16′08″N 11°28′07″E Dachau concentration camp (German: Konzentrationslager (KZ) Dachau, IPA: [ˈdaxaʊ]) was the Navigation Dachau first of the Nazi concentration camps opened in Germany, intended to hold political prisoners. It is Main page located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory near the medieval town of Dachau, Concentration camp Contents about 16 km (9.9 mi) northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany.[1] Opened Featured content in 1933 by Heinrich Himmler, its purpose was enlarged to include forced labor, and eventually, the Current events imprisonment of Jews, ordinary German and Austrial criminals, and eventually foreign nationals Random article from countries which Germany occupied or invaded. It was finally liberated in 1945. Donate to Wikipedia In the postwar years it served to hold SS soldiers awaiting trial, after 1948, it held ethnic Germans who had been expelled from eastern Europe and were awaiting resettlement, and also was used for Interaction a time as a United States military base during the occupation. It was finally closed for use in 1960. Several memorials have been installed there, and the site is open for visitors. Help American troops guarding the main entrance to About Wikipedia Contents Dachau just after liberation, 1945 Community portal 1 History Recent changes 2 General overview Contact Wikipedia 3 Main camp 3.1 Purpose Toolbox 3.2 Organization 3.3 Demographics What links here 3.3.1 Staff Related changes 4 Satellite camps and sub-camps Upload file 5 Liberation Special pages 5.1 Main camp Permanent link 5.2 Satellite camps Page information 5.3 Killing of camp guards Data item 5.4 Post-liberation Easter Cite this page 6 After liberation 7 In popular culture Location of Dachau in Lower Bavaria Print/export 7.1 Onscreen 7.2 In music Create a book Coordinates 48°16′08″N 11°28′07″E 7.3 In theatre Download as PDF Location Upper Bavaria, Southern 8 The memorial site Printable version Germany 9 List of personnel Operated by German Schutzstaffel (SS), 9.1 Commanders U.S. Army (after World War II) Languages 9.2 Other staff 9.3 SS and civilian doctors Original use Political prison Aragonés 10 List of notable prisoners Operational 1933–1960 Az әrbaycanca 10.1 Clergy Inmates Poles, Jews, Russians, Български 10.1.1 Communists Ukrainians, French, Yugoslavs, Català 10.2 Jewish Czechs, Germans, Austrians, Česky 10.3 Politicians Lithuanians Dansk 10.4 Resistance fighters Killed 31,951 (reported) Deutsch 10.5 Royalty Liberated United States, 29 April 1945 Ελληνικά 10.6 Scientists by Español 10.7 Writers Website Dachau Concentration Camp ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ 10.8 Others Memorial Site Français 11 Gallery Galego 12 See also 한국어 13 References Hrvatski 14 Bibliography Bahasa Indonesia 15 External links Italiano עברית Къарачай-малкъар History [edit] ქართული Lietuvių After the takeover of Bavaria on 9 March, 1933, Heinrich Himmler, then Chief of Police in Munich, Lumbaart began to speak with the administration of an unused gunpowder and munitions factory. He toured the Magyar site to see if it could be used for quartering protective-custody prisoners. The Concentration Camp at Aerial photo of the camp Dachau was opened 22 March 1933, with the arrival of about 200 prisoners from Stadelheim Prison in मराठ [2] Nederlands Munich and the Landsberg fortress (where Hitler had written Mein Kampf during his imprisonment). 日本語 Himmler announced in the Münchner Neuesten Nachrichten newspaper that the camp could hold up [1] Norsk bokmål to 5,000 people, and described it as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners" to be used [3] Norsk nynorsk to restore calm to Germany. It became the first regular concentration camp established by the Polski coalition government of the National Socialist Party (Nazi Party) and the German Nationalist People's Português Party (dissolved on 6 July 1933). Generated with www.html-to-pdf.net Page 1 / 12 Română The prisoners of Dachau concentration camp originally were to serve as forced labor for a munition Русский factory, and to expand the camp. It was used as a training center for SS guards and was a model for [4] Shqip other concentration camps The camp was about 990 feet wide and 1,980 feet long (300 × 600 m) in The main gate at Dachau, marked with Slovenčina rectangular shape. The camp entrance was secured by a large iron gate that had the inscription: the slogan, Arbeit macht frei Slovenščina “Arbeit macht frei” (“Work makes you free”). As of 1938, the procedure for new arrivals occurred at Српски / srpski the Schubraum, where prisoners were to hand over their clothing and possessions[5] Srpskohrvatski / The camp included an administration building that contained offices for the Gestapo trial commissioner, SS authorities, the camp leader and his српскохрватски deputies; administration offices that consisted of large storage rooms for the personal belongings of prisoners; the bunker; roll-call square where Suomi guards would also inflict punishment on prisoners, especially those who tried to escape; the canteen, where prisoners served SS men with Svenska cigarettes and food; the museum containing plaster images of prisoners who suffered from bodily defects; the camp office; the library; the தமி [6] ţğĂ barracks; and the infirmary, which was staffed by prisoners who had previously held occupations such as physicians or army surgeons. Türkçe After 1942, the number of prisoners regularly held at the camp continued to exceed 12,000.[7] Dachau originally held Communists, leading Українська Socialists and other “enemies of the state” in 1933, but over time the Nazis began to send German Jews to the camp. In the early years of Tiếng Việt imprisonment, Jews were offered permission to emigrate overseas if they “voluntarily” gave their property to enhance Hitler’s public treasury.[7] 中文 Once Austria was annexed and Czechoslovakia was defeated, the citizens of both countries became the next prisoners at Dachau. In 1940, Dachau became filled with Polish prisoners, who constituted the majority of the prisoner population until Dachau was officially liberated.[8] Edit links Prisoners were divided into categories. At first, they were classified by the nature of the crime for which they were accused, but eventually were classified by the specific authority-type under whose command a person was sent to camp.[9] Political prisoners who had been arrested by the Gestapo wore a red badge, "professional" criminals sent by the Criminal Courts wore a green badge, Cri-Po prisoners arrested by the criminal police wore a brown badge, "work-shy and asocial" people sent by the welfare authorities or the Gestapo wore a black badge, Jehovah’s Witnesses arrested by the Gestapo wore a violet badge, homosexuals sent by the criminal courts wore a pink badge, emigrants arrested by the Gestapo wore a blue badge, "race polluters" arrested by the criminal court or Gestapo wore badges with a black outline, second-termers arrested by the Gestapo wore a bar matching the color of their badge, "idiots" wore a white armband with the label Blöd (idiot), and Jews, whose incarceration in the Dachau concentration camp dramatically increased after Kristallnacht, wore a yellow badge, combined with another color. [10] The Dachau Concentration camp was heavily defended and secured to ensure that no prisoners escaped. A ten-foot-wide (3 m) area of ground called “the neutral zone” was around each camp building. This was to mark where prisoners were not to trespass. A four-foot-deep and eight- foot-broad (1.2 × 2.4 m) ditch lay behind the “neutral-zone.” The whole camp was surrounded by electrically charged barbed wire and a wall. On the west side of the wire was a deep canal filled with water, which was connected with the river Amper.[8] General overview [edit] Dachau served as a prototype and model for the other Nazi concentration camps that followed. Almost every community in Germany had members taken away to these camps. Newspapers continually reported "the removal of the enemies of the Reich to concentration camps." As early as 1935, a jingle went around: "Dear God, make me dumb, that I may not to Dachau come" ("Lieber Gott, mach mich dumm, damit ich nicht nach Dachau kumm").[11] The camp's layout and building plans were developed by Kommandant Theodor Eicke and were applied to all later camps. He had a separate secure camp near the command center, which consisted of living quarters, administration, and army camps. Eicke became the chief inspector for all concentration camps, responsible for organizing others according to his model.[12] The entrance gate to Dachau carries the phrase "Arbeit macht frei" (English translation: "Work makes free"). The camp was in use from 1933 to 1960, the first twelve years as an internment center of the Third Reich. From 1933 to 1938, the prisoners were mainly German nationals detained for political reasons. Subsequently, the camp was used for prisoners of all sorts, from every nation occupied by the forces of the Third Reich.[13] In the postwar years, the camp continued in use. From 1945 through 1948, the camp was used by the Allies as a prison for SS officers awaiting trial. After 1948, when hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were expelled from eastern Europe, it held Germans from Czechoslovakia until they could be resettled. It also served as a military base for the United States, which maintained forces in the The camp commander gives a speech to country. It was closed in 1960. At the insistence of survivors, various memorials have been prisoners about to be released as part of a constructed and installed here.[14] pardoning action near Christmas 1933.
Recommended publications
  • 16. the Nuremberg Trials: Nazi Criminals Face Justice

    16. the Nuremberg Trials: Nazi Criminals Face Justice

    fdr4freedoms 1 16. The Nuremberg Trials: Nazi Criminals Face Justice On a ship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, four months before the United States entered World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill agreed to commit themselves to “the final destruction of Nazi tyranny.” In mid-1944, as the Allied advance toward Germany progressed, another question arose: What to do with the defeated Nazis? FDR asked his War Department for a plan to bring Germany to justice, making it accountable for starting the terrible war and, in its execution, committing a string of ruthless atrocities. By mid-September 1944, FDR had two plans to consider. Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. had unexpectedly presented a proposal to the president two weeks before the War Department finished its own work. The two plans could not have been more different, and a bitter contest of ideas erupted in FDR’s cabinet. To execute or prosecute? Morgenthau proposed executing major Nazi leaders as soon as they were captured, exiling other officers to isolated and barren lands, forcing German prisoners of war to rebuild war-scarred Europe, and, perhaps most controversially, Defendants and their counsel in the trial of major war criminals before the dismantling German industry in the highly developed Ruhr International Military Tribunal, November 22, 1945. The day before, all defendants and Saar regions. One of the world’s most advanced industrial had entered “not guilty” pleas and U.S. top prosecutor Robert H. Jackson had made his opening statement. “Despite the fact that public opinion already condemns economies would be left to subsist on local crops, a state their acts,” said Jackson, “we agree that here [these defendants] must be given that would prevent Germany from acting on any militaristic or a presumption of innocence, and we accept the burden of proving criminal acts and the responsibility of these defendants for their commission.” Harvard Law School expansionist impulses.
  • Theresienstadt Concentration Camp from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Coordinates: 50°30′48″N 14°10′1″E

    Theresienstadt Concentration Camp from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Coordinates: 50°30′48″N 14°10′1″E

    Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Theresienstadt concentration camp From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates: 50°30′48″N 14°10′1″E "Theresienstadt" redirects here. For the town, see Terezín. Navigation Theresienstadt concentration camp, also referred to as Theresienstadt Ghetto,[1][2] Main page [3] was established by the SS during World War II in the fortress and garrison city of Contents Terezín (German name Theresienstadt), located in what is now the Czech Republic. Featured content During World War II it served as a Nazi concentration camp staffed by German Nazi Current events guards. Random article Tens of thousands of people died there, some killed outright and others dying from Donate to Wikipedia malnutrition and disease. More than 150,000 other persons (including tens of thousands of children) were held there for months or years, before being sent by rail Interaction transports to their deaths at Treblinka and Auschwitz extermination camps in occupied [4] Help Poland, as well as to smaller camps elsewhere. About Wikipedia Contents Community portal Recent changes 1 History The Small Fortress (2005) Contact Wikipedia 2 Main fortress 3 Command and control authority 4 Internal organization Toolbox 5 Industrial labor What links here 6 Western European Jews arrive at camp Related changes 7 Improvements made by inmates Upload file 8 Unequal treatment of prisoners Special pages 9 Final months at the camp in 1945 Permanent link 10 Postwar Location of the concentration camp in 11 Cultural activities and
  • A Resource Guide to Literature, Poetry, Art, Music & Videos by Holocaust

    A Resource Guide to Literature, Poetry, Art, Music & Videos by Holocaust

    Bearing Witness BEARING WITNESS A Resource Guide to Literature, Poetry, Art, Music, and Videos by Holocaust Victims and Survivors PHILIP ROSEN and NINA APFELBAUM Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut ● London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rosen, Philip. Bearing witness : a resource guide to literature, poetry, art, music, and videos by Holocaust victims and survivors / Philip Rosen and Nina Apfelbaum. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. ISBN 0–313–31076–9 (alk. paper) 1. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)—Personal narratives—Bio-bibliography. 2. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945), in literature—Bio-bibliography. 3. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945), in art—Catalogs. 4. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)—Songs and music—Bibliography—Catalogs. 5. Holocaust,Jewish (1939–1945)—Video catalogs. I. Apfelbaum, Nina. II. Title. Z6374.H6 R67 2002 [D804.3] 016.94053’18—dc21 00–069153 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright ᭧ 2002 by Philip Rosen and Nina Apfelbaum All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00–069153 ISBN: 0–313–31076–9 First published in 2002 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America TM The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 Contents Preface vii Historical Background of the Holocaust xi 1 Memoirs, Diaries, and Fiction of the Holocaust 1 2 Poetry of the Holocaust 105 3 Art of the Holocaust 121 4 Music of the Holocaust 165 5 Videos of the Holocaust Experience 183 Index 197 Preface The writers, artists, and musicians whose works are profiled in this re- source guide were selected on the basis of a number of criteria.
  • JONATHAN SAFRAN FOER an Analysis of the Novels and Selected Short Stories

    JONATHAN SAFRAN FOER an Analysis of the Novels and Selected Short Stories

    JONATHAN SAFRAN FOER An Analysis of the Novels and Selected Short Stories Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra der Philosophie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Sandra MALLI am Institut für Anglistik Begutachter: Ao. Univ. – Prof. Dr. Martin Löschnigg Graz, im Dezember 2011 CONTENTS 1 Introduction .................................................................................... 1 1.1 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................ 3 2 Everything is Illuminated .............................................................. 4 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 4 2.2 Formal Analysis ........................................................................................ 5 2.2.1 Structure ............................................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Narrative Situations .............................................................................................. 9 2.2.2.1 Alexander Perchov – Letters ......................................................................... 9 2.2.2.2 Alexander Perchov – Narration .................................................................. 11 2.2.2.3 The History of Trachimbrod ....................................................................... 13 2.3 Character Analysis .................................................................................. 19 2.3.1
  • They Fought for Independent Poland

    They Fought for Independent Poland

    2019 Special edition PISMO CODZIENNE Independence Day, November 11, 2019 FREE AGAIN! THEY FOUGHT FOR INDEPENDENT POLAND Dear Readers, The day of November 11 – the National Independence Day – is not accidentally associated with the Polish military uni- form, its symbolism and traditions. Polish soldiers on almost all World War I fronts “threw on the pyre their lives’ fate.” When the Polish occupiers were drown- ing in disasters and revolutions, white- and-red flags were fluttering on Polish streets to mark Poland’s independence. The Republic of Poland was back on the map of Europe, although this was only the beginning of the battle for its bor- ders. Józef Piłsudski in his first order to the united Polish Army shared his feeling of joy with his soldiers: “I’m taking com- mand of you, Soldiers, at the time when the heart of every Pole is beating stron- O God! Thou who from on high ger and faster, when the children of our land have seen the sun of freedom in all its Hurls thine arrows at the defenders of the nation, glory.” He never promised them any bat- We beseech Thee, through this heap of bones! tle laurels or well-merited rest, though. On the contrary – he appealed to them Let the sun shine on us, at least in death! for even greater effort in their service May the daylight shine forth from heaven’s bright portals! for Poland. And they never let him down Let us be seen - as we die! when in 1920 Poland had to defend not only its own sovereignty, but also entire Europe against flooding bolshevism.
  • 7. Early October 1945

    7. Early October 1945

    Chapter 7 Early October 1945 fter my assignment to Dachau, Gen. Frank Keating, CO of A the 102nd Division, advises Gen. Lucian Truscott, CO of the Third Army—through a hand-carried message—that I will be delayed in arrival due to my trying a murder case. The order states that I will report to Dachau on October 1, 1945. I see the judge advocate general (JAG) of the Third Army head- quarters in Munich and am told I will replace a lieutenant colonel who has left for home. The JAG is Col. Edward Cheever, about 50, my size, a quiet speaker who gets quickly to the point. I am only a captain in the JAGD, and I ask how I can replace a higher-ranking officer. He says this will be no problem because the ten officer-lawyers on the staff at Dachau are lieutenants. He notes the ob- vious: rank and qualifications do not always coincide in a war-time army. 91 Witness to Barbarism He looks at my personnel file, then says my experience with courts-martial law in Europe—war-crimes investigation for the Ninth Army, my assisgnment as trial judge advocate for the XVI Corps head- quarters and the resulting Bronze Star Medal, as well as my six years as a felony prosecutor before enlistment—qualifies me for this post. He says he will communicate my background to the staff at Dachau and that my title will be chief prosecutor, as used by my predecessor. He personally takes me to Dachau, introduces me to the staff, and sees to my living quarters, a mansion formerly occupied by the German camp kommandant.
  • The Heroes and the Flame*

    The Heroes and the Flame*

    ROCZNIK ORIENTALISTYCZNY, T. LXVI, Z. 1, 2013, (s. 86–102) TAL DAVIDOVICH The Heroes and the Flame* Abstract The poems of the Jewish poet Hanna Senesh bear witness to strong resolve and refusal to stand by without interference. Written mostly in Hebrew the words reflect a fusion of ancient as well as modern features of expression. She left her place of birth for what was to become the modern state of Israel, but did not stay in safety deciding instead to risk her life in order to bring hope to Jews in Hungary towards the end of the Second World War. Keywords: Jewish literature, Hebrew literature, Hanna Senesh, Second World War, Jews in Hungary It was a time of war, a time of uncertainty, of horror and fear. But not only that, it was also a time of heroism, kindness, and an opportunity for a change. It was a time for resistance. Resistance as a noun is something that is connected to a group and in such a case there are always leaders or heroes or perhaps both.1 Resistance however, is usually not only one single act but it is built upon several acts made by different people. Furthermore, according to the Oxford dictionary the first definition of resistance is “The refusal to accept or comply with something” and therefore * I would like to thank the Hanna Senesh Legacy Foundation, Kibbutz Sdot Yam, Israel that was kind enough to send me the Hebrew versions of the poems quoted in this paper. I would also like to thank Mrs. Maya Nathanson for her efforts in connection to this.
  • Rebuilding the Soul: Churches and Religion in Bavaria, 1945-1960

    Rebuilding the Soul: Churches and Religion in Bavaria, 1945-1960

    REBUILDING THE SOUL: CHURCHES AND RELIGION IN BAVARIA, 1945-1960 _________________________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _________________________________________________ by JOEL DAVIS Dr. Jonathan Sperber, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2007 © Copyright by Joel Davis 2007 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled REBUILDING THE SOUL: CHURCHES AND RELIGION IN BAVARIA, 1945-1960 presented by Joel Davis, a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. __________________________________ Prof. Jonathan Sperber __________________________________ Prof. John Frymire __________________________________ Prof. Richard Bienvenu __________________________________ Prof. John Wigger __________________________________ Prof. Roger Cook ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe thanks to a number of individuals and institutions whose help, guidance, support, and friendship made the research and writing of this dissertation possible. Two grants from the German Academic Exchange Service allowed me to spend considerable time in Germany. The first enabled me to attend a summer seminar at the Universität Regensburg. This experience greatly improved my German language skills and kindled my deep love of Bavaria. The second allowed me to spend a year in various archives throughout Bavaria collecting the raw material that serves as the basis for this dissertation. For this support, I am eternally grateful. The generosity of the German Academic Exchange Service is matched only by that of the German Historical Institute. The GHI funded two short-term trips to Germany that proved critically important.
  • To All KAPAP Academy – Krav Panim El Panim Family and Friends, As You All Know Our Last Training Was Organized by Our Holland Representative Mr

    To All KAPAP Academy – Krav Panim El Panim Family and Friends, As You All Know Our Last Training Was Organized by Our Holland Representative Mr

    To All KAPAP Academy – Krav Panim El Panim family and friends, As you all know our last training was organized by our Holland representative Mr. William Paardekooper on Curacao Island . We had a great time and found really great great friends and new members for the KAPAP family. In this personal newsletter, I want to share our experiences with you. On my behalf and Albert Timen. On the island we found Rabbi Ariel Yeshurun, a great friend who was kind enough to host us and give us a tour of the old Curaco Island Synagogue, certainly the most impressive thing Albert and I have seen in last few years. I’ve attached a few pictures to share with you: first you will see the training, followed by some photos from our Curacao student Paul hard at work on an oil platform on the Caspian Sea, and finally a few impressive pictures from our tour of the synagogue in Curacao. Again want to Thank my new friend and Kapap Family Raul, Antonio, Paul & Helen, Ron, Bill, Edwin, Sharella, Sheila After return home to the snow ( see down pictures ) we play Pirates with my kid The information was taking from http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html The first Jew to arrive in Curacao was Samuel Cohen. He served as an interpreter on board the Dutch fleet under the command of Johan van Walbeeck, which conquered the island from the Spanish in 1634. A few years later, in 1651, Joao d’Ylan brought 10 to 12 Jewish families from the Amsterdam Portuguese community to Curaçao and established Congregation Mikvé Israel; they lived on Plantation ‘De Hoop’ (‘The Hope’) and worked the land.
  • Jolanta Bauman-Szulakowska Silesian M Usic Books - Relations

    Jolanta Bauman-Szulakowska Silesian M Usic Books - Relations

    Jolanta Bauman-Szulakowska Silesian M usic Books - Relations 1. Iwona Bias/Monika Bieda, Wladyslawa Markiewicz6wna (1900-1982) - composer, pianist, teacher, Academy of Music in Katowice 2000, Katowice 2000, ss. 182. [Wladyslawa Markiewiczowna, 1900-1982 - kompozytorka, pianistka, pedagog, Akademia Muzyczna w Katowicach, Katowice 2000, ss. 182]. This thematic catalogue of W. Markiewiczowna's works has been published on the occasion of the celebration of the hundredth birthday of this silesian composer. This book contains curriculum vitae of W. Markiewicz6wna, thematic catalogue with the works non finished and disappeared, a list of the literary works and letters, a list of her concerts and archival recordings made for Polish Radio in Kato~ice, a compendium of her students and graduates and a statement of the broad bibliography. This book is the first edition presenting the composer who was very meritorious women for this region, a distinguished pianist d uring the time between two world wars. The studies over the of Miss. Wladyslawa Markiewiczowna's works are full of care. At the monlent this study is an exemple of the sdentific research within the problems of musical thematic catalogues. This edition is joined with several illustrations. At present Iwona Bias is preparing an analitical dissertation of the works of W. Markiewicz6wna. She was the piano teacher at Musical Secondary School in Katowice, where among her students were: Wojdech Kilar (1948­ 1950) and Kazimierz Kord (1949). The best graduates are: Antoni Brozek, Andrz.ej Jasinski, Leokadia Kozubek, Wanda Uszokowna and Tadeusz Zmudzinski. Along with her pedagogical work she carried on with sodal activity. In the Fifties and Sixties she took care of the organisation of student coneerts in different Silesian towns, and supervised elementary and seeondary musical sehools throughout Silesia.
  • Stunde Null: the End and the Beginning Fifty Years Ago." Their Contributions Are Presented in This Booklet

    Stunde Null: the End and the Beginning Fifty Years Ago." Their Contributions Are Presented in This Booklet

    STUNDE NULL: The End and the Beginning Fifty Years Ago Occasional Paper No. 20 Edited by Geoffrey J. Giles GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE WASHINGTON, D.C. STUNDE NULL The End and the Beginning Fifty Years Ago Edited by Geoffrey J. Giles Occasional Paper No. 20 Series editors: Detlef Junker Petra Marquardt-Bigman Janine S. Micunek © 1997. All rights reserved. GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE 1607 New Hampshire Ave., NW Washington, DC 20009 Tel. (202) 387–3355 Contents Introduction 5 Geoffrey J. Giles 1945 and the Continuities of German History: 9 Reflections on Memory, Historiography, and Politics Konrad H. Jarausch Stunde Null in German Politics? 25 Confessional Culture, Realpolitik, and the Organization of Christian Democracy Maria D. Mitchell American Sociology and German 39 Re-education after World War II Uta Gerhardt German Literature, Year Zero: 59 Writers and Politics, 1945–1953 Stephen Brockmann Stunde Null der Frauen? 75 Renegotiating Women‘s Place in Postwar Germany Maria Höhn The New City: German Urban 89 Planning and the Zero Hour Jeffry M. Diefendorf Stunde Null at the Ground Level: 105 1945 as a Social and Political Ausgangspunkt in Three Cities in the U.S. Zone of Occupation Rebecca Boehling Introduction Half a century after the collapse of National Socialism, many historians are now taking stock of the difficult transition that faced Germans in 1945. The Friends of the German Historical Institute in Washington chose that momentous year as the focus of their 1995 annual symposium, assembling a number of scholars to discuss the topic "Stunde Null: The End and the Beginning Fifty Years Ago." Their contributions are presented in this booklet.
  • Poland and the Holocaust – Facts and Myths

    Poland and the Holocaust – Facts and Myths

    The Good Name Redoubt The Polish League Against Defamation Poland and the Holocaust – facts and myths Summary 1. Poland was the first and one of the major victims of World War II. 2. The extermination camps, in which several million people were murdered, were not Polish. These were German camps in Poland occupied by Nazi Germany. The term “Polish death camps” is contradictory to historical facts and grossly unfair to Poland as a victim of Nazi Germany. 3. The Poles were the first to alert European and American leaders about the Holocaust. 4. Poland never collaborated with Nazi Germany. The largest resistance movement in occupied Europe was created in Poland. Moreover, in occupied Europe, Poland was one of the few countries where the Germans introduced and exercised the death penalty for helping Jews. 5. Hundreds of thousands of Poles – at the risk of their own lives – helped Jews survive the war and the Holocaust. Poles make up the largest group among the Righteous Among the Nations, i.e. citizens of various countries who saved Jews during the Holocaust. 6. As was the case in other countries during the war, there were cases of disgraceful behaviour towards Jews in occupied Poland, but this was a small minority compared to the Polish society as a whole. At the same time, there were also instances of disgraceful behaviour by Jews in relation to other Jews and to Poles. 7. During the war, pogroms of the Jewish people were observed in various European cities and were often inspired by Nazi Germans. Along with the Jews, Polish people, notably the intelligentsia and the political, socio-economic and cultural elites, were murdered on a massive scale by the Nazis and by the Soviets.