History of Islamic Science
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
A Diluted Al-Karaji in Abbacus Mathematics Actes Du 10^ Colloque Maghrebin Sur I’Histoire Des Mathematiques Arabes
Actes du 10 Colloque Maghrebin sur THistoire des Mathematiques Arabes (Tunis, 29-30-31 mai 2010) Publications de 1’Association Tunisienne des Sciences Mathematiques Actes du 10^ colloque maghrebin sur I’histoire des mathematiques arabes A diluted al-Karajl in Abbacus Mathematics Jens H0yrup^ In several preceding Maghreb colloques I have argued, from varying perspectives, that the algebra of the Italian abbacus school was inspired neither from Latin algebraic writings (the translations of al-Khw5rizmT and the Liber abbaci) nor directly from authors like al-KhwarizmT, Abu Kamil and al-KarajT; instead, its root in the Arabic world is a level of algebra Actes du 10*“® Colloque Maghrebin (probably coupled to mu^Smalat mathematics) which until now has not been scrutinized systematically. sur THistoire des Mathematiques Going beyond this negative characterization I shall argue on the present Arabes occasion that abbacus algebra received indirect inspiration from al-KarajT. As it will turn out, however, this inspiration is consistently strongly diluted, (Tunis, 29-30-31 mai 2010) and certainly indirect. 1. Al-KhwSrizml, Abu Kamil and al-KarajI Let us briefly summarize the relevant aspects of what distinguishes al-KarajT from his algebraic predecessors. Firstly, there is the sequence of algebraic powers. Al-KhwarizmT [ed., trans. Rashed 2007], as is well known, deals with three powers only: census (to adopt the translation which will fit our coming discussion of abbacus algebra), roots, and simple numbers. So do ibn Turk [ed., trans. Say_l_ 1962] and Thabit ibn Qurrah [ed., trans. Luckey 1941] in their presentation of proofs for the basic mixed cases, which indeed involve only these same powers. -
Al-Kindi on Psychology ABSTRACT
pg. n/a Short title of the Thesis: Al-Kindi on Psychology ABSTRACT Author: Redmond Gerard Fitzmaurice. Thesis title: Al-KindI on Psychology. Department: Institute of Islamic Studles. Degree: Master of Arts. This thesis is an examination of the extant psycholog ical treatises of Abu Yusuf YaCqub ibn Ishiq. al-KindI, the ninth century AoD. Arab scholar who was among the first of his race to interest himself in strictly philosophical quest ions. AI-KindI's writings were among the first fruits of the translation of Greek philosophical and scientific works into Arabie. It is under tbat aspect that this thesis approaches his views on soul and intellect - as an instance of the passage of Greek philosophical ideas to the Muslim Arabs. Apart from his specifically Islamic position on the nature and value of divine revelation, nearly aIl of al~indI's ideas on psychol ogy can be traced to Greek sources, and the version of that ~ philosophy with~he was directly familiar was that of the late Greek schools. This thcsis is an attempt to unders:anà and present al~KindI's psychology in the light of the Greek sources ~rom which it was derived. , A 1 - KIN DIO- N P sye H 0 LOG Y AL-KINDI- ON PSYCHOLOGY by Redmond G.' Fitzmaurice A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Islamic Studies. Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University Montrea.l July 1971 ~.' ~ecU.orri G. Fi tz:taurice ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS l wish to express my thanks to the Director and Profess ors of the Institute of Islamic Studies who overthe past three years have introduced me to many aspects of Islamic studles and also express my appreciation of what l have learned from my fellow students. -
General Index
General Index Italic page numbers refer to illustrations. Authors are listed in ical Index. Manuscripts, maps, and charts are usually listed by this index only when their ideas or works are discussed; full title and author; occasionally they are listed under the city and listings of works as cited in this volume are in the Bibliograph- institution in which they are held. CAbbas I, Shah, 47, 63, 65, 67, 409 on South Asian world maps, 393 and Kacba, 191 "Jahangir Embracing Shah (Abbas" Abywn (Abiyun) al-Batriq (Apion the in Kitab-i balJriye, 232-33, 278-79 (painting), 408, 410, 515 Patriarch), 26 in Kitab ~urat ai-arc!, 169 cAbd ai-Karim al-Mi~ri, 54, 65 Accuracy in Nuzhat al-mushtaq, 169 cAbd al-Rabman Efendi, 68 of Arabic measurements of length of on Piri Re)is's world map, 270, 271 cAbd al-Rabman ibn Burhan al-Maw~ili, 54 degree, 181 in Ptolemy's Geography, 169 cAbdolazlz ibn CAbdolgani el-Erzincani, 225 of Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397 al-Qazwlni's world maps, 144 Abdur Rahim, map by, 411, 412, 413 of al-BlrunI's calculation of Ghazna's on South Asian world maps, 393, 394, 400 Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra, 60 longitude, 188 in view of world landmass as bird, 90-91 Abu, Mount, Rajasthan of al-BlrunI's celestial mapping, 37 in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23 on Jain triptych, 460 of globes in paintings, 409 n.36 Agapius (Mabbub) religious map of, 482-83 of al-Idrisi's sectional maps, 163 Kitab al- ~nwan, 17 Abo al-cAbbas Abmad ibn Abi cAbdallah of Islamic celestial globes, 46-47 Agnese, Battista, 279, 280, 282, 282-83 Mu\:lammad of Kitab-i ba/Jriye, 231, 233 Agnicayana, 308-9, 309 Kitab al-durar wa-al-yawaqft fi 11m of map of north-central India, 421, 422 Agra, 378 n.145, 403, 436, 448, 476-77 al-ra~d wa-al-mawaqft (Book of of maps in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Agrawala, V. -
University of Lo Ndo N Soas the Umayyad Caliphate 65-86
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SOAS THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE 65-86/684-705 (A POLITICAL STUDY) by f Abd Al-Ameer 1 Abd Dixon Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philoso] August 1969 ProQuest Number: 10731674 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731674 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2. ABSTRACT This thesis is a political study of the Umayyad Caliphate during the reign of f Abd a I -M a lik ibn Marwan, 6 5 -8 6 /6 8 4 -7 0 5 . The first chapter deals with the po litical, social and religious background of ‘ Abd al-M alik, and relates this to his later policy on becoming caliph. Chapter II is devoted to the ‘ Alid opposition of the period, i.e . the revolt of al-Mukhtar ibn Abi ‘ Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and its nature, causes and consequences. The ‘ Asabiyya(tribal feuds), a dominant phenomenon of the Umayyad period, is examined in the third chapter. An attempt is made to throw light on its causes, and on the policies adopted by ‘ Abd al-M alik to contain it. -
1 Science LR 2711
A Scientific Response to the Chester Beatty Library Collection Contents The Roots Of Modern Science A Scientific Response To The Chester Beatty Library Collection 1 Science And Technology 2 1 China 3 Science In Antiquity 4 Golden Age Of Islamic Science 5 Transmission Of Knowledge To Europe 6 A Scientific Response To The Chester Beatty Library Collections For Dublin City Of Science 2012 7 East Asian Collections The Great Encyclopaedia of the Yongle Reign (Yongle Dadian) 8 2 Phenomena of the Sky (Tianyuan yuli xiangyi tushuo) 9 Treatise on Astronomy and Chronology (Tianyuan lili daquan) 10 Illustrated Scrolls of Gold Mining on Sado Island (Sado kinzan zukan) 11 Islamic Collections Islamic Medicine 12 3 Medical Compendium, by al-Razi (Al-tibb al-mansuri) 13 Encyclopaedia of Medicine, by Ibn Sina (Al-qanun fi’l-tibb) 14 Treatise on Surgery, by al-Zahrawi (Al-tasrif li-man ‘ajiza ‘an al-ta’lif) 15 Treatise on Human Anatomy, by Mansur ibn Ilyas (Tashrih al-badan) 16 Barber –Surgeon toolkit from 1860 17 Islamic Astronomy and Mathematics 18 The Everlasting Cycles of Lights, by Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi (Adwar al-anwar mada al-duhur wa-l-akwar) 19 Commentary on the Tadhkira of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 20 Astrolabes 21 Islamic Technology 22 Abbasid Caliph, Ma’mum at the Hammam 23 European Collections European Science of the Middle Ages 24 4 European Technology: On Military Matters (De Re Militari) 25 European Technology: Concerning Military Matters (De Re Militari) 26 Mining Technology: On the Nature of Metals (De Re Metallica) 27 Fireworks: The triumphal -
The Islamic Golden Age (Part 2 of 2)
The Islamic Golden Age (part 2 of 2) Description: The second lesson on the ‘Golden Age’ of Islamic sciences and the contributions of Muslims to our civilization. By Imam Mufti (© 2015NewMuslims.com) Published on 14 Dec 2015 - Last modified on 25 Jun 2019 Category: Lessons >Social Interaction > The Muslim community Objectives · To learn about the institutions build by Muslim civilizations. · To learn about Muslim contributions to education, building libraries, environmentalism, geography, mathematics, and chemistry. Arabic Terms · Ummah - Refers to the whole Muslim community, irrespective of color, race, language or nationality. Quotation on Muslim Contribution to Civilization “…the civilization I’m talking about was the Islamic world from the year 800 to 1600, which included the Ottoman Empire and the courts of Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo, and enlightened rulers like Suleiman the Magnificent. Although we are often unaware of our indebtedness to this other civilization, its gifts are very much a part of our heritage. The technology industry would not exist without the contributions of Arab mathematicians. Sufi poet-philosophers like Rumi challenged our notions of self and truth. Leaders like Suleiman contributed to our notions of tolerance and civic leadership. And perhaps we can learn a lesson from his example: It was leadership based on meritocracy, not inheritance. It was leadership that harnessed the full capabilities of a very diverse population–that included Christianity, Islamic, and Jewish traditions. This kind of enlightened leadership — leadership that nurtured culture, sustainability, diversity and courage — led to 800 years of invention and prosperity.” - Carly Fiorina, former CEO of HP, in a speech given in Minneapolis, Minnesota on Sep 26, 2001 “Technology, Business, and Our Way of Life: What’s Next”. -
Volume 7: Shaping Global Islamic Discourses : the Role of Al-Azhar, Al-Medina and Al-Mustafa Masooda Bano Editor
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by eCommons@AKU eCommons@AKU Exploring Muslim Contexts ISMC Series 3-2015 Volume 7: Shaping Global Islamic Discourses : The Role of al-Azhar, al-Medina and al-Mustafa Masooda Bano Editor Keiko Sakurai Editor Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/uk_ismc_series_emc Recommended Citation Bano, M. , Sakurai, K. (Eds.). (2015). Volume 7: Shaping Global Islamic Discourses : The Role of al-Azhar, al-Medina and al-Mustafa Vol. 7, p. 242. Available at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/uk_ismc_series_emc/9 Shaping Global Islamic Discourses Exploring Muslim Contexts Series Editor: Farouk Topan Books in the series include Development Models in Muslim Contexts: Chinese, “Islamic” and Neo-liberal Alternatives Edited by Robert Springborg The Challenge of Pluralism: Paradigms from Muslim Contexts Edited by Abdou Filali-Ansary and Sikeena Karmali Ahmed Ethnographies of Islam: Ritual Performances and Everyday Practices Edited by Badouin Dupret, Thomas Pierret, Paulo Pinto and Kathryn Spellman-Poots Cosmopolitanisms in Muslim Contexts: Perspectives from the Past Edited by Derryl MacLean and Sikeena Karmali Ahmed Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past Edited by Sarah Bowen Savant and Helena de Felipe Contemporary Islamic Law in Indonesia: Shariah and Legal Pluralism Arskal Salim Shaping Global Islamic Discourses: The Role of al-Azhar, al-Medina and al-Mustafa Edited by Masooda Bano and Keiko Sakurai www.euppublishing.com/series/ecmc -
Al-Biruni: a Great Muslim Scientist, Philosopher and Historian (973 – 1050 Ad)
Al-Biruni: A Great Muslim Scientist, Philosopher and Historian (973 – 1050 Ad) Riaz Ahmad Abu Raihan Muhammad bin Ahmad, Al-Biruni was born in the suburb of Kath, capital of Khwarizmi (the region of the Amu Darya delta) Kingdom, in the territory of modern Khiva, on 4 September 973 AD.1 He learnt astronomy and mathematics from his teacher Abu Nasr Mansur, a member of the family then ruling at Kath. Al-Biruni made several observations with a meridian ring at Kath in his youth. In 995 Jurjani ruler attacked Kath and drove Al-Biruni into exile in Ray in Iran where he remained for some time and exchanged his observations with Al- Khujandi, famous astronomer which he later discussed in his work Tahdid. In 997 Al-Biruni returned to Kath, where he observed a lunar eclipse that Abu al-Wafa observed in Baghdad, on the basis of which he observed time difference between Kath and Baghdad. In the next few years he visited the Samanid court at Bukhara and Ispahan of Gilan and collected a lot of information for his research work. In 1004 he was back with Jurjania ruler and served as a chief diplomat and a spokesman of the court of Khwarism. But in Spring and Summer of 1017 when Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna conquered Khiva he brought Al-Biruni, along with a host of other scholars and philosophers, to Ghazna. Al-Biruni was then sent to the region near Kabul where he established his observatory.2 Later he was deputed to the study of religion and people of Kabul, Peshawar, and Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and other areas of Pakistan and India under the protection of an army regiment. -
In. ^Ifil Fiegree in PNILOSOPNY
ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: A CRITICAL STUDY O F HOSSAIN NASR Dis««rtation Submitted TO THE Aiigarh Muslim University, Aligarh for the a^ar d of in. ^Ifil fiegree IN PNILOSOPNY BY SHBIKH ARJBD Abl Under the Kind Supervision of PROF. S. WAHEED AKHTAR Cbiimwa, D«ptt. ol PhiloMphy. DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY ALIGARH IWIUSLIIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH 1993 nmiH DS2464 gg®g@eg^^@@@g@@€'@@@@gl| " 0 3 9 H ^ ? S f I O ( D .'^ ••• ¥4 H ,. f f 3« K &^: 3 * 9 m H m «< K t c * - ft .1 D i f m e Q > i j 8"' r E > H I > 5 C I- 115m Vi\ ?- 2 S? 1 i' C £ O H Tl < ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah« the Merciful and the Compassionate. It gives me great pleasure to thanks my kind hearted supervisor Prof. S. Waheed Akhtar, Chairman, Department of Philosophy, who guided me to complete this work. In spite of his multifarious intellectual activities, he gave me valuable time and encouraged me from time to time for this work. Not only he is a philosopher but also a man of literature and sugge'sted me such kind of topic. Without his careful guidance this work could not be completed in proper time. I am indebted to my parents, SK Samser All and Mrs. AJema Khatun and also thankful to my uncle Dr. Sheikh Amjad Ali for encouraging me in research. I am also thankful to my teachers in the department of Philosophy, Dr. M. Rafique, Dr. Tasaduque Hussain, Mr. Naushad, Mr. Muquim and Dr. Sayed. -
Arithmetical Proofs in Arabic Algebra Jeffery A
This article is published in: Ezzaim Laabid, ed., Actes du 12è Colloque Maghrébin sur l'Histoire des Mathématiques Arabes: Marrakech, 26-27-28 mai 2016. Marrakech: École Normale Supérieure 2018, pp 215-238. Arithmetical proofs in Arabic algebra Jeffery A. Oaks1 1. Introduction Much attention has been paid by historians of Arabic mathematics to the proofs by geometry of the rules for solving quadratic equations. The earliest Arabic books on algebra give geometric proofs, and many later algebraists introduced innovations and variations on them. The most cited authors in this story are al-Khwārizmī, Ibn Turk, Abū Kāmil, Thābit ibn Qurra, al-Karajī, al- Samawʾal, al-Khayyām, and Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī.2 What we lack in the literature are discussions, or even an acknowledgement, of the shift in some authors beginning in the eleventh century to give these rules some kind of foundation in arithmetic. Al-Karajī is the earliest known algebraist to move away from geometric proof, and later we see arithmetical arguments justifying the rules for solving equations in Ibn al-Yāsamīn, Ibn al-Bannāʾ, Ibn al-Hāʾim, and al-Fārisī. In this article I review the arithmetical proofs of these five authors. There were certainly other algebraists who took a numerical approach to proving the rules of algebra, and hopefully this article will motivate others to add to the discussion. To remind readers, the powers of the unknown in Arabic algebra were given individual names. The first degree unknown, akin to our �, was called a shayʾ (thing) or jidhr (root), the second degree unknown (like our �") was called a māl (sum of money),3 and the third degree unknown (like our �#) was named a kaʿb (cube). -
The History of Arabic Sciences: a Selected Bibliography
THE HISTORY OF ARABIC SCIENCES: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Mohamed ABATTOUY Fez University Max Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin A first version of this bibliography was presented to the Group Frühe Neuzeit (Max Planck Institute for History of Science, Berlin) in April 1996. I revised and expanded it during a stay of research in MPIWG during the summer 1996 and in Fez (november 1996). During the Workshop Experience and Knowledge Structures in Arabic and Latin Sciences, held in the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin on December 16-17, 1996, a limited number of copies of the present Bibliography was already distributed. Finally, I express my gratitude to Paul Weinig (Berlin) for valuable advice and for proofreading. PREFACE The principal sources for the history of Arabic and Islamic sciences are of course original works written mainly in Arabic between the VIIIth and the XVIth centuries, for the most part. A great part of this scientific material is still in original manuscripts, but many texts had been edited since the XIXth century, and in many cases translated to European languages. In the case of sciences as astronomy and mechanics, instruments and mechanical devices still extant and preserved in museums throughout the world bring important informations. A total of several thousands of mathematical, astronomical, physical, alchemical, biologico-medical manuscripts survived. They are written mainly in Arabic, but some are in Persian and Turkish. The main libraries in which they are preserved are those in the Arabic World: Cairo, Damascus, Tunis, Algiers, Rabat ... as well as in private collections. Beside this material in the Arabic countries, the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek in Berlin, the Biblioteca del Escorial near Madrid, the British Museum and the Bodleian Library in England, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, the Süleymaniye and Topkapi Libraries in Istanbul, the National Libraries in Iran, India, Pakistan.. -
The Importance of Translation Mathematics Old Script ABSTRACT
Malaysian Journal of Mathematical Sciences 3(1): 55-66 (2009) The Importance of Translation Mathematics Old Script 1Shahrul Nizam Ishak, 2Noor Hayati Marzuki, 3Jamaludin Md. Ali School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT In this paper, a concise discussion of the text study will be carried out by focusing on the significant of Malay mathematics old script translation. We also discuss the importance of the translation work that need to emphasize. Stages of the translation period based on history knowledge also been highlighted. An example of the translation from Rau ḍat al-Ḥuss āb f ī ‘Ilm al-Ḥis āb that was written by Malay ‘Ulama 1 in 1307H/1893M is also shown here. The book was printed in Egypt and has been used in teaching and learning among the student at the Holy Mosque ( Masjid al- Har ām). Therefore, from this work hope that the introduction of the book presented here is sufficient to stimulate interest in readers and researchers to embark and investigate the beauty and the power of script translation in providing more knowledge especially in the mathematics education area. Keywords: Mathematics Translation, Old Script, Rau ḍat al-Ḥuss āb. INTRODUCTION The amount of translation into Arabic from Greek, Syrian, Persian and Sanskrit was at its peak during the ninth and tenth century. ‘Ulama of Islam, Christianity, Judaism and even Zoroastrianism were employed in the translation and writing new scientific masterpieces. In the course of time the works of Euclid, Ptolemy, Aristotle, Apollonius, Archimedes, Heron, Diophantus and the Hindus were accessible in Arabic.