INFLUENCE OF ISLAM ON WORLD CIVILIZATION

PROF. ZIAUDDIN AHMAD CONTENTS

Foreword by Dr. I.H. Qureshi XI Preface to second edition XIII Preface to first edition XV Introduction Resurgence of a New Spirit XIX 1. Expansion of Islam: The Saracenic Conquests, Invasion of Europe, the Abbasid. 1

2. The Splendour of Baghdad: Magnificence of the Caliphs, Literary History of Baghdad. 6

3. Break-up of the Islamic Empire: Civilization of the Spanish Arabs. 9

4. Cordova: The Brightest Jewel: The University, Al-Hambra, Training in Engineering, Centre of Culture. 11

5. Channels through which Islamic Influence Spread. 15

6. Islam's Influence on Political Thinkers: Human Rights, Rousseau's philosophy, Article of Rousseau's Civil Religion, His Concept of God, His Concept of Natural Religion, His pref- erence of Islam; John Locke, and his philoso- phy, Islam's Influence and concept of govern- ment as trust (Amanat); Thomas Hobbes and attributes of the Sovereign Leviathan, Reflec- tions of Islamic thought on Hobbes; Immanuel Kant, borrowed ideas from eminent Muslim thinkers; Hegel, how he was indebted to Islam; Montesquieu, His Concept of law, Indebted im- mensely to Ibn Khaldun's concept of 'Asabiyah and Umran and Theory of Cycle, Ecology. To- pography and climatology; Summary, Influence on International Law and Napoleon Bonoparte and Human Rights. 18

7. Ibn Khaldun's Influence on John Dewey Brief life, the Pragmatic Concept, Influence of Ibn Khaldun, Punishment, and Thinking and Problem solving. Also Imam Ghazzali's influence. 72

8. Islam's Influence on Rabindranath Tagore, Hafiz, Rumi and Sa'adi, Unity of God, Influence of the Glorious Quran — God's indivisibility and Comprehensiveness and Omnipotence reflected in his book, Gitanjali, his religion of man, brother- hood and world community, Oneness of God and as the Creator, Evolver and Maintainer of the Uni- verse, His Mind and Art — His deep contempla- tion and meditation upon the nature of the Al- mighty God, His love of painting, music and his works. 79

9. Influence on English Literature: Hawthorne, Stevenson, Shakespeare, Shelley, Herbert, Vaughan, Symons, Tennyon, Arnold, Max Muller, Carlyle, Gibbon, Longfellow, Emerson. 85 10. Scientific Progress: Abu Ma'shar, Banu Shakir, Al-Sufi, Abul Wafa, Al-Kuhi, Al-Saghani, Ibn Yunus, Thabit Ibn Qurrah, Al-Kliwarizmi, Al- Battani, Al-Zarqali, Al- Bitruji, Ibn Bajjali, Al-Biruni, Omar Khayyam, Al- Tusi, Shirazi, Ulugh Beg, Observatories and Astronomical Instruments 89

11. The Science of Arabic Numerals: Greek Concept, Indian Siddhanta, Muslim's Re- search, Al-Fazari's Contribution, Al-Khwarizmi's original contribution of Zero (Sifr), Arabic numer- als, called Algorism introduced into West, Diffu- sion of the science of calculation by Muslims in the West. 113

12. Medicine and Surgery: Hospitals and Medical Colleges, Al-Kindi, Al- Razi, Sinan Ibn Thabit, Ibn Sina, Al-Jazzar, Al- Wafid, Al-Khatib, Zarrin Dast Al-Jurjani, Ibn Hibatullah, Al-Haytham, Al-Mausali, Ali Ibn Abbas, Abul Qasim, Al - Mahasin, Al-Nafis, Influence on Medicine 119

13. Eminent Medical Specialists: Introduction, Abul Qasim al-Zahrawi, pioneer in the field of surgery, Saiyed Ismail Jurjani, Ali Ibn AI-Abbas; Paedetricians — Ibn Sina (Avicena). Ophthalmologists — Abu Zaid Hunain, Al- Haytham, Ali Ibn Isa, Abul Qasim, Ammar Ibn Ali Al-Mawsali, Ibn Ali Al-Mahasin. Psychiatrists — Ibn Sina, a versatile genius and author of "Al- Shifa", Abu Barkat Hibatullah, and Ibn Imran. Pharmacologists — Yahya ibn Masawih of Dam- ascus, Jabir Ibn Hayyan, Ibn Baytar, Ibn Romia of Spain, Ali Ibn al-'Abbas, Ibn Zakariyya Al-Razi, greatest and most original of all Muslim physi- cians, Abul Mutarrif, Ibn Sina (Avicena), a star of first magnitude, author of "Al-Qanun" (The Can- ons of Medicine), is a masterpiece of Arabic sys- tematisation. Gynaecologists — Abul Qasim Al- Zahrawi (Abulcasis in Latin), Ali Ibn Abbas. Anatomists — Abdul Lateef Al-Baghdadi, Mansur Ibn Muhammad. Dermatologists — Imamuddin Ahmad. Dental Surgeons — Abul Qasim Al- Zahrawi. Anaesthetists — Ibn Sina, Bahaud-Daula. 150

14. Some Famous Hospitals and Medical Colleges: Different types of medical institutions — First Aid Stations, Mobile Clinics, Military Hospitals, Men- tal Hospitals, Female Hospitals, Hospitals attached to medical colleges, medical libraries, Adud-al- Dawha Hospital, Baghdad; Noorie Hospital, Damascus; Mansuri Hospital, Cairo; Moroccan Hospital and Medical Colleges. 170

15. Science of Chemistry: Jabir Ibn Hayyan, Al-Razi, Ibn Umail, Al- Tughrai, Abul Qasim. 185

16. Science of Geology: Jabir Ibn Hayyan, Ibn Sina, Al-Khazini, Al-Tifashi. 191

17. Science of Geography: Navigation and Commerce, Maps, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Balkhi, Ibn Hauqal, Al-Muqaddasi, Al-Masudi, Ibn Fadlan, Al-Biruni, Al- Bakri, Al- Idrisi, Yaqut, Al- Qazwini, Mastawafi, Ibn Jubair, Ibn Battutah. 196

18. Inventions and Mechanical Contrivances: Magnetic Needle, Clocks, Gun Powder, Astrolabe, Rocket, Theory of Gravity 210 19. Influence of Ibn-i-Tufayl on the West His book, Hayy Ibn Yaqzan — Influence on Danial Defoe's famous novel Robinson Crusoe, Rousseu's Emile, Influence on the Awakening of the South by Paul Bronnle, on Voltaire and Kipling's Jungle Book. 218

20. Stirring of a New Life. 223

21. Influence on Philosophy. Doctrines of Absorption and Emanation, Roger Bacon, Spinoza Leonardo de Vinci, Raymond, Domenice, Gonzales, Dante, Thomas Aquinas. 227

22. Influence on Sufism: William James, Eckhart, Dante, Johann Tauler, Heinrich Suso, Hegel, Goethe, Auguste Comte, Nietzsche, Voltaire, Rousseau. 233

23. Economic, Social and Cultural Influence. 243

24. House Hold Essentials and Games. 249

25. Contribution to Music: 252 Ziryab, Ibn Firnas, Schools of Music

26. Other Influences. 255

27. Development of Agriculture: Hydraulic System, Streams, Lakes, Reservoirs, Canals, Sluices, Siphons, "Tribunal of Water", Fertilisation, Agronomy,Genetics, Animal Husbandry, Botanical Gardens. 257

28. Industrial Arts and Quality Products: Treatment of Metals, Arms, Engraved Jewels, Ceramics, Leathern Tapestry, Textile Fabrics, Calligraphy, Paper Industry 261

29. Women's Contribution: Walladeh, Ghusaniah, Umm-al-Sa'ad, Labbanah, Hassana al-Tamimiyah, Hafsah -al-Rakuriah, Ummul Hina, Zainab, Hamza, and Al-Ranukkyeh. 267

30. New Horizons of Science and

Learning. 270

31. Decline of Muslim Ascendancy. 276

32. Bibliography. 289

33. Index. 296