Influence of Islam on World Civilization

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Influence of Islam on World Civilization INFLUENCE OF ISLAM ON WORLD CIVILIZATION PROF. ZIAUDDIN AHMAD CONTENTS Foreword by Dr. I.H. Qureshi XI Preface to second edition XIII Preface to first edition XV Introduction Resurgence of a New Spirit XIX 1. Expansion of Islam: The Saracenic Conquests, Invasion of Europe, the Abbasid. 1 2. The Splendour of Baghdad: Magnificence of the Caliphs, Literary History of Baghdad. 6 3. Break-up of the Islamic Empire: Civilization of the Spanish Arabs. 9 4. Cordova: The Brightest Jewel: The University, Al-Hambra, Training in Engineering, Centre of Culture. 11 5. Channels through which Islamic Influence Spread. 15 6. Islam's Influence on Political Thinkers: Human Rights, Rousseau's philosophy, Article of Rousseau's Civil Religion, His Concept of God, His Concept of Natural Religion, His pref- erence of Islam; John Locke, and his philoso- phy, Islam's Influence and concept of govern- ment as trust (Amanat); Thomas Hobbes and attributes of the Sovereign Leviathan, Reflec- tions of Islamic thought on Hobbes; Immanuel Kant, borrowed ideas from eminent Muslim thinkers; Hegel, how he was indebted to Islam; Montesquieu, His Concept of law, Indebted im- mensely to Ibn Khaldun's concept of 'Asabiyah and Umran and Theory of Cycle, Ecology. To- pography and climatology; Summary, Influence on International Law and Napoleon Bonoparte and Human Rights. 18 7. Ibn Khaldun's Influence on John Dewey Brief life, the Pragmatic Concept, Influence of Ibn Khaldun, Punishment, and Thinking and Problem solving. Also Imam Ghazzali's influence. 72 8. Islam's Influence on Rabindranath Tagore, Hafiz, Rumi and Sa'adi, Unity of God, Influence of the Glorious Quran — God's indivisibility and Comprehensiveness and Omnipotence reflected in his book, Gitanjali, his religion of man, brother- hood and world community, Oneness of God and as the Creator, Evolver and Maintainer of the Uni- verse, His Mind and Art — His deep contempla- tion and meditation upon the nature of the Al- mighty God, His love of painting, music and his works. 79 9. Influence on English Literature: Hawthorne, Stevenson, Shakespeare, Shelley, Herbert, Vaughan, Symons, Tennyon, Arnold, Max Muller, Carlyle, Gibbon, Longfellow, Emerson. 85 10. Scientific Progress: Abu Ma'shar, Banu Shakir, Al-Sufi, Abul Wafa, Al-Kuhi, Al-Saghani, Ibn Yunus, Thabit Ibn Qurrah, Al-Kliwarizmi, Al- Battani, Al-Zarqali, Al- Bitruji, Ibn Bajjali, Al-Biruni, Omar Khayyam, Al- Tusi, Shirazi, Ulugh Beg, Observatories and Astronomical Instruments 89 11. The Science of Arabic Numerals: Greek Concept, Indian Siddhanta, Muslim's Re- search, Al-Fazari's Contribution, Al-Khwarizmi's original contribution of Zero (Sifr), Arabic numer- als, called Algorism introduced into West, Diffu- sion of the science of calculation by Muslims in the West. 113 12. Medicine and Surgery: Hospitals and Medical Colleges, Al-Kindi, Al- Razi, Sinan Ibn Thabit, Ibn Sina, Al-Jazzar, Al- Wafid, Al-Khatib, Zarrin Dast Al-Jurjani, Ibn Hibatullah, Al-Haytham, Al-Mausali, Ali Ibn Abbas, Abul Qasim, Al - Mahasin, Al-Nafis, Influence on Medicine 119 13. Eminent Medical Specialists: Introduction, Abul Qasim al-Zahrawi, pioneer in the field of surgery, Saiyed Ismail Jurjani, Ali Ibn AI-Abbas; Paedetricians — Ibn Sina (Avicena). Ophthalmologists — Abu Zaid Hunain, Al- Haytham, Ali Ibn Isa, Abul Qasim, Ammar Ibn Ali Al-Mawsali, Ibn Ali Al-Mahasin. Psychiatrists — Ibn Sina, a versatile genius and author of "Al- Shifa", Abu Barkat Hibatullah, and Ibn Imran. Pharmacologists — Yahya ibn Masawih of Dam- ascus, Jabir Ibn Hayyan, Ibn Baytar, Ibn Romia of Spain, Ali Ibn al-'Abbas, Ibn Zakariyya Al-Razi, greatest and most original of all Muslim physi- cians, Abul Mutarrif, Ibn Sina (Avicena), a star of first magnitude, author of "Al-Qanun" (The Can- ons of Medicine), is a masterpiece of Arabic sys- tematisation. Gynaecologists — Abul Qasim Al- Zahrawi (Abulcasis in Latin), Ali Ibn Abbas. Anatomists — Abdul Lateef Al-Baghdadi, Mansur Ibn Muhammad. Dermatologists — Imamuddin Ahmad. Dental Surgeons — Abul Qasim Al- Zahrawi. Anaesthetists — Ibn Sina, Bahaud-Daula. 150 14. Some Famous Hospitals and Medical Colleges: Different types of medical institutions — First Aid Stations, Mobile Clinics, Military Hospitals, Men- tal Hospitals, Female Hospitals, Hospitals attached to medical colleges, medical libraries, Adud-al- Dawha Hospital, Baghdad; Noorie Hospital, Damascus; Mansuri Hospital, Cairo; Moroccan Hospital and Medical Colleges. 170 15. Science of Chemistry: Jabir Ibn Hayyan, Al-Razi, Ibn Umail, Al- Tughrai, Abul Qasim. 185 16. Science of Geology: Jabir Ibn Hayyan, Ibn Sina, Al-Khazini, Al-Tifashi. 191 17. Science of Geography: Navigation and Commerce, Maps, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Balkhi, Ibn Hauqal, Al-Muqaddasi, Al-Masudi, Ibn Fadlan, Al-Biruni, Al- Bakri, Al- Idrisi, Yaqut, Al- Qazwini, Mastawafi, Ibn Jubair, Ibn Battutah. 196 18. Inventions and Mechanical Contrivances: Magnetic Needle, Clocks, Gun Powder, Astrolabe, Rocket, Theory of Gravity 210 19. Influence of Ibn-i-Tufayl on the West His book, Hayy Ibn Yaqzan — Influence on Danial Defoe's famous novel Robinson Crusoe, Rousseu's Emile, Influence on the Awakening of the South by Paul Bronnle, on Voltaire and Kipling's Jungle Book. 218 20. Stirring of a New Life. 223 21. Influence on Philosophy. Doctrines of Absorption and Emanation, Roger Bacon, Spinoza Leonardo de Vinci, Raymond, Domenice, Gonzales, Dante, Thomas Aquinas. 227 22. Influence on Sufism: William James, Eckhart, Dante, Johann Tauler, Heinrich Suso, Hegel, Goethe, Auguste Comte, Nietzsche, Voltaire, Rousseau. 233 23. Economic, Social and Cultural Influence. 243 24. House Hold Essentials and Games. 249 25. Contribution to Music: 252 Ziryab, Ibn Firnas, Schools of Music 26. Other Influences. 255 27. Development of Agriculture: Hydraulic System, Streams, Lakes, Reservoirs, Canals, Sluices, Siphons, "Tribunal of Water", Fertilisation, Agronomy,Genetics, Animal Husbandry, Botanical Gardens. 257 28. Industrial Arts and Quality Products: Treatment of Metals, Arms, Engraved Jewels, Ceramics, Leathern Tapestry, Textile Fabrics, Calligraphy, Paper Industry 261 29. Women's Contribution: Walladeh, Ghusaniah, Umm-al-Sa'ad, Labbanah, Hassana al-Tamimiyah, Hafsah -al-Rakuriah, Ummul Hina, Zainab, Hamza, and Al-Ranukkyeh. 267 30. New Horizons of Science and Learning. 270 31. Decline of Muslim Ascendancy. 276 32. Bibliography. 289 33. Index. 296.
Recommended publications
  • Alchemical Culture and Poetry in Early Modern England
    Alchemical culture and poetry in early modern England PHILIP BALL Nature, 4–6 Crinan Street, London N1 9XW, UK There is a longstanding tradition of using alchemical imagery in poetry. It first flourished at the end of the sixteenth century, when the status of alchemy itself was revitalised in European society. Here I explain the reasons for this resurgence of the Hermetic arts, and explore how it was manifested in English culture and in particular in the literary and poetic works of the time. In 1652 the English scholar Elias Ashmole published a collection of alchemical texts called Theatrum Chymicum Britannicum, comprising ‘Several Poeticall Pieces of Our Most Famous English Philosophers’. Among the ‘chemical philosophers’ represented in the volume were the fifteenth-century alchemists Sir George Ripley and Thomas Norton – savants who, Ashmole complained, were renowned on the European continent but unduly neglected in their native country. Ashmole trained in law, but through his (second) marriage to a rich widow twenty years his senior he acquired the private means to indulge at his leisure a scholarly passion for alchemy and astrology. A Royalist by inclination, he had been forced to leave his London home during the English Civil War and had taken refuge in Oxford, the stronghold of Charles I’s forces. In 1677 he donated his impressive collection of antiquities to the University of Oxford, and the building constructed to house them became the Ashmolean, the first public museum in England. Ashmole returned to London after the civil war and began to compile the Theatrum, which was intended initially as a two-volume work.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematicians
    MATHEMATICIANS [MATHEMATICIANS] Authors: Oliver Knill: 2000 Literature: Started from a list of names with birthdates grabbed from mactutor in 2000. Abbe [Abbe] Abbe Ernst (1840-1909) Abel [Abel] Abel Niels Henrik (1802-1829) Norwegian mathematician. Significant contributions to algebra and anal- ysis, in particular the study of groups and series. Famous for proving the insolubility of the quintic equation at the age of 19. AbrahamMax [AbrahamMax] Abraham Max (1875-1922) Ackermann [Ackermann] Ackermann Wilhelm (1896-1962) AdamsFrank [AdamsFrank] Adams J Frank (1930-1989) Adams [Adams] Adams John Couch (1819-1892) Adelard [Adelard] Adelard of Bath (1075-1160) Adler [Adler] Adler August (1863-1923) Adrain [Adrain] Adrain Robert (1775-1843) Aepinus [Aepinus] Aepinus Franz (1724-1802) Agnesi [Agnesi] Agnesi Maria (1718-1799) Ahlfors [Ahlfors] Ahlfors Lars (1907-1996) Finnish mathematician working in complex analysis, was also professor at Harvard from 1946, retiring in 1977. Ahlfors won both the Fields medal in 1936 and the Wolf prize in 1981. Ahmes [Ahmes] Ahmes (1680BC-1620BC) Aida [Aida] Aida Yasuaki (1747-1817) Aiken [Aiken] Aiken Howard (1900-1973) Airy [Airy] Airy George (1801-1892) Aitken [Aitken] Aitken Alec (1895-1967) Ajima [Ajima] Ajima Naonobu (1732-1798) Akhiezer [Akhiezer] Akhiezer Naum Ilich (1901-1980) Albanese [Albanese] Albanese Giacomo (1890-1948) Albert [Albert] Albert of Saxony (1316-1390) AlbertAbraham [AlbertAbraham] Albert A Adrian (1905-1972) Alberti [Alberti] Alberti Leone (1404-1472) Albertus [Albertus] Albertus Magnus
    [Show full text]
  • Adam and Seth in Arabic Medieval Literature: The
    ARAM, 22 (2010) 509-547. doi: 10.2143/ARAM.22.0.2131052 ADAM AND SETH IN ARABIC MEDIEVAL LITERATURE: THE MANDAEAN CONNECTIONS IN AL-MUBASHSHIR IBN FATIK’S CHOICEST MAXIMS (11TH C.) AND SHAMS AL-DIN AL-SHAHRAZURI AL-ISHRAQI’S HISTORY OF THE PHILOSOPHERS (13TH C.)1 Dr. EMILY COTTRELL (Leiden University) Abstract In the middle of the thirteenth century, Shams al-Din al-Shahrazuri al-Ishraqi (d. between 1287 and 1304) wrote an Arabic history of philosophy entitled Nuzhat al-Arwah wa Raw∂at al-AfraÌ. Using some older materials (mainly Ibn Nadim; the ∑iwan al-Ìikma, and al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik), he considers the ‘Modern philosophers’ (ninth-thirteenth c.) to be the heirs of the Ancients, and collects for his demonstration the stories of the ancient sages and scientists, from Adam to Proclus as well as the biographical and bibliographical details of some ninety modern philosophers. Two interesting chapters on Adam and Seth have not been studied until this day, though they give some rare – if cursory – historical information on the Mandaeans, as was available to al-Shahrazuri al-Ishraqi in the thirteenth century. We will discuss the peculiar historiography adopted by Shahrazuri, and show the complexity of a source he used, namely al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik’s chapter on Seth, which betray genuine Mandaean elements. The Near and Middle East were the cradle of a number of legends in which Adam and Seth figure. They are presented as forefathers, prophets, spiritual beings or hypostases emanating from higher beings or created by their will. In this world of multi-millenary literacy, the transmission of texts often defied any geographical boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Matemáticas Del Islam
    LAS MATEMATICAS DEL ISLAM Esther Mora Meneses LAS MATEMÁTICAS DEL ISLAM. Trabajo realizado por: Esther Mora Meneses. E.U.I.T.A Explotaciones. 3 LAS MATEMATICAS DEL ISLAM Esther Mora Meneses Curso 2000 / 2001. 1. ANTECEDENTES HISTORICOS Por la época en que Brahmagupta escribía sus tratados matemáticos ya se había derrumbado el imperio Sabeo de la Arabia Felix, y la península arábiga se encontraba sumida en una profunda crisis. Arabia estaba habitada entonces en su mayor parte por nómadas del desiertos, conocidos con el nombre de beduinos, que no sabían leer ni escribir, y en este marco sociopolítico surgió el profeta Mahoma , nacido en la Meca en el año 570 d.c. Mahoma fué el fundador del Islam, religión que se extendió en poco tiempo por toda Arabia y que tiene como dogmas la creencia en un Dios único y en una vida futura, en la resurrección y en el juicio final. La primera parte de su vida, fué la de un ciudadano medio que vive en una ciudad de 25.000 habitantes. A los 40 años empezó a predicar, primero en un pequeño grupo de fieles, después a la población en general, sentando así las bases de la religión islámica. En el año 622 d.C, su vida se vió amenazada por un complot, lo que le obligó a trasladarse a Yatrib, más tarde denominada Medina. Esta “huida”, conocida como la Hégira , señala el comienzo de la Era Mahometana, que iba a ejercer durante siglos una poderosa influencia en el desasrrollo de las matemáticas. La unidad de la civilización islámica se basaba mucho en la religión de Mahoma y en las actividades económicas que en una hegemonía política real.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emerald Tablet of Hermes
    The Emerald Tablet of Hermes Multiple Translations The Emerald Tablet of Hermes Table of Contents The Emerald Tablet of Hermes.........................................................................................................................1 Multiple Translations...............................................................................................................................1 History of the Tablet................................................................................................................................1 Translations From Jabir ibn Hayyan.......................................................................................................2 Another Arabic Version (from the German of Ruska, translated by 'Anonymous')...............................3 Twelfth Century Latin..............................................................................................................................3 Translation from Aurelium Occultae Philosophorum..Georgio Beato...................................................4 Translation of Issac Newton c. 1680........................................................................................................5 Translation from Kriegsmann (?) alledgedly from the Phoenician........................................................6 From Sigismund Bacstrom (allegedly translated from Chaldean)..........................................................7 From Madame Blavatsky.........................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • The Reconstruction Concept of Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan Thought: Study on Chemistry for Establishing Civilization in Islamic Integration of Science
    The Reconstruction Concept of Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan Thought: Study on Chemistry for Establishing Civilization in Islamic Integration of Science Aminatul Husna Department of IPA Education, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training State Islamic Institute of Religious Study Jember - Indonesia Correspondance; Email: [email protected] Abstract The background of this paper was declining of historical thinking of Islamic civilization in science. The aims of the research were to know: 1) how the concept of Jabir Bin Hayyan thought for developing chemistry; 2) how the application of Jabir Bin Hayyan's concept of thinking in the integration of Islamic science and technology; 3) how the restoration of chemistry to build civilization. This paper used library research by using descriptive analysis. Musa Jabir Bin Hayyan was a pioneer in modern science and inherited Alchemy. The work that is still used today such as reduction, sublimation, and distillation. Jabir Bin Hayyan creates alembic material that can turn wine into alcohol. This discovery is not necessarily abused into liquor. In contrast, alcohol production became a key process for developing a number of chemical industries during Islamic civilization. Alchemy has declined in the end of the 14th century and also as the lag progress of science in the Islamic world momentum, including chemistry. The decline of chemistry-science is the lack of moral support in Islamic civilization. Inserting the history and concepts of Muslim intellectual thought in science is the way to raise the age of Islamic civilization in present today. Integrating science with Islamic values needs to be applied. Because it can produce people who have intellectual and akhlakul karimah.
    [Show full text]
  • E Se O Berço Da Álgebra Fosse Islâmico, Ela Seria Terrorista?
    E se o berço da Álgebra fosse islâmico, ela seria terrorista? SUMÁRIO APRESENTAÇÃO DO E-BOOK 4 RECOMENDAÇÕES DIDÁTICAS PARA USO DESSE E-BOOK 5 ESTRUTUTA DO CADERNO E OBJETIVOS 7 CAPÍTULO 1: O CONTEXTO ISLÂMICO MEDIEVAL 8 CAPÍTULO 2: O ESTUDIOSO ISLÂMICO AL-KHWARIZMI 17 CAPÍTULO 3: FOLHEANDO O LIVRO “ÁLGEBRA” DE AL-KHWARIZMI 20 REFERÊNCIAS 29 4 APRESENTAÇÃO DO E-BOOK O e-book E se o berço da Álgebra fosse islâmico, ela seria terrorista? é um recurso didático desenvolvido durante o mestrado profissional do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ensino de Ciências Naturais e Matemática (PPGECNM/CCET/UFRN), sob orientação da professora Dra. Bernadete Barbosa Morey. Esse material objetiva apresentar ao professor em formação inicial e/ou continuada o personagem histórico islâmico al-Khwarizmi, que viveu na transição dos séculos VIII-IX d. C, sua obra mais conhecida, a Álgebra, e o contexto histórico e cultural em que ele viveu e produziu sua obra. Apesar de ser relativamente fácil encontrar na internet informações sobre al- Khwarizmi, tais informações frequentemente são superficiais. Sendo assim, nosso intuito é tornar acessível ao professor um texto mais circunstanciado que dê cabo das informações sobre o contexto histórico, político e social em que viveu al-Khwarizmi, sobre o lugar onde ele produziu suas obras, assim como sobre sua obra matemática propriamente dita. O e-book foi organizado em três partes, sendo que a primeira parte destinada a apresentação do contexto do mundo islâmico, a segunda destinada a apresentação do estudioso al-Khwarizmi e por fim, a terceira destinada à descrição da Álgebra de al-Khwarizmi.
    [Show full text]
  • Colour and Colorimetry Multidisciplinary Contributions
    Colour and Colorimetry Multidisciplinary Contributions Vol. XI B Edited by Maurizio Rossi and Daria Casciani www.gruppodelcolore.it Regular Member AIC Association Internationale de la Couleur Colour and Colorimetry. Multidisciplinary Contributions. Vol. XI B Edited by Maurizio Rossi and Daria Casciani – Dip. Design – Politecnico di Milano Layout by Daria Casciani ISBN 978-88-99513-01-6 © Copyright 2015 by Gruppo del Colore – Associazione Italiana Colore Via Boscovich, 31 20124 Milano C.F. 97619430156 P.IVA: 09003610962 www.gruppodelcolore.it e-mail: [email protected] Translation rights, electronic storage, reproduction and total or partial adaptation with any means reserved for all countries. Printed in the month of October 2015 Colour and Colorimetry. Multidisciplinary Contributions Vol. XI B Proceedings of the 11th Conferenza del Colore. GdC-Associazione Italiana Colore Centre Français de la Couleur Groupe Français de l'Imagerie Numérique Couleur Colour Group (GB) Politecnico di Milano Milan, Italy, 10-11 September 2015 Organizing Committee Program Committee Arturo Dell'Acqua Bellavitis Giulio Bertagna Silvia Piardi Osvaldo Da Pos Maurizio Rossi Veronica Marchiafava Michela Rossi Giampiero Mele Michele Russo Christine de Fernandez-Maloigne Laurence Pauliac Katia Ripamonti Organizing Secretariat Veronica Marchiafava – GdC-Associazione Italiana Colore Michele Russo – Politecnico di Milano Scientific committee – Peer review Fabrizio Apollonio | Università di Bologna, Italy Gabriel Marcu | Apple, USA John Barbur | City University London, UK Anna Marotta | Politecnico di Torino Italy Cristiana Bedoni | Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Italy Berta Martini | Università di Urbino, Italy Giordano Beretta | HP, USA Stefano Mastandrea | Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Berit Bergstrom | NCS Colour AB, SE Italy Giulio Bertagna | B&B Colordesign, Italy Louisa C.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeing the Word : John Dee and Renaissance Occultism
    Seeing the Word : John Dee and Renaissance Occultism Håkansson, Håkan 2001 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Håkansson, H. (2001). Seeing the Word : John Dee and Renaissance Occultism. Department of Cultural Sciences, Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Seeing the Word To Susan and Åse of course Seeing the Word John Dee and Renaissance Occultism Håkan Håkansson Lunds Universitet Ugglan Minervaserien 2 Cover illustration: detail from John Dee’s genealogical roll (British Library, MS Cotton Charter XIV, article 1), showing his self-portrait, the “Hieroglyphic Monad”, and the motto supercaelestes roretis aquae, et terra fructum dabit suum — “let the waters above the heavens fall, and the earth will yield its fruit”.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Civilization: Astronomers, Mathematicians, Geographers
    Selected Astronomers, Mathematicians, Geographers, and Cartographers in Islamic Civilization A website list of astronomers, mathematicians, geographers and cartographers within Islamic civilization is compiled below, whose cultures came from the Middle East, Central Asia, Spain and North Africa during and after the classical age of Islam, with Muslim, Christian, Jewish, or Sabean faith backgrounds. The SALAM Library also has resource books with encyclopedic articles or essays about the topic. A more comprehensive glossary of scientists including the names below appears in Jim Al- Khalili’s The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance. New York: Penguin, 2011. Astronomers: Al- Battani - https://www.famousscientists.org/al-battani/ Al- Biruni - https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Biruni Al- Fadl ibn Nawbakht - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fadl_ibn_Naubakht Al- Farghani - http://www.muslimheritage.com/scholars/al-farghani Al- Fazari - http://www.muslimheritage.com/scholars/ibrahim-al-fazari Ibn al- Haythem - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-al-Haytham Masha’Allah (Manasseh) - http://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/843096 Ibn al- Shatir- http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095955504 http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_al-Shatir_BEA.htm Al-Shirazi -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi Ibn Sina - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Avicenna Nasr al-Din al-Tusi- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nasir-al-Din-al-Tusi al –Urdi- http://www.muslimheritage.com/scholars/al-urdi
    [Show full text]
  • History of Islamic Science
    History of Islamic Science George Sarton‟s Tribute to Muslim Scientists in the “Introduction to the History of Science,” ”It will suffice here to evoke a few glorious names without contemporary equivalents in the West: Jabir ibn Haiyan, al-Kindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, Al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Abul Wafa, ‘Ali ibn Abbas, Abul Qasim, Ibn al-Jazzar, al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, Ibn Yunus, al-Kashi, Ibn al-Haitham, ‘Ali Ibn ‘Isa al- Ghazali, al-zarqab,Omar Khayyam. A magnificent array of names which it would not be difficult to extend. If anyone tells you that the Middle Ages were scientifically sterile, just quote these men to him, all of whom flourished within a short period, 750 to 1100 A.D.” Preface On 8 June, A.D. 632, the Prophet Mohammed (Peace and Prayers be upon Him) died, having accomplished the marvelous task of uniting the tribes of Arabia into a homogeneous and powerful nation. In the interval, Persia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the whole North Africa, Gibraltar and Spain had been submitted to the Islamic State, and a new civilization had been established. The Arabs quickly assimilated the culture and knowledge of the peoples they ruled, while the latter in turn - Persians, Syrians, Copts, Berbers, and others - adopted the Arabic language. The nationality of the Muslim thus became submerged, and the term Arab acquired a linguistic sense rather than a strictly ethnological one. As soon as Islamic state had been established, the Arabs began to encourage learning of all kinds.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Kimya Notes on Arabic Alchemy Chemical Heritage
    18/05/2011 Al-Kimya: Notes on Arabic Alchemy | C… We Tell the Story of Chemistry Gabriele Ferrario Detail from a miniature from Ibn Butlan's Risalat dawat al-atibba. Courtesy of the L. Mayer Museum for Islamic rt, $erusalem. Note: Arabic words in this article are given in a simplified transliteration system: no graphical distinction is made among long and short vowels and emphatic and non-emphatic consonants. The expression —Arabic alchemy“ refers to the vast literature on alchemy written in the Arabic language. Among those defined as —Arabic alchemists“ we therefore find scholars of different ethnic origins many from Persia who produced their works in the Arabic language. ccording to the 10th-century scholar Ibn l-Nadim, the philosopher Muhammad ibn ,a-ariya l-Ra.i /0th century1 claimed that 2the study of philosophy could not be considered complete, and a learned man could not be called a philosopher, until he has succeeded in producing the alchemical transmutation.3 For many years Western scholars ignored l-Ra.i4s praise for alchemy, seeing alchemy chemheritage.org/…/25-3-al-kimya-not… 1/3 18/05/2011 Al-Kimya: Notes on Arabic Alchemy | C… instead as a pseudoscience, false in its purposes and fundamentally wrong in its methods, closer to magic and superstition than to the 2enlightened3 sciences. Only in recent years have pioneering studies conducted by historians of science, philologists, and historians of the boo- demonstrated the importance of alchemical practices and discoveries in creating the foundations of modern chemistry. new generation of scholarship is revealing not only the e7tent to which early modern chemistry was based on alchemical practice but also the depth to which European alchemists relied on rabic sources.
    [Show full text]