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Refugee Policies from 1933 Until Today: Challenges and Responsibilities

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Refugee Policies from 1933 Until Today: Challenges and Responsibilities Refugee Policies from 1933 until Today: Challenges and Responsibilities ihra_4_fahnen.indd 1 12.02.2018 15:59:41 IHRA series, vol. 4 ihra_4_fahnen.indd 2 12.02.2018 15:59:41 International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (Ed.) Refugee Policies from 1933 until Today: Challenges and Responsibilities Edited by Steven T. Katz and Juliane Wetzel ihra_4_fahnen.indd 3 12.02.2018 15:59:42 With warm thanks to Toby Axelrod for her thorough and thoughtful proofreading of this publication, to the Ambassador Liviu-Petru Zăpirțan and sta of the Romanian Embassy to the Holy See—particularly Adina Lowin—without whom the conference would not have been possible, and to Katya Andrusz, Communications Coordinator at the Director’s Oce of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. ISBN: 978-3-86331-392-0 © 2018 Metropol Verlag + IHRA Ansbacher Straße 70 10777 Berlin www.metropol-verlag.de Alle Rechte vorbehalten Druck: buchdruckerei.de, Berlin ihra_4_fahnen.indd 4 12.02.2018 15:59:42 Content Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust ........................................... 9 About the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) .................................................... 11 Preface .................................................... 13 Steven T. Katz, Advisor to the IHRA (2010–2017) Foreword The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, the Holy See and the International Conference on Refugee Policies ... 23 omas Michael Baier/Veerle Vanden Daelen Opening Remarks ......................................... 31 Mihnea Constantinescu, IHRA Chair 2016 Opening Remarks ......................................... 35 Paul R. Gallagher Keynote Refugee Policies: Challenges and Responsibilities ........... 41 Silvano M. Tomasi FROM THE 1930s TO 1945 Wolf Kaiser Introduction ............................................... 49 Susanne Heim The Attitude of the US and Europe to the Jewish Refugees from Nazi Germany ........................................ 55 ihra_4_fahnen.indd 5 12.02.2018 15:59:42 Johan Ickx The Holy See and Refugees (1933–1945) ....................... 63 Avinoam Patt No Place for the Displaced: The Jewish Refugee Crisis Before, During, and After the Second World War ............. 97 DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1945 Cecilie Felicia Stokholm Banke Introduction .................................................... 123 Dan Plesch Aftermath: Institutional Responses to Displaced Persons and Refugees after 1945 ...................................... 125 Juliane Wetzel On the move Postwar German territory as a transit area for survivors, displaced persons, refugees and expellees ...................... 141 Carl Bon Tempo The United States and Refugees after 1945 .................. 157 THE PRESENT SITUATION Robert J. Williams Contemporary Challenges ..................................... 167 Stefan Lehne The EU and the Refugee Crisis of 2015–2016 ................. 175 Kristina Touzenis International Law and Migration—the importance of the multilateral system for all of us ........................ 191 ihra_4_fahnen.indd 6 12.02.2018 15:59:42 Giovanni Pietro Dal Toso The Holy See ................................................... 199 Mukesh Kapila On the Road to Damascus ..................................... 207 AFTERWORDS Stephane Jaquemet The Importance of Remembering ............................. 215 Michael O’Flaherty Why the European Union is a Community of Values under Threat; and Why We Must Not Lose Hope .............. 223 IHRA Delegates and Moderators ................................. 231 Invited Speakers and Moderators ................................ 235 ihra_4_fahnen.indd 7 12.02.2018 15:59:42 ihra_4_fahnen.indd 8 12.02.2018 15:59:42 Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust e members of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance are committed to the Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust, which reads as follows: 1. e Holocaust (Shoah) fundamentally challenged the foundations of civilization. e unprecedented character of the Holocaust will always hold universal meaning. Aer half a century, it remains an event close enough in time that survivors can still bear witness to the horrors that engulfed the Jewish people. e terrible suering of the many millions of other victims of the Nazis has le an indelible scar across Europe as well. 2. e magnitude of the Holocaust, planned and carried out by the Nazis, must be forever seared in our collective memory. e seless sacrices of those who deed the Nazis, and sometimes gave their own lives to protect or rescue the Holocaust's victims, must also be inscribed in our hearts. e depths of that horror, and the heights of their heroism, can be touchstones in our understanding of the human capacity for evil and for good. 3. With humanity still scarred by genocide, ethnic cleansing, racism, antisemitism and xenophobia, the international community shares a solemn responsibility to ght those evils. Together we must uphold the terrible truth of the Holocaust against those who deny it. We must strengthen the moral commitment of our peoples, and the polit- ical commitment of our governments, to ensure that future genera- tions can understand the causes of the Holocaust and reect upon its consequences. 4. We pledge to strengthen our eorts to promote education, remem- brance and research about the Holocaust, both in those of our coun- tries that have already done much and those that choose to join this eort. 5. We share a commitment to encourage the study of the Holocaust in all its dimensions. We will promote education about the Holocaust in our ihra_4_fahnen.indd 9 12.02.2018 15:59:42 10 STOCKHOLM DECLARATION schools and universities, in our communities and encourage it in other institutions. 6. We share a commitment to commemorate the victims of the Holocaust and to honour those who stood against it. We will encourage appro- priate forms of Holocaust remembrance, including an annual Day of Holocaust Remembrance, in our countries. 7. We share a commitment to throw light on the still obscured shadows of the Holocaust. We will take all necessary steps to facilitate the opening of archives in order to ensure that all documents bearing on the Holo- caust are available to researchers. 8. It is appropriate that this, the rst major international conference of the new millennium, declares its commitment to plant the seeds of a better future amidst the soil of a bitter past. We empathize with the victims' suering and draw inspiration from their struggle. Our commitment must be to remember the victims who perished, respect the survivors still with us, and rearm humanity's common aspiration for mutual understanding and justice. ihra_4_fahnen.indd 10 12.02.2018 15:59:42 About the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) e International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) unites governments and experts to strengthen, advance and promote Holo- caust education, remembrance and research worldwide and to uphold the commitments of the 2000 Stockholm Declaration. e IHRA (formerly the Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research, or ITF) was initiated in 1998 by former Swedish Prime Minister Göran Persson. Persson decided to establish an international organization that would expand Holocaust education worldwide, and asked President Bill Clinton and former British Prime Minister Tony Blair to join him in this eort. Persson also developed the idea of an international forum of governments interested in discussing Holocaust education, which took place in Stockholm between 27 and 28 January 2000. e Forum was attended by twenty-three Heads of State or Prime Ministers and fourteen Deputy Prime Ministers or Ministers from forty-six governments. e Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust was the outcome of the Forum’s deliberations and is the foundation of the IHRA. IHRA is comprised of 31 Member Countries, nine Observer Coun- tries, two Liaison Countries and seven Permanent International Partners, including the United Nations and UNESCO. Delegates are appointed as members of IHRA’s four working groups: Academic, Communication, Education, and Museum and Memorials, and to advance the work of three thematic committees on the Genocide of the Roma, antisemitism and Holocaust denial, and comparative approaches to Genocide studies. Across national delegations, experts share knowledge, best practices and points of concern, and make recommendations to political repre- sentatives from ministries of Education, Foreign Aairs and Culture, to directly shape policy-making. rough its Grant Programme the IHRA fosters international dialogue and the exchange of expertise. e IHRA has funded 410 projects across 48 countries. e IHRA chairmanship rotates annually on a voluntary basis with bi-annual gatherings consisting of a four-day programme of meetings, ihra_4_fahnen.indd 11 12.02.2018 15:59:42 12 ABOUT THE IHRA discussions and presentations culminating in a day-long Plenary. e Heads of Delegation of member countries comprise the decision-making body of IHRA, which operates on a consensus basis. ihra_4_fahnen.indd 12 12.02.2018 15:59:42 Preface A major international conference such as the one whose content is reected in this volume results from a great deal of work by many dedicated individ- uals. erefore, rst and foremost, I must thank those whose eorts were central to transforming this conference from idea to reality. I must, of course, begin with His Holiness Pope Francis, whose
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